{ "cells": [ { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "#Chapter 7 , Transistor Amplifiers , Biasing and Thermal Stabilization" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "collapsed": true }, "source": [ "##Example 7.1 , Page Number 230" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 4, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ " Maximum collector current that can be allowd during any part of the input signal is 3.0 mA.\n", "Minimum zero signal collector current required : 1.5 mA.\n", "Maximum base current 0.03 mA.\n", "Signal voltage (VBE) : 0.75 V.\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variables\n", "\n", "VCC = 10 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", "RC = 3.0 * 10**3 #Collector load resistance (in ohm)\n", "Vknee = 1 #Knee voltage for silicon transistor (in volts)\n", "beta = 100 #Current gain\n", "ICperVBE = 4.0 * 10**-3 #Change in IC per volt change in VBE (in Ampere per volt)\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "\n", "VCmax = VCC - Vknee #Maximum voltage drop across resistance RC (in volts)\n", "ICmax = VCmax/RC #Maximum allowable collector current (in Ampere)\n", "ICzero = ICmax/2 #Zero signal collector current (in Ampere)\n", "IBmax = ICmax/beta #Maximum base current (in Ampere)\n", "VBE = ICmax/ICperVBE #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "\n", "print \"Maximum collector current that can be allowd during any part of the input signal is \",ICmax* 10**3,\"mA.\"\n", "print \"Minimum zero signal collector current required : \",ICzero*10**3,\"mA.\"\n", "print \"Maximum base current \",IBmax*10**3,\"mA.\"\n", "print \"Signal voltage (VBE) : \",VBE,\"V.\"" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "collapsed": true }, "source": [ "##Example 7.2 , Page Number 232 " ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 7, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Following is the graph showing necessary details : \n" ] }, { "data": { "text/plain": [ "" ] }, "execution_count": 7, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" }, { "data": { "image/png": "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAXsAAAEZCAYAAAB2AoVaAAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlz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\nQmCC\n", "text/plain": [ "" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "import math\n", "import numpy\n", "%matplotlib inline\n", "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim,annotate\n", "\n", "#Variables\n", "\n", "VCC = 20 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", "RC = 2.0 * 10**3 #Collector load ressitance (in ohm)\n", "RE = 3.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm) \n", "IC = 0 #Collector current at saturation point (in Ampere)\n", "VCE1 = 0 #Collector-to-emitter voltage at cut-off point (in volts) \n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "\n", "VCE = VCC - IC*(RC + RE) #Collector-to-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", "IC1 = VCC/(RC + RE) #Cut-off point collector current (in Ampere)\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "\n", "print \"Following is the graph showing necessary details : \"\n", "\n", "#Graph\n", "\n", "x = numpy.linspace(0,20,100)\n", "y1 = numpy.linspace(0,2,100)\n", "x1 = numpy.linspace(0,10,100)\n", "plot(x,4-4.0/20*x,'b')\n", "plot(x1,2+x1-x1,'--',color='g')\n", "plot(10+y1-y1,y1,'--',color='g')\n", "annotate('Q - POINT',xy=(10,2))\n", "xlim(0,30)\n", "ylim(0,6)\n", "title(\"DC Load line\")\n", "xlabel(\"-VCE in Volts->\")\n", "ylabel(\"-IC in mA->\")" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "collapsed": true }, "source": [ "##Example 7.3 , Page Number 237" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 8, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Q-point will be ICQ = 0.6 mA and VCEQ = 3.0 V.\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variables\n", "\n", "VCC = 6 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", "VBE = 0 #Emitter-to-base voltage (in volts)\n", "RB = 1.0 * 10**6 #base resistance (in ohm)\n", "beta = 100 #Current gain in CE \n", "RC = 5 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "\n", "IB = VCC/RB #Base current (in Ampere)\n", "IC = beta*IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", "VCE = VCC - IC*RC #Collector-to-emitter voltage (in volts) \n", "\n", "#Result\n", "\n", "print \"Q-point will be ICQ = \",IC * 10**3,\"mA and VCEQ = \",VCE,\"V.\"" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "collapsed": true }, "source": [ "##Example 7.4 , Page Number 237 " ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 12, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Base current : 10.0 micro-A.\n", "Collector current : 1.0 mA.\n", "VC : 8.0 V.\n", "VB : 0.7 V.\n", "VCB : 7.3 V.\n", "Operating point is ICQ : 1.0 mA and VCEQ : 8.0 V.\n", "Stability factof : 101 .\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variables\n", "\n", "VCC = 12 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", "VBE = 0.7 #Emitter-to-base voltage (in volts)\n", "RB = 1130.0 * 10**3 #base resistance (in ohm)\n", "beta = 100 #Current gain in CE \n", "RC = 4 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "\n", "IB = (VCC-VBE)/RB #Base current (in Ampere)\n", "IC = beta * IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", "VCE = VCC - IC*RC #Collector-to-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", "VC = VCE #Collector voltage (in volts)\n", "VB = VBE #Base voltage (in volts)\n", "VCB = VC - VB #Collector-to-base voltage (in volts)\n", "S = beta + 1 #Stability factor \n", "\n", "#Result\n", "\n", "print \"Base current : \",IB*10**6,\"micro-A.\"\n", "print \"Collector current : \",IC * 10**3,\"mA.\"\n", "print \"VC : \",VC,\"V.\\nVB : \",VB,\"V.\\nVCB : \",VCB,\"V.\"\n", "print \"Operating point is ICQ : \",IC*10**3,\"mA and VCEQ : \",VC,\"V.\"\n", "print \"Stability factof : \",S,\".\"" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "collapsed": true }, "source": [ "##Example 7.5 , Page Number 237 " ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 14, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Stability factor : 31.37 .\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variables\n", "\n", "dIC = 1.6 * 10**-3 #Change in collector current (in Ampere)\n", "dt = 30 #Change in temperature (in Celsius degree)\n", "ICO = 1.7 * 10**-6 #Reverse saturation current change (in Ampere per Celsius-degree)\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "\n", "dICO = dt*ICO #Change in reverse saturation current (in Ampere) \n", "S = dIC/dICO #Stability factor \n", "\n", "#Result\n", "print \"Stability factor : \",round(S,2),\".\"\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "collapsed": true }, "source": [ "##Example 7.6 , Page Number 237 " ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 17, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Base current : 28.2 micro-A.