{
"metadata": {
"name": ""
},
"nbformat": 3,
"nbformat_minor": 0,
"worksheets": [
{
"cells": [
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 1,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Chapter 1: Structure and Bonding"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 2,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Problem: 1, Page no: 35"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"# Constant\n",
"c = 3 * 10 ** 10 # Velocity of light, cm/sec\n",
"\n",
"# Variable\n",
"wavelength = 3500 * 10 ** -8 # Wavelength of radiation, cm\n",
"\n",
"# Solution\n",
"print \"v = c / wavelength\"\n",
"print \"v: Velocity, c: Speed of light\"\n",
"\n",
"v = c / wavelength\n",
"\n",
"print \"The frequency of radiation is\", '{:.2e}'.format(v), \"Heartz.\""
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"v = c / wavelength\n",
"v: Velocity, c: Speed of light\n",
"The frequency of radiation is 8.57e+14 Heartz.\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 6
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 2,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Problem: 2, Page no: 36"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"# Constant\n",
"c = 3 * 10 ** 8 # speed of light, m/sec\n",
"\n",
"# Variable\n",
"f = 5 * 10 ** 16 # frequency, cycles/sec\n",
"\n",
"# Solution\n",
"v_bar = f / c\n",
"print \"The wave number is\", '{:.2e}'.format(v_bar), \"cycles/m.\"\n"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"The wave number is 1.67e+08 cycles/m.\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 7
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 2,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Problem: 3, Page no: 36"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"# Constant\n",
"c = 3 * 10 ** 8 # Speed of light, m/sec\n",
"\n",
"# Variable\n",
"T = 2.4 * 10 ** -10 # Time period, sec\n",
"\n",
"# Solution\n",
"f = 1 / T # Frequency, /sec\n",
"lamda = c / f # wavelength, m\n",
"v_bar = 1 / lamda # wavenumber, /meter\n",
"\n",
"print \"Frequency:\", '{:.2e}'.format(f), \"/sec\"\n",
"print \"Wavelength:\", '{:.2e}'.format(lamda), \"m\"\n",
"print \"Wave number:\", '{:.2e}'.format(v_bar), \"/m\"\n"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"Frequency: 4.17e+09 /sec\n",
"Wavelength: 7.20e-02 m\n",
"Wave number: 1.39e+01 /m\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 8
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 2,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Problem: 4, Page no: 36"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"import math\n",
"\n",
"# Constants\n",
"c = 3 * 10 ** 8 # Speed of light, m/sec\n",
"m = 9.1 * 10 ** -31 # Mass of electron, kg\n",
"h = 6.626 * 10 ** -34 # Plank's constant, J.sec\n",
"\n",
"# Variable\n",
"ke = 4.55 * 10 ** -25 # Kinetic Energy, J\n",
"\n",
"# Solution\n",
"v = math.sqrt(ke * 2 / m)\n",
"\n",
"lamda = h / (m * v)\n",
"\n",
"print \"The de Broglie wavelength is\", '{:.2e}'.format(lamda), \"m\"\n"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"The de Broglie wavelength is 7.28e-07 m\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 9
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 2,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Problem: 5, Page no: 36"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"# Constant\n",
"h = 6.626 * 10 ** -34 # Plank's constant, J.sec\n",
"\n",
"# Variables\n",
"m = 10 * 10 ** -3 # Mass of the ball, kg\n",
"v = 10 ** 5 # Velocity of ball, cm / sec\n",
"\n",
"# Solution\n",
"lamda = (h * 10 ** 7) / (m * v)\n",
"print \"The Wavelength of iron ball is\", \"{:.2}\".format(lamda), \"cm\"\n"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"The Wavelength of iron ball is 6.6e-30 cm\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 10
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 2,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Problem: 6, Page no: 37"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"# Constant\n",
"h = 6.626 * 10 ** -34 # Plank's constant, J.sec\n",
"\n",
"# Variable\n",
"lamda = 2 * 10 ** -10 # wavelength, m\n",
"\n",
"# Solution\n",
"p = h / lamda\n",
"\n",
"print \"The momentum of the particle is\", \"{:.2}\".format(p), \"kg.m/s\"\n"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"The momentum of the particle is 3.3e-24 kg.m/s\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 12
