From f270f72badd9c61d48f290c3396004802841b9df Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: kinitrupti Date: Fri, 12 May 2017 18:53:46 +0530 Subject: Removed duplicates --- Engineering_Physics_by_V_Rajendran/Chapter18.ipynb | 582 +++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 582 insertions(+) create mode 100755 Engineering_Physics_by_V_Rajendran/Chapter18.ipynb (limited to 'Engineering_Physics_by_V_Rajendran/Chapter18.ipynb') diff --git a/Engineering_Physics_by_V_Rajendran/Chapter18.ipynb b/Engineering_Physics_by_V_Rajendran/Chapter18.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..25c14fca --- /dev/null +++ b/Engineering_Physics_by_V_Rajendran/Chapter18.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,582 @@ +{ + "metadata": { + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:b2d7b45e6d7157611952afeb132c76e4391a2a303ceb4704e095dc42c36f50c3" + }, + "nbformat": 3, + "nbformat_minor": 0, + "worksheets": [ + { + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "18: Transport properties of semiconductors" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example number 18.1, Page number 26" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "T=300; #temperature(K)\n", + "mew_e=0.4; #electron mobility(m**2/Vs)\n", + "mew_h=0.2; #hole mobility(m**2/Vs)\n", + "Eg=0.7; #band gap(eV)\n", + "m0=9.1*10**-31; #mass of electron(kg)\n", + "mestar=0.55*m0; #electron effective mass(kg)\n", + "mhstar=0.37*m0; #hole effective mass(kg)\n", + "k=1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n", + "h=6.626*10**-34; #planck's constant\n", + "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge of electron(c)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "a=(2*math.pi*k*T/(h**2))**(3/2);\n", + "Eg=Eg*e; #band gap(J)\n", + "b=-Eg/(k*T); \n", + "ni=2*a*((mhstar*mestar)**(3/4))*math.exp(b); #intrinsic concentration(per m**3)\n", + "sigma=ni*e*(mew_e+mew_h); #intrinsic conductivity(per ohm m)\n", + "rho=1/sigma; #intrinsic resistivity(ohm m)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"intrinsic concentration is\",round(ni/10**13,3),\"*10**13 per m**3\"\n", + "print \"intrinsic conductivity is\",round(sigma*10**6,3),\"*10**-6 per ohm m\"\n", + "print \"intrinsic resistivity is\",round(rho/10**6,2),\"*10**6 ohm m\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "intrinsic concentration is 1.352 *10**13 per m**3\n", + "intrinsic conductivity is 1.298 *10**-6 per ohm m\n", + "intrinsic resistivity is 0.77 *10**6 ohm m\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 5 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example number 18.2, Page number 26" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "T=300; #temperature(K)\n", + "k=1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n", + "Nd=10**16; #donor concentration(per cm**3)\n", + "ni=1.45*10**10; #intrinsic concentration(per cm**3)\n", + "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge of electron(c)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "Efd_Efi=k*T*math.log(Nd/ni); #fermi energy(J)\n", + "Efd_Efi=Efd_Efi/e; #fermi energy(eV)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"fermi energy is\",round(Efd_Efi,3),\"eV\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "fermi energy is 0.348 eV\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 9 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example number 18.3, Page number 27" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "mew_e=1.35; #electron mobility(m**2/Vs)\n", + "mew_h=0.45; #hole mobility(m**2/Vs)\n", + "ni=1.45*10**13; #intrinsic concentration(per m**3)\n", + "NSi=5*10**28; #atomic concentration(per m**3)\n", + "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge of electron(c)\n", + "LbyA=1; #Si crystal(cm**3)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "sigmai=ni*e*(mew_e+mew_h); #intrinsic conductivity(per ohm m)\n", + "rho=1/sigmai; #intrinsic resistivity(ohm m)\n", + "LbyA=LbyA*10**2; #Si crystal(m**3)\n", + "R1=rho*LbyA; #resistance(ohm)\n", + "Nd=NSi/10**9; #donor concentration(per m**3)\n", + "p=(ni**2)/Nd; #hole concentration(per m**3)\n", + "sigma=Nd*e*mew_e; #conductivity(per ohm m)\n", + "R2=(1/sigma)*100; #resistance(ohm) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"resistance of 1cm**3 pure Si crystal is\",round(R1/10**7,2),\"*10**7 ohm\"\n", + "print \"resistance when crystal is doped with arsenic is\",round(R2,2),\"ohm\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "resistance of 1cm**3 pure Si crystal is 2.39 *10**7 ohm\n", + "resistance when crystal is doped with arsenic is 9.26 ohm\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 13 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example number 18.4, Page number 28" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "T=300; #temperature(K)\n", + "rho=2.12; #resistivity(ohm m)\n", + "mew_e=0.36; #electron mobility(m**2/Vs)\n", + "mew_h=0.17; #hole mobility(m**2/Vs)\n", + "mestar=0.5*m0; #electron effective mass(kg)\n", + "mhstar=0.37*m0; #hole effective mass(kg)\n", + "m0=9.1*10**-31; #mass of electron(kg)\n", + "k=1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n", + "h=6.626*10**-34; #planck's constant\n", + "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge of electron(c)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "sigma=1/rho; #conductivity(per ohm m)\n", + "ni=sigma/(e*(mew_e+mew_h)); #intrinsic concentration(per m**3)\n", + "a=(2*math.pi*k*T/(h**2))**(3/2);\n", + "NC=2*a*(mestar**(3/2));\n", + "NV=2*a*(mhstar**(3/2));\n", + "b=(NC*NV)**(1/2);\n", + "Eg=2*k*T*math.log(b/ni); #energy gap of semiconductor(J)\n", + "Eg=Eg/e; #energy gap of semiconductor(eV)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"energy gap of semiconductor is\",round(Eg,3),\"eV\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "energy gap of semiconductor is 0.727 eV\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 17 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example number 18.5, Page number 29" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge of electron(c)\n", + "mew_e=0.39; #electron mobility(m**2/Vs)\n", + "mew_h=0.19; #hole mobility(m**2/Vs)\n", + "ni=2.4*10**19; #intrinsic concentration(per m**3)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "sigmai=ni*e*(mew_e+mew_h); #conductivity of Ge(per