From df60071cf1d1c18822d34f943ab8f412a8946b69 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hardythe1 Date: Wed, 3 Jun 2015 15:27:17 +0530 Subject: add books --- .../Chapter3_2.ipynb | 1565 ++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 1565 insertions(+) create mode 100755 Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements/Chapter3_2.ipynb (limited to 'Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements/Chapter3_2.ipynb') diff --git a/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements/Chapter3_2.ipynb b/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements/Chapter3_2.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..b6cd352a --- /dev/null +++ b/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements/Chapter3_2.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,1565 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# CHAPTER 3: ELECTROMECHANICAL INSTRUMENTS" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 3-1, Page Number: 37" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 6, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Torque= 3e-06 N.m\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "#Variable Declaration\n", + "\n", + "N=100\n", + "B=0.2 #in Tesla\n", + "D=1*10**-2 #in m\n", + "l=1.5*10**-2 #in m\n", + "I=1*10**-3 #in A\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation of torque\n", + "\n", + "Td=B*l*I*N*D #Torque equation\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"Torque=\",Td,\" N.m\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3-2, Page Number: 39" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 8, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Voltage Sensitivity= 1 mV/mm\n", + "Megaohm Sensitivity= 1 mega ohm\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "#Variable Declaration\n", + "\n", + "current_sensitivity=1*10**-6 #in A/mm\n", + "damping_resistance=1*10**3 #in ohm\n", + "\n", + "#Voltage sensitivity\n", + "voltage_sensitivity=damping_resistance*current_sensitivity\n", + "\n", + "#Megaohm sensitivity\n", + "\n", + "megaohm_sensitivity=1/current_sensitivity\n", + "\n", + "#Results\n", + "print \"Voltage Sensitivity=\",int(voltage_sensitivity*1000),\" mV/mm\"\n", + "print \"Megaohm Sensitivity=\",int(megaohm_sensitivity/10**6),\"mega ohm\"\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3-3, Page Number: 41" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 24, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "At FSD,\n", + "Meter Voltage= 9.9 mV\n", + "Meter Current= 0.1 mA\n", + "Shunt Current= 9.9 mA\n", + "Total Current= 10.0 mA\n", + " \n", + "At 0.5 FSD,\n", + "Meter Voltage= 4.95 mV\n", + "Meter Current= 0.05 mA\n", + "Shunt Current= 4.95 mA\n", + "Total Current= 5.0 mA\n", + " \n", + "At 0.25 FSD,\n", + "Meter Voltage= 2.475 mV\n", + "Meter Current= 0.025 mA\n", + "Shunt Current= 2.475 mA\n", + "Total Current= 2.5 mA\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "#Variable Declaration\n", + "\n", + "Rm=99 #Coil resistance in ohm\n", + "Im1=0.1*10**-3 #FSD current in A\n", + "Rs=1 #Shunt resistance in ohm\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "#At FSD\n", + "\n", + "Vm1=Im1*Rm #Meter Voltage\n", + "Is1=Vm1/Rs\n", + "It1=Is1+Im1 #Total Current\n", + "\n", + "#At 0.5 FSD\n", + "Im2=0.5*Im1 #0.5 FSD current\n", + "Vm2=Im2*Rm #Meter Voltage\n", + "Is2=Vm2/Rs #Shunt current\n", + "It2=Im2+Is2 #Total current\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#At 0.25 FSD\n", + "Im3=0.25*Im1 #0.25 FSD current\n", + "Vm3=Im3*Rm #Meter Voltage\n", + "Is3=Vm3/Rs #Shunt current\n", + "It3=Im3+Is3 #Total current\n", + "\n", + "#Results\n", + "print \"At FSD,\"\n", + "print \"Meter Voltage=\",round(Vm1*1000,1),\" mV\"\n", + "print \"Meter Current=\",round(Im1*1000,1),\" mA\"\n", + "print \"Shunt Current=\",round(Is1*1000,1),\" mA\"\n", + "print \"Total Current=\",round(It1*1000,1),\"mA\"\n", + "\n", + "print \" \"\n", + "print \"At 0.5 FSD,\"\n", + "print \"Meter Voltage=\",round(Vm2*1000,2),\" mV\"\n", + "print \"Meter Current=\",round(Im2*1000,2),\" mA\"\n", + "print \"Shunt Current=\",round(Is2*1000,2),\" mA\"\n", + "print \"Total Current=\",round(It2*1000,2),\" mA\"\n", + "\n", + "print \" \"\n", + "print \"At 0.25 FSD,\"\n", + "print \"Meter Voltage=\",round(Vm3*1000,3),\" mV\"\n", + "print \"Meter Current=\",round(Im3*1000,3),\" mA\"\n", + "print \"Shunt Current=\",round(Is3*1000,3),\" mA\"\n", + "print \"Total Current=\",round(It3*1000,1),\" mA\"\n", + "\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3-4, Page Number: 43" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "For FSD=100mA,\n", + "Shunt Resistance= 1.001 ohm\n", + "For FSD=1A,\n", + "Shunt Resistance= 0.10001 ohm\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "#Variable Declaration\n", + "Im=100*10**-6 #FSD Current in A\n", + "Rm=1*10**3 #Coil Resistance \n", + "I1=100*10**-3 #Required FSD current\n", + "I2=1 #Required FSD current\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "#FSD=100mA\n", + "Vm1=Im*Rm #Meter Voltage\n", + "Is1=I1-Im #Shunt Current\n", + "Rs1=Vm1/Is1 #Shunt Resistance\n", + "\n", + "#FSD=1A\n", + "Vm2=Im*Rm #Meter Voltage\n", + "Is2=I2-Im #Shunt Current\n", + "Rs2=Vm2/Is2 #Shunt Resistance\n", + "\n", + "#Results\n", + "print \"For FSD=100mA,\"\n", + "print \"Shunt Resistance=\",round(Rs1,3),\" ohm\"\n", + "\n", + "print \"For FSD=1A,\"\n", + "print \"Shunt Resistance=\",round(Rs2,5),\" ohm\"\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3-5, Page Number: 45" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 49, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "When switch is at B, Ammeter Range= 10 mA\n", + "When switch is at C, Ammeter Range= 100 mA\n", + "When switch is at D, Ammeter Range= 1 A\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "#Variable Declaration\n", + "\n", + "R1=0.05 #in ohm\n", + "R2=0.45 #in ohm\n", + "R3=4.5 #in ohm\n", + "Rm=1*10**3 #in ohm\n", + "Im=50*10**-6 #in A\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "#Switch at contact B\n", + "Vs1=Im*Rm\n", + "Is1=Vs1/(R1+R2+R3)\n", + "It1=Im+Is1\n", + "\n", + "#Switch at contact C\n", + "\n", + "Vs2=Im*(Rm+R3)\n", + "Is2=Vs2/(R1+R2)\n", + "It2=Im+Is2\n", + "\n", + "#Swithc at contact D\n", + "\n", + "Vs3=Im*(Rm+R3+R2)\n", + "Is3=Vs3/R1\n", + "It3=Im+Is3\n", + "\n", + "#Results\n", + "print \"When switch is at B, Ammeter Range=\",int(It1*1000),\" mA\"\n", + "print \"When switch is at C, Ammeter Range=\",int(It2*1000),\" mA\"\n", + "print \"When switch is at D, Ammeter Range=\",int(It3),\" A\"\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3-6, Page Number:47" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "For 50V at full scale, multiplier resistance should be 499 kilo ohm\n", + "When instrument reads 0.8 FSD, applied voltage is 40 volt\n", + "When instrument reads 0.5 FSD, applied voltage is 25 volt\n", + "When instrument reads 0.2 FSD, applied voltage is 10 volt\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "#Variable Declaration\n", + "\n", + "Im=100*10**-6 #in A\n", + "Rm=1*10**3 #in ohm\n", + "V=50 #in V \n", + "\n", + "#Calculations\n", + "\n", + "Rs=V/Im-Rm #in ohm \n", + "\n", + "#At 0.8 FSD\n", + "\n", + "Im1=0.8*Im #in A\n", + "V1=Im1*(Rs+Rm) #in V \n", + "\n", + "#At 0.5 FSD\n", + "Im2=0.5*Im #in A \n", + "V2=Im2*(Rs+Rm) #in V \n", + "\n", + "#At 0.2 FSD\n", + "Im3=0.2*Im #in