From b8bb8bbfa81499ad7fc3f3508be257da65f543af Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: nice Date: Tue, 16 Sep 2014 17:48:17 +0530 Subject: updating repo --- Principles_of_Power_System/chapter5_1.ipynb | 762 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 762 insertions(+) create mode 100644 Principles_of_Power_System/chapter5_1.ipynb (limited to 'Principles_of_Power_System/chapter5_1.ipynb') diff --git a/Principles_of_Power_System/chapter5_1.ipynb b/Principles_of_Power_System/chapter5_1.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..195b1538 --- /dev/null +++ b/Principles_of_Power_System/chapter5_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,762 @@ +{ + "metadata": { + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:95fdfaa4e5e5dbdce2d60b65f4e1e462efff574f2746529cb62b6b5d733a0dc4" + }, + "nbformat": 3, + "nbformat_minor": 0, + "worksheets": [ + { + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Chapter 5: Tariff" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 3, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 5.1, Page Number: 91" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "#Variable declaration:\n", + "M = 200 #max demand(kW)\n", + "LF = 0.4 #load factor\n", + "c1 = 100 #tarif(Rs/kW)\n", + "c2 = 10 #tariff(pais/kWh)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation:\n", + "E = M*LF*8760 #units consumed/year\n", + "T = c1*M+E*c2/100 #annual charges(Rs)\n", + "OC = T/E #overall cost(Rs/kWh)\n", + "\n", + "#Results:\n", + "print \"Overall cost per kWh is \",round(OC*100,2),\"paise\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Overall cost per kWh is 12.85 paise\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 5 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 3, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 5.2, Page Number: 91" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration:\n", + "V = 220 #voltage(V)\n", + "I = 20 #current(A)\n", + "E = 8760 #kWh\n", + "c1 = 20 #tariff part1(paise/unit for 500hrs)\n", + "c2 = 10 #tariff part2 for additional unit(paise/unit)\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation:\n", + "#assuming power factor to be unity.\n", + "M = V*I/1000 #max demand(kW)\n", + "\n", + "#part (i):\n", + "E1 = M*500 #kWh\n", + "C1 = c1*E1/100 #Rs\n", + "E2 = E-E1 #kWh\n", + "C2 = 10*E2/100 #kWh\n", + "T = C1+C2 #total annual bill(Rs)\n", + "T2 = T/E #equivalent flat rate(Rs/kWh)\n", + "\n", + "#Results:\n", + "print \"(i) Annual bill is Rs\",T\n", + "print \"(ii)Eqv flat rate is \",round(T2*100,1),\"paise\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "(i) Annual bill is Rs 1096.0\n", + "(ii)Eqv flat rate is 12.5 paise\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 6 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 3, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 5.3, Page Number: 92" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "from sympy import *\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration:\n", + "\n", + "#for tariff (a):\n", + "c1 = 100 #tariff part1(Rs)\n", + "c11 = 15 #tariff part2(paise/kWh)\n", + "\n", + "#for tariff (b):\n", + "c2 = 30 #paise/kWh\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation:\n", + "#Let x be the number of units at which charges \n", + "#due to both tariffs become equal.\n", + "\n", + "x = symbols('x')\n", + "x1 = solve(c1+c11*x/100 - c2*x/100 , x)[0]\n", + "\n", + "#Results:\n", + "print \"Tariff(a) is economical if consumption is more than\",round(float(x1),2),\"units.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Tariff(a) is economical if consumption is more than 666.67 units.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 7 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 3, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 5.4, Page Number: 92" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "from sympy import *\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration:\n", + "#for 1t tariff:\n", + "c11 = 30 #Rs/annum\n", + "c12 = 3 #paise/unit\n", + "\n", + "#for 2nd tariff:\n", + "c21 = 6 #paise/unit for 1st 400 units\n", + "c22 = 5 #paise/unit for extra units\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation:\n", + "#Let x (> 400) be the number of units taken per annum \n", + "#for which the annual charges due to both tariffs become equal.