Wm)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"conductivity of Ge is\",round(sigmai,3),\"per Wm\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "conductivity of Ge is 2.227 per Wm\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 19 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example number 18.6, Page number 29" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "EC_EF300=-0.3; #position of fermi level(eV)\n", + "T1=300; #temperature(K)\n", + "T2=330; #temperature(K)\n", + "k=1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n", + "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge of electron(c)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "EC_EF330=-EC_EF300*T2/T1; #new position of fermi level(eV)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"new position of fermi level is\",EC_EF330,\"eV\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "new position of fermi level is 0.33 eV\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 21 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example number 18.7, Page number 30" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "T1=20; #temperature(C)\n", + "T2=40; #temperature(C)\n", + "Eg=0.72; #energy gap(eV)\n", + "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge of electron(c)\n", + "k=1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n", + "sigmai20=2; #conductivity(per ohm m)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "T1=T1+273; #temperature(K)\n", + "T2=T2+273; #temperature(K)\n", + "Eg=Eg*e; #energy gap(J)\n", + "a=(T2/T1)**(3/2);\n", + "b=Eg/(2*k);\n", + "c=(1/T1)-(1/T2);\n", + "ni40byni20=a*math.exp(b*c); #ratio of intrinsic concentration\n", + "sigmai40=sigmai20*ni40byni20; #conductivity at 40C(per ohm m)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"conductivity at 40C is\",round(sigmai40,3),\"per ohm m\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "conductivity at 40C is 5.487 per ohm m\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 25 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example number 18.8, Page number 30" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge of electron(c)\n", + "k=1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n", + "T=300; #temperature(K)\n", + "m0=9.1*10**-31; #mass of electron(kg)\n", + "Eg=1.1; #energy gap(eV)\n", + "mestar=0.31*m0; #effective mass of electron(kg)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "Eg=Eg*e; #energy gap(J)\n", + "a=(2*math.pi*k*T*mestar/(h**2))**(3/2);\n", + "b=-Eg/(2*k*T); \n", + "ni=2*a*math.exp(b); #intrinsic concentration(per m**3)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"intrinsic concentration is\",round(ni/10**15,4),\"*10**15 per m**3\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "intrinsic concentration is 2.5367 *10**15 per m**3\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 27 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example number 18.9, Page number 31" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "RH=-0.55*10**-10; #hall coefficient(m**3/As)\n", + "sigma=5.9*10**7; #conductivity(per ohm m)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "mewd=-RH*sigma; #drift mobility(m**2/Vs)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"drift mobility is\",round(mewd*10**3,1),\"*10**-3 m**2/Vs\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "drift mobility is 3.2 *10**-3 m**2/Vs\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 31 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example number 18.10, Page number 31" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "sigma=5.9*10**7; #conductivity(per ohm m)\n", + "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge of electron(c)\n", + "mew=3.2*10**-3; #drift velocity(m**2/Vs)\n", + "N=6.022*10**23; #avagadro number\n", + "ne=8900*10**3; #number of free electrons per atom\n", + "w=63.5; #atomic weight of Cu(kg)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "ni=sigma/(e*mew); #intrinsic concentration(per m**3)\n", + "n=N*ne/w; #concentration of free electrons(per m**3)\n", + "a=ni/n; #average number of electrons\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"intrinsic concentration is\",round(ni/10**29,2),\"*10**29 per m**3\"\n", + "print \"concentration of free electrons is\",round(n/10**28,2),\"*10**28 per m**3\"\n", + "print \"average number of electrons is\",int(a)" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "intrinsic concentration is 1.15 *10**29 per m**3\n", + "concentration of free electrons is 8.44 *10**28 per m**3\n", + "average number of electrons is 1\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 34 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example number 18.11, Page number 32" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "RH=3.66*10**-11; #hall coefficient(m**3/As)\n", + "sigma=112*10**7; #conductivity(per ohm m)\n", + "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge of electron(c)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "n=3*math.pi/(8*RH*e); #concentration of electrons(per m**3)\n", + "mew_e=sigma/(n*e); #electron mobility(m**2/Vs)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"concentration of electrons is\",round(n/10**29,1),\"*10**29 per m**3\"\n", + "print \"electron mobility is\",round(mew_e,3),\"m**2/Vs\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "concentration of electrons is 2.0 *10**29 per m**3\n", + "electron mobility is 0.035 m**2/Vs\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 37 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example number 18.12, Page number 33" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "i=50; #current(A)\n", + "B=1.5; #magnetic field(T)\n", + "n=8.4*10**28; #concentration of electrons(per m**3)\n", + "t=0.5; #thickness(cm)\n", + "w=2; #width of slab(cm)\n", + "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge of electron(c)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "w=w*10**-2; #width of slab(m)\n", + "VH=B*i/(n*e*w); #hall voltage(V)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"hall voltage is\",round(VH*10**7,2),\"*10**-7 V\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "hall voltage is 2.79 *10**-7 V\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 39 + } + ], + "metadata": {} + } + ] +} \ No newline at end of file -- cgit