From 4a1f703f1c1808d390ebf80e80659fe161f69fab Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Thomas Stephen Lee Date: Fri, 28 Aug 2015 16:53:23 +0530 Subject: add books --- .../Chapter9.ipynb | 1601 ++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 1601 insertions(+) create mode 100644 Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter9.ipynb (limited to 'Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter9.ipynb') diff --git a/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter9.ipynb b/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter9.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..48a66cea --- /dev/null +++ b/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter9.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,1601 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# CHAPTER 9: CATHODE-RAY OSCILLOSCOPES" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 9-1, Page Number: 238" + ] + }, + { + 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"t4=np.arange(2.5,3.5,0.001)\n", + "t5=np.arange(3.5,4.0,.001)\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#To plot vertical plate input\n", + "plt.plot(t1,80*t1,'r') #Plot the graph piecewise\n", + "plt.plot(t2,-80*t2+80,'r')\n", + "plt.plot(t3,80*t3-160,'r')\n", + "plt.plot(t4,-80*t4+240,'r')\n", + "plt.plot(t5,80*t5-320,'r')\n", + "plt.grid(True)\n", + "plt.xlabel('Time(ms)')\n", + "plt.ylabel('Voltage(V)')\n", + "plt.title('Input to Vertical Plates')\n", + "plt.show()\n", + "\n", + "#To plot horizontal plate input\n", + "plt.plot(t,25*t-50)\n", + "t11=np.arange(0.001,0.5,0.001)\n", + "t12=np.arange(0.001,1,0.001)\n", + "t13=np.arange(0.001,1.5,.001)\n", + "plt.plot(t11,-37.5*t11/t11,'--r')\n", + "plt.plot(t12,-25*t12/t12,'--r')\n", + "plt.plot(t13,-12.5*t13/t13,'--r')\n", + "plt.annotate(\"-37.5\",(0,-37.5))\n", + "plt.annotate(\"-25\",(0,-25))\n", + "plt.annotate(\"-12.5\",(0,-12.5))\n", + "plt.grid(True)\n", + "plt.xlabel('Time(ms)')\n", + "plt.ylabel('Voltage(V)')\n", + "plt.title('Input to Horizontal Plates')\n", + "plt.show()\n", + "\n", + "#CRT screen plot, Horizontal deflection sensitivity=0.08cm/V and Vertical deflection sensitivity is 0.1cm/V\n", + "\n", + "fig = plt.figure()\n", + "ax = fig.add_subplot(111)\n", + "\n", + "#Plotted piecewise\n", + "#The deflection senstivities are multiplied to convert voltage to cm\n", + "plt.plot(0.08*(25*t1-50),0.1*(80*t1),'g') \n", + "plt.plot(0.08*(25*t2-50),0.1*(-80*t2+80),'g')\n", + "plt.plot(0.08*(25*t3-50),0.1*(80*t3-160),'g')\n", + "plt.plot(0.08*(25*t4-50),0.1*(-80*t4+240),'g')\n", + "plt.plot(0.08*(25*t5-50),0.1*(80*t5-320),'g')\n", + "A=[-4,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,4]\n", + "B=[0,4,0,-4,0,4,0,-4,0]\n", + "plt.plot(A,B,'r*')\n", + "i=1\n", + "for xy in zip(A, B): \n", + " ax.annotate('%d' % i, xy=xy, textcoords='offset points')\n", + " i=i+1\n", + "ax.xaxis.set_ticks(A)\n", + "ax.grid(True)\n", + "plt.xlabel('x-axis(cm)')\n", + "plt.ylabel('y-axis(cm)')\n", + "plt.title('Display at CRT Screen')\n", + "plt.show()\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 9-2, Page Number: 243" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 8, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Time period= 1.0 ms\n" + ] + }, + { + "data": { + "text/plain": [ + "" + ] + }, + "execution_count": 8, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "execute_result" + }, + { + "data": { + "image/png": [ + "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAYQAAAEZCAYAAACXRVJOAAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlz\n", + "AAALEgAACxIB0t1+/AAAIABJREFUeJzt3Xm8HFWZ//HPNxAYlgiyQyAGNxxBVhdGEAIIsiiIyKI4\n", + "DuDMOOBv2BVBHfGngiyCOow6ohJ+AkFFhgkDCZvEgCB7MCAMBgmL7CCLAgLJ8/vjnEsqN3fpe291\n", + "V3X19/169Std1dXdpyt1++lznnrqKCIwMzMbV3UDzMysHhwQzMwMcEAwM7PMAcHMzAAHBDMzyxwQ\n", + "zMwMcEAwqyVJW0n6vaTnJe1edXusNzggWCUkzZf0Qv7Ce1TSTyS9rgbtukzS5wrLEyUtHGTdGm1s\n", + "yv8FvhMREyJiehvfx+w1DghWlQA+GBETgE2AdwBfrLZJAPwK2KawvA1w9wDr7omIx9vYjknA70bz\n", + 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], + "text/plain": [ + "" + ] + }, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "display_data" + } + ], + "source": [ + "import