\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variables\n", "\n", "VBB = 10.0 #Base supply voltage (in volts)\n", "VBE = 0.7 #Base-to-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", "RB = 330 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "\n", "IB = (VBB - VBE)/RB #Base current (in Ampere)\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "\n", "print \"Base current : \",round(IB*10**6,1),\"micro-A.\"" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "collapsed": true }, "source": [ "##Example 7.7 , Page Number 238 " ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 24, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Cut-off point : (0, 6.06 mA).\n", "Saturation point : ( 20 V ,0).\n" ] }, { "data": { "text/plain": [ "" ] }, "execution_count": 24, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" }, { "data": { "image/png": "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAYAAAAEZCAYAAACervI0AAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlz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\nYII=\n", "text/plain": [ "" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "import math\n", "import numpy\n", "%matplotlib inline\n", "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim\n", "\n", "#Variables\n", "\n", "VCC = 20 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", "RC = 3.3 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "\n", "IC = VCC/RC #Collector current at cut-off point (in Ampere)\n", "VCE = 0 #Collector-to-emitter voltage at cut-off point (in volts) \n", "VCE1 = VCC #Collector-to-emitter voltage at saturation point (in volts)\n", "IC1 = 0 #Collector current at saturation point (in Ampere)\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "\n", "print \"Cut-off point : (0,\",round(IC*10**3,2),\"mA).\"\n", "print \"Saturation point : (\",VCE1,\"V ,0).\"\n", "\n", "#Graph\n", "\n", "x = numpy.linspace(0,20,100)\n", "plot(x,6-6.0/20*x,'b')\n", "xlim(0,30)\n", "ylim(0,10)\n", "title(\"DC Load line\")\n", "xlabel(\"-VCE in Volts->\")\n", "ylabel(\"-IC in mA->\")" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "collapsed": true }, "source": [ "##Example 7.8 , Page Number 238 " ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 25, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Visualizing that VCE = 0.7 , we can say that transistor is just gone to saturation from active region (not well within saturation).\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variables\n", "\n", "VCC = 20 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", "RB = 1.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n", "VBE = 0.7 #Base-to-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", "beta = 100 #Current gain in CE\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "\n", "IB = (VCC - VBE)/RB #Base current (in Ampere)\n", "IC = beta *IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", "VCE = VCC - IC*RC #Collector-to-Emitter voltage (in volts)\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "\n", "print \"Visualizing that VCE = 0.7 , we can say that transistor is just gone to saturation from active region (not well within saturation).\"" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "collapsed": true }, "source": [ "##Example 7.9 , Page Number 238 " ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 27, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Maximum value of RC for which transistor remains in saturation is 4.667 ohm.\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variables\n", "\n", "VCC = 10 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", "VBB = 5 #Base supply votlage (in volts)\n", "RB = 200 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n", "VBEsat = 0.8 #Base-to-emitter voltage in saturation state (in volts)\n", "VCEsat = 0.2 #Collector-to-emitter voltage in saturation state (in volts)\n", "beta = 100 #Current gain in CE\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "\n", "IB = (VBB-VBEsat)/RB #Base current (in Ampere)\n", "IC = beta*IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", "RC = (VCC - VCEsat)/IC #Collector resistance (in volts)\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "\n", "print \"Maximum value of RC for which transistor remains in saturation is \",round(RC*10**-3,3),\"ohm.\"" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "collapsed": true }, "source": [ "##Example 7.10 , Page Number 239" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 29, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "IC : 1.98 mA.\n", "IB : 0.02 mA.\n", "VEE : 2.7 V.\n", "VCC : 8.92 V.\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variables\n", "\n", "IE = 2.0 * 10**-3 #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", "alpha = 0.99 #Current gain in CB\n", "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm) \n", "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts) \n", "VCB = 1 #Collector-base voltage (in volts)\n", "RC = 4.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm) \n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "\n", "IC = alpha*IE #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", "IB = IE - IC #Base current (in Ampere) \n", "VEE = IE*RE + VBE #Emitter supply voltage (in volts)\n", "VCC = IC*RC + VCB #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "\n", "print \"IC : \",IC * 10**3,\"mA.\\nIB : \",IB * 10**3,\"mA.\\nVEE : \",VEE,\"V.\\nVCC : \",VCC,\"V.\"\n", "\n", "#Slight variation due to higher precision in the value of VCC." ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "collapsed": true }, "source": [ "##Example 7.11 , Page Number 239 " ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 6, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "IB : 5.3 micro-A and IC : 0.54 mA at 25 Celsius degree.\n", "IB : 5.375 micro-A and IC : 0.6183 mA at 55 Celsius degree.\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variables\n", "\n", "VCC = 30 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", "VBB = 6 #Base voltage (in volts)\n", "VBE = 0.7 #Emitter-to-base voltage (in volts)\n", "RB = 1.0 * 10**6 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n", "beta = 100 #Current gain in CB\n", "ICBO = 0.1 * 10**-6 #Reverse saturation current (in Ampere) \n", "dt = 55-25 #Change in temperature (in Celsius degree)\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "\n", "IB = (VBB - VBE)/RB #Base current (in Ampere)\n", "IC = beta*IB + (beta+1)*ICBO #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", "ICBO55 = ICBO * 2**(dt/10.0) #ICBO at 55 Celsius degree (in Ampere)\n", "VBE55 = 0.7 - 2.5*10**-3*dt #VBE at 55 Celsius degree (in Ampere)\n", "IB55 = (VBB - VBE55)/RB #Base current at 55 Celsius degree(in Ampere)\n", "IC55 = beta*IB55 + (beta+1)*ICBO55 #Collector current 55 Celsius degree (in Ampere)\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "\n", "print \"IB : \",round(IB * 10**6,1),\"micro-A and IC :\",round(IC*10**3,2),\"mA at 25 Celsius degree.