{
"cells": [
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"#Chapter 8 , Hybrid Parameteres and Transistor Amplifiers"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"collapsed": true
},
"source": [
"##Example 8.1 , Page Number 285"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 1,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"hie : 1.1 kilo-ohm.\n",
"hfe : 50.0 .\n",
"hre : 0.00025 .\n",
"hoe : 30.0 micro-S.\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"#Variables\n",
"\n",
"IB1 = 20.0 *10**-6 #Base current with ac o/p shorted (in Ampere)\n",
"IC1 = 1.0 *10**-3 #Collector current with ac o/p shorted (in Ampere)\n",
"VBC1 = 22.0 * 10**-3 #Base-collector voltage with ac o/p shorted (in volts)\n",
"VCE1 = 0 #Collector-emitter voltage wwith ac o/p shorted (in volts)\n",
"\n",
"IB2 = 0 #Base current with ac i/p open-circuited (in Ampere)\n",
"VBE2 = 0.25 *10**-3 #Base-emitter voltage with ac i/p open-circuited (in volts)\n",
"IC2 = 30.0 * 10**-6 #Collector current with ac i/p open-circuited (in Ampere) \n",
"VCE2 = 1 #Collector-emitter voltage with ac i/p open-circuited (in volts)\n",
"\n",
"#Calculation\n",
"\n",
"hie = VBC1/IB1 #hie (in ohm)\n",
"hfe = IC1/IB1 #Current gain in CE\n",
"hre = VBE2/VCE2 #hre \n",
"hoe = IC2/VCE2 #hoe (in Siemen)\n",
"\n",
"#Result\n",
"\n",
"print \"hie : \",hie*10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
"print \"hfe : \",hfe,\".\"\n",
"print \"hre : \",hre,\".\"\n",
"print \"hoe : \",hoe * 10**6,\"micro-S.\""
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"collapsed": true
},
"source": [
"##Example 8.2 , Page Number 290"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 3,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"hfb : -0.98 .\n",
"hib : 16.27 ohm.\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"#Variables\n",
"\n",
"hfe = 50.0 #hfe\n",
"hie = 0.83 * 10**3 #hie (in ohm)\n",
"\n",
"#Calculation\n",
"\n",
"hfb = -hfe/(1 + hfe) #Current gain\n",
"hib = hie/(1 + hfe) #Input impedance (in ohm) \n",
"\n",
"#Result\n",
"\n",
"print \"hfb : \",round(hfb,2),\".\\nhib : \",round(hib,2),\"ohm.\""
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"collapsed": true
},
"source": [
"##Example 8.3 , Page Number 290"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 5,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"hic : 2600.0 ohm.\n",
"hfc : -101 .\n",
"hrc : 1.0 .\n",
"hoc : 5e-06 S.\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"#Variables\n",
"\n",
"hfe = 100 #hfe\n",
"hre = 0.02 * 10**-2 #hre\n",
"hoe = 5 * 10**-6 #hoe (in Siemens) \n",
"hic = hie = 2600.0 #hie (in ohm) \n",
"\n",
"#Calculation\n",
"\n",
"hfc = -(1 + hfe) #hfc \n",
"hrc = 1 - hre #hrc\n",
"hoc = hoe #hoe (in Siemens) \n",
"\n",
"#Result\n",
"\n",
"print \"hic :\",hic,\"ohm.\"\n",
"print \"hfc :\",hfc,\".\"\n",
"print \"hrc :\",round(hrc),\".\"\n",
"print \"hoc :\",hoc,\"S.\""
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"collapsed": true
},
"source": [
"##Example 8.4 , Page Number 294 "
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 9,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"Current gain : -19.6 .\n",
"Input resistance : 1905.92 ohm.\n",
"Voltage gain : -308.5 .\n",
"Overall voltage gain : -235.0 .\n",
"Overall current gain : -4.7 .\n",
"Output conductance : 4.69846153846e-05 S.\n",
"Output resistance : 21284.0 ohm.\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"#Variables\n",
"\n",
"hie = 2000.0 #hie (in ohm)\n",
"hre = 1.6 * 10**-4 #hre\n",
"hfe = 49 #Current gain \n",
"hoe = 50 * 10**-6 #hoe (in Ampere per volt)\n",
"RL = 30.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
"RS = 600.0 #Source resistance (in ohm)\n",
"\n",
"#Calculation\n",
"\n",
"Ai = - hfe/(1 + hoe*RL) #Current gain\n",
