+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Ch-1 : Introduction¶
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+exa 1.1 page 1¶
+
+
+
+
+
+In [25]:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+from __future__ import division
+import numpy as np
+B=100 #W(8Bulb)
+F=60 #W(2Fan)
+L=100 #W(2Light)
+LoadConnected=8*B+2*F+2*L #W
+print "(a) Connected Load = %0.2f W "%LoadConnected
+#12 midnight to 5am
+demand1=1*F #W
+#5am to 7am
+demand2=2*F+1*L #W
+#7am to 9am
+demand3=0 #W
+#9am to 6pm
+demand4=2*F #W
+#6pm to midnight
+demand5=2*F+4*B #W
+DEMAND=np.array([demand1,demand2, demand3, demand4, demand5])
+max_demand=max(DEMAND)
+print "(b) Maximum demand = %0.2f W "%max_demand
+df=max_demand/LoadConnected #demand factor
+print "(c) Demand factor = %0.3f"%df
+E=demand1*5+demand2*2+demand3*2+demand4*9+demand5*6 #Wh
+E=E/1000 #kWh
+print "(d) Energy consumed during 24 hours = %0.2f kWh "%E
+Edash=LoadConnected*24/1000 #kWh
+print "(e) Energy consumed during 24 hours if all devices are used = %0.2f kWh"%Edash
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+exa 1.2 page 3¶
+
+
+
+
+
+In [26]:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+import numpy as np
+LoadA=2.5*1000 #W
+#12 midnight to 5am
+d1A=100 #W
+#5am to 6am
+d2A=1.1*1000 #W
+#6am to 8am
+d3A=200 #W
+#8am to 5pm
+d4A=0 #W
+#5pm to 12 midnight
+d5A=500 #W
+LoadB=3*1000 #W
+#11 pm to 7am
+d1B=0 #W
+#7 am to 8 am
+d2B=300 #W
+#8 am to 10 am
+d3B=1*1000 #W
+#10 am to 6 pm
+d4B=200 #W
+#6 pm to 11 pm
+d5B=600 #W
+DEMAND_A=np.array([d1A, d2A, d3A, d4A, d5A]) #W
+DEMAND_B=np.array([d1B, d2B, d3B, d4B, d5B]) #W
+max_demand_A=max(DEMAND_A) #W
+max_demand_B=max(DEMAND_B) #W
+df_A=max_demand_A/LoadA #demand factor
+df_B=max_demand_B/LoadB #demand factor
+print "Demand factor of consumer A & B are : %0.2f & %0.2f"%(df_A,df_B)
+gd_factor=(max_demand_A+max_demand_B)/max_demand_A
+print "Group diversity factor = %0.3f"%gd_factor
+E_A=d1A*5+d2A*1+d3A*2+d4A*9+d5A*7 #Wh
+E_B=d1B*8+d2B*1+d3B*2+d4B*8+d5B*5 #Wh
+E_A=E_A/1000 #kWh
+E_B=E_B/1000 #kWh
+print "Energy consumed by A & B during 24 hours = %0.2f & %0.2f kWh "%(E_A,E_B)
+Emax_A=max_demand_A*24/1000 #kWh
+Emax_B=max_demand_B*24/1000 #kWh
+print "Maximum energy consumer A & B can consume during 24 hours = %0.2f & %0.2f kWh "%(Emax_A,Emax_B)
+ratio_A=E_A/Emax_A
+ratio_B=E_B/Emax_B
+print "Ratio of actual energy to maximum energy of consumer A & B : %0.4f & %0.4f"%(ratio_A,ratio_B)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+exa 1.3 page 6¶
+
+
+
+
+
+In [27]:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+n1=600 #No. of apartments
