{ "cells": [ { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "# Chapter 4 , Junction Diode" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Example 4.1 , Page Number 103 " ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 3, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Current flowing through Germanium diode is 15.0 micro-A.\n" ] } ], "source": [ "import math\n", "\n", "#Variables\n", "\n", "Io = 0.15 * 10**-6 #Peak reverse biased current (in Ampere)\n", "V = 0.12 #Voltage (in volts)\n", "VT = 26.0 * 10**-3 #Volt-equivalent of temperature (in volts)\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "\n", "I = Io * (math.exp(V/VT)-1) #Current flowing (in Ampere) \n", "\n", "#Result\n", "\n", "print \"Current flowing through Germanium diode is \",round(I * 10**6),\" micro-A.\"" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Example 4.2 , Page Number 103 " ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 9, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Forward Voltage = 0.43 V.\n" ] } ], "source": [ "import math\n", "\n", "#Variables\n", "\n", "I = 10 * 10**-3 #Forward biased current (in Ampere)\n", "Io = 2.5 * 10**-6 #Peak reverse biased current (in Ampere)\n", "nVT = 2*26.0 * 10**-3 #Volt-equivalent of temperature (in volts)\n", "n = 2 #For Silicon\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "\n", "V = nVT*math.log(I/Io + 1) #Forward Voltage (in volts)\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "\n", "print \"Forward Voltage = \",round(V,2),\"V.\"" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Example 4.3 , Page Number 103 " ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 4, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Reverse saturation current density is 0.16 micro Ampere.\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variables\n", "\n", "ND = 10**21 #Donor concentration (in per cubic meter)\n", "NA = 10**22 #Acceptor concentration (in per cubic meter)\n", "De = 3.4 * 10**-3 #Diffusion constant for electron (in meter square per second)\n", "Dh = 1.2 * 10**-3 #Diffusion constant for holes (in meter square per second)\n", "Le = 7.1 * 10**-4 #Diffusion length for electrons (in meter)\n", "Lh = 3.5 * 10**-4 #Diffusion length for holes (in meter)\n", "ni = 1.6 * 10**16 #intrinsic concentration (in per cubic-meter)\n", "e = 1.6 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "\n", "Io_by_A = (Dh/(Lh*ND) + De/(Le*NA))*e*ni**2 #Reverse saturation current density (in Ampere per meter-square)\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "\n", "print \"Reverse saturation current density is \",round(Io_by_A * 10**6,2),\"micro Ampere.\"" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Example 4.4 , Page Number 107 " ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 5, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Dynamic resistance = 12.5 ohm.\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variables\n", "\n", "I = 2 * 10**-3 #Forward current (in Ampere)\n", "VT = 25 * 10**-3 #Volt equivalent of temperature (in Volts)\n", "n = 1 #eeta for the given semiconductor\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "\n", "r = n*VT/I #Dynamic resistance (in ohm) \n", "\n", "#Result\n", "\n", "print \"Dynamic resistance = \",r,\" ohm.\"" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Example 4.5 , Page Number 107 " ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 11, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "A.C. resistance = 11.86 ohm.\n" ] } ], "source": [ "import math\n", "\n", "#Variables\n", "\n", "VT = 26.0 * 10**-3 #Volt equivalent of temperature (in Volts)\n", "V = 200 * 10**-3 #Voltage (in volts)\n", "Io = 1.0 * 10**-6 #Reverse saturation current (in Ampere)\n", "n = 1 #For Germanium\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "\n", "r = n*VT/(Io*math.exp(V/(n*VT)))\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "\n", "print \"A.C. resistance = \",round(r,2),\"ohm.\"" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Example 4.6 , Page Number 108 " ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 8, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Current flowing through the circuit is 0.043 A.\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variables\n", "\n", "Vo = 0.7 #Barrier potential (in volts)\n", "V = 5 #Voltage (in volts)\n", "R = 100 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "\n", "I = (V-Vo)/R #Current flowing through circuit (in Ampere) \n", "\n", "#Result\n", "\n", "print \"Current flowing through the circuit is \",I,\"A.