{ "metadata": { "name": "" }, "nbformat": 3, "nbformat_minor": 0, "worksheets": [ { "cells": [ { "cell_type": "heading", "level": 1, "metadata": {}, "source": [ "Chapter No.2: Bipolar junction Transistors(BJTs)" ] }, { "cell_type": "heading", "level": 2, "metadata": {}, "source": [ "example 2.1 , Page No. 63" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "#Current amplification factors\n", "import math\n", "#variable declaration\n", "deltaIB=50.0 #in uA\n", "deltaIC=1.0 #in mA\n", "\n", "#Calculations\n", "deltaIC=deltaIC*10**3 #in uA\n", "Beta=deltaIC/deltaIB #unitless\n", "Alfa=Beta/(1+Beta) #unittless\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "print(\"Current Amplification Factor,Beta :%.0f\"%Beta)\n", "print(\"Current Amplification Factor,Alfa :%.3f or 20/21\"%(Alfa))" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", "text": [ "Current Amplification Factor,Beta :20\n", "Current Amplification Factor,Alfa :0.952 or 20/21\n" ] } ], "prompt_number": 1 }, { "cell_type": "heading", "level": 2, "metadata": {}, "source": [ "example 2.2, Page No.63" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "#Value of IE\n", "import math\n", "#variable Declaration\n", "IB=25.0 #in uA\n", "Beta=40.0 #unitless\n", "\n", "#Calculations\n", "IC=Beta*IB #in uA\n", "IE=IB+IC #in uA\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "print(\"The value of IE : %.0f micro Ampere\"%IE)" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", "text": [ "The value of IE : 1025 micro Ampere\n" ] } ], "prompt_number": 127 }, { "cell_type": "heading", "level": 2, "metadata": {}, "source": [ "example 2.3, page No.63" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "#Change in collector current\n", "import math\n", "#variable declaration\n", "alfa=0.98 #unitless\n", "deltaIB=0.2 #in mA\n", "\n", "#calculations\n", "Beta=alfa/(1-alfa) #unitless\n", "deltaIC=Beta*deltaIB #in mA\n", "\n", "#result\n", "print(\"Change in collector curent :%.0f mA \"% (deltaIC))" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", "text": [ "Change in collector curent :10 mA \n" ] } ], "prompt_number": 128 }, { "cell_type": "heading", "level": 2, "metadata": {}, "source": [ "example 2.4, Page No.64" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "#nput current in CE and CB configuration\n", "import math\n", "#variable declaration\n", "Beta=45 #unitless\n", "RL=1.0 #in kOhm\n", "deltaVCE=1 #in volt\n", "\n", "\n", "#calculation\n", "\n", "#(i)\n", "IC=deltaVCE/(RL*1000) #in Ampere\n", "#Formula : Beta=deltaIC/deltaIB\n", "IB=IC/Beta #in Ampere\n", "\n", "#(ii)\n", "IC=deltaVCE/(RL*1000) #in Ampere\n", "#Formula : Beta=deltaIC/deltaIB\n", "IE=IB+IC #in Ampere\n", "\n", "#result\n", "print(\"Part (i) : CE coniguration\\n\")\n", "print(\"Input Base Current, IB in mA :%.3f \"%(IB*10**3))\n", "print(\"\\nPart (ii) : CB coniguration\\n\")\n", "print(\"Input Emitter Current, IE in mA :%.3f \"%(IE*10**3))\n" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", "text": [ "Part (i) : CE coniguration\n", "\n", "Input Base Current, IB in mA :0.022 \n", "\n", "Part (ii) : CB coniguration\n", "\n", "Input Emitter Current, IE in mA :1.022 \n" ] } ], "prompt_number": 129 }, { "cell_type": "heading", "level": 2, "metadata": {}, "source": [ "example 2.5, Page No.64" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "#Current gain and base current\n", "import math\n", "#variable declaration\n", "Ileakage=12.5 #in uA\n", "ICBO=12.5 #in uA\n", "IE=2 #in mA\n", "IC=1.97 #in mA\n", "\n", "#calculation\n", "#Formula : IC=alfa*IE+ICBO\n", "alfa=(IC-ICBO/10**3)/IE #unitless\n", "IB=IE-IC #in mA\n", "\n", "#result\n", "print(\"Current Gain : %.3f\"%(math.floor(alfa*1000)/1000))\n", "print(\"Base current in mA : %.2f\"%IB)" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", "text": [ "Current Gain : 0.978\n", "Base current in mA : 0.03\n" ] } ], "prompt_number": 130 }, { "cell_type": "heading", "level": 2, "metadata": {}, "source": [ "example 2.6, Page No.64" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "#Input resistance of transistor\n", "import math\n", "#variable declaration\n", "deltaVBE=200.0 #in mVolt\n", "deltaIB=100 #in uA\n", "\n", "#calculations\n", "ri=deltaVBE*10**-3/(deltaIB*10**-6) #in Ohm\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "print(\"Input resistane of transistor in kohm :%.0f\"%(ri/1000))" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", "text": [ "Input resistane of transistor in kohm :2\n" ] } ], "prompt_number": 131 }, { "cell_type": "heading", "level": 2, "metadata": {}, "source": [ "example 2.7, Page No.64" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "#Dynamic input resistance\n", "import math\n", "#variable declaration\n", "deltaVEB=200.0 #in mVolt\n", "deltaIE=5.0 #in mA\n", "\n", "#calculation\n", "ri=deltaVEB*10**-3/(deltaIE*10**-3) #in Ohm\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "print(\"Input resistane of transistor in Ohm :%.0f\"%ri)" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", "text": [ "Input resistane of transistor in Ohm :40\n" ] } ], "prompt_number": 132 }, { "cell_type": "heading", "level": 2, "metadata": {}, "source": [ "example 2.9, Page No.72" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "#Current gain input resistance and voltage gain\n", "import math\n", "#variable declaration\n", "Ri=500.0 #in Ohm\n", "RL=1.0 #in kOhm\n", "hie=1.0 #in kOhm\n", "hre=2.0*10**-4 #unitless\n", "hfe=50.0 #unitless\n", "hoe=25.0 #micro mho\n", "\n", "#Calculations\n", "#Part (a) :\n", "Ai=-hfe/(1+hoe*10**-6*RL*10**3) #unitless\n", "#Part (b) :\n", "Rin=(hie*10**3)-(hre*hfe/((hoe*10**-6)+1/(RL*10**3))) #in Ohm\n", "#Part (c) :\n", "Av=Ai*RL*10**3/Ri #unitless\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "print(\"(a)\\nCurrent Gain :%.1f \"%Ai)\n", "print(\"(b)\\nInput Resistance in Ohm :%.2f\"%Rin)\n", "print(\"(c)\\nVoltage Gain :%.1f \"%Av)" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", "text": [ "(a)\n", "Current Gain :-48.8 \n", "(b)\n", "Input Resistance in Ohm :990.24\n", "(c)\n", "Voltage Gain :-97.6 \n" ] } ], "prompt_number": 133 }, { "cell_type": "heading", "level": 2, "metadata": {}, "source": [ "example 2.10, Page No.78" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "#Collector emitter saturation voltage\n", "import math\n", "\n", "#variable declaration\n", "alfaF=0.99 #unitless\n", "alfaR=0.20 #unitless\n", "IC=1.0 #in mA\n", "IB=50.0 #in micro Ampere\n", "T=300 #in kelvin\n", "k=1.38*10**-23 #Boltzman constant\n", "e=1.6*10**-19 #in cooulamb\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "Vth=k*T/e #in Volt\n", "VCEsat=Vth*math.log(((IC*10**-3*(1-alfaR)+IB*10**-6)*alfaF)/((alfaF*IB*10**-6-(1-alfaF)*IC*10**-3)*alfaR))\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "print(\"Collector-Emitter saturation voltage in volt :%.3f\"%VCEsat)" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", "text": [ "Collector-Emitter saturation voltage in volt :0.121\n" ] } ], "prompt_number": 134 }, { "cell_type": "heading", "level": 2, "metadata": {}, "source": [ "example 2.11, Page No.78" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "#Relative size of collector junction\n", "import math\n", "#variable declaration\n", "IES=10**-14 #in A\n", "alfaF=1 #unitless\n", "alfaR=0.1 #unitless\n", "\n", "#Calculations\n", "#Formula : alfaF*IES=alfaR*ICS\n", "ICS=(alfaF/alfaR)*IES #in Ampere\n", "RelativeSize=ICS/IES #unitless\n", "BetaR=alfaR/(1-alfaR) #unitless\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "print(\"Collector base junction saturation current in Ampere : %.1f * 10^-12\"%(ICS*10**12))\n", "print(\"\\nCollector is %.0f times larger in size than emitter\"%RelativeSize)\n", "print(\"\\nValue of BetaR :%.2f \"%BetaR)" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", "text": [ "Collector base junction saturation current in Ampere : 0.1 * 10^-12\n", "\n", "Collector is 10 times larger in size than emitter\n", "\n", "Value of BetaR :0.11 \n" ] } ], "prompt_number": 135 }, { "cell_type": "heading", "level": 2, "metadata": {}, "source": [ "example 2.12, Page No.87" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "#DC load line and operating point\n", "import math\n", "#variable declaration\n", "Beta=100 #unitless\n", "VCC=6 #in volt\n", "RB=530 #in kOhm\n", "RC=2 #in kOhm\n", "VBE=0.7 #in volt(For Si)\n", "\n", "#Part (i)\n", "IC1=0 #in A\n", "VCE1=VCC-IC1*RC #in volt\n", "#If VCE=0 #in volt\n", "VCE2=0 #in volt\n", "IC2=VCC/RC #in Ampere\n", "################------------PLOT------------#############\n", "t = arange(0.0001,6 , 0.0005)\n", "t2 = arange(0.0001, 4, 0.0005)\n", "a=arange(0.001,1,0.0005)\n", "x=(4*a)/a\n", "plot(t2,1*t2/t2,'--')\n", "plot(x,a,'--')\n", "plot(t,(3-0.5*t),'b')\n", "text(4,1.1,'Q(4,1)')\n", "text(0.1,3.05,'A')\n", "text(6.05,0.1,'B')\n", "xlabel('VCE(in volts)')\n", "ylabel('IC(in mA)')\n", "title('DC load line')\n", "#########---------------------------------------##########\n", "#Formula : VCC=VBE+IB*RB\n", "IB=(VCC-VBE)/(RB*10**3) #in Ampere\n", "IC=Beta*IB;#in Ampere\n", "VCE=VCC-IC*RC*10**3 #in volt\n", "print(\"Q point coordinates are :\");\n", "print(\"IC=%.1f mA and VCE=%.1f Volt.\"%((IC*10**3),(VCE)))\n" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", "text": [ "Q point coordinates are :\n", "IC=1.0 mA and VCE=4.0 Volt.\n" ] }, { "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data", "png": "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAYYAAAEZCAYAAACTsIJzAAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlz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\nBjYGIiLSwMZAREQa/h97CqXc/zL3NgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\n", "text": [ "" ] } ], "prompt_number": 178 }, { "cell_type": "heading", "level": 2, "metadata": {}, "source": [ "example 2.13, Page No. 88" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "#RB and new value of IC\n", "import math\n", "#variable declaration\n", "Beta=100.0 #unitless\n", "IC=1.0 #in mA\n", "VCC=12.0 #in volt\n", "VBE=0.3 #in volt(For Ge)\n", "\n", "#calculation\n", "\n", "#Part (i)\n", "IB=IC/Beta #in mA\n", "#Formula : VCC=VBE+IB*RB\n", "RB=(VCC-VBE)/(IB*10**-3) #in Ampere\n", "\n", "#part (ii)\n", "Beta=50 #unitless\n", "IB=(VCC-VBE)/RB #in Ampere\n", "IC=Beta*IB #in