{ "metadata": { "name": "", "signature": "sha256:9f0f51ee792551db4a5ae3ded00fa549611bdd66fece52d68af61c7a164f38e5" }, "nbformat": 3, "nbformat_minor": 0, "worksheets": [ { "cells": [ { "cell_type": "heading", "level": 1, "metadata": {}, "source": [ "Chapter 10 : Material Balances for Processes Involving Reaction" ] }, { "cell_type": "heading", "level": 3, "metadata": {}, "source": [ " Example 10.1 Page no. 264\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "\n", "F = 100 # feed to the reactor-[g mol]\n", "CH4 = 0.4*F # [g mol]\n", "Cl2 = 0.5*F ; # [g mol]\n", "N2= 0.1*F ; #[g mol]\n", "\n", "nio_CH4 = CH4 #[g mol CH4]\n", "vi_CH4 = -1 # coefficint of CH4\n", "\n", "\n", "# Calculation and Result\n", "ex_CH4 = -(nio_CH4)/vi_CH4 # Max. extent of reaction based on CH4\n", "\n", "nio_Cl2 = Cl2 ; #[g mol Cl2]\n", "vi_Cl2 = -1 ; # coefficint of Cl2\n", "ex_Cl2 = -(nio_Cl2)/vi_Cl2 ; # Max. extent of reaction based on Cl2\n", "\n", "if (ex_Cl2 > ex_CH4 ):\n", " print ' CH4 is limiting reactant '\n", "else:\n", " print ' (b) Cl2 is limiting reactant '\n", "\n", "cn_CH4 = 67/100.0 ; # percentage conversion of CH4\n", "ex_r = (-cn_CH4)*CH4/vi_CH4 ; # extent of reaction\n", "\n", "print ' extent of reaction is %.1f g moles reacting '%ex_r\n", "\n", "n_un = 11 ; # Number of unknowns in the given problem\n", "n_ie = 11 ; # Number of independent equations\n", "d_o_f = n_un-n_ie ; # Number of degree of freedom\n", "print ' Number of degree of freedom for the given system is %i '%d_o_f\n", "\n", "vi_CH3Cl = 1;\n", "vi_HCl = 1;\n", "vi_N2 = 0;\n", "p_CH4 = CH4+(vi_CH4*ex_r); # [g mol]\n", "p_Cl2 = Cl2+(vi_Cl2*ex_r); # [g mol]\n", "p_CH3Cl = 0+(vi_CH3Cl*ex_r); # [g mol]\n", "p_HCl = 0+(vi_HCl*ex_r); # [g mol]\n", "p_N2 = N2+(vi_N2*ex_r); # [g mol]\n", "\n", "print 'Composition of product stream in %% g mol of products'\n", "print 'Product Percentage g mol'\n", "print 'CH4 %.1f%% g mol'%p_CH4\n", "print 'Cl2 %.1f%% g mol'%p_Cl2\n", "print 'CH3Cl %.1f%% g mol'%p_CH3Cl\n", "print 'HCl %.1f%% g mol'%p_HCl\n", "print 'N2 %.1f%% g mol'%p_N2" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", "text": [ " CH4 is limiting reactant \n", " extent of reaction is 26.8 g moles reacting \n", " Number of degree of freedom for the given system is 0 \n", "Composition of product stream in %% g mol of products\n", "Product Percentage g mol\n", "CH4 13.2% g mol\n", "Cl2 23.2% g mol\n", "CH3Cl 26.8% g mol\n", "HCl 26.8% g mol\n", "N2 10.0% g mol\n" ] } ], "prompt_number": 10 }, { "cell_type": "heading", "level": 3, "metadata": {}, "source": [ " Example 10.2 Page no. 266\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "\n", "\n", "# Variables \n", "S = 5000. ; # Sulphur [lb]\n", "CH4 = 80. ; # [%]\n", "H2S = 20.; # [%]\n", "\n", "n_un = 