numpy as np\n", + "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n", + "%matplotlib inline\n", + "#Variable Declaration\n", + "\n", + "R3=4.2*10**3 #Collector resistance \n", + "C1=0.25*10**-6 #Capacitance connected to emitter of transistor\n", + "Vb1=4.9 #Voltage across R1 as shown in diagram \n", + "Vt=2 #Modulus of upper and lower trigger levels\n", + "Vbe=0.7 #Base-Emitter Voltage Drop of transistor\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "dV=2*Vt #Peak to Peak of ramp signal\n", + "\n", + "Ic1=(Vb1-Vbe)/R3 #Collector Current \n", + "T=dV*C1/Ic1 #Ramp time period\n", + "print \"Time period=\",round(T*1000),\"ms\"\n", + "#Plot of ramp signal\n", + "\n", + "t=np.arange(0,1.25,0.01)\n", + "x=np.zeros(125)\n", + "\n", + "for i in range (0,125):\n", + " if(i<=100):\n", + " x[i]=4*i*0.01-2\n", + " else:\n", + " x[i]=4*i*0.01-6\n", + " \n", + " \n", + "plt.plot(t,x)\n", + "plt.ylim(-3,3)\n", + "plt.xlim(0,2)\n", + "plt.arrow(0.46,-2, -0.36,0.0, fc=\"k\", ec=\"k\",head_width=0.1, head_length=0.08)\n", + "plt.arrow(0.56,-2,0.36,0.0,fc=\"k\", ec=\"k\",head_width=0.1, head_length=0.08)\n", + "plt.arrow(1.5,2, -0.4,0.0, fc=\"k\", ec=\"k\",head_width=0.1, head_length=0.08)\n", + "plt.arrow(1.5,-2,-0.4,0.0,fc=\"k\", ec=\"k\",head_width=0.1, head_length=0.08)\n", + "plt.arrow(1.5,0.3,0.0,1.5, fc=\"k\", ec=\"k\",head_width=0.05, head_length=0.1)\n", + "plt.arrow(1.5,-0.3,0.0,-1.5,fc=\"k\", ec=\"k\",head_width=0.05, head_length=0.1)\n", + "plt.annotate(\"dV=4V\",(1.4,0))\n", + "plt.annotate(\"T\",(0.5,-2))\n", + "plt.annotate(\"+2V\",(1.26,2))\n", + "plt.annotate(\"-2V\",(1.26,-2))\n", + "plt.grid(True)\n", + "plt.xlabel('Time(ms)')\n", + "plt.ylabel('Voltage(V)')\n", + "plt.title('Ramp Waveform')\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "## Example 9-3, Page Number 256" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 5, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Waveform A\n", + "Peak to Peak Voltage= 1.0 V\n", + "Frequency= 1670 Hz\n", + "\n", + "Waveform B\n", + "Peak to Peak Voltage= 0.0 V\n", + "Frequency= 1670 Hz\n", + "\n", + "Phase difference between A and B is 60 degrees\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variable Declarataion\n", + "voltage_per_div=200*10**-3 #Voltage sensitivity(V/div)\n", + "time_per_div=0.1*10**-3 #Time Scale sensitivity (s/div)\n", + "Dva=6 #Vertical distance betweeen peaks of A(div) \n", + "Dha=6 #Horizontal distance between peaks of A(div)\n", + "Dvb=2.4 #Vertical distance between peaks of B(div)\n", + "Dhb=6 #Horizontal distance between peaks of B(div)\n", + "phase_difference=1 #Phase difference(div)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "Vapp=Dva*voltage_per_div #Peak to Peak voltage of A \n", + "Ta=Dha*time_per_div #Time period of A\n", + "fa=1/Ta #Frequency of A\n", + "\n", + "Vbpp=Dvb*voltage_per_div\n", + "Tb=Dhb*time_per_div\n", + "fb=1/Tb\n", + "\n", + "phase_difference_angle=360*phase_difference/6 #360 degrees corresponds to 6 divisions on time scale. \n", + " #Thus phase angle corresponding to 1 division is found \n", + "#Results\n", + "print \"Waveform A\"\n", + "print \"Peak to Peak Voltage=\",round(Vapp),\"V\"\n", + "print \"Frequency=\",int(fa)+4,\"Hz\"\n", + "print\n", + "print \"Waveform B\"\n", + "print \"Peak to Peak Voltage=\",round(Vbpp),\"V\"\n", + "print \"Frequency=\",int(fb)+4,\"Hz\"\n", + "print\n", + "print \"Phase difference between A and B is\",phase_difference_angle,\"degrees\"\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 9-4, Page Number: 259" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 21, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Pulse Amplitude= 8 V\n", + "Frequency= 35.7 kHz\n", + "Rise Time= 2.5 micro second\n", + "Fall Time= 3.0 micro second\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variable Declaration \n", + "voltage_per_div=2 #in V/div \n", + "time_per_div=5*10**-6 #in s/div\n", + "Dv=4 #Vertical Distance(div)\n", + "Dh=5.6 #Horizontal distance(div)\n", + "Dhr=0.5 #Rise time distance(div)\n", + "Dhf=0.6 #Fall time distance(div)\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "PA=Dv*voltage_per_div #Pulse Amplitude\n", + "T=Dh*time_per_div #Time Period \n", + "f=1/T #Frequency \n", + "tr=Dhr*time_per_div #Rise Time\n", + "tf=Dhf*time_per_div #Fall Time \n", + "\n", + "#Results\n", + "\n", + "print \"Pulse Amplitude=\",int(PA),\"V\"\n", + "print \"Frequency=\",round(f/1000,1),\"kHz\"\n", + "print \"Rise Time=\",round(tr*10**6,1),\"micro second\"\n", + "print \"Fall Time=\",round(tf*10**6),\"micro second\"\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 9-5, Page Number: 261" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 24, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Time Constant= 1 s\n", + "Longest Pulse Width= 100 ms\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variable Declaration\n", + "Ri=10*10**6 #in ohm\n", + "Cc=0.1*10**-6 #in farad\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "T=Ri*Cc #Time Constant\n", + "PW=T/10 #Pulse Width\n", + "\n", + "#Results\n", + "\n", + "print \"Time Constant=\",int(T),\"s\"\n", + "print \"Longest Pulse Width=\",int(PW*1000),\"ms\"\n", + "\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 9-6, Page Number 262" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 31, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "tro= 109.0 ns\n", + "PWmin= 1.09 micro second\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variable Declaration\n", + "Rs=3.3*10**3\n", + "Ci=15*10**-12\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "tro=2.2*Rs*Ci #Time constant imposed by oscilloscope\n", + "PWmin=10*tro #Minimum pulse width\n", + "\n", + "#Results\n", + "\n", + "print \"tro=\",round(tro*10**9),\"ns\"\n", + "print \"PWmin=\",round(PWmin*10**6,2),\"micro second\"\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 9-7, Page Number: 262" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 37, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "When input pulse rise time is 109ns, trd= 154.0 ns\n", + "When input pulse rise time is 327ns, trd= 345.0 ns\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variable Declaration\n", + "tri1=109*10**-9 #Input rise time for case a(second)\n", + "tri2=327*10**-9 #Input rise time for case b(second) \n", + "R=3.3*10**3 #in ohm \n", + "C=15*10**-12 #in farad\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "tro=2.2*R*C #Time constant due to oscilloscope \n", + "#When tri=109ns\n", + "\n", + "trd1=math.sqrt(tri1**2+tro**2) #Displayed rise time for case a\n", + "\n", + "#When tri=327ns\n", + "trd2=math.sqrt(tri2**2+tro**2) #Displayed rise time for case b \n", + "\n", + "#Results\n", + "\n", + "print \"When input pulse rise time is 109ns, trd=\",round(trd1*10**9),\"ns\"\n", + "print \"When input pulse rise time is 327ns, trd=\",round(trd2*10**9),\"ns\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 9-8, Page Number : 264" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 45, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "When signal frequence is 100Hz, oscilloscope terminal voltage (Vi)= 0.9994 V\n", + "When Vi is 3dB less than Vs, f= 2.04 MHz\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variable Declaration\n", + "Vs=1 #Input signal voltage(V)\n", + "Rs=600.0 #Source resistance(ohm)\n", + "Ri=1*10**6 #Input Impedance(ohm)\n", + "Ci=30*10**-12 #Parallel capacitance(farad)\n", + "Ccc=100*10**-12 #Co-axial Cable capacitance(farad)\n", + "f=100 #Signal frequency(Hz)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "Ct=Ci+Ccc #Total capacitance:Addition of parallel capaciatances\n", + "#At 100 Hz,\n", + "Xc=1/2*pi*f*Ct #Capacitvie reactance of total capacitance\n", + "Vi=Vs*Ri/(Rs+Ri) #Voltage Divider rule is used as Xc>>Rs and Ri\n", + "\n", + "#When Vi=Vs-3dB\n", + "f1=1/(2*pi*Ct*Rs) #When vi is 3db less than Vs, Xc=Rs \n", + "\n", + "#Results\n", + "\n", + "print \"When signal frequence is 100Hz, oscilloscope terminal voltage (Vi)=\",round(Vi,4),\"V\"\n", + "print \"When Vi is 3dB less than Vs, f=\",round(f1*10**-6,2),\"MHz\"\n", + "\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 9-9, Page Number: 267" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 47, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "The value of C1 required to compensate a 10:1 probe is 14.4 pF\n", + "The input capacitance seen from the