{
 "metadata": {
  "name": "Chapter_7"
 }, 
 "nbformat": 2, 
 "worksheets": [
  {
   "cells": [
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown", 
     "source": [
      "<h1>Chapter 7: Field-effect Transistors (FETs)<h1>"
     ]
    }, 
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown", 
     "source": [
      "<h3>Example 7.1, Page Number: 217<h3>"
     ]
    }, 
    {
     "cell_type": "code", 
     "collapsed": false, 
     "input": [
      "%matplotlib inline"
     ], 
     "language": "python", 
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream", 
       "stream": "stdout", 
       "text": [
        "", 
        "Welcome to pylab, a matplotlib-based Python environment [backend: module://IPython.zmq.pylab.backend_inline].", 
        "For more information, type 'help(pylab)'."
       ]
      }
     ], 
     "prompt_number": 318
    }, 
    {
     "cell_type": "code", 
     "collapsed": false, 
     "input": [
      "", 
      "# variable declaration", 
      "V_GS_off=-4;       # voltage in volt", 
      "I_DSS=12*10**-3;    # current in ampere", 
      "R_D=560;           # resistance in ohm", 
      "", 
      "#calculation", 
      "V_P=-1*V_GS_off;  # volt    ", 
      "V_DS=V_P;         # Vds in volt", 
      "I_D=I_DSS;        # current accross resistor", 
      "V_R_D=I_D*R_D;    #voltage across resistor", 
      "V_DD=V_DS+V_R_D;  # Vdd in volt", 
      "", 
      "# result", 
      "print \"The value of V_DD required to put the device in the constant\"", 
      "print \" current area of operation of JFET = %.2f volt\" %V_DD"
     ], 
     "language": "python", 
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream", 
       "stream": "stdout", 
       "text": [
        "The value of V_DD required to put the device in the constant", 
        " current area of operation of JFET = 10.72 volt"
       ]
      }
     ], 
     "prompt_number": 319
    }, 
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown", 
     "source": [
      "<h3>Example 7.2, Page Number: 218<h3>"
     ]
    }, 
    {
     "cell_type": "code", 
     "collapsed": false, 
     "input": [
      "", 
      "print('The p-channel JFET requires a positive gate to source voltage.')", 
      "print('The more positive the voltage, the lesser the drain current.')", 
      "print('Any further increase in V_GS keeps the JFET cut off, so I_D remains 0')"
     ], 
     "language": "python", 
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream", 
       "stream": "stdout", 
       "text": [
        "The p-channel JFET requires a positive gate to source voltage.", 
        "The more positive the voltage, the lesser the drain current.", 
        "Any further increase in V_GS keeps the JFET cut off, so I_D remains 0"
       ]
      }
     ], 
     "prompt_number": 320
    }, 
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown", 
     "source": [
      "<h3>Example 7.3, Page number: 219<h3>"
     ]
    }, 
    {
     "cell_type": "code", 
     "collapsed": false, 
     "input": [
      "", 
      "I_DSS=9.0*10**-3;", 
      "V_GS_off=-8.0;", 
      "V_GS=0.0;", 
      "I_D=9.0*10**-3", 
      "I_D=I_DSS*(1-(V_GS/V_GS_off))**2;", 
      "print('Value of I_D for V_GS=0V is %f A '%I_D)", 
      "V_GS=-1.0", 
      "I_D=I_DSS*(1-(V_GS/V_GS_off))**2;", 
      "print('Value of I_D for V_GS=-1V is %f A'%I_D)", 
      "V_GS= -4.0", 
      "I_D=I_DSS*(1-(V_GS/V_GS_off))**2;", 
      "print('Value of I_D for V_GS=-4V is %f A'%I_D)"
     ], 
     "language": "python", 
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream", 
       "stream": "stdout", 
       "text": [
        "Value of I_D for V_GS=0V is 0.009000 A ", 
        "Value of I_D for V_GS=-1V is 0.006891 A", 
        "Value of I_D for V_GS=-4V is 0.002250 A"
       ]
      }
     ], 
     "prompt_number": 321
    }, 