Ampere\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "print(\"Resistance RB in kOhm : %.0f\"%(RB/10**3))\n", "print(\"Zero signal IC in mA:%.1f\"%(IC*10**3))" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", "text": [ "Resistance RB in kOhm : 1170\n", "Zero signal IC in mA:0.5\n" ] } ], "prompt_number": 137 }, { "cell_type": "heading", "level": 2, "metadata": {}, "source": [ "example 2.14, Page No.88" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "#Set the operating point\n", "import math\n", "print(\"To set the required operating point, value of RB will be find out.\")\n", "\n", "#variable declaration\n", "IC=1.0 #in mA\n", "VCE=8.0 #in volt\n", "Beta=100.0 #unitless\n", "VCC=12.0 #in volt\n", "VBE=0.3 #in volt(For Ge)\n", "\n", "#calculation\n", "\n", "#Part (i)\n", "RC=(VCC-VCE)/(IC*10**-3) #in ohm\n", "IB=IC/Beta #in mA\n", "RB=(VCC-VBE-Beta*(IB*10**-3)*RC)/(IB*10**-3) #in Ohm\n", "\n", "#Part (ii)\n", "Beta=50 #unitless\n", "IB=(VCC-VBE)/(RB+Beta*RC) #in mA\n", "IC=Beta*IB #in Ampere\n", "VCE=VCC-IC*RC #in volt\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "print(\"Value of RB in kOhm : %.0f\"%(RB/1000))\n", "print(\"New operating point is %.1f V,%.1f mA\"%(VCE,IC*10**3))" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", "text": [ "To set the required operating point, value of RB will be find out.\n", "Value of RB in kOhm : 770\n", "New operating point is 9.6 V,0.6 mA\n" ] } ], "prompt_number": 138 }, { "cell_type": "heading", "level": 2, "metadata": {}, "source": [ "example 2.15, Page No. 93" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "#Value of IC\n", "import math\n", "#variable declaration\n", "R1=50.0 #in kohm\n", "R2=10.0 #in kohm\n", "RE=1.0 #in kohm\n", "VCC=12.0 #in volt\n", "\n", "#calaculation\n", "\n", "#Part (i)\n", "VBE=0.1 #in volt\n", "VBBdash=(R2/(R1+R2))*VCC #in volt\n", "IC1=(VBBdash-VBE)/(RE*1000) #in mA\n", "\n", "#Part (ii)\n", "VBE=0.3 #in volt\n", "IC2=(VBBdash-VBE)/(RE*1000) #in mA\n", "\n", "#result\n", "print(\"At VBE=0.1V, Value of IC in mA : %.1f\"%(IC1*1000))\n", "print(\"At VBE=0.3V, Value of IC in mA : %.1f\"%(IC2*1000))" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", "text": [ "At VBE=0.1V, Value of IC in mA : 1.9\n", "At VBE=0.3V, Value of IC in mA : 1.7\n" ] } ], "prompt_number": 139 }, { "cell_type": "heading", "level": 2, "metadata": {}, "source": [ "example 2.16, Page No.94" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "#Operating point and stability factor\n", "import math\n", "#variable declaration\n", "R1=10.0 #in kohm\n", "R2=5.0 #in kohm\n", "RE=2.0 #in kohm\n", "RC=1.0 #in kohm\n", "VCC=12.0 #in volt\n", "Beta=100.0 #unitless\n", "VBE=0.7 #in volt\n", "\n", "\n", "#calculation\n", "\n", "#Part (i)\n", "#Formula : VBE=VBBdash-IB*RBdash-IE*RE\n", "VBBdash=(R2/(R1+R2))*VCC #in volt\n", "IE=(VBBdash-VBE)/(RE*10**3) #in Ampere\n", "IC=IE #in mA\n", "#Formula : VCC=IC*RC+VCE+IE*RE\n", "VCE=VCC-IC*RC*10**3-IE*RE*10**3 #in Volt\n", "\n", "#Part (ii)\n", "RBdash=(R1*R2/(R1+R2)) #in kOhm\n", "S=(Beta+1)/(1+Beta*(RE/(RBdash+RE)))\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "print(\"IB is ver small : VBE=VBBdash-IE*RE\")\n", "print(\"As base current is very small IC=IE\\n\")\n", "print(\"Operating point is %.3f V, %.3f mA\\n\"%(VCE,IC*10**3))\n", "print(\"Staility factor S is : %.2f\"%(S))" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", "text": [ "IB is ver small : VBE=VBBdash-IE*RE\n", "As base