\"" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Example 4.7 , Page Number 109" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 15, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Voltage drop across 7 ohm resistance is 13.6 V.\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variables\n", "\n", "Vo = 0.7 #Barrier potential (in volts)\n", "V = 15 #Voltage (in volts)\n", "R = 7.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm) \n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "\n", "I = (V-2*Vo)/R #Current (in Ampere)\n", "VA = I * R #Voltage drop (in volts) \n", "\n", "#Result\n", "\n", "print \"Voltage drop across 7 ohm resistance is \",VA,\" V.\"" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Example 4.8 , Page Number 109" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 18, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Voltage drop = 14.7 V.\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variables\n", "\n", "V = 15 #Voltage (in volts)\n", "Vo = 0.3 #Voltage across parallel connection (in volts)\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "\n", "VA = V - Vo #Voltage drop (in volts) \n", "\n", "#Result\n", "\n", "print \"Voltage drop = \",VA,\" V.\"" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Example 4.9 , Page Number 110" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 36, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Current flowing is 62.5 mA.\n" ] }, { "data": { "text/plain": [ "" ] }, "execution_count": 36, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" }, { "data": { "image/png": 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"text/plain": [ "" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "import math\n", "import numpy\n", "%matplotlib inline\n", "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,annotate\n", "\n", "#Variables\n", "\n", "VS = 10.0 #Supply voltage (in volts)\n", "RL = 160 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "\n", "I = VS / RL #Current (in Ampere)\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "\n", "print \"Current flowing is \",I * 10**3,\" mA.\"\n", "\n", "#Graph\n", "\n", "x = numpy.linspace(0,10)\n", "plot(x,62.5 -62.5/10*x,'b')\n", "title(\"VI Characteristics\")\n", "xlabel(\"Diode Voltage , v in volts\")\n", "ylabel(\"Diode Forward Current , I in A\")\n", "annotate(\"Load Line\",xy=(5,35))" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Example 4.11 , Page Number 120" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 24, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Temperature coefficient is -0.0533 %.\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variables\n", "\n", "V25 = 5 #Initial voltage at 25 degree celsius (in volts)\n", "V100 = 4.8 #Voltage at 100 degree celsius (in volts)\n", "t1 = 25 #Temperature (in celsius)\n", "t2 = 100 #Temperature (in celsius)\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "\n", "dVZ = V100 - V25 #Change in zener voltage (in volts)\n", "dt = t2 - t1 #Change in temperature (in celsius)\n", "tc = dVZ/(V25*dt) #Temperature coefficient\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "\n", "print \"Temperature coefficient is \",round(tc*100,4),\"%.\"" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Example 4.12 , Page Number 123" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 39, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Output Voltage = 8 V.\n", "Voltage across Rs = 12 V.\n", "Current through series resistance = 0 A.\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variables\n", "\n", "Vs = 12 #Source voltage (in volts)\n", "Vout = VZ = 8 #Output voltage (in volts)\n", "VRs = VS - Vout #Voltage across resistance in series (in volts)\n", "RL = 10 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm) \n", "Rs = 5 * 10**3 #Resistance in series (in ohm)\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "\n", "IL = Vout/RL #Load current (in Ampere)\n", "Is = (Vs-Vout)/Rs #Current through series resistance (in Ampere)\n", "IZ = Is - IL #Current through zener diode (in Ampere)\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "\n", "print \"Output Voltage = \",Vout,\" V.\"\n", "print \"Voltage across Rs = \",Vs,\" V.\"\n", "print \"Current through series resistance = \",IZ,\" A.\"" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Example 4.13 , Page Number 123" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 43, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Maximum value of zener diode current is 9.0 mA.\n", "Minimum value of zener diode current is 1.0 mA.\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variables\n", "\n", "Vout = VZ = 50 #Output voltage (in volts)\n", "RL = 10.