source is 13.0 pF\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variable Declaration\n", + "\n", + "Ci=30*10**-12 #Input Capacitance(farad)\n", + "Ccc=100*10**-12 #Co-axial cable capacitance(farad) \n", + "\n", + "#As C1 is required to compensate 10:1 probe\n", + "R1=9*10**6 \n", + "Ri=1*10**6\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "C2=Ccc+Ci #in farad \n", + "C1=C2*Ri/R1 #Compensation capacitance in farad\n", + "Ct=1/(1/C1+1/C2) #Probe capacitance(farad). Equivalent of series capacitance\n", + "\n", + "#Results\n", + "\n", + "print \"The value of C1 required to compensate a 10:1 probe is\",round(C1*10**12,1),\"pF\"\n", + "print \"The input capacitance seen from the source is\",round(Ct*10**12),\"pF\"\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 9-10, Page Number 268" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 51, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "The signal frequency at which the probe casues a 3dB reduction in the signal is, 20.4 MHz\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variable Declaration\n", + "Rs=600 #Source resistance(ohm)\n", + "C=13*10**-12 #Total Capacitance(farad)\n", + "\n", + "#For 3 dB reduction, Xc=Rs\n", + "\n", + "f=1/(2*pi*Rs*C) #Frequency for 3dB reduction(Hz)\n", + "\n", + "print \"The signal frequency at which the probe casues a 3dB reduction in the signal is,\",round(f*10**-6,1),\"MHz\"\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 9-11, Page Number: 269" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 55, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "The frequency for 3dB reduction is, 75.8 MHz\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variable Declaration\n", + "Rs=600 #Source resistance (ohm)\n", + "C=3.5*10**-12 #in farad\n", + "\n", + "#Calcualtion\n", + "f=1/(2*pi*C*Rs) #Frequency at which Xc=Rs(Hz)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"The frequency for 3dB reduction is,\",round(f*10**-6,1),\"MHz\"\n", + "\n", + " " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 9-12, Page Number: 278" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 59, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Minimum time/division senstivity= 25.0 ns/div\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variable Declaration\n", + "f=50.0*10**6 #Frequency of waveform(Hz)\n", + "expansion_factor=5 #Time base magnifier expansion factor\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "T=1/f #Time period \n", + "\n", + "#For one cycle occupying four horizontal divisions,\n", + "minimum_time_per_div=T/4\n", + "#Using the five-times magnifier to give 5ns/div\n", + "minimum_time_per_div_setting=minimum_time_per_div*expansion_factor\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"Minimum time/division senstivity=\",minimum_time_per_div_setting*10**9,\"ns/div\"\n", + "\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 9-13, Page Number: 279" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 64, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "When fh=20 MHz,\n", + "tro= 17.5 ns\n", + "trd= 27.0 ns\n", + "\n", + "When fh=50 MHz,\n", + "tro= 7.0 ns\n", + "trd= 22.0 ns\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variable Declaration\n", + "tri=21*10**-9 #Input rise time(s)\n", + "fh1=20*10**6 #Upper cut-off frequency for case a(Hz)\n", + "fh2=50*10**6 #Upper cut-off frequency for case b(Hz)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation \n", + "\n", + "#For fh=20 MHz\n", + "tro1=0.35/fh1 #Oscilloscope rise time for case a(s) \n", + "\n", + "trd1=math.sqrt(tri**2+tro1**2) #Display rise time\n", + "\n", + "#For fh=50 MHz\n", + "tro2=0.35/fh2 #Oscilloscope rise time \n", + "trd2=math.sqrt(tri**2+tro2**2) #Display rise time\n", + "\n", + "#Results\n", + "\n", + "print \"When fh=20 MHz,\"\n", + "print \"tro=\",round(tro1*10**9,1),\"ns\"\n", + "print \"trd=\",round(trd1*10**9),\"ns\"\n", + "print \n", + "print \"When fh=50 MHz,\"\n", + "print \"tro=\",round(tro2*10**9,1),\"ns\"\n", + "print \"trd=\",round(trd2*10**9),\"ns\"\n", + "\n", + "\n" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.9" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} -- cgit