\"\n", "print \"IB : \",round(IB55 * 10**6,3),\"micro-A and IC :\",round(IC55*10**3,4),\"mA at 55 Celsius degree.\"\n", "\n", "#Slight variation in IC55 due to higher precision." ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "collapsed": true }, "source": [ "##Example 7.12 , Page Number 239 " ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 13, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Since , beta is very less than hfe , therefore it is in saturation region.\n", "VC : -2.3365 V.\n", "Minimum value of RB for which it operates in active region : 36.27 kilo-ohm.\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variables\n", "\n", "hfe = 100 #Current gain in CE\n", "VBE = 0.8 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", "VBB = 3.0 #Base supply voltage (in volts)\n", "RB = 7.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n", "RL = 500 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", "RC = 3.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", "VCC = 10 #Collector supply voltage (in volts) \n", "VCE = 1 #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "\n", "# 7500IB + 500IC = 2.2 ----Eq. 1\n", "# 500IB + 2500IC = 9.0 ----Eq. 2\n", "IC = 2.55 #Collector current (in milli-Ampere)\n", "IB = 0.123 #Base current (in milli-Ampere)\n", "beta = IC/IB #Current gain in CB\n", "VC = -VCE - (IB + IC)*RL*10**-3 #Collector voltage in saturation (in volts)\n", "IBmax = IC/hfe #Maximum base current (in milli-Ampere)\n", "RB = (VBB - VBE - IC*RL*10**-3 )/IBmax #Base resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "\n", "print \"Since , beta is very less than hfe , therefore it is in saturation region.\"\n", "print \"VC :\",VC,\"V.\"\n", "print \"Minimum value of RB for which it operates in active region : \",round(RB,2),\" kilo-ohm.\"" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "collapsed": true }, "source": [ "##Example 7.13 , Page Number 242 " ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 16, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "R1 : 133.55 kilo-ohm.\n", "RC : 4.06 kilo-ohm.\n", "S : 18.65 .\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variables\n", "\n", "R2 = 30.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", "R1 = 133.55 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm) \n", "alpha = 0.985 #Current gain in CB\n", "VCC = 16 #Collector supply voltage (in volts) \n", "VCE = 6 #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", "IE = 2.0 * 10**-3 #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", "IC = alpha*IE #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", "IB = IE - IC #Base current (in Ampere)\n", "beta = alpha/(1-alpha) #Current gain in CE \n", "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", "VBE = 0.2 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "\n", "RC = (VCC - VCE - IE*RE)/IC #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", "Vth = R2/(R1 + R2)*VCC #Voltage across R2 (in volts)\n", "Rth = R1*R2/(R1+R2) #Thevenin's equivalence resistance (in ohm)\n", "S = (1+beta)/(1 + beta*RE/(Rth+RE)) #Stability factor \n", "\n", "#Result\n", "\n", "print \"R1 : \",round(R1 * 10**-3,2),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", "print \"RC : \",round(RC * 10**-3,2),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", "print \"S : \",round(S,2),\".\"" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "collapsed": true }, "source": [ "##Example 7.14 , Page Number 243 " ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 20, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "IB : 0.04 mA.\n", "IE : 2.04 mA.\n", "Rth : 5.765 kilo-ohm.\n", "Vth : 3.4826 V.\n", "R1 : 33.1 kilo-ohm.\n", "R2 : 6.98 kilo-ohm.\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variables\n", "\n", "beta = 50.0 #Current gain in CE\n", "VBE = 0.6 #Base-emitter voltage (in\n", "RC = 4.7 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", "VCC = 20 #Collector supply voltage (in volts) \n", "IC = 2.0 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", "VCE = 8 #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", "RE = 1.3 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", "S = 5 #Stability factor\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "\n", "IB = IC/beta #base current (in Ampere) \n", "IE = IB + IC #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", "Rth = (S - 1)*RE/(1 -S/(1+beta)) #Thevenin's equivalent resistance (in ohm)\n", "Vth = IB * Rth + VBE + IE*RE #Thevenin's equivalent voltage (in volts)\n", "R1 = Rth * VCC/Vth #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", "R2 = Vth * R1/(VCC - Vth) #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "\n", "print \"IB : \",IB*10**3,\"mA.\"\n", "print \"IE : \",IE*10**3,\"mA.\"\n", "print \"Rth : \",round(Rth*10**-3,3),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", "print \"Vth : \",round(Vth,4),\"V.\"\n", "print \"R1 :\",round(R1*10**-3,1),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", "print \"R2 : \",round(R2*10**-3,2),\"kilo-ohm.\"" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "collapsed": true }, "source": [ "##Example 7.15 , Page Number 244 " ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 29, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "RC : 5.376 kilo-ohm.\n", "RE : 9.75 kilo-ohm.\n", "R1 : 248.0 kilo-ohm.\n", "R2 : 141.0 kilo-ohm.\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variables\n", "\n", "dICbyIC = 10 #Percentage change in IC \n", "VBE25max = 0.7 #Max VBE at 25 degree Celsius (in volts)\n", "VBE25min = 0.6 #Min VBE at 25 degree Celsius (in volts)\n", "ICO25 = 5 * 10**-9 #Reverse saturation current at 25 degree celsius (in Ampere)\n", "ICO145 = 3 * 10**-6 #Reverse saturation current at 145 degree celsius (in Ampere)\n", "VCC = 20 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", "VCE = 10 #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "\n", "dIC = 5.0/100 * 0.6 #Change in collector current (in milli-Ampere)\n", "dICO = ICO145 - ICO25 #Change in reverse saturation current (in Ampere)\n", "S = dIC/dICO #Stability factor\n", "dVBE = -2.5 * (145 - 25) #Change in VBE (in volts)\n", "SV = dIC/dVBE #SV\n", "beta = hfe = 400 #Current gain in CE\n", "#Rth + Re = 99750.6 \n", "#RE = 391.0/3609 * Rth\n", "RE = 9.75 #Emitter resistance (in kilo-ohm) \n", "Rth = 90 #Thevenin's equivalent resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", "dIC1 = S*ICO145 + SV*dVBE #Change in collector current1 (in milli-Ampere) \n", "IC = 0.6 + dIC1 #Collector current (in milli- Ampere) \n", "IE = IC + IC/beta #Emitter current (in milli-Ampere)\n", "RC = (VCC - IE*RE - VCE)/IC #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", "VBE = 0.65 #emitter-base voltage (in volts)\n", "Vth = IC/beta*Rth + VBE + IE*RE #Thevenin's equivalent voltage (in volts)\n", "R1 = Rth * VCC/Vth #Resistance1 (in kilo-ohm)\n", "R2 = Vth * R1/(VCC - Vth) #Resistance2 (in kilo-ohm)\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "\n", "print \"RC : \",round(RC,3),\" kilo-ohm.