\n", + "\n", + "x=symbols('x')\n", + "T1 = c11+c12*x/100 #charges due to 1st tariff(Rs)\n", + "T2 = c21*400/100+c22*(x-400)/100 #charges due to 2nd tariff(Rs)\n", + "x1 = solve(T1-T2,x)[0]\n", + "\n", + "#Results:\n", + "print \"Required no. of units are \",round(x1),\"kWh\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Required no. of units are 1300.0 kWh\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 8 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 3, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 5.5, Page Number: 92" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "#Variable declaration:\n", + "M = 50 #max load on the station(MW)\n", + "AD = 75 #aggregate demand by consumers(MW)\n", + "E = 18*10**7 #units/annum\n", + "\n", + "#for annual fixed charges:\n", + "c11 = 28*10**5 #for generation(Rs)\n", + "c12 = 32*10**5 #for transmission & distribution(Rs)\n", + "c13 = 90*10**5 #for fuel(Rs)\n", + "\n", + "#for running charges:\n", + "c21 = 0.9*90*10**5 #fuel cost(Rs)\n", + "r = 85 #% of power transmitted\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation:\n", + "T1 = c11+c12+c13*0.1 #10% of fuel used for fixed charges(Rs)\n", + "C1 = T1/(AD*10**3) #Rs/kW\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "E1 = r*E/100 #units delivered to consumers\n", + "C2 = c21/E1 #cost per kWh\n", + "\n", + "#Results:\n", + "print \"Tariff is\",C1 ,\"Rs/kW of maximum demand plus\",round(C2*100,1),\"paise per kWh.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Tariff is 92.0 Rs/kW of maximum demand plus 5.3 paise per kWh.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 9 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 3, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 5.6, Page Number: 93" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration:\n", + "M = 75*10**3 #Max emand(kW)\n", + "LF = 0.4 #load factor\n", + "\n", + "c1 = 60 #1st part of generating cost(Rs/kW)\n", + "c2 = 4 #2nd part of generating cost(paise/kW)\n", + "\n", + "CT = 2000000 #annual capital charges for transmission system(Rs)\n", + "CD = 1500000 #annual capital charges for distribution system(Rs)\n", + "\n", + "dt = 1.2 #diversity factor of tr. system\n", + "dd = 1.25 #diversity factor of tr. system\n", + "\n", + "nt = 0.9 #efficiency of tr system\n", + "nd = 0.85 ##efficiency of distribution system\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation:\n", + "#(i) Cost at substation:\n", + "#(a)Annual fixed charges:\n", + "\n", + "Tafc1 = c1*M+CT #total annual fixed cost(Rs)\n", + "S1 = M*dt #sum of all the max demands(kW)\n", + "AC1 = Tafc1/S1 #Annual cost per kW of max. demand(Rs)\n", + "\n", + "#(b) Running Charges:\n", + "Cs1 = c2/nt #Cost/kWh at substation(paise)\n", + "\n", + "#(ii) Cost at consumer\u2019s premises:\n", + "Tafc2 = Tafc1+CD #Total annual fixed charges at consumer\u2019s premises(Rs)\n", + "S2 = S1*dd #sum of of maximum demands of all consumers(kW)\n", + "AC2 = Tafc2/S2 #Annual cost per kW of maximum demand(Rs)\n", + "#As the distribution efficiency is 85%, therefore, for each kWh delivered from\n", + "#substation, only 0\u00b785 kWh reaches the consumer\u2019s premises\n", + "Cs2 = Cs1/nd #Cost/kWh at consumer premises(paise)\n", + "\n", + "#Result:\n", + "print \"(i)At sub-station, the cost is Rs\",round(AC1,2),\"per annum per kW maximum demand \"\n", + "print \" plus\",round(Cs1,2),\"paise per kWh\"\n", + "print \"\\n(ii)At consumer\u2019s premises, the cost is\",round(AC2,2),\"per annum per kW maximum demand\"\n", + "print \" plus\",round(Cs2,2),\"paise per kWh.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "(i)At sub-station, the cost is Rs 72.22 per annum per kW maximum demand \n", + " plus 4.44 paise per kWh\n", + "\n", + "(ii)At consumer\u2019s premises, the cost is 71.11 per annum per kW maximum demand\n", + " plus 5.23 paise per kWh.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 10 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 3, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 5.7, Page Number: 94" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "from sympy import *\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration:\n", + "# Fixed charges Running charges #Station \n", + "# (per kW) (paise/kWh)\n", + "Cf1 = 300; Cr1 = 25 #Diesel \n", + "Cf2 = 1200; Cr2 = 6.25 #Steam \n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation:\n", + "#Suppose energy supplied in one year is 100 units i.e., 100 kWh.