11. ;\n", "n_ie = 11. ;\n", "\n", "# Calculation and Result\n", "d_o_f = n_un-n_ie ;\n", "print 'Number of degree of freedom for the given system is %i '%d_o_f\n", "\n", "m_S = 32.0 #molecular wt. of S -[lb]\n", "mol_S = S/32.0;\n", "nio_S = 0 #[g mol S]\n", "ni_S = mol_S ; #[g mol S]\n", "vi_S = 3. # coefficint of S -from given reaction\n", "ex_r = (ni_S-nio_S)/vi_S ; # Extent of reaction based on S\n", "print ' Extent of reaction is %.1f g moles reacting '%ex_r\n", "\n", "vi_H2O = 2. ; # coefficint of H2O\n", "vi_H2S = -2. ; # coefficint of H2S\n", "vi_SO2 = -1. ; #coefficint of SO2\n", "vi_CH4 = 0 ; #coefficint of CH4\n", "P_H2O = 0+(vi_H2O*ex_r); # [lb mol]\n", "P_H2S = P_H2O/10 ; #[lb mol]\n", "P_SO2 = 3.*P_H2S ; #[lb mol]\n", "\n", "F = (P_H2S-vi_H2S*ex_r)/(H2S/100) ; # total feed-[lb mol]\n", "F_SO2 = P_SO2-(vi_SO2*ex_r); # feed rate of SO2- [lb mol]\n", "F_CH4 = (CH4/100.)*F+vi_CH4*ex_r ; #feed rate of CH4- [lb mol]\n", "F_H2S = ((H2S/100.)*F) ; # feed rate of H2S-[lb mol]\n", "\n", "f_cn = -(vi_H2S*ex_r)/((H2S/100.)*F) # Fractional conversion of limiting reagent\n", "\n", "print '(1)Feed rate of H2S- %.1f lb mol'%F_H2S\n", "print '(2)Feed rate of SO2- %.1f lb mol'%F_SO2\n", "print '(3)Fractional conversion of limiting reagent- %.2f '%f_cn" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", "text": [ "Number of degree of freedom for the given system is 0 \n", " Extent of reaction is 52.1 g moles reacting \n", "(1)Feed rate of H2S- 114.6 lb mol\n", "(2)Feed rate of SO2- 83.3 lb mol\n", "(3)Fractional conversion of limiting reagent- 0.91 \n" ] } ], "prompt_number": 11 }, { "cell_type": "heading", "level": 3, "metadata": {}, "source": [ " Example 10.3 Page no. 270\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "\n", "# Variables \n", "F = 1 #CH3OH -[gmol]\n", "f_cn = 90. #[%]\n", "vi_CH3OH = -1. #coefficint of CH3OH\n", "\n", "# Calculation and Result\n", "ex_r1 = (-90./100)/vi_CH3OH # Extent of reaction based on CH3OH \n", "print ' Extent of reaction 1 is %.2f g moles reacting '%ex_r1\n", "\n", "yld = 75. #[%]\n", "ex_r2 = ex_r1-(F*(yld/100.0));\n", "print ' Extent of reaction 2 is %.2f g moles reacting '%ex_r2\n", "\n", "f_O2 = 0.21 # mol. fraction of O2\n", "f_N2 = 0.79 # mol. fraction of N2\n", "n_O2 = 2*((1/2.0)*F) # entering oxygen -[g mol]\n", "air = n_O2/f_O2 # Amount of air entering\n", "n_N2 = air-n_O2 # entering nitrogen -[g mol]\n", "\n", "n_un = 11. # Number of unknowns in the given problem\n", "n_ie = 11. # Number of independent equations\n", "d_o_f = n_un-n_ie # Number of degree of freedom\n", "print ' Number of degree of freedom for the given system is %i '%d_o_f\n", "\n", "v1_CH3OH = -1 #coefficint of CH3OH\n", "v1_O2 = -1./2 #coefficint of O2\n", "v1_CH2O = 1 ; #coefficint of CH2O\n", "v1_H2O = 1 ; #coefficint of H2O\n", "v1_CO = 0 ; #coefficient of CO\n", "\n", "#Reaction 2\n", "v2_O2 = -1./2 #coefficint of O2\n", "v2_CH2O = -1 #coefficint of CH2O\n", "v2_H2O = 1 ; #coefficint of H2O\n", "v2_CO = 1 ; #coefficient of CO\n", "P = F+air +(v1_CH3OH+v1_O2+v1_CH2O+v1_H2O)*ex_r1 +(v2_O2+v2_CH2O+v2_H2O+v2_CO)*ex_r2 ;# Product -[g mol]\n", "\n", "no_CH3OH = F+(v1_CH3OH*ex_r1)+0 ; # [g mol]\n", "no_O2 = n_O2+(v1_O2*ex_r1)+v2_O2*ex_r2 ; # [g mol]\n", "no_CH2O = 0 + v1_CH2O*ex_r1 +v2_CH2O*ex_r2 ; #[g mol]\n", "no_CO = 0+v1_CO*ex_r1 +v2_CO*ex_r2 ; #[g mol]\n", "no_H2O = 0+v1_H2O*ex_r1+v2_H2O*ex_r2 ; # [g mol]\n", "no_N2 = n_N2-0-0 ; # [g mol]\n", "\n", "\n", "y_CH3OH = (no_CH3OH/P )*100 ; # mole %\n", "y_O2 = (no_O2/P)*100 ; # mole %\n", "y_CH2O = (no_CH2O/P)*100 ; # mole %\n", "y_CO = (no_CO/P)*100 ; # mole %\n", "y_H2O = (no_H2O/P)*100 ; # mole % \n", "y_N2 = (no_N2/P )*100; # mole %\n", "\n", "print 'Composition of product'\n", "print 'Component mole percent'\n", "print ' CH3OH %.1f %%'%y_CH3OH\n", "print ' O2 %.1f %%'%y_O2\n", "print ' CH2O %.1f %%'%y_CH2O\n", "print ' CO %.1f %%'%y_CO\n", "print ' H2O %.1f %%'%y_H2O\n", "print ' N2 %.1f %%'%y_N2" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", "text": [ " Extent of reaction 1 is 0.90 g moles reacting \n", " Extent of reaction 2 is 0.15 g moles reacting \n", " Number of degree of freedom for the given system is 0 \n", "Composition of product\n", "Component mole percent\n", " CH3OH 1.6 %\n", " O2 7.6 %\n", " CH2O 11.9 %\n", " CO 2.4 %\n", " H2O 16.7 %\n", " N2 59.8 %\n" ] } ], "prompt_number": 12 }, { "cell_type": "heading", "level": 3, "metadata": {}, "source": [ " Example 10.4 Page no. 273\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "\n", "from numpy import matrix\n", "\n", "# Variables \n", "F = 4000. ; #[kg]\n", "m_H2O = 18.02 ; # molecular masss of water\n", "m_C6H12O6 = 180.1 ; # molecular mass of glucose\n", "m_CO2 = 44. ; #molecular mass of CO2\n", "m_C2H3CO2H = 72.03 ; # molecular mass of C2H3CO2H\n", "m_C2H5OH = 46.05 ; # molecular mass of ethanol\n", "\n", "p_H2O = 88. ; # [%]\n", "p_C6H12O6 = 12.; # [%] \n", "\n", "# Calculation & Result\n", "ni_H2O = (F*p_H2O/100.)/m_H2O ; # initial moles of water\n", "ni_C6H12O6 = (F*(p_C6H12O6/100.))/m_C6H12O6 ; # initial moles of glucose\n", "\n", "n_un = 9. \n", "n_ie = 9. \n", "d_o_f = n_un-n_ie\n", "print 'Number of degree of freedom for the given system is %i '%d_o_f\n", "\n", "ur_C6H12O6 = 90. ; #[kg]\n", "pr_CO2 = 120. ; #[kg]\n", "nf_C6H12O6 = ur_C6H12O6/m_C6H12O6 ; # [kmoles]\n", "nf_CO2 = pr_CO2/m_CO2 ; # [kmoles]\n", "\n", "\n", "a = matrix([[-1,-1],[2,0]]); # matrix formed by coefficients of unknowns \n", "b = matrix([[(nf_C6H12O6-ni_C6H12O6)],[nf_CO2]]); #matrix formed by constant\n", "x = a**(-1)*b; #matrix formed by solution\n", " \n", "print ' Extent of reaction 1 is %.3f kg moles reacting '%x[0]\n", "print ' Extent of reaction 2 is %.3f kg moles reacting '%x[1]\n", "\n", "nf_H2O = ni_H2O+0*x[0] +2*x[1]; \n", "nf_C2H5OH = 0+2*x[0]+0*x[1];\n", "nf_C2H3CO2H = 0+0*x[0]+2*x[1]\n", "total_wt = m_H2O*nf_H2O + m_C6H12O6*nf_C6H12O6 + m_CO2*nf_CO2 + \\\n", "m_C2H3CO2H*nf_C2H3CO2H + m_C2H5OH*nf_C2H5OH;\n", "mp_C2H5OH = (m_C2H5OH*nf_C2H5OH*100)/total_wt \n", "mp_C2H3CO2H = (m_C2H3CO2H*nf_C2H3CO2H*100)/total_wt\n", "\n", "print ' Mass percent of ethanol in broth at end of fermentation process is %.1f %%'%mp_C2H5OH\n", "print ' Mass percent of propenoic acid in broth at end of fermentation process is %.1f %%'%mp_C2H3CO2H" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", "text": [ "Number of degree of freedom for the given system is 0 \n", " Extent of reaction 1 is 1.364 kg moles reacting \n", " Extent of reaction 2 is 0.802 kg moles reacting \n", " Mass percent of ethanol in broth at end of fermentation process is 3.1 %\n", " Mass percent of propenoic acid in broth at end of fermentation process is 2.9 %\n" ] } ], "prompt_number": 14 }, { "cell_type": "heading", "level": 3, "metadata": {}, "source": [ " Example 10.5 Page no. 279\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "\n", "from numpy import matrix\n", "\n", "# Variables \n", "\n", "print '(a)Solution of Example 10.1 using element balance'\n", "F = 100 # feed to the reactor-[g mol]\n", "\n", "CH4 = 0.4*F ; # [g mol]\n", "Cl2 = 0.5*F ; # [g mol]\n", "N2 = 0.1*F #[g mol]\n", "\n", "n_un = 10 # Number of unknowns in the given problem(excluding extent of reaction)\n", "n_ie = 10 ; # Number of independent equations\n", "d_o_f = n_un-n_ie # Number of degree of freedom\n", "print ' Number of degree of freedom for the given system is %i '%d_o_f\n", "\n", "nio_CH4 = CH4 ; #[g mol CH4]\n", "vi_CH4 = -1; # coefficint of CH4\n", "\n", "# Calculation and Result\n", "ex_CH4 = -(nio_CH4)/vi_CH4 ; # Max. extent of reaction based on CH4\n", "\n", "\n", "nio_Cl2 = Cl2 #[g mol Cl2]\n", "vi_Cl2 = -1 # coefficint of Cl2\n", "ex_Cl2 = -(nio_Cl2)/vi_Cl2 # Max. extent of reaction based on Cl2\n", "\n", "if (ex_Cl2 > ex_CH4 ): \n", " print ' CH4 is limiting reactant '\n", "else:\n", " print ' (b) Cl2 is limiting reactant '\n", "\n", "cn_CH4 = 67.0/100 # percentage conversion of CH4(limiting reagent)\n", "no_CH4 = CH4-(cn_CH4*CH4) ; #CH4 in product -[g mol]\n", "\n", "no_N2 = N2 #N2 in product -[g mol]\n", "\n", "C = CH4 ; #moles of CH4 = moles of C (by molecular formula)\n", "H = 4*CH4 ; # moles of H = 4*moles of CH4 (by molecular formula)\n", "Cl = 2*Cl2 ; # moles of Cl = 2* moles of Cl2 (by molecular formula)\n", "\n", "a = matrix([[0,0,1],[0,1,3],[2,1,1]]) # matrix