\\nRE : \",RE,\" kilo-ohm.\\nR1 : \",round(R1),\" kilo-ohm.\\nR2 : \",round(R2),\" kilo-ohm.\"" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "collapsed": true }, "source": [ "##Example 7.16 , Page Number 245 " ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 30, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "R1 : 36.238 kilo-ohm.\n", "RC : 2.5 kilo-ohm.\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variables\n", "\n", "hfe = 100 #Current gain in CE\n", "VBE = 0.7 #Emitter-base voltage (in volts)\n", "ICO = 0 #Reverse saturation current (in Ampere)\n", "IC = 1.0 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", "VCE = 2.5 #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts) \n", "VCC = 5 #Collector supply voltage (in volts) \n", "R2 = 10 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm) \n", "\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "\n", "R1 = 36.238 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm) \n", "RC = (VCC - VCE)/IC #Collector resistance (in ohm) \n", "\n", "#Result\n", "\n", "print \"R1 : \",R1*10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\\nRC : \",RC*10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", "\n", "#Printing mistake in the value of RC in book." ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "collapsed": true }, "source": [ "##Example 7.17 , Page Number 245 " ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 41, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "VCE : 5.0 V.\n", "IE : 1.1 mA.\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variables\n", "\n", "beta = 100 #Current gain in CE\n", "R1 = 10.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", "R2 = 2.2 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n", "VCC = 10 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", "RC = 3.6 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts) \n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "\n", "RB = R1*R2/(R1+R2) #Base resistance (in ohm)\n", "Vth = VCC*R2/(R1 + R2) #Thevenin's voltage (in volts)\n", "IE = (Vth - VBE)/(RE - Rth/(beta + 1)) #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", "IC = beta*1.0/(beta + 1)*IE #Collector current (in Ampere) \n", "VCE = VCC - IC*RC - IE*RE #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts) \n", "\n", "#Result\n", "\n", "\n", "print \"VCE : \",round(VCE),\"V.\\nIE : \",round(IE*10**3,2),\"mA.\"\n", "\n", "#Slight varaition due to higher precision." ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "collapsed": true }, "source": [ "##Example 7.18 , Page Number 246 " ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 43, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "VC : -14.25 V.\n", "IB : -17.62 micro-A\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variables\n", "\n", "beta = 200 #Current gain in CE\n", "R1 = 82.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", "R2 = 16.0 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n", "VCC = -22 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", "RE = 750 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", "RC = 2.2 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", "VBE = -0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts) \n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "\n", "Vth = VCC*R2/(R1 + R2) #Thevenin's equivalent voltage (in volts)\n", "Rth = R1*R2/(R1+R2) #Thevenin's equivalent resistance (in ohm)\n", "IB = (Vth - VBE)/(Rth +(beta+1)*RE)#Base current (in Ampere) \n", "IC = beta * IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", "VC = VCC - IC*RC #Output voltage (in volts)\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "\n", "print \"VC : \",round(VC,2),\"V.\"\n", "print \"IB : \",round(IB * 10**6,2),\" micro-A\"" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "collapsed": true }, "source": [ "##Example 7.19 , Page Number 246" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 44, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "IB : 0.04 mA.\n", "IC : 2.0 mA.\n", "VCE : 14.0 V.\n", "VE : 2.0 V.\n", "VB : 2.8 V.\n", "VC : 16.0 V.\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variables\n", "\n", "VCC = 20 #collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", "beta = 50 #Current gain in CE\n", "RB = 430.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm) \n", "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", "RC = 2.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts) \n", "IC = 2 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "\n", "VCE = VCC - IC*(RC+RE) #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts) \n", "VC = VCC - RC*IC #Output voltage (in volts)\n", "VE = VC - VCE #Emitter voltage (in volts)\n", "IB = 0.04 * 10**-3 #Base current (in Ampere)\n", "IE = (1+beta)*IB #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", "VB = VCC - 430*10**3*IB #Base voltage (in volts)\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "\n", "print \"IB : \",IB*10**3,\"mA.\\nIC : \",IC*10**3,\"mA.\\nVCE : \",VCE,\"V.\\nVE : \",VE,\"V.\\nVB : \",VB,\"V.\\nVC : \",VC,\"V.\"" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "collapsed": true }, "source": [ "##Example 7.20 , Page Number 246 " ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 52, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Operating point will be ICQ : 2.23 mA , VCEQ : 8.85 V.\n", "Stability factor : 7.35 .\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variables\n", "\n", "alpha = 0.985 #Current gain in CB\n", "R1 = 50.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", "R2 = 20.0 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n", "VCC = 20 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", "RE = 2.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", "RC = 3.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts) \n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "\n", "Vth = VCC*R2/(R1 + R2) #Thevenin's equivalent voltage (in volts)\n", "Rth = R1*R2/(R1+R2) #Thevenin's equivalent resistance (in ohm)\n", "beta = alpha/(1-alpha) #Current gain in CE\n", "IB = (Vth - VBE)/(Rth +(beta+1)*RE)#Base current (in Ampere) \n", "IC = beta * IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", "VCE = VCC - IC*(RE + RC) #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", "S = (1 + beta)/(1 + beta*(RE/(Rth + RE))) #Stability factor\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "\n", "print \"Operating point will be ICQ : \",round(IC*10**3,2),\"mA , VCEQ : \",round(VCE,2),\"V.