\n", + "\n", + "#Diesel Station:\n", + "L = symbols('L') #load factor\n", + "E = 100 #kWh(say)\n", + "P = E/8760 #avg power, kW\n", + "M = P/L #max deamnd(kW)\n", + "C1 = Cf1*M+E*Cr1/100 #Fixed and running charges for 100 kWh\n", + "\n", + "#Steam station\n", + "C2 = Cf2*M+E*Cr2/100 #Fixed and running charges for 100 kWh\n", + "\n", + "L1 = solve(C1-C2,L)[0]\n", + "\n", + "#Result:\n", + "print \"The load fctor is \",round(L1*100,2),\"%\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The load fctor is 54.79 %\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 11 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 3, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 5.8, Page Number: 95" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "#Variable declaration:\n", + "M = 100 #max demand(kW)\n", + "LF = 0.6 #load factor\n", + "pf = 0.8 #power factor\n", + "c1 = 75 #1st part tariff(Rs/kVA)\n", + "c2 = 15 #2nd part tariff(paise/kWh)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation:\n", + "E = M*LF*8760 #units consumed/year\n", + "M1 = M/pf #max demand in kVA\n", + "AB = M1*c1+E*c2/100 #annual bill(Rs)\n", + "\n", + "#Result:\n", + "print \"Annual bill is Rs\",AB" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Annual bill is Rs 88215.0\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 12 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 3, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 5.9, Page Number: 95" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "#Variable declaration:\n", + "M = 240 #max load(kW)\n", + "pf = 0.8 #power factor\n", + "E = 50000 #annual units consumption(kW)\n", + "c1 = 50 #1st part tariff(Rs/KVA)\n", + "c2 = 10 #2nd part tariff(paise/unit)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation:\n", + "M1 = M/pf #KVA\n", + "AB = M1*c1+E*c2/100 #annual bill(Rs)\n", + "FR = AB/E #Rs\n", + "\n", + "#now\n", + "pf1 = 1\n", + "M2 = M\n", + "AB1 = M2*c1+E*c2/100 #Rs\n", + "S = AB-AB1 #annual saving(Rs)\n", + "\n", + "#Result:\n", + "print \"Flat rate of energy consumption is \",FR*100,\"paise\"\n", + "print \"Annual saving is Rs\",S" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Flat rate of energy consumption is 40.0 paise\n", + "Annual saving is Rs 3000.0\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 13 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 3, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 5.10, Page Number: 96" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration:\n", + "M = 50 #max demand(kW)\n", + "E = 36000 #energy consume(kWh)\n", + "R = 23400 #reactive power(KVAR)\n", + "c1 = 80 #1st part tariff(Rs/kW)\n", + "c2 = 8 #2nd part tariff(paise/unit)\n", + "c3 = 0.5 #3rd part tariff(p/kWh)for each 1% of pf below 86%\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation:\n", + "L = E/(24*30) #avg load(kW)\n", + "RP = R/(24*30) #avg reactive power(kVAR)\n", + "\n", + "theta = math.atan(RP/L) #power factor angle\n", + "pf = math.cos(theta) \n", + "PFS = E*c3*(0.86-pf) #power factor surcharge(Rs)\n", + "MB = c1*L+c2*E/100+PFS #monthly bill(Rs)\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#Result:\n", + "print \"The monthly bill is Rs\",round(MB,1)" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The monthly bill is Rs 7268.0\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 1 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 3, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 5.11, Page Number: 96" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "#Variable declaration:\n", + "c1 = 150 #1st part tariff(Rs/KVA)\n", + "c2 = 8 #2nd part tariff(paise/unit)\n", + "LF = 0.3 #load factor\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation:\n", + "#suppose max demand is 1kVA\n", + "\n", + "#(i)When p.f. is unity:\n", + "pf = 1\n", + "OC1 = c1*100/(8760*LF)+c2 #operating cost(Rs)\n", + "\n", + "#(ii) When p.f. is 0\u00b77\n", + "pf1 = 0.7\n", + "OC2 = c1*100/(8760*LF*pf1)+c2 #operating cost(Rs)\n", + "\n", + "#Result:\n", + "print \"At unity p. f., overall cost is Rs\",round(OC1,2)\n", + "print \"At 0.7 p. f., overall cost is Rs\",round(OC2,2)" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "At unity p. f., overall cost is Rs 13.71\n", + "At 0.7 p. f., overall cost is Rs 16.15\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 15 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 3, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 5.12, Page Number: 97" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#variable declaration\n", + "L = 200 #avg load(kW)\n", + "pf = 0.8 #power factor\n", + "M = 250 #max demand(kW)\n", + "l = 4 #losses(%)\n", + "r = 12 #interest & depreciation(%)\n", + "C = 50 #high voltage equipment cost(Rs)\n", + "t = 8 #working hours\n", + "n = 300 #no. of working working\n", + "\n", + "#for system(i)high voltage