From d36fc3b8f88cc3108ffff6151e376b619b9abb01 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: kinitrupti Date: Fri, 12 May 2017 18:40:35 +0530 Subject: Revised list of TBCs --- .../Chapter6.ipynb | 714 +++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 714 insertions(+) create mode 100755 backup/ELECTRICAL_ENGINEERING_MATERIALS_by_R.K.Shukla_version_backup/Chapter6.ipynb (limited to 'backup/ELECTRICAL_ENGINEERING_MATERIALS_by_R.K.Shukla_version_backup/Chapter6.ipynb') diff --git a/backup/ELECTRICAL_ENGINEERING_MATERIALS_by_R.K.Shukla_version_backup/Chapter6.ipynb b/backup/ELECTRICAL_ENGINEERING_MATERIALS_by_R.K.Shukla_version_backup/Chapter6.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..c434a941 --- /dev/null +++ b/backup/ELECTRICAL_ENGINEERING_MATERIALS_by_R.K.Shukla_version_backup/Chapter6.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,714 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter 6:Electrical Conducting and Insulating Materials" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Example 6.1,Page No:6.8" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "temperature coefficient =0.00082 K**-1\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#variable declaration\n", + "R75 = 57.2; #resistance at 75 C in Ω\n", + "R25 = 55; #resistance at 25 C in Ω\n", + "t1 = 25; #temperature in C\n", + "t2 = 75 # temperature in C\n", + "\n", + "#formula\n", + "#Rt = R0*(1+(alpha*t))\n", + "#calculation\n", + "alpha = (R25-R75)/float((25*R75)-(75*R25)); #temperature cofficient\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#result\n", + "print'temperature coefficient =%3.5f'%alpha,'K**-1';\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Example 6.2,Page No:6.9" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "temperature coefficient of resistance =65.06 °C\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#variable declaration\n", + "R1 = 50; #resistance in ohm at temperature 15°C\n", + "R2 = 60; # resistance in ohm temperature 15°C\n", + "t1 = 15; #temperature in °C\n", + "alpha = 0.00425; #temperature coefficient of resistance\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#formula\n", + "#Rt = R0*(1+(alpha*t))\n", + "#Rt1/Rt2 = R0*(1+(alpha*t1))/R0*(1+(alpha*t2))\n", + "#calculation\n", + "R = R2/float(R1); #resistance in Ω\n", + "X = 1+(alpha*t1);\n", + "t2 = ((R*X)-1)/float(alpha); #temperature coefficient of resistance in °C\n", + " \n", + " \n", + "\n", + "#result\n", + "print'temperature coefficient of resistance =%3.2f'%t2,'°C';" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Example 6.3,Page No:6.9" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 3, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Hence temperature under normal condition is 3320.00 °C\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#variable declaration\n", + "t1 = 20; #temperature in °C\n", + "alpha = 5*10**-3; #average temperature coefficient at 20°C \n", + "R1 = 8; #resistance in Ω\n", + "R2 = 140; #resistaance in Ω\n", + " \n", + " \n", + "#calculation\n", + "t2 = t1+((R2-R1)/float(R1*alpha)); #temperature in °C\n", + " \n", + "#result\n", + "print'Hence temperature under normal condition is %3.2f'%t2,'°C';\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Example 6.4,Page No:6.10" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 4, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "resistivity=4.80e-05 Ω-m\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#variable declaration\n", + "l = 100; #length in cm\n", + "d = 0.008; #diameter of wire in cm\n", + "R = 95.5; #resistance in Ω\n", + "d = 0.008; #diameter in cm\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#formula\n", + "#R=p*l/A\n", + "#calculation\n", + "A = (math.pi*d*d)/float(4); #cross-sectional area\n", + "p = (R*A)/float(l); #resistivity of wire in Ω-cm\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#result\n", + "print'resistivity=%3.2e'%p,'Ω-m';" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Example 6.5,Page No:6.10" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 5, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "percentage conductivity=93.59 %\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#variable declaration\n", + "R0 =17.5; #resistance at 0 degree c in Ω\n", + "alpha =0.00428; #temperature coefficient of copper in per °C\n", + "t =16; #temperature in °C\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#calculations\n", + "Rt = R0*(1+(alpha*t)); #resistance at 16 °C\n", + "P = (R0/float(Rt))*100; #percentage conductivity at 16 °C\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#result\n", + "print'percentage conductivity=%3.2f'%P,'%';" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Example 6.10,Page No:6.30" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 6, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "insulation resistance= 16 Ω\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#variable declaration\n", + "l = 60; #length in m\n", + "r2 = 38/float(2); #radius of outer cylinder in m\n", + "r1 = 18/float(2); #radius of inner cylinder in m\n", + "p = 8000; #specific resistance in Ω-m\n", + "\n", + "#calculation\n", + "R = (p/float(2*math.pi*l))*math.log(r2/float(r1)); #insulation resistance of liquid resistor in Ω\n", + "\n", + "#result\n", + "print'insulation resistance=%3.0f '%R,'Ω';" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Example 6.11,Page No:6.30" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 7, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "resistivity=3.358e+13 Ω-m\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#variable declaration\n", + "d1 = 0.0018; #inner diameter in m\n", + "d2 = 0.005; # outer diameter in m\n", + "R = 1820*10**6; #insulation resistance in Ω\n", + "l = 3000; #length in m\n", + "\n", + "#calculations\n", + "r1 = d1/float(2); #inner radius in m\n", + "r2 = d2/float(2); #outer radius in m\n", + "p = (2*math.pi*l*R)/float(math.log(r2/float(r1))); #resistivity of dielectric in Ω-m\n", + " \n", + "#result\n", + "print'resistivity=%3.3e'%p,'Ω-m';" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Example 6.12,Page No:6.31" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 8, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "insulation resistance =1.606537e+08 Ω\n", + " Note: calculation mistake in textbook in calculating insulating resistance\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#variable declaration\n", + "d1 = 0.05; #inner diametr in m\n", + "d2 = 0.07; #outer diameter in m \n", + "l = 2000; #length in m\n", + "p = 6*10**12; #specific resistance in Ω-m\n", + " \n", + "#calculations\n", + "r1 = d1/float(2); #inner radius in m\n", + "r2 = d2/float(2); #outer radius in m\n", + "R = (p/float(2*math.pi*l))*(math.log(r2/float(r1))); #insulation resistance\n", + " \n", + " \n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#result\n", + "print'insulation resistance =%1e'%R,'Ω';\n", + "print' Note: calculation mistake in textbook in calculating insulating resistance';" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Example 6.13,Page No:6.31" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 9, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "capacitance =2.68e-10 F\n", + " charge=6.696e-06 C\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#variable declaration\n", + "a = 110*10**-3; #area in m**2\n", + "d = 2; #thickness in mm\n", + "er = 5; #relative permitivity\n", + "E = 12.5*10**3; #electric field strength in V/mm\n", + "e0 = 8.854*10**-12; #charge of electron in coulombs\n", + " \n", + " \n", + "#calculations\n", + "A = a*a; #area in m**2\n", + "C = e0*((er*A)/float(d*10**-3)) #capacitance in F\n", + "V = E*(d);\n", + "Q = (C)*(V) #charge on capacitor in C\n", + " \n", + "#result\n", + "print'capacitance =%3.2e'%C,'F';\n", + "print' charge=%3.3e'%Q,'C';" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Example 6.14,Page No:6.31" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 10, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "charge=7.50e-02 C\n", + " electric flux=75.000 mc\n", + " electric flux density=5.21 c/m**2\n", + " electric field strength=1.000e+06 V/m\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#variable declaration\n", + "I = 15*10**-3; #current in A\n", + "t = 5; #time in s\n", + "V = 1000; #voltage in volts\n", + "d = 10**-3; #thickness in m\n", + "a = 120*10**-3;\n", + "\n", + "#calculation\n", + "A = a**2 #area in m**2\n", + "Q = I*t; #charge on capacitor in C\n", + "#since charge and electric field are equal\n", + "phi = Q; #electric flux in mc\n", + "D = Q/float(A); #electric flux density in c/m**2\n", + "E = V/float(d); #electric field strength in dielectric\n", + "\n", + "#result\n", + "print'charge=%3.2e'%Q,'C';\n", + "print' electric flux=%4.3f'%(phi*10**3),'mc';\n", + "print' electric flux density=%3.2f'%D,'c/m**2';\n", + "print' electric