+L1=5 #kW#Each Apartment Load
+n2=20 #No. of general purpose shops
+L2=2 #kW#Each Shop Load
+df=0.8 #demand factor
+#1 Floor mill
+L3=10 #kW#Load
+df3=0.7 #demand factor
+#1 Saw mill
+L4=5 #kW#Load
+df4=0.8 #demand factor
+#1 Laundry
+L5=20 #kW#Load
+df5=0.65 #demand factor
+#1 Cinema
+L6=80 #kW#Load
+df6=0.5 #demand factor
+#Street lights
+n7=200 #no. of tube lights
+L7=40 #W#Load of each light
+#Residential Load
+df8=0.5 #demand factor
+gdf_r=3 #group diversity factor
+pdf_r=1.25 #peak diversity factor
+#Commertial Load
+gdf_c=2 #group diversity factor
+pdf_c=1.6 #peak diversity factor
+#Solution :
+#Maximum demand of each apartment
+dmax_1a=L1*df8 #kW
+#Maximum demand of 600 apartment
+dmax_a=n1*dmax_1a/gdf_r #kW
+#demand of apartments at system peak time
+d_a_sp=dmax_a/pdf_r #kW
+#Maximum Commercial demand
+dmax_c=(n2*L2*df+L3*df3+L4*df4+L5*df5+L6*df6)/gdf_c #kW
+#Commercial demand at system peak time
+d_c_sp=dmax_c/pdf_c #kW
+#demand of street light at system peak time
+d_sl_sp=n7*L7/1000 #kW
+#Increase in system peak demand
+DI=d_a_sp+d_c_sp+d_sl_sp #kW
+print "Increase in system peak demand %0.2f kW" %DI,
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+exa 1.4 page 12¶
+
+
+
+
+
+In [28]:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+#12 to 5 am
+L1=20 #MW
+t1=5 #hours
+#5 to 9 am
+L2=40 #MW
+t2=4 #hours
+#9 to 6 pm
+L3=80 #MW
+t3=9 #hours
+#6 to 10 pm
+L4=100 #MW
+t4=4 #hours
+#10 to 12 am
+L5=20 #MW
+t5=2 #hours
+#Energy Poduced in 24 hours
+E=L1*t1+L2*t2+L3*t3+L4*t4+L5*t5 #MWh
+print "Energy Supplied by the plant in 24 hours = %0.2f MWh" %E
+LF=E/24 #%#Load Factor
+print "Load Factor = %0.2f %% "%LF
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+exa 1.5 page 13¶
+
+
+
+
+
+In [29]:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+from __future__ import division
+C=125 #MW#Installed Capacity
+#12 to 5 am
+L1=20 #MW
+t1=5 #hours
+#5 to 9 am
+L2=40 #MW
+t2=4 #hours
+#9 to 6 pm
+L3=80 #MW
+t3=9 #hours
+#6 to 10 pm
+L4=100 #MW
+t4=4 #hours
+#10 to 12 am
+L5=20 #MW
+t5=2 #hours
+#Energy Poduced in 24 hours
+E=L1*t1+L2*t2+L3*t3+L4*t4+L5*t5 #MWh
+LF=E/24 #%#Load Factor
+CF=LF/C #%#Capacity Factor
+print "Capacity Factor = %0.3f" %CF
+UF=100/C #%#Utilisation Factor
+print "Utilisation Factor = %.1f" %UF
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+exa 1.6 page 13¶
+
+
+
+
+
+In [30]:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+%matplotlib inline
+from matplotlib.pyplot import plot, show, title, xlabel, ylabel, subplot
+from numpy import array
+import numpy as np
+#12 to 5 am & 10 to 12 am
+L1=20 #MW
+E1=L1*24 #MWh