"Rin = hie - hre*hfe/(hoe + 1/RL)#Input resistance (in ohm)\n",
"Av = -hfe/((hoe + 1/RL)*Rin) #Voltage gain \n",
"Avs = Av*Rin/(Rin + RS) #Overall voltage gain \n",
"Ais = Ai*RS/(Rin + RS) #Overall current gain\n",
"Gout = hoe - hfe*hre/(hie + RS) #Output conductance (in Siemens)\n",
"Rout = 1/Gout #Output resistance (in ohm)\n",
"\n",
"#Result\n",
"\n",
"print \"Current gain :\",Ai,\".\"\n",
"print \"Input resistance :\",Rin,\"ohm.\"\n",
"print \"Voltage gain :\",round(Av,1),\".\"\n",
"print \"Overall voltage gain :\",round(Avs),\".\"\n",
"print \"Overall current gain :\",round(Ais,1),\".\"\n",
"print \"Output conductance :\",Gout,\"S.\"\n",
"print \"Output resistance :\",round(Rout),\"ohm.\"\n",
"\n",
"#Slight variations due to higher precision."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"collapsed": true
},
"source": [
"##Example 8.5 , Page Number 294 "
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 11,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"Current gain : -48.78 .\n",
"Input resistance : 1087.8 ohm.\n",
"Voltage gain : -44.84 .\n",
"Overall voltage gain : -23.36 .\n",
"Overall current gain : -23.364 .\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"#Variables\n",
"\n",
"hie = 1.1 * 10**3 #hie (in ohm)\n",
"hre = 0.25 * 10**-3 #hre\n",
"hfe = 50 #Current gain\n",
"hoe = 25.0 * 10**-6 #hoe (in Siemens)\n",
"RL = 1.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
"RS = 1.0 * 10**3 #Series resistance (in ohm) \n",
"\n",
"#Calculation\n",
"\n",
"Ai = - hfe/(1 + hoe*RL) #Current gain\n",
"Rin = hie - hre*hfe/(hoe + 1/RL)#Input resistance (in ohm)\n",
"Av = -hfe/((hoe + 1/RL)*Rin) #Voltage gain \n",
"Avs = Av*Rin/(Rin + RS) #Overall voltage gain \n",
"Ais = Ai*RS/(Rin + RS) #Overall current gain\n",
"\n",
"#Result\n",
"\n",
"print \"Current gain :\",round(Ai,2),\".\"\n",
"print \"Input resistance :\",round(Rin,1),\"ohm.\"\n",
"print \"Voltage gain :\",round(Av,2),\".\"\n",
"print \"Overall voltage gain :\",round(Avs,2),\".\"\n",
"print \"Overall current gain :\",round(Ais,3),\".\""
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"collapsed": true
},
"source": [
"##Example 8.6 , Page Number 295 "
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 13,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"Current gain : -100.0 .\n",
"Input resistance : 1000.0 ohm.\n",
"Voltage gain : -200.0 .\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"#Variables\n",
"\n",
"hie = 1.0 * 10**3 #hie (in ohm)\n",
"hfe = 100 #Current gain\n",
"RL = 2.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
"hre = hoe = 0 #hre \n",
"\n",
"#Calculation\n",
"\n",
"Ai = - hfe/(1 + hoe*RL) #Current gain\n",
"Rin = hie - hre*hfe/(hoe + 1/RL)#Input resistance (in ohm)\n",
"Av = -hfe/((hoe + 1/RL)*Rin) #Voltage gain \n",
"\n",
"#Result\n",
"\n",
"print \"Current gain :\",round(Ai,2),\".\"\n",
"print \"Input resistance :\",round(Rin,1),\"ohm.\"\n",
"print \"Voltage gain :\",round(Av,2),\".\""
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"collapsed": true
},
"source": [
"##Example 8.7 , Page Number 295 "
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 20,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"Current gain : 0.979 .\n",
"Input resistance : 24.47 ohm.\n",
"Voltage gain : 48.02 .\n",
"Overall voltage gain : 5.24 .\n",
"Overall current gain : 0.873 .\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"#Variables\n",
"\n",
"RS = 200.0 #internal resistance (in ohm)\n",
"RL = 1200.0 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
"hib = 24.0 #hib (in ohm)\n",
"hrb = 4.0 * 10**-4 #hrb\n",
"hfb = -0.98 #hfb\n",
"hob = 0.6 * 10**-6 #hob (in Ampere per volt)\n",
"\n",
"#Calculation\n",
"\n",
"Ai = - hfb/(1 + hob*RL) #Current gain\n",
"Rin = hib + hrb*Ai*RL #Input resistance (in ohm)\n",