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", "VSmax = 120 #Maximum voltage (in volts)\n", "RS = 5.0 * 10**3 #Resistance in series (in ohm)\n", "VSmin = 80 #Minimum voltage (in volts)\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "\n", "IL = Vout / RL #Load current (in Ampere)\n", "ISmax = (VSmax - Vout)/RS #Maximum series current (in Ampere)\n", "IZmax = ISmax - IL #Maximum zener current (in Ampere)\n", "ISmin = (VSmin - Vout)/RS #Minumum series current (in Ampere)\n", "IZmin = ISmin - IL #Minimum zener current (in Ampere)\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "\n", "print \"Maximum value of zener diode current is \",IZmax * 10**3,\" mA.\\nMinimum value of zener diode current is \",IZmin * 10**3,\" mA.\"" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Example 4.14 , Page Number 123" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 46, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Series resistance is 192.3 ohm.\n", "When the load current will decrease and become 10 mA, the zener current will increase and become 6 + 10 i.e. 16 mA. Thus the current through the series resistance RS will remain unchanged as 6 + 20 i.e. 26 mA. Thus voltage drop in series resistance RS will remain constant. Consequently the output voltage (Vout = VS - IS*RS) will also remain constant.\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variables\n", "\n", "IZK = 6 * 10**-3 #Minimum zener current (in Ampere)\n", "ILmax = 20.0 * 10**-3 #Maximum load current (in Ampere)\n", "VS = 20 #Source voltage (in volts)\n", "Vout = 15 #Output voltage (in volts)\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "\n", "RS = (VS - Vout)/(IZK + ILmax) #Series resistance (in ohm)\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "\n", "print \"Series resistance is \",round(RS,1),\" ohm.\"\n", "print \"When the load current will decrease and become 10 mA, the zener current will increase and become 6 + 10 i.e. 16 mA. Thus the current through the series resistance RS will remain unchanged as 6 + 20 i.e. 26 mA. Thus voltage drop in series resistance RS will remain constant. Consequently the output voltage (Vout = VS - IS*RS) will also remain constant.\"" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Example 4.15 , Page Number 124" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 50, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "The output voltage is 50.0 V.\n", "Voltage drop across RS is 70.0 V.\n", "Current through zener is 9.0 mA.\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variables\n", "\n", "VL = VZ = 50.0 #Output voltage (in volts)\n", "VS = 120.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n", "RL = 10.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", "RS = 5.0 * 10**3 #Resistance in series (in ohm)\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "\n", "VRS = VS - VZ #Voltage across resistance in series (in volts)\n", "IL = VL/RL #Load current (in Ampere)\n", "IS = VRS / RS #Current through resistance in series (in Ampere)\n", "IZ = IS - IL #Current through zener diode (in Ampere)\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "\n", "print \"The output voltage is \",VL,\" V.\"\n", "print \"Voltage drop across RS is \",VRS,\" V.\"\n", "print \"Current through zener is \",IZ * 10**3,\" mA.\"" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Example 4.16 , Page Number 124" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 54, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "VL = 8.73 V.\n", "IZ = 0 A.\n", "PZ = 0.0 W.\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variables\n", "\n", "VS = 16.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n", "RL = 1.2 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", "RS = 1.0 * 10**3 #Resistance in series (in ohm)\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "\n", "VL = VS * RL/(RS + RL) #Voltage across load (in volts)\n", "IZ = 0 #Current through zener diode (in Ampere) \n", "PZ = VZ*IZ #Power across zener diode (in Ampere)\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "\n", "print \"VL = \",round(VL,2),\" V.\"\n", "print \"IZ = \",IZ,\" A.\"\n", "print \"PZ = \",PZ,\" W.\"" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Example 4.17 , Page Number 124" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 60, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "VL1 = 15.0 V.\n", "IL1 = 47.62 \n", "IZ1 = 0 A.\n", "IR1 = 47.62 A.\n", "VL2 = 3.7 V.\n", "IL2 = 74.07 A.\n", "IZ2 = 0 A.\n", "IR2 = 74.07 A.