+#5 to 9 am
+L2=40 #MW
+E2=E1+(L2-L1)*17 #MWh
+#9 to 6 pm
+L3=80 #MW
+E3=E2+(L3-L2)*13 #MWh
+#6 to 10 pm
+L4=100 #MW
+E4=E3+(L4-L3)*4 #MWh
+#Plotting Energy load curve
+L=np.array([0,L1,L2,L3,L4]) #MW
+E=np.array([0,E1,E2,E3,E4]) #Mwh
+subplot(2,1,1)
+plot(E,L)
+xlabel('Energy(MWh)')
+ylabel('Load(MW)')
+title('Energy Load Curve')
+#Energy Supplied
+#Upto 5am
+t1=5 #hours
+E1=L1*t1 #MWh
+#Upto 9am
+t2=4 #hours
+E2=E1+L2*t2 #MWh
+#Upto 6pm
+t3=9 #hours
+E3=E2+L3*t3 #MWh
+#Upto 10pm
+t4=4 #hours
+E4=E3+L4*t4 #MWh
+#Upto 12pm
+t4=2 #hours
+E4=E3+L4*t4 #MWh
+#Plotting Mass curve
+T=[0,1,2,3,4] #MW
+E=[0,E1,E2,E3,E4] #Mwh
+subplot(2,1,2)
+plot(T,E)
+ylabel('Ener2y(MWh)')
+xlabel('0-1: 12-5am 1-2: 5-9am 2-3: 9-6pm 3-4: 6-10pm above4: 10-12pm')
+title('Mass Curve')
+show()
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+exa 1.7 page 14¶
+
+
+
+
+
+In [31]:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+dmax=40 #MW#Maximum demand
+CF=0.5 #Capacity Factor
+UF=0.8 #Utilisation Factor
+LF=CF/UF #/Load Factor
+print "(a) Load Factor : %0.3f"%LF
+C=dmax/UF #MW#Plant Capacity
+print "(b) Plant Capacity = %0.2f MW "%C
+RC=C-dmax #MW#Reserve Capacity
+print "(c) Reserve Capacity = %0.02f MW "%RC
+p=dmax*LF*24*365 #MWh#Annual Energy Production
+print "(d) Annual Energy Production = %0.2f MWh "%p
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+exa 1.8 page 14¶
+
+
+
+
+
+In [32]:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+from __future__ import division
+%matplotlib inline
+from matplotlib.pyplot import plot, show, title, xlabel, ylabel, subplot
+#from numpy import array
+L1=50 #MW#Initial
+t1=5 #hours
+L2=50 #MW#5am
+t2=4 #hours
+L3=100 #MW#9am
+t3=9 #hours
+L4=100 #MW#6pm
+t4=2 #hours
+L5=150 #MW#8pm
+t5=2 #hours
+L6=80 #MW#10pm
+t6=2 #hours
+L7=50 #MW
+#Energy Required in 24 hours
+E=L1*t1+(L2+L3)/2*t2+(L3+L4)/2*t3+(L4+L5)/2*t4+(L5+L6)/2*t5+(L6+L1)/2*t6 #MWh
+print "Energy required in one day = %0.2f MWh "%E
+DLF=E/L5/24*100 #%#Daily Load Factor
+print "Daily Load Factor = %0.2f %%" %DLF
+#Plotting load curve
+T=np.array([0,1,2,3,4,5,6]) #Slots
+L=np.array([L1,L2,L3,L4,L5,L6,L7]) #MW
+plot(T,L)
+ylabel('Load(MW)')
+xlabel('0-1: 12-5am 1-2: 5-9am 2-3: 9-6pm 3-4: 6-8pm 4-5:8-10pm 5-6 :10-12pm')
+title('Chronological Load Curve')
+show()
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+exa 1.9 page 15¶
+
+
+
+
+
+In [33]:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+%matplotlib inline
+from matplotlib.pyplot import plot, show, title, xlabel, ylabel, subplot
+print "load duration curve in fig1"
+print "the energy consumed upto different times is as "