formed by coefficients of unknowns \n", "b = matrix([[C-no_CH4*1],[H-4*no_CH4],[Cl]]) ; #matrix formed by constant\n", "x = a**(-1)*b ; # matrix of solution\n", "\n", "print 'Composition of product stream in %% g mol of products'\n", "print 'Product Percentage g mol'\n", "print 'CH4 %.1f%% g mol'%no_CH4\n", "print 'Cl2 %.1f%% g mol'%x[0]\n", "print 'CH3Cl %.1f%% g mol'%x[2]\n", "print 'HCl %.1f%% g mol'%x[1]\n", "print 'N2 %.1f%% g mol'%no_N2\n", "\n", "#(b)Solution of Example 10.3 using element balance\n", "print '______________________________________________________________________________'\n", "print '(b)Solution of Example 10.3 using element balance'\n", "\n", "F = 1 #CH3OH -[gmol]\n", "yld = 75 #[%]\n", "cnv = 90 ; #conversion of methanol-[%]\n", "\n", "f_O2 = 0.21 ; # mol. fraction of O2\n", "f_N2 = 0.79 ; # mol. fraction of N2\n", "n_O2 = 2*((1/2.0)*F) # entering oxygen -[g mol]\n", "air = n_O2/f_O2 ; # Amount of air entering\n", "n_N2 = air-n_O2 # entering nitrogen -[g mol]\n", "\n", "n_un = 9 # Number of unknowns in the given problem(excluding extent of reactions)\n", "n_ie = 9 ; # Number of independent equations\n", "d_o_f = n_un-n_ie # Number of degree of freedom\n", "\n", "print ' Number of degree of freedom for the given system is %i '%d_o_f\n", "\n", "no_N2 = n_N2 # inert ,terefore input = output\n", "C = 1*F #moles of C = moles of CH3OH (by molecular formula)\n", "H = 4*F ; #moles of H = 4*moles of CH3OH (by molecular formula)\n", "O = 1*F +2*n_O2; # moles of O = 1*moles of CH3OH + O in air\n", "no_CH2O = yld/100.0 #[g mol]\n", "no_CH3OH = F-((cnv/100.0)*F) # [g mol]\n", "\n", "a = matrix([[0,0,1],[0,2,0],[2,1,1]]) # matrix formed by coefficients of unknowns \n", "b = matrix([[(C-(no_CH3OH*1+no_CH2O*1))],[(H-(4*no_CH3OH+2*no_CH2O))],[(O-(no_CH3OH*1+no_CH2O*1))]]);\n", "a = a.I\n", "x = a * b ; # matrix of solution\n", "\n", "P = no_CH2O+no_CH3OH+no_N2+x[0]+x[1]+x[2];\n", "\n", "# Composition of product\n", "y_CH3OH = (no_CH3OH/P )*100; # mole %\n", "y_O2 = ((x[0])/P)*100; # mole %\n", "y_CH2O = (no_CH2O/P)*100 ; # mole %\n", "y_CO = (x[2]/P)*100 ; # mole %\n", "y_H2O = (x[1]/P)*100 ; # mole % \n", "y_N2 = (no_N2/P )*100; # mole %\n", "\n", "\n", "print 'Composition of product'\n", "print 'Component mole percent'\n", "print ' CH3OH %.1f %%'%y_CH3OH\n", "print ' O2 %.1f %%'%y_O2\n", "print ' CH2O %.1f %%'%y_CH2O\n", "print ' CO %.1f %%'%y_CO\n", "print ' H2O %.1f %%'%y_H2O\n", "print ' N2 %.1f %%'%y_N2\n" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", "text": [ "(a)Solution of Example 10.1 using element balance\n", " Number of degree of freedom for the given system is 0 \n", " CH4 is limiting reactant \n", "Composition of product stream in %% g mol of products\n", "Product Percentage g