field strength=%2.3e'%E,'V/m';\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Example 6.15,Page No:6.32" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 11, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "capacitance=7.0124e-09 F\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#variable declaration\n", + "n = 12; #number of plates\n", + "er = 4; #relative permitivty \n", + "d = 1.0*10**-3; #distance between plates in m\n", + "A = 120*150*10**-6; #area in m**2\n", + "e0 = 8.854*10**-12; # in F/m\n", + "\n", + "#calculation\n", + "c = (n-1)*e0*er*A/float(d); #capacitance in F\n", + " \n", + "#result\n", + "print'capacitance=%3.4e'%c,'F';" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Example 6.16,Page No:6.32" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 12, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "thickness=0.82 mm\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#variable declaration\n", + "e0 = 40000; #dielectric strength in volts/m\n", + "d = 33000; #thickness in kV\n", + "\n", + "#calculations\n", + "t = d/float(e0); #required thickness of insulation in mm\n", + " \n", + "#result\n", + "print'thickness=%3.2f'%t,'mm';\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "#Example 6.17,Page No:6.32" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 13, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "area = 1.30 m**2\n", + " breakdown voltage=1.8e+04 V\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "#variable declaration\n", + "C = 0.03*10**-6; #capacitance in F\n", + "d = 0.001; #thickness in m\n", + "er = 2.6; #dielectric constant\n", + "e0 = 8.85*10**-12; #dielectric strength \n", + "E0 = 1.8*10**7 \n", + " \n", + "#formula\n", + "#C=e0*er*A/d\n", + "#e0=v/d\n", + "#calculation\n", + "A = (C*d)/float(e0*er); #area of dielectric needed in m**2\n", + "Vb = E0*d; #breakdown voltage in m\n", + "\n", + "#result\n", + "print'area = %3.2f'%A,'m**2';\n", + "print' breakdown voltage=%3.1e'%Vb,'V';" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Example 6.18,Page No:6.33" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 14, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "dielectric loss=5684.1 watts\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#variable declaration\n", + "C = 0.035*10**-6; #capacitance in F\n", + "tangent = 5*10**-4; #power factor \n", + "f = 25*10**3; #frequency in Hz\n", + "I = 250; #current in A\n", + " \n", + " \n", + "#calculation\n", + "V = I/float(2*math.pi*f*C) #voltage across capacitor in volts\n", + "P = V*I*tangent; #dielectric loss in watts\n", + "\n", + "#result\n", + "print'dielectric loss=%3.1f'%P,'watts';\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Example 6.19,Page No:6.33" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 15, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "area=1.129433e-02 m**2\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#variable declaration\n", + "Q = 20*10**-6; #charge of electron in coulomb\n", + "V = 10*10**3; #potential in V\n", + "e0 = 8.854*10**-12; #absolute permitivity\n", + "d = 5*10**-4; #separation between plates in m\n", + "er = 10; #dielectric constant\n", + "\n", + "#formula\n", + "#Q=CV\n", + "#C=er*e0*A/d\n", + "C = Q/float(V);\n", + "A = (C*d)/float(er*e0); #area in m**2\n", + " \n", + "#result\n", + "print'area=%1e'%A,'m**2';" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Example 6.20,Page No:6.35" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 16, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "electrial conductivity=2.53e+07 (Ω-m)**-1\n", + "lorentz number = 185.33 W/mK\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#variable declaration\n", + "n = 3.0*10**28; #number of electrons per m**3\n", + "t = 3*10**-14; #time in s\n", + "m = 9.1*10**-31; #mass of electron in kg\n", + "L = 2.44*10**-8; #lorentz number in ohm W/K**2\n", + "T = 300; #temperature in kelvin \n", + "e = 1.6*10**-19; #charge of electron in coulomb\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#calculation\n", + "sigma = (n*(e**2)*t)/float(m); #electrical conductivity in (ohm-m)**-1\n", + "K = sigma*T*L;\n", + " \n", + "#result\n", + "print'electrial conductivity=%3.2e'%sigma,'(Ω-m)**-1';\n", + "print'lorentz number = %3.2f'%K,'W/mK';\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], + "source": [] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.6" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} -- cgit