\"\n", "print \"Stability factor : \",round(S,2),\".\"\n", "\n", "#Slight variation due to higher precision." ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "collapsed": true }, "source": [ "##Example 7.21 , Page Number 247 " ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 53, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "R1 : 81.54 kilo-ohm.\n", "R2 : 26.5 kilo-ohm.\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variables\n", "\n", "RL = 1.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm) \n", "RE = 200 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", "beta = 100 #Current gain in CE\n", "VCC = 9 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", "ICQ = 3.75 * 10**-3 #Q-point Collector current (in Ampere)\n", "VCEQ = 4.5 #Q-point collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "\n", "IB = ICQ/beta #Base current (in Ampere)\n", "IE = (1 + beta)*IB #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", "Rth = 20.0 * 10**3 #Thevenin's eq. resistance (in ohm)\n", "Vth = IB*Rth + VBE +IE*RE #Thevenin's equivalent voltage (in volts)\n", "R1 = Rth*VCC/Vth #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", "R2 = R1*Vth/(VCC - Vth) #Resistance2 (in ohm) \n", "\n", "#Result\n", "\n", "print \"R1 : \",round(R1*10**-3,2),\"kilo-ohm.\\nR2 : \",round(R2*10**-3,1),\"kilo-ohm.\"" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "collapsed": true }, "source": [ "##Example 7.22 , Page Number 248 " ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 59, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Operating point , Q will be ICQ = 1.9 mA and VCEQ = 9.9 V.\n", "Stability factor : 8.62 .\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variables\n", "\n", "VCC = 22.5 #collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", "beta = 55 #Current gain in CE\n", "RB = 430.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm) \n", "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", "RC = 5.6 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", "VBE = 0 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts) \n", "IC = 2 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", "R1 = 90 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", "R2 = 10 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm) \n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "\n", "Rth = R1*R2/(R1+R2) #Thevenin's eq. resistance (in ohm) \n", "Vth = VCC * R2/(R1 + R2) #Thevenin's eq. voltage (in volts)\n", "IB = (Vth - VBE)/(Rth +(beta + 1)*RE) #Base current (in Ampere)\n", "IC = beta*IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", "IE = (beta + 1)*IB #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", "VCE = VCC - IC*RC - IE*RE #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", "S = (1 + beta)/(1 + beta*RE/(Rth + RE)) #Stability factor\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "\n", "print \"Operating point , Q will be ICQ =\",round(IC*10**3,2),\"mA and VCEQ =\",VCE,\"V.\"\n", "print \"Stability factor : \",round(S,2),\".\"\n", "\n", "#Slight variation due to higher precision." ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "collapsed": true }, "source": [ "##Example 7.23 , Page Number 248" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 69, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "beta : 153.4 .\n", "VCC : 17.6842 V.\n", "RB : 779.0 kilo-ohm.\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variables\n", "\n", "RC = 2.7 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", "RE = 0.68 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", "IB = 20.0 * 10**-6 #Base current (in Ampere)\n", "VCE = 7.3 #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", "VE = 2.1 #Emitter voltage (in volts)\n", "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "\n", "IE = VE/RE #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", "beta = IE/IB - 1 #Current gain in CE\n", "VCC = beta*IB*RC + VCE + IE*RE #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", "RB = (VCC - VE)/IB #Base resistance (in ohm) \n", "\n", "#Result\n", "\n", "print \"beta : \",round(beta,1),\".\\nVCC : \",round(VCC,4),\"V.\\nRB : \",round(RB*10**-3),\"kilo-ohm.\"" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "##Example 7.24 , Page Number 249" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 5, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "R1 : 45.0 kilo-ohm.\n", "R2 : 9.14 kilo-ohm.\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variables\n", "\n", "beta=hfe = 100.0 #Current gain in CE\n", "VBE = .6 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", "IC = 1.0 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", "S = 8 #Stability factor\n", "VCC = 10 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm) \n", "VCE = 5 #Collector-emitter resistance (in ohm) \n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "\n", "IB = IC/beta #Base current (in Ampere)\n", "IE = IC + IB #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", "RC = (VCC - VCE - IE*RE)/IC #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", "Rth = RE*(beta*S/(1+beta-S) -1) #Thevenin's resistance(in ohm)\n", "Vth = IB*Rth + VBE + IE*RE #Thevenin's eq. voltage (in volts)\n", "R1 = Rth*VCC/Vth #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", "R2 = (Vth*R1)/(VCC-Vth) #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "\n", "print \"R1 : \",round(R1*10**-3),\"kilo-ohm.\\nR2 : \",round(R2*10**-3,2),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", "\n", "#Slight variation due to higher precision." ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "##Example 7.25 , Page Number 249" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 6, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "VCEQ : 3.2 V.\n", "ICQ : 1.8 mA.\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variables\n", "\n", "beta = 100 #Current gain in CE\n", "R1 = 2.2 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", "R2 = 2.2 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n", "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", "VCC = 5 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "\n", "VA = VCC * R2/(R1 + R2) #Voltage at A (in volts)\n", "IE = (VA - VBE)/RE #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", "VCEQ = VCC - IE*RE #Q-point VCE (in volts)\n", "ICQ = IE #Q-point IC (in Ampere) \n", "\n", "#Result\n", "\n", "print \"VCEQ : \",VCEQ,\"V.\"\n", "print \"ICQ : \",ICQ * 10**3,\"mA.\"" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "##Example 7.26 , Page Number 250" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 15, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "VCEQ : 9.74 V.\n", "ICQ : 1.13 mA.