"Av = Ai*RL/Rin #Voltage gain \n",
"Avs = Av*Rin/(Rin + RS) #Overall voltage gain \n",
"Ais = Ai*RS/(Rin + RS) #Overall current gain\n",
"\n",
"#Result\n",
"\n",
"print \"Current gain :\",round(Ai,3),\".\"\n",
"print \"Input resistance :\",round(Rin,2),\"ohm.\"\n",
"print \"Voltage gain :\",round(Av,2),\".\"\n",
"print \"Overall voltage gain :\",round(Avs,2),\".\"\n",
"print \"Overall current gain :\",round(Ais,3),\".\""
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"collapsed": true
},
"source": [
"##Example 8.8 , Page Number 296 "
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 29,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"hfe : 120.0 .\n",
"hoe : 2.5e-05 S.\n",
"hie : 2.5 kilo-ohm.\n",
"Current amplification factor : 0.99 .\n",
"hob : 2.06611570248e-07 .\n",
"hib : 20.83 ohm.\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"#Variables\n",
"\n",
"IE = 1.2 * 10**-3 #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
"beta = 120.0 #Current gain\n",
"ro = 40.0 * 10**3 #O/p resistance (in ohm)\n",
"hre = 0 #hre \n",
"\n",
"#Calculation\n",
"\n",
"hfe = beta #hfe\n",
"hoe = 1/ro #hoe (in Siemen)\n",
"hie = 25.0*10**-3/IE*beta #hie (in ohm)\n",
"alpha = beta/(1 + beta) #Current gain in CB\n",
"hob = hoe/(1 + beta) #hob (in Siemen) \n",
"hib = 25 * 10**-3/IE #hib (in ohm)\n",
"\n",
"#Result\n",
"\n",
"print \"hfe :\",hfe,\".\"\n",
"print \"hoe :\",hoe,\"S.\"\n",
"print \"hie :\",hie*10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
"print \"Current amplification factor :\",round(alpha,2),\".\"\n",
"print \"hob :\",hob,\".\"\n",
"print \"hib :\",round(hib,2),\"ohm.\""
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"collapsed": true
},
"source": [
"##Example 8.9 , Page Number 296 "
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 33,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"Current gain : 99.75 .\n",
"Input resistance : 51864.074 ohm.\n",
"Voltage gain : 0.9617 .\n",
"Overall voltage gain : 0.9435 .\n",
"Overall current gain : 1.887 .\n",
"Output resistance : 29.69 ohm.\n",
"Output conductance : 0.0337 Siemen.\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"#Variables\n",
"\n",
"hic = hie = 2.0 * 10**3 #hic (in ohm)\n",
"hfe = 100.0 #Current gain in CE\n",
"hre = 2.5 * 10**-4 #hre\n",
"hoe = 25.0 * 10**-6 #hoe (in Ampere per volt)\n",
"RS = 1.0 * 10**3 #Source resistance (in ohm)\n",
"RL = 500.0 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
"\n",
"#Calculation\n",
"\n",
"hfc = -(1 + hfe) #hfc\n",
"hrc = 1 - hre #hrc\n",
"hoc = hoe #hoc (in Siemens)\n",
"Ai = -hfc/(1 + hoc*RL) #Current gain\n",
"Rin = hic - hrc*hfc/(hoc + 1/RL) #Input resistance (in ohm)\n",
"Av = -hfc/((hoc + 1/RL)*Rin) #Voltage gain\n",
"Avs = Av*Rin/(Rin + RS) #Overall voltage gain\n",
"Ais = Ai*RS/(Rin + RS) #Overall current gain\n",
"Go = hoc -(hfc*hrc/(hic + RS)) #O/P conductance (in Siemens)\n",
"Ro = 1/Go #O/P resistance (in ohm)\n",
"\n",
"#Result\n",
"\n",
"print \"Current gain :\",round(Ai,2),\".\"\n",
"print \"Input resistance :\",round(Rin,3),\"ohm.\"\n",
"print \"Voltage gain :\",round(Av,4),\".\"\n",
"print \"Overall voltage gain :\",round(Avs,4),\".\"\n",
"print \"Overall current gain :\",round(Ais,3),\".\"\n",
"print \"Output resistance :\",round(Ro,2),\"ohm.\"\n",
"print \"Output conductance :\",round(Go,4),\"Siemen.\"\n",
"\n",
"#Slight variations due to higher precision."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"collapsed": true
},
"source": [
"##Example 8.10 , Page Number 300"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 38,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"Power gain : 826.0 .\n",
"EMF E : 0.29 V.\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"#Variables\n",
"\n",
"hie = 2.0 * 10**3 #hie (in ohm)\n",