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 2,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Problem: 7, Page no: 37"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"# Constants\n",
"m = 9.1 * 10 ** -31 # Mass of electron, kg\n",
"h = 6.626 * 10 ** -34 # Plank's constant, J.sec\n",
"pi = 3.141 # Pi\n",
"\n",
"# Variable\n",
"delta_x = 1 * 10 ** -10 # uncertainty in velocity, m\n",
"\n",
"# Solution\n",
"delta_v = h / (4 * pi * m * delta_x)\n",
"\n",
"print \"Uncertainty in position of electron >=\",\n",
"print \"{:.2}\".format(delta_v), \"m/s\"\n"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"Uncertainty in position of electron >= 5.8e+05 m/s\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 20
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 2,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Problem: 8, Page no: 37"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"# Constants\n",
"h = 6.626 * 10 ** -34 # Plank's constant, J.sec\n",
"pi = 3.141 # Pi\n",
"\n",
"# Variables\n",
"m = 10 ** -11 # Mass of particle, g\n",
"v = 10 ** -4 # Velocity of particle, cm/sec\n",
"delta_v = 0.1 / 100 # Uncertainty in velocity\n",
"\n",
"# Solution\n",
"delta_v = v / 1000\n",
"delta_x = (h * 10 ** 7) / (4 * pi * delta_v * m)\n",
"\n",
"print \"Uncertainty in position >=\",\n",
"print \"{:.3e}\".format(delta_x), \"cm\"\n"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"Uncertainty in position 5.27e-10 cm\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 19
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 2,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Problem: 9, Page no: 37"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"# Constants\n",
"c = 3 * 10 ** 8 # Speed of light, m/sec\n",
"h = 6.626 * 10 ** -34 # Plank's constant, J.sec\n",
"\n",
"# Variable\n",
"lamda = 650 * 10 ** -12 # Wavelength of radiation, m\n",
"\n",
"# Solution\n",
"E = h * c / lamda\n",
"\n",
"print \"Energy per photon\", \"{:.3e}\".format(E), \"J\"\n"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"Energy per photon 3.058e-16 J\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 22
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 2,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Problem: 10, Page no: 37"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"# Constant\n",
"h = 6.625 * 10 ** -34 # Plank's constant, J.sec\n",
"\n",
"# Variables\n",
"v = 6.5 * 10 ** 7 # Velocity of particle, m/s\n",
"lamda = 5 * 10 ** -11 # Wavelength, m\n",
"\n",
"# Solution\n",
"P = h / lamda\n",
"\n",
"print \"The momentum of the particle\", \"{:.2e}\".format(P), \"kg.m/s\"\n"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"The momentum of the particle 1.33e-23 kg.m/s\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 24
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 2,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Problem: 11, Page no: 38"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"import math\n",
"\n",
"# Constants\n",
"c = 3 * 10 ** 8 # Speed of light, m/sec\n",
"m = 9.1 * 10 ** -31 # Mass of electron, kg\n",
"h = 6.626 * 10 ** -34 # Plank's constant, J.sec\n",
"\n",
"# Variables\n",
"lamda = 200 * 10 ** -7 # Wavelength, cm\n",
"wf = 6.95 * 10 ** -12 # Work function, erg\n",
"\n",
"# Solution\n",
"E = (h * c) * 10 ** 9 / lamda\n",
"\n",
"print \"Energy of photon\", \"{:.3e}\".format(E), \"erg\"\n",
"\n",
"ke = E - wf\n",
"\n",
"v = math.sqrt((2 * ke) / (m * 10 ** 3)) * 10 ** -2\n",
"\n",
"print \"The maximum velocity of electron\", \"{:.3e}\".format(v), \"m/sec\"\n"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"Energy of photon 9.939e-12 erg\n",
"The maximum velocity of electron 8.105e+05 m/sec\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 26
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 2,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Problem: 12, Page no: 38"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"# Constant\n",
"h = 6.626 * 10 ** -34 # Plank's constant, J.sec\n",
"\n",
"# Variables\n",
"m = 150 # Weight of ball, gm\n",
"v = 50 # Velocity, m/sec\n",
"\n",
"lamda = h / (m * v * 10 ** -8)\n",
"print \"Wavelength of ball\", \"{:.3e}\".format(lamda), \"m\"\n",
"print \"Its wavelength is so short that it does not fall\",\n",