\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variables\n", "\n", "Vin = 20 #input voltage (in volts)\n", "RS = 220.0 #Series resistance (in ohm)\n", "VZ = 10 #Zener voltage (in volts)\n", "RL1 = 200 #Load resistance1 (in ohm)\n", "RL2 = 50 #Load resistance2 (in ohm)\n", "PZmax = 400 * 10**-3 #Power (in watt)\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "\n", "VL1 = Vin*RL1/(RS + RL1) #Voltage across load1 (in volts)\n", "IL1 =IR=Vin/(RS + RL1) #Load1 current (in Ampere)\n", "IZ1 = 0 #Zener current 1 (in Ampere)\n", "VL2 = Vin*RL2/(RS + RL2) #Voltage across load2 (in volts)\n", "IL2 =IR=Vin/(RS + RL2) #Load2 current (in Ampere)\n", "IZ2 = 0 #Zener current 2 (in Ampere)\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "\n", "print \"VL1 = \",round(V,2),\" V.\"\n", "print \"IL1 = \",round(IL1*10**3,2),\"\"\n", "print \"IZ1 = \",IZ1,\" A.\"\n", "print \"IR1 = \",round(IL1*10**3,2),\" A.\"\n", "\n", "print \"VL2 = \",round(VL2,1),\" V.\"\n", "print \"IL2 = \",round(IL2*10**3,2),\" A.\"\n", "print \"IZ2 = \",IZ2,\" A.\"\n", "print \"IR2 = \",round(IL2*10**3,2),\" A.\"" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Example 4.18 , Page Number 125" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 61, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Voltage drop across 5 kilo-ohm resistor is 50 V.\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variables\n", "\n", "VS = 100 #Source voltage (in volts)\n", "VL = VZ = 50 #Voltage across load (in volts)\n", "V = 10.0/(10 + 5) #Voltage (in volts)\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "\n", "VR = VS - VL #Voltage across resistance using KVL (in volts)\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "\n", "print \"Voltage drop across 5 kilo-ohm resistor is \",VR,\" V.\"" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Example 4.19 , Page Number 125" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 68, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Ri for minimum voltage is 25.0 ohm.\n", "Ri for maximum voltage is 25.0 ohm.\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variables\n", "\n", "V = 12 #Voltage (in volts)\n", "R = 120 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", "VDCmin = 15 #Minimum dc voltage (in volts)\n", "VZ = 12 #Zener voltage (in volts)\n", "VDCmax = 19.5 #Maximum dc voltage (in volts)\n", "IZmin = 20 * 10**-3 #Minimum current through zener (in Ampere) \n", "IL = 100 * 10**-3 #Current through load (in Ampere)\n", "IZmax = 200 * 10**-3 #Maximum current through zener (in Ampere)\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "\n", "VSmin = VDCmin - VZ #Minimum voltage across Ri (in volts)\n", "VSmax = VDCmax - VZ #Maximum voltage across Ri (in volts)\n", "ISmin = IZmin + IL #Minimum current through Ri (in Ampere)\n", "Rimin = VSmin/ISmin #Resistance Ri1 (in ohm)\n", "ISmax = IZmax + IL #Minimum current through Ri (in Ampere)\n", "Rimax =VSmax/ISmax #Resistance Ri2 (in ohm)\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "\n", "print \"Ri for minimum voltage is \",Rimin,\" ohm.\"\n", "print \"Ri for maximum voltage is \",Rimax,\" ohm.\"" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Example 4.20 , Page Number 126 " ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 78, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Range of RL : From 250.0 ohm to 1.25 kilo-ohm.\n", "Range of IL : From 8.0 mA to 40.0 mA.\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variables\n", "\n", "Vi = 50.0 #Voltage (in volts)\n", "R = 1.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", "VZ = 10.0 #Voltage across zener (in volts)\n", "IZmax = 32.0 * 10**-3 #Maximum current across zener (in Ampere)\n", "IZmin = 0.0 #Minimum current across zener (in Ampere) \n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "\n", "IR = (Vi - VZ)/R #Supply current (in Ampere)\n", "ILmax = IR - IZmin #Maximum load current (in Ampere)\n", "RLmin = VZ/ILmax #Minimum corresponding load resistance (in ohm)\n", "ILmin = IR - IZmax #Minimum load current (in Ampere) \n", "RLmax = VZ/ILmin #Maximum corresponding load resistance (in ohm) \n", "\n", "#Result\n", "\n", "print \"Range of RL : From \",RLmin,\"ohm to \",RLmax*10**-3,\" kilo-ohm.\"\n", "print \"Range of IL : From \",ILmin* 10**3,\" mA to \",ILmax*10**3,\" mA.\"" ] } ], "metadata": { "kernelspec": { "display_name": "Python 2", "language": "python", "name": "python2" }, "language_info": { "codemirror_mode": { "name": "ipython", "version": 2 }, "file_extension": ".py", "mimetype": "text/x-python", "name": "python", "nbconvert_exporter": "python", "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", "version": "2.7.10" } }, "nbformat": 4, "nbformat_minor": 0 }