mol\n", "CH4 13.2% g mol\n", "Cl2 23.2% g mol\n", "CH3Cl 26.8% g mol\n", "HCl 26.8% g mol\n", "N2 10.0% g mol\n", "______________________________________________________________________________\n", "(b)Solution of Example 10.3 using element balance\n", " Number of degree of freedom for the given system is 0 \n", "Composition of product\n", "Component mole percent\n", " CH3OH 1.6 %\n", " O2 7.6 %\n", " CH2O 11.9 %\n", " CO 2.4 %\n", " H2O 16.7 %\n", " N2 59.8 %\n" ] } ], "prompt_number": 15 }, { "cell_type": "heading", "level": 3, "metadata": {}, "source": [ " Example 10.6 Page no. 281\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "\n", "from numpy import matrix\n", "\n", "# Variables \n", "P=100. ; #Product from the reactor-[g mol]\n", "C3H8 = 0.195*P ; # [g mol]\n", "C4H10 = 0.594*P ; # [g mol]\n", "C5H12 = 0.211*P; # [g mol]\n", "\n", "n_un = 3 ; # Number of unknowns in the given problem(excluding extent of reaction)\n", "n_ie = 3 ; # Number of independent equations\n", "\n", "# Calculation and Result\n", "d_o_f = n_un-n_ie ; # Number of degree of freedom\n", "print 'Number of degree of freedom for the given system is %i '%d_o_f\n", "\n", "C = C3H8*3+C4H10*4+C5H12*5 # moles of C on product side\n", "H = C3H8*8+C4H10*10+C5H12*12 ; # moles of H on product side\n", "\n", "a = matrix([[8,0],[18,2]]) # matrix formed by coefficients of unknowns \n", "b = matrix([[C],[H]]) ; #matrix formed by constant\n", "a = a.I\n", "x = a*b ; # matrix of solution\n", "\n", "R = x[1]/x[0] ; # Ratio of H2 consumed to C8H18 reacted = G/F\n", "print ' Molar ratio of H2 consumed to C8H18 reacted is %.3f '%R" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", "text": [ "Number of degree of freedom for the given system is 0 \n", " Molar ratio of H2 consumed to C8H18 reacted is 0.992 \n" ] } ], "prompt_number": 16 }, { "cell_type": "heading", "level": 3, "metadata": {}, "source": [ " Example 10.7 Page no. 286\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "\n", "# Variables \n", "C3H8 = 20 #C3H8 burned in a test-[kg]\n", "m_C3H8 = 44.09 # mol. wt . of 1 kmol C3H8\n", "cf_O2 = 5 # coefficient of O2 in given reaction\n", "air = 400 # Air given -[kg]\n", "m_air = 29.0 # molecular wt. of 1kmol air-[kg]\n", "O2p = 21 # percentage of O2 in air-[%]\n", "p_CO2 = 44 # CO2 produced -[kg]\n", "p_CO = 12 # CO produced -[kg]\n", "\n", "# Calculation \n", "O2 = (air*O2p/100.0)/(m_air) # amount of entering O2-[k mol]\n", "rqO2 = (C3H8*cf_O2)/(m_C3H8) # Required O2 for given reaction\n", "ex_air = ((O2-rqO2)*100.0)/rqO2 ; # Excess air percent-[%]\n", "\n", "# Result\n", "print 'Excess air percent is %.0f %%.'%ex_air" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", "text": [ "Excess air percent is 28 %.