"print \"in visible range, so we cannot observe it.\"\n"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"Wavelength of ball 8.835e-30 m\n",
"Its wavelength is so short that it does not fall in visible range, so we cannot observe it.\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 34
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 2,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Problem: 13, Page no: 39"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"# Constant\n",
"h = 6.626 * 10 ** -34 # Plank's constant, J.sec\n",
"pi = 3.141 # Pi\n",
"\n",
"# Variables\n",
"m = 0.1 # Mass of base ball, kg\n",
"delta_x = 10 ** -10 # Uncertainty in position, m\n",
"\n",
"# Solution\n",
"delta_v = h / (4 * pi * m * delta_x)\n",
"\n",
"print \"Uncertainty in velocity >=\", \"{:.2e}\".format(delta_v), \"m/s\"\n"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"Uncertainty in velocity >= 5.27e-24 m/s\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 35
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 2,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Problem: 14, Page no: 39"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"# Constant\n",
"t_v = 1.3 * 10 ** 15 # Threashold freq. Pt, /sec\n",
"h = 6.626 * 10 ** -34 # Plank's constant, J.sec\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"# Solution\n",
"print \"The threshold frequency is the lowest frequency\",\n",
"print \"that photons may possess to produce the photoelectric\",\n",
"print \"effect.\"\n",
"E = h * t_v\n",
"print \"The energy corresponding to this frequency is the minimum\",\n",
"print \"energy =\", \"{:.2e}\".format(E), \"erg\"\n"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"The threshold frequency is the lowest frequency that photons may possess to produce the photoelectric effect.\n",
"The energy corresponding to this frequency is the minimum energy = 8.61e-19 erg\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 38
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 2,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Problem: 15, Page no: 39"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"# Constants\n",
"m = 9.1 * 10 ** -31 # Mass of electron, kg\n",
"h = 6.626 * 10 ** -34 # Plank's constant, J.sec\n",
"e = 1.602 * 10 ** -19 # Charge of electron, C\n",
"\n",
"# Variable\n",
"v = 1.87 * 10 ** 9 # Velocity of electron, m/sec\n",
"\n",
"# Solution\n",
"V = m * v ** 2 / (2 * e)\n",
"lamda = h / (m * v)\n",
"\n",
"print \"The voltage is\", \"{:.2e}\".format(V), \"volt\"\n",
"print \"The de Broglie wavelength is\", \"{:.2e}\".format(lamda), \"m\"\n"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"The voltage is 9.93e+06 volt\n",
"The de Broglie wavelength is 3.89e-13 m\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 39
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 2,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Problem 16, Page no: 39"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"# Constants\n",
"m = 9.1 * 10 ** -31 # Mass of electron, kg\n",
"h = 6.626 * 10 ** -34 # Plank's constant, J.sec\n",
"\n",
"# Variable\n",
"lamda = 4.8 * 10 ** -9 # Wavelength of electron, m\n",
"\n",
"# Solution\n",
"ke = ((h / lamda) ** 2) / (2 * m)\n",
"\n",
"print \"The Kinetic Energy of moving electron is\", \"{:.2e}\".format(ke),\n",
"print \"J\"\n"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"The Kinetic Energy of moving electron is 1.05e-20 J\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 40
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 2,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Problem: 17, Page no: 39"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"# Constants\n",
"m = 9.1 * 10 ** -31 # Mass of electron, kg\n",
"h = 6.626 * 10 ** -34 # Plank's constant, J.sec\n",
"c = 3 * 10 ** 8 # Speed of light, m/sec\n",
"\n",
"# Variables\n",
"v = 6.46 * 10 ** 5 # Velocity of electron, m/sec\n",
"lamda = 200 * 10 ** -9 # Wavelength of light, m\n",
"\n",
"# Solution\n",
"E = (h * c) / lamda\n",
"ke = m * v ** 2\n",
"w = E - ke\n",
"\n",
"print \"The workfunction of the metal surface is\", \"{:.3e}\".format(w),\n",
"print \"J\"\n"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"The workfunction of the metal surface is 6.141e-19 J\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 44