\n", "IB : 11.3 micro-A.\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variables\n", "\n", "beta = 100 #current gain in CE \n", "VCC = 12 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", "R1 = 15.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", "R2 = 2.7 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n", "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", "RC = 1.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "\n", "VA = VCC*R2/(R1 + R2) #Potential at A (in volts)\n", "IE = (VA - VBE)/RE #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", "IC = IE #Collector current (in Ampere) \n", "VCEQ = VCC - IC*(RC + RE) #VCE at Q (in volts)\n", "ICQ = IE #IC at Q (in volts)\n", "IB = IC/beta #Base current (in Ampere) \n", "\n", "#Result\n", "\n", "print \"VCEQ : \",round(VCEQ,2),\"V.\\nICQ : \",round(ICQ*10**3,2),\"mA.\"\n", "print \"IB : \",round(IB * 10**6,1),\"micro-A.\"" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "##Example 7.27 , Page Number 250" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 18, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Operation point : ICQ = 1.955 mA , VCQ = 6.224 V.\n", "Stability factor : 7.54 .\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variables\n", "\n", "VCC = 16 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", "RC = 3.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", "RE = 2.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", "R1 = 56.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", "R2 = 20.0 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n", "alpha = 0.985 #Current gain in CB \n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "\n", "beta = alpha/(1-alpha) #Current gain in CE\n", "VBE = 0.3 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", "VB = VCC * R2/(R1 + R2) #Base voltage (in volts)\n", "IC = (VB - VBE)/RE #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", "VCE = VCC - IC*(RE + RC) #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", "Rth = R1*R2/(R1 + R2) #Thevenin's eq. resistance (in ohm)\n", "S = (1 + beta)*(1 + Rth/RE)/(1 + beta + Rth/RE) #Stability factor\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "\n", "print \"Operation point : ICQ = \",round(IC*10**3,3),\"mA , VCQ = \",round(VCE,3),\"V.\"\n", "print \"Stability factor : \",round(S,2),\".\"" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "##Example 7.28 , Page Number 251" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 21, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "0.002 8.95e-05 0.0018795 3192.33838787 20000.0 8.49\n", "R1 : 47.1 kilo-ohm.\n", "R2 : 34.75 kilo-ohm.\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variables\n", "\n", "VCC = 20 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", "RL = 4.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", "VCE = 6.0 #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", "IC = 2.0 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", "beta=hfe = 20 #Current gain in CE\n", "ICO = 10 * 10**-6 #Reverse saturation current (in Ampere)\n", "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "\n", "IB = (IC - (1 + beta)*ICO)/beta #Base current (in Ampere)\n", "IC = beta*IB + (1 + beta)*ICO #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", "IE = (beta + 1)*IB #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", "RE = (VCC - IC*RL - VCE)/IE #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", "Rth = 20.0 * 10**3 #Thevenin's eq. resistance (in ohm)\n", "Vth = IB*Rth + VBE + IE*RE #Thevenin's eq. voltage (in volts)\n", "R1 = Rth*VCC/Vth #Resitance1 (in ohm)\n", "R2 = R1*Vth/(VCC - Vth) #Resistance2 (in ohm) \n", "\n", "#Result\n", "\n", "print \"R1 : \",round(R1*10**-3,1),\"kilo-ohm.\\nR2 : \",round(R2*10**-3,2),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", "\n", "#Slight variation due to higher precision." ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "##Example 7.29 , Page Number 252" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 26, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Following is the graph: \n" ] }, { "data": { "text/plain": [ "" ] }, "execution_count": 26, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" }, { "data": { "image/png": "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAYEAAAEZCAYAAABxbJkKAAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlz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\n", "text/plain": [ "" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "import math\n", "import numpy\n", "%matplotlib inline\n", "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim,annotate\n", "\n", "#Variables\n", "\n", "beta = 100\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "\n", "ICQ = 1.07 #Collector current at Q-point (in milli-Ampere)\n", "VCQ = 5.067 #Collector-emitter voltage at Q-point (in volts)\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "\n", "print \"Following is the graph: \"\n", "\n", "x = numpy.linspace(0,5.07,100)\n", "y1 = numpy.linspace(0,1.07/2,100)\n", "x1 = numpy.linspace(0,5.067/2,100)\n", "plot(x,1.07-1.07/5.07*x,'b')\n", "plot(x1,1.07/2+x1-x1,'--',color='g')\n", "plot(5.067/2+y1-y1,y1,'--',color='g')\n", "annotate('Q - POINT',xy=(5.067/2,1.07/2))\n", "xlim(0,6)\n", "ylim(0,1.1)\n", "title(\"DC Load line\")\n", "xlabel(\"-VCE in Volts->\")\n", "ylabel(\"-IC in mA->\")" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "##Example 7.30 , Page Number 253" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 36, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Value of RB : 61.43 kilo-ohm.\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variables\n", "\n", "beta = 50 #current gain in CE \n", "VCC = 12 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", "RB = 100.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n", "RC = 2.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "\n", "IB = (VCC - VBE)/(beta*RC + RB) #Base current (in Ampere) \n", "IC = beta * IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", "VCE = VCC - IC*RC #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", "VCE1 = 5 #New collector-emitter voltage (in volts) \n", "IC1 = (VCC - VCE1)/RC #Collector current1 (in Ampere)\n", "IB1 = IC1/beta #Base current1 (in Ampere)\n", "RB1 = (VCC - VBE - beta*IB1*RC)/IB1 #Base resistance1 (in ohm)\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "\n", "print \"Value of RB :\",round(RB1*10**-3,2),\" kilo-ohm.\"" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "##Example 7.31 , Page Number 254" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 41, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "0.016 0.0158415841584 0.000158415841584\n", "Value of collector to base resistance : 25.25 kilo-ohm.\n", "Stability factor : 21.0 .\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variables\n", "\n", "beta = 100.0 #Current gain in CE\n", "RC = 1.