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown", 
     "source": [
      "<h3>Example 7.4, Page Number: 220<h3>"
     ]
    }, 
    {
     "cell_type": "code", 
     "collapsed": false, 
     "input": [
      "", 
      "#Variable Declaration", 
      "I_DSS=3.0*10**-3;", 
      "V_GS_off=-6.0;", 
      "y_fs_max=5000.0*10**-6;", 
      "V_GS=-4.0;", 
      "g_m0=y_fs_max;", 
      "", 
      "#Calculation", 
      "g_m=g_m0*(1-(V_GS/V_GS_off));", 
      "I_D=I_DSS*(1-(V_GS/V_GS_off))", 
      "", 
      "#Result", 
      "print('forward transconductance = %f Siemens'%g_m)", 
      "print('value of I D = %f A'%I_D)"
     ], 
     "language": "python", 
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream", 
       "stream": "stdout", 
       "text": [
        "forward transconductance = 0.001667 Siemens", 
        "value of I D = 0.001000 A"
       ]
      }
     ], 
     "prompt_number": 322
    }, 
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown", 
     "source": [
      "<h3>Example 7.5, Page Number: 221<h3>"
     ]
    }, 
    {
     "cell_type": "code", 
     "collapsed": false, 
     "input": [
      "", 
      "# variable declaration", 
      "V_GS=-20.0;         # voltage in volt", 
      "I_GSS=-2*10**-9;   # current in ampere", 
      "", 
      "#calculation", 
      "R_IN1=abs((-20/(2*10**-9))) # resistance in ohm", 
      "R_IN=R_IN1/(10**9)", 
      "", 
      "# result", 
      "print \"Input resistance = %d Giga ohm\" %R_IN"
     ], 
     "language": "python", 
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream", 
       "stream": "stdout", 
       "text": [
        "Input resistance = 10 Giga ohm"
       ]
      }
     ], 
     "prompt_number": 323
    }, 
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown", 
     "source": [
      "<h3>Example 7.6, Page Number: 223<h3>"
     ]
    }, 
    {
     "cell_type": "code", 
     "collapsed": false, 
     "input": [
      "", 
      "# variable declaration", 
      "V_DD=15;         # voltage in volt", 
      "V_G=0;           # voltage in volt", 
      "I_D=5*10**-3;     # current in ampere", 
      "R_D=1*10**3;      # resistance in ohm", 
      "R_G=10*10**6;     # resistance in ohm", 
      "R_S=220;         # resistance in ohm", 
      "", 
      "# calculation", 
      "V_S=I_D*R_S;       # source voltage in volt", 
      "V_D=V_DD-I_D*R_D;  # drain voltage in volt", 
      "V_DS=V_D-V_S;      # drain to source voltage in volt", 
      "V_GS=V_G-V_S;      # gate to source voltage in volt", 
      "", 
      "# result", 
      "print \"Drain to source voltage = %.2f volts\" %V_DS", 
      "print \"Gate to source voltage = %.2f volts\" %V_GS"
     ], 
     "language": "python", 
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream", 
       "stream": "stdout", 
       "text": [
        "Drain to source voltage = 8.90 volts", 
        "Gate to source voltage = -1.10 volts"
       ]
      }
     ], 
     "prompt_number": 324
    }, 
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown", 
     "source": [
      "<h3>Example 7.7, Page Number: 224<h3>"
     ]
    }, 
    {
     "cell_type": "code", 
     "collapsed": false, 
     "input": [
      "", 
      "# variable declaration", 
      "V_GS=-5.0;        # voltage in volt", 
      "I_D=6.25*10**-3;   # current in ampere", 
      "", 
      "#calculation", 
      "R_G=abs((V_GS/I_D)) # resistance in ohm", 
      "", 
      "# result", 
      "print \"Gate resistance = %d ohm\" %R_G"
     ], 
     "language": "python", 
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream", 
       "stream": "stdout", 
       "text": [
        "Gate resistance = 800 ohm"
       ]
      }
     ], 
     "prompt_number": 325
    }, 
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown", 
     "source": [
      "<h3>Example 7.8, Page Number: 224<h3>"