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 2,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Problem: 18, Page no: 40"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"import math\n",
"\n",
"# Constants\n",
"e = 1.602 * 10 ** -19 # Charge of proton, C\n",
"m_p = 1.66 * 10 ** -27 # Mass of proton, kg\n",
"m_e = 9.1 * 10 ** -31 # Mass of electron, kg\n",
"h = 6.626 * 10 ** -34 # Plank's constant, J.sec\n",
"\n",
"# Variable\n",
"V = 35 # Acceleration potential, volt\n",
"\n",
"# Solution\n",
"lamda_p = h / math.sqrt(2 * e * V * m_p)\n",
"lamda_e = h / math.sqrt(2 * e * V * m_e)\n",
"\n",
"print \"The wavelength of electron when accelerated with same\",\n",
"print \"potential is\", \"{:.3e}\".format(lamda_e), \"m\"\n"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"The wavelength of electron when accelerated with same potential is 2.074e-10 m\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 45
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 2,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Problem: 19, Page no: 41"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"B_O1 = (10 - 6) / 2 # Bond Order for O2\n",
"B_O2 = (10 - 7) / 2 # Bond Order for O2-\n",
"\n",
"print \"Bond length of O2- > O2 as Bond order of O2\",\n",
"print \"> Bond order of O2- :\", B_O1 > B_O2\n",
"print \"Both are paramagnetic, because they contain unpaired electrons.\"\n"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"Bond length of O2- > O2 as Bond order of O2 > Bond order of O2- : True\n",
"Both are paramagnetic, because they contain unpaired electrons.\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 51
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 2,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Problem: 20, Page no: 41"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"B_O = (9 - 4) / 2.0 # Bond order of N2+\n",
"\n",
"print \"MO configuration of N2+ is\"\n",
"print \"\u03c3(1s2)\u03c3*(1s2)\u03c3(2s2)\u03c3*(2s2) [\u03c0(2px2) = \u03c0(2py2)] \u03c3(2pz1)\\n\"\n",
"print \"The Bond order of N2+, 1/2[Nb - Na] =\", B_O\n"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"MO configuration of N2+ is\n",
"\u03c3(1s2)\u03c3*(1s2)\u03c3(2s2)\u03c3*(2s2) [\u03c0(2px2) = \u03c0(2py2)] \u03c3(2pz1)\n",
"\n",
"The Bond order of N2+, 1/2[Nb - Na] = 2.5\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 8
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 2,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Problem: 21, Page no: 41"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"# Solution\n",
"v_n = 2 * 5 # number of valence e- in nitrogen\n",
"v_co = 4 + 6 # number of valence e- in CO\n",
"\n",
"print \"The number of valence electrons in N2\", v_n\n",
"print \"The number of valence electrons in CO\", v_co\n"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"The number of valence electrons in N2 10\n",
"The number of valence electrons in CO 10\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 55
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 2,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Problem: 22, Page no: 41"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"print \"O2(+2) [B.O. = 1.0] < O2(-1) [B.O. = 1.5] <\",\n",
"print \"O2 [B.O. = 2.0] < O2(+1) [B.O. =2.5]\"\n"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"O2(+2) [B.O. = 1.0] < O2(-1) [B.O. = 1.5] < O2 [B.O. = 2.0] < O2(+1) [B.O. =2.5]\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 2
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 2,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Problem: 23, Page no: 41"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"print \"The number of electrons in N2-\", (7 + 8)\n",
"print \"The molecular configuration of N2- is\"\n",
"print \"\u03c3(1s2)\u03c3*(1s2)\u03c3(2s2)\u03c3*(2s2) [\u03c0(2px2) = \u03c0(2py2)]\",\n",
"print \"\u03c3(2pz2) [\u03c0*(2px1) = \u03c0*(2py0)] OR [\u03c0*(2px0) = \u03c0*(2py1)]\"\n"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"The number of electrons in N2- 15\n",
"The molecular configuration of N2- is\n",
"\u03c3(1s2)\u03c3*(1s2)\u03c3(2s2)\u03c3*(2s2) [\u03c0(2px2) = \u03c0(2py2)] \u03c3(2pz2) [\u03c0*(2px1) = \u03c0*(2py0)] OR [\u03c0*(2px0) = \u03c0*(2py1)]\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 6
}
],
"metadata": {}
}
]
}