A\n", + "V3=Im3*(Rs+Rm) #in V\n", + "\n", + "#Results\n", + "\n", + "print \"For 50V at full scale, multiplier resistance should be\",int(Rs/1000),\" kilo ohm\"\n", + "print \"When instrument reads 0.8 FSD, applied voltage is\",int(V1),\" volt\"\n", + "print \"When instrument reads 0.5 FSD, applied voltage is\",int(V2),\" volt\"\n", + "print \"When instrument reads 0.2 FSD, applied voltage is\",int(V3),\" volt\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3-7, Page Number: 49" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 3, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "For Circuit 1,\n", + "R1= 198.3 kilo ohm\n", + "R2= 998.3 kilo ohm\n", + "R3= 1.9983 mega ohm\n", + " \n", + "For Circuit 2,\n", + "R1= 198.3 kilo ohm\n", + "R2= 800 kilo ohm\n", + "R3= 1.0 mega ohm\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "\n", + "Im=50*10**-6 #FSD current in A\n", + "Rm=1700 #Coil resistance in ohm\n", + "V1=10 #Required range in V\n", + "V2=50 #Required range in V\n", + "V3=100 #Required range in V\n", + "\n", + "#For Circuit 1\n", + "R11=V1/Im-Rm\n", + "R12=V2/Im-Rm\n", + "R13=V3/Im-Rm\n", + "\n", + "#For Circuit 2\n", + "R21=V1/Im-Rm\n", + "R22=V2/Im-R21-Rm\n", + "R23=V3/Im-R22-R21-Rm\n", + "\n", + "#Results\n", + "\n", + "print \"For Circuit 1,\"\n", + "print \"R1=\",round(R11/1000,1),\"kilo ohm\"\n", + "print \"R2=\",round(R12/1000,1),\"kilo ohm\"\n", + "print \"R3=\",round(R13/10**6,4),\"mega ohm\"\n", + "\n", + "print \" \"\n", + "print \"For Circuit 2,\"\n", + "print \"R1=\",round(R21/1000,1),\"kilo ohm\"\n", + "print \"R2=\",int(R22/1000),\"kilo ohm\"\n", + "print \"R3=\",round(R23/10**6,4),\"mega ohm\"\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "## Example 3-8, Page Number: 53" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 97, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Multiplier Resistance= 890.7 kilo ohm\n" + ] + }, + { + "data": { + "image/png": [ + "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAYgAAAEZCAYAAACNebLAAAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlz\n", + "AAALEgAACxIB0t1+/AAAIABJREFUeJztnXe8nFW1978/Qg29picnhdBF6YrAoflyLSBFERUBvepr\n", + "A/VaAAtRuViv5eqL94qCFAEREEGpKocivUNChJjMSU8oCUkgkEDW+8fekzyZzMyZ8tSZ/f18zufM\n", + "88wze69Zs/deu64lMyMQCAQCgUrWy1qAQCAQCOSTYCACgUAgUJVgIAKBQCBQlWAgAoFAIFCVYCAC\n", + "gUAgUJVgIAKBQCBQlWAgOhBJZ0m6IHJ9rKRZkpZIerOkpyQd3GLaJUmHxydtfEgaIulO/z1/mLU8\n", + "gUDRCQYiRXzj+oqkpZLmS7pU0hZtptkraVb0npl918w+Hrn1I+DTZraFmT1mZrub2Z0tZmn+L498\n", + "Aljov+eXsxYmr/gys8qXwyWSpko61b/X4997pOIz20laIWlG5F5J0muStq149lGfxujIvf0k3Shp\n", + "kaQXJN1fzrMF+UuSDmvw+5X//uTf203SrV6GRZIekvRvNT43S9LvJe3TipydQDAQ6WLAu81sc2BP\n", + "YA/g60lmKEnAaGBKkvnkhDHA0618UNL6McvSEinKMcfMNjezLYCvAhdI2jny/iaSdotcfxCYztqd\n", + 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"metadata": {}, + "output_type": "display_data" + } + ], + "source": [ + "import numpy as np\n", + "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n", + "## Variable Declaration\n", + "\n", + "I=100*10**-6 #Full Scale Current in A\n", + "Rm=1*10**3 #Coil Resistance in ohm\n", + "Vrms=100 #FSD rms voltage in V \n", + "Vf=0.7 #Diode voltage\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#At FSD, the average current flowing through PMMC is\n", + "Iavg=I\n", + "Im=round(Iavg/0.637,6)\n", + "\n", + "rectifier_voltage_drops=2*Vf\n", + "peak_voltage=1.414*Vrms\n", + "Rs=(peak_voltage-rectifier_voltage_drops)/Im-Rm\n", + "\n", + "#To plot rectified waveform used by the voltmeter at FSD\n", + "t=np.arange(0.01,1.0,0.01) #Time Axis\n", + "plt.plot(t,(peak_voltage-2*Vf)*fabs(sin(2*pi*t*2))) #Full wave rectified sine wave\n", + "plt.plot(t,(peak_voltage-2*Vf)*t/t,'--',label='Vm') #Peak Voltage