     ]
    }, 
    {
     "cell_type": "code", 
     "collapsed": false, 
     "input": [
      "", 
      "I_DSS=25.0*10**-3;", 
      "V_GS_off=15.0;", 
      "V_GS=5.0;", 
      "I_D=I_DSS*(1-(V_GS/V_GS_off))**2", 
      "R_S=abs((V_GS/I_D))", 
      "print('Drain current = %f Amperes'%I_D)", 
      "print('Source resistance = %.0f Ohms'%R_S)"
     ], 
     "language": "python", 
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream", 
       "stream": "stdout", 
       "text": [
        "Drain current = 0.011111 Amperes", 
        "Source resistance = 450 Ohms"
       ]
      }
     ], 
     "prompt_number": 326
    }, 
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown", 
     "source": [
      "<h3>Example 7.9, Page Number: 225<h3>"
     ]
    }, 
    {
     "cell_type": "code", 
     "collapsed": false, 
     "input": [
      "", 
      "# variable declaration", 
      "V_D=6;         # drain voltage in volt", 
      "V_GS_off=-3;   # off voltage in volt", 
      "V_DD=12;       # voltage in volt", 
      "I_DSS=12*10**-3;   # current in ampere", 
      "", 
      "#calculation", 
      "I_D=I_DSS/2;    #MIDPOINT BIAS", 
      "V_GS=V_GS_off/3.4;    #MIDPOINT BIAS", 
      "R_S=abs((V_GS/I_D))   #resistance i voltage", 
      "R_D=(V_DD-V_D)/I_D    #resistance in voltage ", 
      "", 
      "# result", 
      "print \"Source resistance = %.2f ohm\" %R_S", 
      "print \"Drain resistance = %d ohm\" %R_D"
     ], 
     "language": "python", 
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream", 
       "stream": "stdout", 
       "text": [
        "Source resistance = 147.06 ohm", 
        "Drain resistance = 1000 ohm"
       ]
      }
     ], 
     "prompt_number": 327
    }, 
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown", 
     "source": [
      "<h3>Example 7.10, Page Number: 227<h3>"
     ]
    }, 
    {
     "cell_type": "code", 
     "collapsed": false, 
     "input": [
      "", 
      "import pylab", 
      "import numpy", 
      "", 
      "# variable declaration", 
      "R_S=680.0;           # resistance in ohm", 
      "I_D=0;           # current in ampere", 
      "", 
      "#calculation", 
      "V_GS=I_D*R_S;    #FOR I_D=0A", 
      "", 
      "I_DSS=4*10**-3;    # current in ampere", 
      "I_D=I_DSS;        # currents are equal", 
      "V_GS1=-1*I_D*R_S;    #FOR I_D=4mA", 
      "", 
      "# result", 
      "print \"V_GS at I_D=0amp is %d volt\" %V_GS", 
      "print \"V_GS at I_D=4mA is %.2f volt\" %V_GS1", 
      "print \"Plotting load line using the values of V_GS at I_D=0 and 4mA,\"", 
      "print \" we find the intersection of load line with transfer characteristic\"", 
      "print \" to get Q-point values of V_GS=-1.5V and I_D=2.25mA\"", 
      "", 
      "#########PLOT######################", 
      "idss=4", 
      "vgsoff=-6", 
      "vgs=arange(-6.0,0.0,0.0005)", 
      "idk=arange(0.0,4.0,0.0005)", 
      "ids=arange(0.0,2.25,0.0005)", 
      "vgsk=-idk*0.68", 
      "i_d=idss*(1-(vgs/vgsoff))**2", 
      "text(-3.00,2.25,'Q Point',size=13)", 
      "text(-3.25,2,'(-1.5V, 2.25mA)')", 
      "plot(vgs,i_d)", 
      "plot(vgsk,idk,'b')", 
      "plot(-1.5,2.25,'o')", 
      "ylim( (0,5) )", 
      "title('Transfer characteristic curve')", 
      "xlabel('Vgs')", 
      "ylabel('Idss')"
     ], 
     "language": "python", 
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream", 
       "stream": "stdout", 
       "text": [
        "V_GS at I_D=0amp is 0 volt", 
        "V_GS at I_D=4mA is -2.72 volt", 
        "Plotting load line using the values of V_GS at I_D=0 and 4mA,", 
        " we find the intersection of load line with transfer characteristic", 
        " to get Q-point values of V_GS=-1.5V and I_D=2.25mA"
       ]
      }, 
      {
       "output_type": "pyout", 
       "prompt_number": 328, 