\n" ] } ], "prompt_number": 17 }, { "cell_type": "heading", "level": 3, "metadata": {}, "source": [ " Example 10.8 Page no. 287\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "\n", "\n", "# Variables\n", "F = 16. # feed of CH4 -[kg]\n", "CH4p = 100. #[%]\n", "m_CH4 = 16. ; # mass of kmol of CH4-[kg]\n", "mol_CH4 = (F*CH4p/100)/m_CH4 #k moles of CH4 in feed-[kmol]\n", "air = 300. ; # Air given -[kg]\n", "m_air = 29. # molecular wt. of 1kmol air-[kg]\n", "mol_air = air/m_air ; # kmoles of air-[kmol]\n", "O2p = 21. # percentage of O2 in air-[%]\n", "O2 = (mol_air*O2p/100) # amount of entering O2-[k mol]\n", "N2 = mol_air-O2 ; # amount of entering N2-[k mol]\n", "\n", "n_un = 8. # Number of unknowns in the given problem(excluding extent of reactions)\n", "n_ie = 8. # Number of independent equations\n", "d_o_f = n_un-n_ie # Number of degree of freedom\n", "print 'Number of degree of freedom for the given system is %i '%d_o_f\n", "\n", "# Product composition analysis using element balance of C,H,O and N\n", "p_N2 = N2 # inert \n", "C_in = 1*mol_CH4 ; # kmoles of carbon in input-[kmol]\n", "H_in = 4*mol_CH4 # kmoles of hydrogen in input-[kmol]\n", "O_in = 2*O2 ; # kmoles of oxygen in input-[kmol]\n", "p_CO2 = C_in/1 ; #kmoles of CO2 in product obtained by carbon balance-[kmol]\n", "p_H2O = H_in/2 ; #kmoles of H2O in product obtained by hydrogen balance-[kmol]\n", "p_O2 = (O_in-(2*p_CO2+p_H2O))/2 #kmoles of O2 in product obtained by oxygen balance-[kmol]\n", "p_CH4 = 0 # Complete reaction occurs\n", "P = p_CH4 + p_N2+ p_CO2 + p_H2O + p_O2;\n", "\n", "y_N2 = p_N2*100/P ; #[mol %]\n", "y_CO2 = p_CO2*100/P ; #[mol %]\n", "y_H2O = p_H2O*100/P ; #[mol %]\n", "y_O2 = p_O2*100/P ; #[mol %]\n", "y_CH4 = p_CH4*100/P ; #[mol %]\n", "\n", "# Results\n", "print 'Composition of product'\n", "print 'Component mole percent'\n", "print ' CH4 %.1f %%'%y_CH4\n", "print ' O2 %.1f %%'%y_O2\n", "print ' CO2 %.1f %%'%y_CO2\n", "print ' H2O %.1f %%'%y_H2O\n", "print ' N2 %.1f %%'%y_N2" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", "text": [ "Number of degree of freedom for the given system is 0 \n", "Composition of product\n", "Component mole percent\n", " CH4 0.0 %\n", " O2 1.5 %\n", " CO2 8.8 %\n", " H2O 17.6 %\n", " N2 72.0 %\n" ] } ], "prompt_number": 18 }, { "cell_type": "heading", "level": 3, "metadata": {}, "source": [ " Example 10.9 Page no. 290\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "\n", "# Variables\n", "F = 100. # feed of coal -[lb]\n", "C = 83.05 #[%]\n", "H = 4.45 #[%]\n", "O = 3.36 ; # [%]\n", "N = 1.08 # [%]\n", "S = 0.70 #[%]\n", "ash = 7.36 #[%]\n", "H2O = 3.9 ; #[%]\n", "w_C = 12. ; # mol. wt. of C\n", "w_H = 1.008; #mol. wt. of H\n", "w_O = 16. ; # mol. wt. of O\n", "w_N = 14. ; # mol. wt. of N\n", "w_S = 32. ; #mol. wt. of S\n", "\n", "CO2 = 15.4 #[%]\n", "CO = 0.0 #[%]\n", "O2 = 4.0 ; # [%]\n", "N2 = 80.6 #[%]\n", "ash_R = 86 #[%]\n", "odr = 14 #[%]\n", "\n", "H2O_air = .0048 # [lb H2O/lb dry air]\n", "m_air = 29. # mol. wt. of air\n", "mf_O2 = 0.21 # mole fraction of O2 in air\n", "mf_N2 = 0.79 #mole fraction of N2 in air\n", "m_H2O = 18. # mol. wt. of H2O\n", "\n", "#Calculations\n", "H_cl = (H2O*2)/m_H2O ; # lb mol of H in coal moisture\n", "O_cl = H_cl/2. ; # lb mol of O in coal moisture\n", "\n", "H_air = (H2O_air*m_air )/m_H2O # lb mol of H per lb mol air\n", "O_air = H_air/2. # lb mol of O per lb mol air \n", "\n", "# Ash balance to get refuse(R)\n", "R = ash/(ash_R/100.) # Refuse-[lb]\n", "\n", "pub_cl = 14. # percentage of unburned coal in refuse-[%]\n", "ub_cl = (14/100.)*R # amount of unburned coal in refuse\n", "C_p = (C/(100-ash))*ub_cl # C in unburned coal-[lb]\n", "H_p = (H/(100-ash))*ub_cl ; # H in unburned coal-[lb]\n", "O_p = (O/(100-ash))*ub_cl ; # O in unburned coal-[lb]\n", "N_p = (N/(100-ash))*ub_cl ; # N in unburned coal-[lb]\n", "S_p = (S/(100-ash))*ub_cl ; # S in unburned coal-[lb]\n", "mol_C = C_p/w_C; # lb mol of C\n", "mol_H = H_p/w_H ; # lb mol of H\n", "mol_N = N_p/w_N ; # lb mol of N\n", "mol_O = O_p/w_O ; # lb mol of O\n", "mol_S = S_p/w_S ; # lb mol of S \n", "\n", "\n", "n_un = 4. # Number of unknowns in the given problem(excluding extent of reactions)\n", "n_ie = 4. # Number of independent equations\n", "d_o_f = n_un-n_ie # Number of degree of freedom\n", "print 'Number of degree of freedom for the given system is %i '%d_o_f\n", "\n", "#Using element balance of C+S, N& H\n", "P = (C/w_C + S/w_S - (mol_C+mol_S ))/.154 # mol of stack gas-[lb mol]\n", "A = (2*P*.806 +2*mol_N-N/w_N)/(2*mf_N2) # mol of air -[lb mol]\n", "W = (H/w_H +H_cl+H_air*A-mol_H)/2 # moles of exit water-[lb mol]\n", "print ' Moles of stack gas(P) - %.1f lb mol'%P\n", "print ' Moles of air (A) - %.1f lb mol '%A\n", "print ' Moles of exit water(W) - %.1f lb mol '%W\n", "\n", "C_req = (C/w_C)/1\n", "H_req = (H/w_H)/4 \n", "N_req = 0 # inert\n", "O_req = (O/w_O)/2 \n", "S_req = (S/w_S)/1 \n", "total_O2_req = C_req+H_req+N_req+O_req +S_req \n", "O2_in = A*mf_O2 # O2 entering in air\n", "ex_air = 100*((O2_in-total_O2_req)/total_O2_req)\n", "\n", "# Results\n", "print ' Excess air is %.1f %%.'%ex_air" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", "text": [ "Number of degree of freedom for the given system is 0 \n", " Moles of stack gas(P) - 44.5 lb mol\n", " Moles of air (A) - 45.4 lb mol \n", " Moles of exit water(W) - 2.6 lb mol \n", " Excess air is 16.8 %.\n" ] } ], "prompt_number": 19 }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": true, "input": [], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [] } ], "metadata": {} } ] }