current is very small IC=IE\n", "\n", "Operating point is 7.050 V, 1.650 mA\n", "\n", "Staility factor S is : 2.62\n" ] } ], "prompt_number": 3 }, { "cell_type": "heading", "level": 2, "metadata": {}, "source": [ "example 2.17, Page No. 97" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "#IC and VCE\n", "import math\n", "#variable declaration\n", "R1=200.0 #in kohm\n", "R2=100.0 #in kohm\n", "RE=1.0 #in kohm\n", "RC=1.0 #in kohm\n", "VCC=9.0 #in volt\n", "he=2.0 #in kohm\n", "hfe=100.0 #unitless\n", "hoe=0.0 #unitless\n", "hre=0.0 #unitless\n", "VBE=0.7 #in volt(For Si)\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "\n", "#Part (i)\n", "RB=R1*R2/(R1+R2) #in kohm\n", "VBBdash=(R2/(R1+R2))*VCC #in volt\n", "#Applying Kirchoff Law \n", "IB=(VBBdash-VBE)/(RB*10**3+RE*10**3*(1+hfe)) #in Ampere\n", "IC=hfe*IB #in Ampere\n", "\n", "#Part (ii)\n", "#Applying Kirchoff Law \n", "VCE=VCC-IC*RC*10**3-RE*1063*IB*(hfe+1) #in volt\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "print(\"Value of IC in mA : %.2f\"%(IC*10**3))\n", "print(\"VCE in volt :%.3f\"%VCE)\n", "#Note : Ans of VCE is wrong in the book as VCC=10 V has been taken instead of 9 volt." ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", "text": [ "Value of IC in mA : 1.37\n", "VCE in volt :6.155\n" ] } ], "prompt_number": 2 }, { "cell_type": "heading", "level": 2, "metadata": {}, "source": [ "example 2.18, Page No.99" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "#Region of Q point\n", "import math\n", "#variable declaration\n", "RB=50.0 #in kohm\n", "RC=3.0 #in kohm\n", "VCC=10.0 #in volt\n", "VEE=5.0 #in volt\n", "hfe=100.0 #unitless\n", "VCEsat=0.2 #in volt \n", "VBEsat=0.8 #in volt\n", "VBEactive=0.7 #in volt\n", "VBE=0.7 #in volt(For Si)\n", "\n", "#Calculations\n", "\n", "#Applying : Kirchoff 2nd Law : VEE-RB*IB-VBE=0\n", "IB=(VEE-VBE)/(RB*10**3) #in Ampere\n", "IC=hfe*IB #in Ampere \n", "#Applying Kirchoff 2nd Law to collector-emitter loop: VCC-IC*RC-VCB-VBEactive=0\n", "VCB=VCC-IC*RC*10**3-VBEactive #in volt:\n", "IB=(VEE-VBEsat)/(RB*10**3) #in Ampere\n", "IC=(VCC-VCEsat)/(RC*10**3);\n", "\n", "#result\n", "print(\"Collector to base voltage, VCB :%.1fV\"%VCB)\n", "print(\"\\nThis shows that the base collector junction is forward biased. This implies that the transistor is in saturation region.\")\n", "print(\"\\nValue of IB in mA :%.3f\"%(IB*10**3))\n", "print(\"\\nValue of IC in mA :%.2f\"%(IC*10**3))" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", "text": [ "Collector to base voltage, VCB :-16.5V\n", "\n", "This shows that the base collector junction is forward biased. This implies that the transistor is in saturation region.\n", "\n", "Value of IB in mA :0.084\n", "\n", "Value of IC in mA :3.27\n" ] } ], "prompt_number": 142 }, { "cell_type": "heading", "level": 2, "metadata": {}, "source": [ "example 2.19, Page No.100" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "#Voltage across RE\n", "import math\n", "#variable declaration\n", "VCC=20.0 #in volt\n", "VBE=0.7 #in volt(For Si)\n", "Beta=50.0 #unitless\n", "RE=200.0 #in ohm\n", "R1=60.0 #in kohm\n", "R2=30.0 #in kohm\n", "\n", "#calculation\n", "V2=VCC*R2/(R1+R2) #in volt\n", "VEO=V2-VBE #in volt\n", "\n", "#result\n", "print(\"Voltage across RE in volt : %.2f\"%VEO)" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", "text": [ "Voltage across RE in volt : 5.97\n" ] } ], "prompt_number": 143 } ], "metadata": {} } ] }