+a=[0, 5 ,9 ,18, 20, 22, 24] #time in matrix format
+b=[50, 50 ,100 ,100 ,150 ,80 ,50] #load in matrix format
+
+z = range(0,6)
+for x in range (0,6):
+ z[x]=((b[x]+b[x+1])/2)*(a[x+1]-a[x])
+
+et=0
+q = range(0,7)
+m = range(0,7)
+ett = range(0,6)
+for x in range(0,6):
+ et=et+z[x]
+ A=a[(x)]
+ ett[x]=et
+ q[x]=a[x+1]
+ print "\nfrom mid night upto %d,energy=%dMWh"%(A,et)
+n = sorted(range(len(b)), key=lambda k: b[k], reverse=True)
+m = sorted(b, reverse=True)
+print "energy curve in fig 2"
+t=[0, 3.88, 15.88 ,19.88, 23]
+k = range(0,6)
+for j in range(0,6):
+ k[j]=a[(j+1)]
+M =range(0,5)
+#rearranging for mass curve
+for i in range(0,5):
+ M[i] = m[i]
+Q = range(0,6)
+for i in range(0,6):
+ Q[i] = q[i]
+
+
+subplot(121)
+plot(t,M)
+title("load duration")
+xlabel("hours")
+ylabel("MW")
+subplot(122)
+plot(Q,ett)
+title("energy curve")
+xlabel("time")
+ylabel("MWh")
+show()
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+exa 1.10 page 15¶
+
+
+
+
+
+In [34]:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+from __future__ import division
+E=438*10**4 #kWh
+LF=20 #% annual
+CF=15 #%#Capacity Factor
+Lmax=E/(LF/100)/24/365 #kW
+Lmax=Lmax/1000 #MW
+C=Lmax/CF*LF #MW#Plant Capacity
+print "Plant Capacity = %0.2f MW "%C
+RC=C-Lmax #MW#Reserve Capacity
+print "Reserve Capacity = %0.2f MW"%RC
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+exa 1.11 page 16¶
+
+
+
+
+
+In [35]:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+L1=10000 #kW
+L2=6000 #kW
+L3=8000 #kW
+L4=7000 #kW
+df=1.5 #diversity factor
+LF=65 #%#Load Factor
+Dinc=60 #%#Increase in maximum demand
+L=L1+L2+L3+L4 #kW#Sum
+L=L/1000 #MW
+Dmax=L/df #MW
+print "Maximum demand on station = %0.3f MWh " %Dmax
+E=Dmax*365*24*LF/100 #MWh#Annual Energy
+print "Annual Energy Supplied = %0.0f MWh "%E
+Din_max=Dinc/100*Dmax #MW
+C=Dmax+Din_max #MW
+print "Installed Capacity = %0.3f MW"%C
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+exa 1.12 page 16¶
+
+
+
+
+
+In [36]:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+%matplotlib inline
+from matplotlib.pyplot import plot, title, xlabel, ylabel, show
+#Arranging data for Load Duration Curve
+#week days 5-9pm load
+L1=350 #MW
+t1=4*5 #hours
+#week days 8-12am & 1-5pm load
+L2=250 #MW
+t2=t1+8*5 #hours
+#saturday & sunday 5-9pm load
+L3=200 #MW
+t3=t2+4*2 #hours
+#All days 150MW load
+L4=150 #MW
+t4=t3+6*5+15*2 #hours
+#All days 100MW load
+L5=100 #MW
+t5=t4+6*5+5*2 #hours
+A=31600 #Total Load Curve Area
+LF=A/L1/24/7*100 #%#Weekly load factor
+print "Weekly Load factor = %0.2f %%"%LF
+print "Load Duration Curve is shown in figure."