"hoe = 25.0 * 10**-6 #hoe (in Siemens)\n",
"hfe = 55.0 #Current gain in CE\n",
"Pin = 10.0 * 10**-3 #Output power (in watt)\n",
"RB = 80.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n",
"RC = 10.0 * 10**3 #Collector resitance (in ohm)\n",
"RL = 10.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
"RS = 5.0 * 10**3 #Source resistance (in ohm) \n",
"\n",
"#Calculation\n",
"\n",
"Zb = hie #Zb (in ohm)\n",
"Zin = RB #Impedance (in ohm)\n",
"ZS = RS + Zin #Imput impedance (in ohm)\n",
"Zout = RC/hoe*(1/(RC + 1/hoe)) #Output impedance (in ohm)\n",
"Rac = Zout*RL/(Zout + RL) #AC load resistance (in ohm)\n",
"Vout = -34.3*0.29 #Output voltage (in volts)\n",
"Pout = Vout**2/RL #Output power (in watt) \n",
"E = 0.29 #EMF (in volts)\n",
"Ap = Pin/0.29**2*6.95*10**3 #Power gain\n",
"\n",
"#Result\n",
"\n",
"print \"Power gain : \",round(Ap),\".\"\n",
"print \"EMF E : \",E,\"V.\""
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"collapsed": true
},
"source": [
"##Example 8.11 , Page Number 301 "
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 46,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"Input impedance : 0.87 kilo-ohm.\n",
"Output impedance : 1.9 kilo-ohm\n",
"Current gain : -43.5 .\n",
"Voltage gain : -100.0 .\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"#Variables\n",
"\n",
"hie = 1.0 * 10**3 #hie (in ohm)\n",
"hfe = 100.0 #Current gain \n",
"R1 = 20.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
"R2 = 10 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n",
"hoe = 25.0 * 10**-6 #hoe (in Siemens)\n",
"RC = 2* 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
"RL = 2* 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
"\n",
"#Calculation\n",
"\n",
"Zb = hie #Zb (in ohm) \n",
"Zin = Zb*R1*R2/(Zb*R1 + Zb*R2 + R1*R2) #Input impedance (in ohm)\n",
"Zout = 1/hoe*RC/(RC + 1/hoe) #Output impedance (in ohm)\n",
"Av = -(RC*RL)/(RC + RL)*hfe/hie #Voltage gain\n",
"RB = R1*R2/(R1 + R2) #Base resistance (in ohm)\n",
"Ai = -hfe*RB*RC/((RC + RL)*(RB + Zb)) #Current gain\n",
"\n",
"#Result\n",
"\n",
"print \"Input impedance : \",round(Zin * 10**-3,2),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
"print \"Output impedance : \",round(Zout * 10**-3,1),\"kilo-ohm\"\n",
"print \"Current gain : \",round(Ai,1),\".\"\n",
"print \"Voltage gain : \",Av,\".\""
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"collapsed": true
},
"source": [
"##Example 8.12 , Page Number 302 "
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 56,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"Ai : -100.0 .\n",
"Av : -9.597 .\n",
"Avs : -4.19 .\n",
"Rin : 7.74 kilo-ohm.\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"#Variables\n",
"\n",
"hie = 1100.0 #hie (in ohm)\n",
"hre = 0 #hre\n",
"hfe = 50.0 #Current gain \n",
"hoe = 100.0 #hoe \n",
"R1 = 100.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
"R2 = 10.0 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (n ohm)\n",
"RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n",
"RL = 5.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm) \n",
"RS = 10.0 * 10**3 #Source resistance (in ohm) \n",
"\n",
"#Calculation\n",
"\n",
"RB = hie + (1 + hfe)*RE #Base resistance (in ohm)\n",
"Rin = RB*R1*R2/((RB*R1 + RB*R2 + R1*R2)) #Input resistance (in ohm)\n",
"Ai = -hoe #Current gain\n",
"Av = -hoe*RL/(hie + (1 + hfe)*RE) #Voltage gain\n",
"Avs = Av * Rin/(Rin + RS) #Overall voltage gain\n",
"\n",
"#Result\n",
"\n",
"print \"Ai : \",Ai,\".\"\n",
"print \"Av : \",round(Av,3),\".\"\n",
"print \"Avs : \",round(Avs,2),\".\"\n",
"print \"Rin : \",round(Rin*10**-3,2),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
"\n",
"#Slight variation due to higher precision."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"collapsed": true