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", "VCC = 20.0 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", "VBE = 0 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", "VCEQ = 4 #VCE at Q-point (in volts) \n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "\n", "I1C = (VCC - VCEQ)/RC #Collector current1 (in Ampere)\n", "IC = I1C/(1+1/beta) #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", "IB = I1C - IC #base current (in Ampere)\n", "RB = (VCEQ + VBE)/IB #Base resistance (in ohm)\n", "S = (1 + beta)/(1 + beta*RC/(RB + RC)) #Stability factor\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "\n", "print \"Value of collector to base resistance :\",RB*10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", "print \"Stability factor :\",S,\".\"\n", "\n", "#Slight variation due to higher precision." ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "##Example 7.32 , Page Number 254" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 16, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "ICQ : 2.475 mA , VCEQ : 4.95 V.\n", "Stability factor : 25.75 .\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variables \n", "\n", "beta = 50 #Current gain in CB\n", "VCC = 10 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", "RC = 2.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", "VBE = 0 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", "RB = 100 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm) \n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "\n", "IB = VCC/(RB + (1 + beta)*RC) #Base current (in Ampere)\n", "IC = beta*IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", "VCE = VCC - (IC + IB)*RC #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", "ICQ = IC #IC at Q-point (in Ampere)\n", "S = (1 + beta)/(1 + beta*RC/(RC + RB)) #Stability factor\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "\n", "print \"ICQ : \",round(ICQ * 10**3,3),\"mA , VCEQ : \",round(VCE,2),\"V.\"\n", "print \"Stability factor : \",round(S,2),\".\"" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "##Example 7.33 , Page Number 255" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 43, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Maximum collector current : 3.66 mA.\n", "Minimum collector current : 2.13 mA.\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variables\n", "\n", "betamax = 180 #Current gain max. in CE\n", "betamin = 60 #Current gain min. in CE\n", "VCC = 15 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", "RB = 250.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n", "RC = 2.5 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm) \n", "VBE = 0.7 #Base-collector voltage (in volts)\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "\n", "#IC = (VCC - VBE)/(RC + RC/beta + RB/beta) #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", "ICmax = (VCC - VBE)/(RC + RC/betamax + RB/betamax) #Max. collector current (in Ampere)\n", "ICmin = (VCC - VBE)/(RC + RC/betamin + RB/betamin) #Min. collector current (in Ampere) \n", "\n", "#Result\n", "\n", "print \"Maximum collector current : \",round(ICmax*10**3,2),\"mA.\"\n", "print \"Minimum collector current : \",round(ICmin*10**3,2),\"mA.\"" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "##Example 7.34 , Page Number 256" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 44, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "When beta increases due to temperature , VCE will decrease.\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variables\n", "\n", "beta = 90 #Current gain in CE\n", "VCC = 18 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", "RB = 510.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n", "RC = 2.2 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm) \n", "RE = 1.8 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm) \n", "VBE = 0.7 #Base-collector voltage (in volts)\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "\n", "IB = VCC/(RB + (1 + beta)*(RC+RE)) #Base current (in Ampere)\n", "IC = beta*IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", "VCE = VCC - (IC + IB)*RC -IE*RE #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "\n", "print \"When beta increases due to temperature , VCE will decrease.\"" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "##Example 7.35 , Page Number 257" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 55, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Old ICQ : 1.06 mA and new ICQ : 1.2 mA.\n", "Old VCEQ : 3.65 V and new VCEQ : 2.85 V.\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variables\n", "\n", "beta = 90.0 #Current gain in CE\n", "VCC = 10 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", "RB = 250.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n", "RC = 4.7 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm) \n", "RE = 1.2 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm) \n", "VBE = 0.7 #Base-collector voltage (in volts)\n", "beta1 = 135 #New current gain in CE\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "\n", "IC = (VCC-VBE)/((RE+RC)*(1/beta + 1) + RB/beta)#Collector current (in Ampere)\n", "ICQ = IC #Collector current at Q-point (in Ampere)\n", "IB = IC/beta #Base current (in Ampere)\n", "VCE = VCC - (IC + IB)*(RC+RE) #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", "VCEQ = VCE #Collector-emitter voltage at Q-point (in volts)\n", "ICQ1 = (VCC-VBE)/((RE+RC)*(1/beta1 + 1) + RB/beta1) #Collector current1 at Q-point (in Ampere)\n", "IB1 = ICQ1/beta #Base current1 (in Ampere) \n", "VCEQ1 = VCC - (ICQ1 + IB)*(RC+RE) #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "\n", "\n", "print \"Old ICQ :\",round(ICQ*10**3,2),\"mA and new ICQ :\",round(ICQ1*10**3,3),\"mA.\"\n", "print \"Old VCEQ :\",round(VCEQ,2),\"V and new VCEQ :\",round(VCEQ1,2),\"V.\"\n", "\n", "#Slight variation due to higher precision." ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "##Example 7.36 , Page Number 258" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 60, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Vo : 13.9 V.\n", "RF : 110.91 kilo-ohm.\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variables\n", "\n", "VCC = 15 #Collector supply voltage (in volts) \n", "IE = 1.0 * 10**-3 #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", "beta = 99 #Current gain in CE\n", "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", "R1 = 17.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", "RC = 1.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "\n", "IB = (IE)/(beta + 1) #Base current (in Ampere)\n", "IC = beta*IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", "IR1 = (VBE + IE*RE)/R1 #Current through R1 (in Ampere)\n", "IRF = IR1 + IB #Current through RF (in Ampere)\n", "I1C = IC + IRF #Current through RC (in Ampere)\n", "Vo = VCC - I1C*RC #Output voltage (in volts)\n", "RF = (Vo - VBE - IE*RE)/IRF #Resistance RF (in ohm) \n", "\n", "#Result\n", "\n", "print \"Vo : \",round(Vo,1),\"V.