supply:\n", + "c11 = 5 #1st part tariff(paise/unit)\n", + "c12 = 4.50 #2nd part tariff(per month per kVA)\n", + "\n", + "#for system(ii)low voltage supply:\n", + "c21 = 5.5 #1st part tariff(paise/unit)\n", + "c22 = 5 #2nd part tariff(Rs per month per kVA)\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation:\n", + "#(i) High voltage supply:\n", + "\n", + "M1 = M/pf #Max. demand in kVA\n", + "#As the losses in h.v. equipment are 4%, therefore, \n", + "#capacity of h.v. equipment:\n", + "Cap = round(M1/(1-l/100),1) #capacity of h.v. equipment(kVA)\n", + "C1 = C*Cap #Capital investment on h.v. equipment(Rs)\n", + "E1 = L*t*n/(1-l/100) #units consumed(kWh)\n", + "T1 = C1*r/100+Cap*c12*12+c11*E1/100 #Total annual cost(Rs)\n", + "\n", + "#(i) low voltage supply:\n", + "M2 = M/pf #Max. demand in kVA\n", + "E2 = L*t*n #units consumed(kWh)\n", + "T2 = M2*c22*12+E2*c21/100 #kWh\n", + "\n", + "T = T2 - T1\n", + "\n", + "#Results:\n", + "print \"Difference in the annual costs of two systems is Rs\",T\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Difference in the annual costs of two systems is Rs 620.0\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 16 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 3, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 5.13, Page Number: 97" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration:\n", + "#(i) Purchasing diesel set:\n", + "M1 = 1000 #kW\n", + "C1 = 400 #Rs/kW\n", + "r1 = 10 #annual interest depreciation(%)\n", + "c11 = 75 #Rs/kW\n", + "c12 = 5 #paise/unit\n", + "\n", + "#(ii) Purchasing from grid supply:\n", + "r1 = 10 #annual interest depreciation(%)\n", + "c21 =120 #Rs/kW\n", + "c22 = 3 #paise/unit\n", + "#after 2 years:\n", + "M2 = 2500 #kW\n", + "E = 5.5*10**6 #units reached\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation:\n", + "#(i) Purchasing diesel set:\n", + "CC = M1*C1 #Rs\n", + "#The present capacity of the station is 2000 kW and the expected\n", + "#maximum demand after two years is 2500 kW.\n", + "P = 2500-2000 #extra power to be generated(kW)\n", + "T1 = CC*r1/100+P*c11+E*c12/100 #total annual cost(Rs)\n", + "\n", + "#(ii) Purchasing from grid supply:\n", + "T2 = P*c21+E*c22/100 #total annual cost(Rs)\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#Result:\n", + "print \"Alternative (ii) is cheaper by Rs\",T1-T2,\"per annum\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Alternative (ii) is cheaper by Rs 127500.0 per annum\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 17 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 3, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 5.14, Page Number: 98" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "from pylab import *\n", + "from sympy import *\n", + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration:\n", + "#H.V supply:\n", + "c11 = 70 #1st part tariff(Rs/kVA)\n", + "c12 = 3 #2nd part tariff(paise/kWh)\n", + "\n", + "#L.V supply:\n", + "c21 = 65 #1st part tariff(Rs/kVA)\n", + "c22 = 4 #2nd part tariff(paise/kWh)\n", + "\n", + "c = 50 #cost of transformer & switchgear for HV side(Rs/kVA)\n", + "r1= 2 #transformer losses(%)\n", + "r2 = 15 #annual fixed charges(%) of transformer & switchgear\n", + "n = 6 #no of working hours\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation:\n", + "(x,y) = symbols('x y') #say x = Factory load in kW\n", + " #y = No. of working days above which H.V.\n", + " #supply is cheaper\n", + "#for HV side: \n", + "r = x*round(1/(1-r1/100),4) #rating of transformer & switchgear(kVA)\n", + "E1 = x*y*round(n*1/(1-r1/100),2) #units consumed per annnum\n", + "T11 = x*math.floor(1/(1-r1/100)*c11*100)/100+x*round(1/(1-r1/100)*r2*c/100,2) #total fixed charges(Rs)\n", + "T12 = E1*c12/100 #total running charges(Rs)\n", + "T1 = T11+T12 #total annual charges(Rs)\n", + "\n", + "#for LV side:\n", + "E2 = x*y*n #units consumed per annnum\n", + "T21 = c21*x #total fixed charges(Rs)\n", + "T22 = c22*E2/100 #total running charges(Rs)\n", + "T2 = T21+T22 #total annual charges(Rs)\n", + "y11 = solve(T1-T2,y)[0]\n", + "\n", + "#Result:\n", + "print \"If the factory is run for more than\",math.floor(y11),'days' #the ans. is different from that in book\n", + "print \"then H. V. supply will be cheaper.\" #due to calculation using improper rounding." + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "If the factory is run for more than 249.0 days\n", + "then H. V. supply will be cheaper.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 2 + } + ], + "metadata": {} + } + ] +} \ No newline at end of file -- cgit