},
"source": [
"##Example 8.13 , Page Number 302 "
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 60,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"Quiescent collector current : 1.0 mA.\n",
"Small signal voltage gain : -40.63 .\n",
"Maximum possible swing of collector current : 4.55 mA.\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"#Variables\n",
"\n",
"RE = 100.0 #Emitter resistance (in ohm) \n",
"RC = 1.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
"VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
"RB = 420.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n",
"beta = 100 #Current gain in CE\n",
"VCC = 5.0 #Collector supply voltage (in volts) \n",
"\n",
"#Calculation\n",
"\n",
"IB = (VCC -VBE)/(RB + (beta + 1)*RE) #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
"ICQ = beta * IB #Q-point collector current (in Ampere)\n",
"IE = (beta + 1)*IB #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
"r1e = 25.0*10**-3/IE #Resistance (in ohm) \n",
"Rin = RB*(beta*r1e)/(RB + beta*r1e) #Input resistance (in ohm)\n",
"Rout = RC #Output resistance (in ohm)\n",
"Av = -ICQ/IB*Rout/Rin #Small signal voltage gain \n",
"swing = VCC/(RC + RE) #Max. possible swing (in Ampere) \n",
"\n",
"#Result\n",
"\n",
"print \"Quiescent collector current : \",round(ICQ*10**3,3),\"mA.\"\n",
"print \"Small signal voltage gain : \",round(Av,2),\".\"\n",
"print \"Maximum possible swing of collector current : \",round(swing*10**3,2),\"mA.\"\n",
"\n",
"#Slight variation due to high precision."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"collapsed": true
},
"source": [
"##Example 8.14 , Page Number 303 "
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 9,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"1.20603015075e-05 0.00156783919598 0.00156783919598 0.00157989949749\n",
"ICQ : 0.945 mA and VCEQ : 2.251 V.\n",
"VCE when R2 is open circuited : -8.117 V.\n",
"AV : -455.0 .\n",
"Rin : 1.0 kilo-ohm.\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"#Variables\n",
"\n",
"beta = hfe = 130 #Current gain in CE\n",
"R1 = 510.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
"R2 = 510.0 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (n ohm)\n",
"RE = 7.5 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n",
"RC = 9.1 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
"VCC = 18.0 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
"VBE = 0 #Base-Emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
"hie = 1.0 * 10**3 #hie (in ohm)\n",
"\n",
"#Calculation\n",
"\n",
"Rth = R1*R2/(R1 + R2) #Thevenin's eq. resistance (in ohm)\n",
"Vth = VCC * R2/(R1 + R2) #Thevenin's eq. voltage (in volts)\n",
"IB = (Vth - VBE)/(Rth + (beta + 1)*RE) #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
"IC = beta*IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
"ICQ = IC #Q-point IC (in Ampere)\n",
"IE = (beta + 1)*IB #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
"VCEQ = VCC - ICQ*RC - IE*RE #Q-point VCE (in Ampere) \n",
"\n",
"IB1 = (VCC - VBE)/(R1 + (beta + 1)*RE) #Base current1 (in Ampere)\n",
"IC1 = beta*IB1 #Collector current1 (in Ampere) \n",
"ICQ1 = IC1 #Q-point IC (in Ampere)\n",
"IE1 = (beta + 1)*IB1 #Emitter current1 (in Ampere)\n",
"VCEQ1 = VCC - ICQ1*RC - IE1*RE #Q-point VCE (in Ampere) \n",
"\n",
"Rin = (R1*R2*hie)/(R1*R2 + hie*R2 + hie*R1) #Input resistance (in ohm)\n",
"Av = -50/hie*RC #Voltage gain \n",
"\n",
"#Result\n",
"print IB1,IC1,ICQ1,IE1\n",
"print \"ICQ : \",round(ICQ*10**3,3),\"mA and VCEQ : \",round(VCEQ,3),\"V.\"\n",
"print \"VCE when R2 is open circuited : \",round(VCEQ1,3),\"V.\"\n",
"print \"AV : \",round(Av,3),\".\"\n",
"print \"Rin : \",round(Rin*10**-3,2),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