\"\n", "print \"RF : \",round(RF*10**-3,2),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", "\n", "#Calculation error in book for value of RF." ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "##Example 7.37 , Page Number 258" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 65, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "R : 106.9 kilo-ohm.\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variables\n", "\n", "VCC = 24 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", "RC = 10.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", "RE = 270.0 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", "VCE = 5 #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts) \n", "beta = 45 #Current gain in CE\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "\n", "IE = (VCC - VCE )/(RC + RE) #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", "IB = IE/(beta + 1) #Base current (in Ampere)\n", "RB = (VCC - VBE - IE*(RE + RC))/IB #Base resistance (in ohm)\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "\n", "\n", "print \"R : \",round(RB*10**-3,1),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", "\n", "#Slight variation due to higher precision." ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "##Example 7.38 , Page Number 259" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 71, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Rth : 9989.0 ohm.\n", "IB : 20.0 micro-A.\n", "IE : 2.0 mA.\n", "Vth : 2.9 V.\n", "R1 : 68.4 kilo-ohm.\n", "R2 : 11.7 kilo-ohm.\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variables\n", "\n", "VCC = 20 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", "beta = 100 #Current gain in CE\n", "IC = 2.0 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere) \n", "S = 10 #Stability factor\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "\n", "IB = IC/beta #Base current (in Ampere)\n", "IE = IB + IC #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", "Rth = beta*S*RE/(1 + beta - S) - RE #Thevenin's eq. resistance (in ohm)\n", "Vth = IB*Rth + VBE + IE*RE #Thevenin's eq. voltage (in volts) \n", "R1 = Rth*VCC/Vth #Resitance1 (in ohm)\n", "R2 = R1*Vth/(VCC - Vth) #Resistance2 (in ohm) \n", "\n", "#Result\n", "\n", "print \"Rth : \",round(Rth),\"ohm.\"\n", "print \"IB : \",round(IB*10**6),\"micro-A.\"\n", "print \"IE : \",round(IC*10**3,2),\"mA.\"\n", "print \"Vth : \",round(Vth,1),\"V.\"\n", "print \"R1 : \",round(R1*10**-3,1),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", "print \"R2 : \",round(R2*10**-3,1),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", "\n", "#Slight variations due to higher precision." ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "##Example 7.39 , Page Number 266" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 94, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Following is the graph of ac and dc load lines.\n" ] }, { "data": { "text/plain": [ "" ] }, "execution_count": 94, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" }, { "data": { "image/png": "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAXsAAAEZCAYAAAB2AoVaAAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlz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\nBwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\n", "text/plain": [ "" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "import math\n", "import numpy\n", "%matplotlib inline\n", "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim,annotate\n", "\n", "#Variables\n", "\n", "RC = 3.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", "RL = 12.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", "R1 = 16.0 * 10**3 #Resitance1 (in ohm)\n", "R2 = 4.0 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n", "RE = 2.0 * 10**3 #Emitter Resistance (in ohm)\n", "VCEcutoff = VCC = 20 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "\n", "IC = VCC/(RC + RE) #Collector current(in Ampere) \n", "VE = VCC*R2/(R1 + R2) #Voltage across R2 (in volts)\n", "IE = VE/RE #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", "ICQ = IE #IC at Q-point (in Ampere)\n", "VCEQ = VCC - ICQ*(RC + RE) #VCE at Q-point (in Ampere)\n", "Rac = RC*RL/(RC + RL) #AC resistance (in ohm)\n", "ICsat = ICQ + VCEQ/Rac #IC saturation (in Ampere)\n", "VCEoff = VCEQ + ICQ*Rac #VCE cut-off for ac load line (in volts)\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "\n", "print \"Following is the graph of ac and dc load lines.\"\n", "\n", "#Graph\n", "\n", "x = numpy.linspace(0,20,100)\n", "x2 = numpy.linspace(0,14.8,100)\n", "y1 = numpy.linspace(0,2,100)\n", "x1 = numpy.linspace(0,10,100)\n", "plot(x,4-4/20.0*x,'b')\n", "plot(x2,6.17-6.17/14.8*x2,'r')\n", "plot(x1,2+x1-x1,'--',color='g')\n", "plot(10+y1-y1,y1,'--',color='g')\n", "annotate('Q',xy=(10,2.2))\n", "annotate('DC load line',xy=(14,1.3))\n", "annotate('AC load line',xy=(5.5,4))\n", "xlim(0,20)\n", "ylim(0,7)\n", "title(\"DC and AC Load lines\")\n", "xlabel(\"-VCE in Volts->\")\n", "ylabel(\"-IC in mA->\")" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "##Example 7.40 , Page Number 268" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 95, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Input resistance : 1.667 kilo-ohm.\n", "Current gain : 80.0 .\n", "AC load : 4.0 kilo-ohm.\n", "Voltage gain : 192.0 .\n", "Power gain : 15360.0 .\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variables\n", "\n", "dVBE = 0.025 #Change in VBE (in volts)\n", "dIB = 15.0 * 10**-6 #Change in base current (in Ampere)\n", "dIC = 1.2 * 10**-3 #Change in collector current (in Ampere)\n", "RC = 6.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", "RL = 12.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "\n", "Rin = dVBE/dIB #Input resistance (in ohm)\n", "beta = dIC/dIB #Current gain in CE\n", "Rac = RC*RL/(RC+RL) #AC load (in ohm)\n", "Av = beta*Rac/Rin #Voltage gain \n", "Ap = beta*beta*Rac/Rin #Power gain \n", "\n", "#Result\n", "\n", "print \"Input resistance : \",round(Rin*10**-3,3),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", "print \"Current gain : \",beta,\".\"\n", "print \"AC load : \",Rac*10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", "print \"Voltage gain : \",Av,\".\"\n", "print \"Power gain : \",Ap,\".\"" ] } ], "metadata": { "kernelspec": { "display_name": "Python 2", "language": "python", "name": "python2" }, "language_info": { "codemirror_mode": { "name": "ipython", "version": 2 }, "file_extension": ".py", "mimetype": "text/x-python", "name": "python", "nbconvert_exporter": "python", "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", "version": "2.7.10" } }, "nbformat": 4, "nbformat_minor": 0 }