       "text": [
        "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0xd95b60c>"
       ]
      }, 
      {
       "output_type": "display_data", 
       "png": 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L8JgePXqg2SODxOfMmfPEFc10OuDzz4FRo4A1a+Ts0tweKnOqc2o1hIkpcEiy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\ndSIiFWFSJyJSESZ1IiIVYVInIlKR/wdjx32hRVMVVQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\n"
      }
     ], 
     "prompt_number": 328
    }, 
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown", 
     "source": [
      "<h3>Example 7.11, Page Number: 228<h3>"
     ]
    }, 
    {
     "cell_type": "code", 
     "collapsed": false, 
     "input": [
      "", 
      "# variable declaration", 
      "V_DD=12;        # voltage in volt", 
      "V_D=7;          # voltage in volt", 
      "R_D=3.3*10**3;   # resistance in ohm", 
      "R_S=2.2*10**3;   # resistance in ohm", 
      "R_1=6.8*10**6;   # resistance in ohm", 
      "R_2=1*10**6;     # resistance in ohm", 
      "", 
      "#calculation", 
      "I_D=(V_DD-V_D)/R_D;   # drain current in ampere", 
      "V_S=I_D*R_S;          # source voltage in volt", 
      "V_G=(R_2/(R_1+R_2))*V_DD; # gate voltage in volt", 
      "V_GS=V_G-V_S;          # gate to source voltage in volt", 
      "", 
      "# result", 
      "print \"Drain Current = %.4f Ampere\" %I_D", 
      "print \"Gate to source voltage = %.4f volts\" %V_GS"
     ], 
     "language": "python", 
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream", 
       "stream": "stdout", 
       "text": [
        "Drain Current = 0.0015 Ampere", 
        "Gate to source voltage = -1.7949 volts"
       ]
      }
     ], 
     "prompt_number": 329
    }, 
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown", 
     "source": [
      "<h3>Example 7.12, Page Number: 229<h3>"
     ]
    }, 
    {
     "cell_type": "code", 
     "collapsed": false, 
     "input": [
      "", 
      "# variable declaration", 
      "R_1=2.2*10**6;        # resistance in ohm ", 
      "R_2=R_1;             # resistance in ohm", 
      "V_DD=8;              # voltage in volt", 
      "R_S=3.3*10**3;        # resistance in ohm", 
      "", 
      "#calculation", 
      "V_GS=(R_2/(R_1+R_2))*V_DD;    #FOR I_D=0A", 
      "V_G=V_GS;                   # voltage in volt", 
      "I_D=(V_G-0)/R_S;    #FOR V_GS=0V", 
      "", 
      "# result", 
      "print \"V_GS = %d volt\" %V_GS", 
      "print \"at V_GS=0V. I_D = %.4f ampere\" %I_D", 
      "print \"Plotting load line using the value of V_GS=4V at I_D=0\"", 
      "print \" and I_D=1.2mA at V_GS=0V, we find the intersection of\"", 
      "print \" load line with transfer characteristic to get Q-point\"", 
      "print \" values of V_GS=-1.8V and I_D=1.8mA\""
     ], 
     "language": "python", 
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream", 
       "stream": "stdout", 
       "text": [
        "V_GS = 4 volt", 
        "at V_GS=0V. I_D = 0.0012 ampere", 
        "Plotting load line using the value of V_GS=4V at I_D=0", 
        " and I_D=1.2mA at V_GS=0V, we find the intersection of", 
        " load line with transfer characteristic to get Q-point", 
        " values of V_GS=-1.8V and I_D=1.8mA"
       ]
      }
     ], 
     "prompt_number": 330
    }, 
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown", 
     "source": [
      "<h3>Example 7.13, Page Number: 235<h3>"
     ]
    }, 
    {
     "cell_type": "code", 
     "collapsed": false, 
     "input": [
      "", 
      "I_DSS=10.0*10**-3;", 
      "V_GS_off=-8.0;", 
      "V_GS=-3.0;", 
      "I_D=I_DSS*(1-(V_GS/V_GS_off))**2;", 
      "print('Drain current when V_GS=-3V is %f Amperes'%I_D)", 
      "V_GS=3;", 
      "I_D=I_DSS*(1-(V_GS/V_GS_off))**2;", 
      "print('Drain current when V_GS=3V is %f Amperes'%I_D)"
     ], 