"\n",
"#Mistake in book for the value of hfe in calculation of Av."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"collapsed": true
},
"source": [
"##Example 8.15 , Page Number 304 "
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 10,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"Zin : 1.595 kilo-ohm.\n",
"Zout : 4.296 kilo-ohm.\n",
"Av : -323.125 .\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"#Variables\n",
"\n",
"hfe = 110 #Current gain in CE\n",
"hie = 1.6 * 10**3 #hie (in ohm)\n",
"hre = 2 * 10**-4 #hre\n",
"hoe = 20.0 * 10**-6 #hoe (in Ampere per volt) \n",
"RB = 470.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n",
"RC = 4.7 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
"\n",
"#Calculation\n",
"\n",
"Zin = RB*hie/(RB + hie) #Input impedance (in ohm)\n",
"Zout = RC*1/hoe/(RC + 1/hoe) #Output impedance (in ohm)\n",
"Av = -RC*hfe/hie #Voltage gain \n",
"\n",
"#Result\n",
"\n",
"print \"Zin : \",round(Zin*10**-3,3),\" kilo-ohm.\"\n",
"print \"Zout : \",round(Zout*10**-3,3),\" kilo-ohm.\"\n",
"print \"Av : \",round(Av,3),\".\""
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"collapsed": true
},
"source": [
"##Example 8.16 , Page Number 307 "
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 13,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"Zin : 24.84 ohm.\n",
"Zout : 7.97 kilo-ohm.\n",
"Av : 134.4 .\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"#Variables\n",
"\n",
"hib = 25.0 #hie (in ohm)\n",
"hfb = -0.98 #Current gain in CB \n",
"hob = 0.5 * 10**-6 #hob (in Siemens) \n",
"R1 = 20.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
"R2 = 5.0 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (n ohm)\n",
"RE = 4.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n",
"RL = 6.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm) \n",
"RC = 8.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm) \n",
"\n",
"#Calculation\n",
"\n",
"Zin = hib*RE/(hib + RE) #Input impedance (in ohm)\n",
"Zout = RC*1/hob/(RC + 1/hob) #Output impedance (in ohm)\n",
"Av = -(RC*RL)/(RC+RL)*hfb/hib #Voltage gain \n",
"\n",
"#Result\n",
"\n",
"print \"Zin : \",round(Zin,2),\" ohm.\"\n",
"print \"Zout : \",round(Zout*10**-3,2),\" kilo-ohm.\"\n",
"print \"Av : \",round(Av,3),\".\"\n",
"\n",
"#Slight variation due to higher precision."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"collapsed": true
},
"source": [
"##Example 8.17 , Page Number 309 "
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 18,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"Input impedance : 4.9 kilo-ohm.\n",
"Outpur impedance : 28.0 ohm.\n",
"Voltage gain : 1 .\n",
"Current gain : 101.0 .\n",
"Power gain : 101.0 .\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"#Variables\n",
"\n",
"hie = 2000.0 #hie (in ohm)\n",
"hfe = 100.0 #Current gain \n",
"R1 = 10.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
"R2 = 10.0 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (n ohm)\n",
"RE = 5.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n",
"RL = 5.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm) \n",
"RS = 1.0 * 10**3 #Source resistance (in ohm) \n",
"\n",
"#Calculation\n",
"\n",
"hic = hie #hic\n",
"hfc = -(1 + hfe) #hfc\n",
"Zb = hic - hfc*(RE*RL)/(RE + RL) #ZB (in ohm)\n",
"Zin = Zb*R1*R2/(Zb*R1 + R1*R2 + Zb*R2)#Input impedance (in ohm)\n",
"Ze = -(hic + (R1*R2*RS/(R1*R2 + R2*RS + R1*RS)))/hfc #Ze (in ohm)\n",
"Zout = Ze*RE/(Ze + RE) #Output impedance (in ohm) \n",
"Av = 1 #Coltage gain\n",
"RB = R1*R2/(R1 + R2) #Base resistance (in ohm)\n",
"Ai = -hfc #Current gain\n",
"Ap = Ai #Power gain\n",
"\n",
"#Result\n",
"\n",
"print \"Input impedance : \",round(Zin * 10**-3,1),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