+#Load Duration Curve
+L=[L1 ,L2, L3, L4, L5] #MW
+T=[t1 ,t2 ,t3 ,t4 ,t5] #hours
+plot(T,L)
+title('Load Duration Curve')
+xlabel('Time(Hours)')
+ylabel('Load(MW)')
+show()
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+exa 1.13 page 17¶
+
+
+
+
+
+In [37]:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+LF=0.825 #Daily Load Factor
+ratio1=0.87 #daily peak load to monthly peak load
+ratio2=0.78 #monthly peak load to annually peak load
+LF_annual=LF*ratio1*ratio2 #Annual Load Factor
+print "Annual Load Factor : %0.4f" %LF_annual
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+exa 1.14 page 19¶
+
+
+
+
+
+In [38]:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+#Transformer1
+Lm=300 #kW
+df_m=0.6 #demand factor
+Lc=100 #kW#Commercial Load
+df_c=0.5 #demand factor
+#Transformer2
+Lr2=500 #kW#Residential Load
+df_Lr2=0.4 #demand factor
+#Transformer3
+Lr3=400 #kW
+df_Lr3=0.5 #demand factor
+#Diversity factors
+df1=2.3
+df2=2.5
+df3=2
+DF=1.4 #Diversity factor between transformers
+#Solution :
+print "Part(a)"
+Lp1=(Lm*df_m+Lc*df_c)/df1 #kW#Peak load on Transformer1
+print "Peak load on Transformer1 = %0.2f kW"%Lp1
+Lp2=Lr2*df_Lr2/df2 #kW#Peak load on Transformer2
+print "Peak load on Transformer2 = %0.2f kW"%Lp2
+Lp3=Lr3*df_Lr3/df3 #kW#Peak load on Transformer3
+print "Peak load on Transformer3 = %0.2f kW "%Lp3
+print "Part(b)"
+LpF=(Lp1+Lp2+Lp3)/DF #Peak load on feeder
+print "Peak load on feeder = %0.2f kW "%LpF
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+exa 1.16 page 23¶
+
+
+
+
+
+In [39]:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+L=[20, 25, 30 ,25 ,35 ,20] #MW
+T=[6, 4, 2 ,4 ,4 ,4] #Hours
+Lmax=max(L) #MW
+print "(a) Maximum demand = %0.2f MW "%Lmax
+E=L[0]*sum(T)+(L[1]-L[0])*T[1]+(L[2]-L[0])*T[2]+(L[3]-L[0])*T[3]+(L[4]-L[0])*T[4]+(L[5]-L[0])*T[5] #MWh
+E=E*1000 #kWh
+print "(b) Units generated per day = %0.e kWh "%E
+Lavg=E/sum(T) #/kWh
+Lavg=Lavg/1000 #/MW
+print "(c) Average Load = %0.2f MW "%Lavg
+LF=Lavg/Lmax*100 #%
+print "(d) Load Factor = %0.2f %%" %LF
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+exa 1.17 page 24¶
+
+
+
+
+
+In [40]:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+from math import acos, sin
+pf=0.8 #power factor
+delf=1 #%#drop in frequency(delf/f)
+#delP=-2*(sind(theta))**2*delf
+theta=acos(pf) #degree
+delP_BY_delf=-2*sin(theta)**2 #increase in load wrt frequency
+print "1%% drop in frequency, Increased in Load = %0.2f %%"%-delP_BY_delf
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+exa 1.18 page 24¶
+
+
+
+
+
+In [41]:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Lmax=100 #MW
+LF=40 #%#Load Factor
+Lavg=Lmax*LF/100 #MW
+E=Lavg*24*365 #MWh
+print "Energy generated in a year = %0.f MWh "%E
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+exa 1.19 page 25¶
+
+
+
+
+
+In [42]:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+from math import sqrt
+V=400 #V
+s1=0.03 #initial slip
+delV=1 #%#/Voltage Drop
+R1=0.290 #ohm/phase
+R2=0.15 #ohm/phase
+X=0.7 #ohm/phase(X1+X2)
+#V1**2*s1=V2**2*s2 for speed independent torque
+#taking for calculating s2
+V1=1 #V
+V2=V1-V1*delV/100 #V
+s2=V1**2/V2**2*s1 #slip
+I2ByI1=sqrt((R1+R2/s1)**2+X**2)/sqrt((R1+R2/s2)**2+X**2)*(V2/V1)
+delI=(I2ByI1-1)*100 #%#Current Increase
+print "1%% drop in Voltage increases current by = %0.2f %%"%delI
+#P=(R1+R2/s)*I**2
+P2ByP1=(R1+R2/s2)/(R1+R2/s1)*I2ByI1**2 #ratio
+delP=(1-P2ByP1)*100 #%#Power Decrease
+print "1%% drop in Voltage decreases power input by = %0.1f %%"%delP
+#Answer in the textbook is not accurate.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+