     "language": "python", 
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream", 
       "stream": "stdout", 
       "text": [
        "Drain current when V_GS=-3V is 0.003906 Amperes", 
        "Drain current when V_GS=3V is 0.018906 Amperes"
       ]
      }
     ], 
     "prompt_number": 331
    }, 
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown", 
     "source": [
      "<h3>Example 7.14, Page Number: 236<h3>"
     ]
    }, 
    {
     "cell_type": "code", 
     "collapsed": false, 
     "input": [
      "", 
      "#variable Declaration", 
      "I_D_on=500.0*10**-3;", 
      "V_GS=10.0;", 
      "V_GS_th=1.0;", 
      "K=I_D_on/((V_GS-V_GS_th)**2)", 
      "V_GS=5.0;", 
      "I_D=K*(V_GS-V_GS_th)**2;", 
      "print('Drain current = %f A'%I_D)"
     ], 
     "language": "python", 
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream", 
       "stream": "stdout", 
       "text": [
        "Drain current = 0.098765 A"
       ]
      }
     ], 
     "prompt_number": 332
    }, 
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown", 
     "source": [
      "<h3>Example 7.15, Page Number: 237<h3>"
     ]
    }, 
    {
     "cell_type": "code", 
     "collapsed": false, 
     "input": [
      "", 
      "# variable declaration", 
      "I_DSS=12*10**-3;    # currenin ampere", 
      "V_DD=18;            # voltage in volt", 
      "R_D=620;            # resistance in oh", 
      "", 
      "#calculation", 
      "I_D=I_DSS;          # currents are equal", 
      "V_DS=V_DD-I_D*R_D;  # drain to source voltage", 
      "", 
      "# result", 
      "print \"Drain to sorce voltage = %.2f volt\" %V_DS"
     ], 
     "language": "python", 
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream", 
       "stream": "stdout", 
       "text": [
        "Drain to sorce voltage = 10.56 volt"
       ]
      }
     ], 
     "prompt_number": 333
    }, 
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown", 
     "source": [
      "<h3>Example 7.16, Page Number: 238<h3>"
     ]
    }, 
    {
     "cell_type": "code", 
     "collapsed": false, 
     "input": [
      "", 
      "#variable Declaration", 
      "I_D_on=200.0*10**-3;", 
      "V_DD=24.0;", 
      "R_D=200.0;", 
      "V_GS=4.0;", 
      "V_GS_th=2.0;", 
      "R_1=100.0*10**3;", 
      "R_2=15.0*10**3;", 
      "", 
      "#Calculation ", 
      "K=I_D_on/((V_GS-V_GS_th)**2)", 
      "V_GS=(R_2/(R_1+R_2))*V_DD;", 
      "I_D=K*(V_GS-V_GS_th)**2;", 
      "V_DS=V_DD-I_D*R_D;", 
      "", 
      "#Result", 
      "print('Drain to Source voltage = %f V'%V_DS)", 
      "print('Gate to Source voltage = %f V'%V_GS)"
     ], 
     "language": "python", 
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream", 
       "stream": "stdout", 
       "text": [
        "Drain to Source voltage = 11.221172 V", 
        "Gate to Source voltage = 3.130435 V"
       ]
      }
     ], 
     "prompt_number": 334
    }, 
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown", 
     "source": [
      "<h3>Example 7.17, Page Number: 239<h3>"
     ]
    }, 
    {
     "cell_type": "code", 
     "collapsed": false, 
     "input": [
      "", 
      "# variable declaration", 
      "V_GS_on=3;         # voltage in volt", 
      "V_GS=8.5           #voltage displayed on meter", 
      "V_DS=V_GS;         # voltages are equal ", 
      "V_DD=15;           # voltage in volt", 
      "R_D=4.7*10**3;      # resistance in ohm", 
      "", 
      "#calculation", 
      "I_D=(V_DD-V_DS)/R_D;  # drain current", 
      "", 
      "# result", 
      "print \"Drain current = %.4f ampere\" %I_D"
     ], 
     "language": "python", 
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream", 
       "stream": "stdout", 
       "text": [
        "Drain current = 0.0014 ampere"
       ]
      }
     ], 
     "prompt_number": 335
    }
   ]
  }
 ]
}