"print \"Outpur impedance : \",round(Zout),\"ohm.\"\n",
"print \"Voltage gain : \",Av,\".\"\n",
"print \"Current gain : \",Ai,\".\"\n",
"print \"Power gain : \",Ap,\".\""
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"collapsed": true
},
"source": [
"##Example 8.18 , Page Number 310 "
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 4,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"Input impedance : 227.667 kilo-ohm.\n",
"Voltage gain : 0.9956 .\n",
"Current gain : 45.33 .\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"#Variables\n",
"\n",
"RL = 5.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm) \n",
"RS = 0.5 * 10**3 #Source resistance (in ohm) \n",
"hie = 1000.0 #hie (in ohm)\n",
"hfe = 50.0 #Current gain \n",
"hoe = 25.0 * 10**-6 #hor (in Siemens) \n",
"\n",
"#Calculation\n",
"\n",
"hic = hie #hie (in ohm)\n",
"hrc = 1 #hrc\n",
"hfc = -(1 + hfe) #hfc \n",
"hoc = hoe #hoe (in Siemens)\n",
"Ai = -hfc/(1 + hoc*RL) #Current gain\n",
"Ri = hic - hrc*hfc/(hoc + 1/RL) #Input resistance (in ohm)\n",
"Av = Ai*RL/Ri #Voltage gain\n",
"\n",
"#Result\n",
"\n",
"print \"Input impedance : \",round(Ri * 10**-3,3),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
"print \"Voltage gain : \",round(Av,4),\".\"\n",
"print \"Current gain : \",round(Ai,2),\".\""
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"collapsed": true
},
"source": [
"##Example 8.19 , Page Number 310"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 10,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"Input impedance : 34.254 kilo-ohm.\n",
"Outpur impedance : 21.1 ohm.\n",
"Voltage gain : 0.9789 .\n",
"Current gain : 33.53 .\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"#Variables\n",
"\n",
"VCC = 15.0 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
"RB = 100.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n",
"RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n",
"hie = 1100.0 #hie (in ohm)\n",
"hfe = 50 #hfe\n",
"\n",
"#Calculation\n",
"\n",
"hic = hie #hic (in ohm)\n",
"hfc = -(1 + hfe) #hfc\n",
"Zin = (hic - hfc*RE)*RB/((hic - hfc*RE) + RB) #Input impedance (in ohm)\n",
"\n",
"Zout = RE*(-hic/hfc)/(RE - hic/hfc) #Output impedance (in ohm)\n",
"Av = -hfc*RE/(hic - hfc*RE) #Voltage gain\n",
"Ai = Av*Zin/RE #Current gain \n",
"\n",
"#Result\n",
"\n",
"print \"Input impedance : \",round(Zin * 10**-3,3),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
"print \"Outpur impedance : \",round(Zout,1),\"ohm.\"\n",
"print \"Voltage gain : \",round(Av,4),\".\"\n",
"print \"Current gain : \",round(Ai,2),\".\"\n",
"\n",
"#Calculation mistake in the value of Zout in the book."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"collapsed": true
},
"source": [
"##Example 8.20 , Page Number 311 "
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 13,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"Zin : 1.0883 kilo-ohm.\n",
"Av : 0.99 .\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"#Variables\n",
"\n",
"hre = hoe = 0 #hre\n",
"hie = 1.0 * 10**3 #hie (in ohm)\n",
"hfe = 100.0 #hfe\n",
"VCC = 5.0 #Collector supply voltage (in volts) \n",
"R1 = 2.2 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
"R2 = 2.2 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n",
"RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n",
"\n",
"#Calculation\n",
"\n",
"hic = hie #hic (in ohm)\n",
"hfc = -(1 + hfe) #hfc \n",
"hrc = 1 - hre #hrc\n",
"hoc = hoe = 0 #hoc\n",
"Zin = (hic - hfc*RE)*R1*R2/(((hic - hfc*RE)*(R1+R2))+R1*R2) #Input impedance (in ohm)\n",
"Av = -hfc*RE/(hic - hfc*RE) #Voltage gain \n",
"\n",
"#Result\n",
"\n",
"print \"Zin : \",round(Zin*10**-3,4),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
"print \"Av : \",round(Av,2),\".\""
]
}
],
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