Marker\n", + "plt.plot(t,(Vrms-0.707*2*Vf)*t/t,'--',label='Vrms') #RMS Voltage Marker\n", + "plt.plot(t,(peak_voltage-2*Vf)*0.637*t/t,'--',label='Vavg') #Average Voltage Marker\n", + "legend = plt.legend(loc='lower right')\n", + "xlabel('Time(second)')\n", + "ylabel('Input Voltage(V)')\n", + "title('Rectified waveform across PMMC at FSD')\n", + "\n", + "#Results\n", + "print \"Multiplier Resistance=\",round(Rs/1000,1), \"kilo ohm\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "## Example 3-9, Page Number: 53\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 13, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "When input is 75 V(rms), meter reading is 0.75 FSD\n", + "When input is 50 V(rms), meter reading is 0.5 FSD\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "#Variable Declaration \n", + "#Data from Example 3-7\n", + "Rs=890*10**3 #in ohm \n", + "Rm=1*10**3 #in ohm\n", + "Vrms=100 #in V\n", + "Vf=0.7 #in V\n", + "I=100*10**-6 #in A\n", + "\n", + "#When input=75V (rms)\n", + "Vrms1=75\n", + "Im1=(1.414*Vrms1-2*Vf)/(Rs+Rm)\n", + "Iavg1=0.637*Im1\n", + "p1=Iavg1/I\n", + "\n", + "#When input=50V (rms)\n", + "\n", + "Vrms2=50\n", + "Im2=(1.414*Vrms2-2*Vf)/(Rs+Rm)\n", + "Iavg2=0.637*Im2\n", + "p2=Iavg2/I\n", + "\n", + "#Results\n", + "\n", + "print \"When input is 75 V(rms), meter reading is\",round(p1,2),\" FSD\"\n", + "print \"When input is 50 V(rms), meter reading is\",round(p2,2),\" FSD\"\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3-10, Page Number: 54" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 22, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "The sensitivity of the voltmeter described in example 3-8 is, 9 kilo ohm/V\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math \n", + "#Variable Declaration\n", + "#From Example 3-8\n", + "Im=157*10**-6 #Maximum Current(A)\n", + "Vrms=100 #Maximum rms voltage(V)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Irms=0.707*Im #Property of sinusoid \n", + "R=Vrms/Irms #Ohm's Law\n", + "sensitivity=R/Vrms\n", + "\n", + "print \"The sensitivity of the voltmeter described in example 3-8 is,\",int(sensitivity/1000),\"kilo ohm/V\"\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3-11, Page Number: 55" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 96, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "The value of Rsh is 778 ohm\n", + "The value of Rs is 139.5 kilo ohm\n" + ] + }, + { + "data": { + "image/png": [ + "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAYwAAAEZCAYAAACEkhK6AAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlz\n", + "AAALEgAACxIB0t1+/AAAIABJREFUeJztnXnYXEWV/z/fBBBIwIAsIUBIIAECgizKLgRRiTCCOigi\n", + "4iA6ooL6Q50BnRkJigoj4qgoIoPKjoqg0WEXgoBhCQQIECAJBEIW1pAECJKQ8/ujqpObTne/t/vt\n", + 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#Coil resistance(ohm)\n", + "Imin=100*10**-6 #Minimum forward current (peak)in A\n", + "p=20.0/100.0 #20% FSD at 100 micro amps\n", + "Vrms=50\n", + "Vf=0.7\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "Im=Iav/(0.5*0.637) \n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#At 20% FSD, If must be 100micro amps, hence the current at 100% FSD is\n", + "If_peak=Imin/p\n", + "Ish_peak=If_peak-Im\n", + "Vm_peak=Im*Rm\n", + "Rsh=Vm_peak/Ish_peak\n", + "Rs=(1.414*Vrms-Vm_peak-Vf)/If_peak\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#Plot of half wave rectified voltage appearing across PMMC instrument\n", + "t=np.arange(0.01,1.0,0.01) #Time Axis\n", + "N=0\n", + "x=zeros(99)\n", + "while(N<99):\n", + " if((N<=25)|(N>50)&(N<=75)):\n", + " x[N]=(If_peak-Im)*Rsh*sin(2*pi*2*N/100)\n", + " else:\n", + " x[N]=0\n", + " N=N+1\n", + " plt.plot(t,x)\n", + "plt.plot(t,(If_peak-Im)*Rsh*t/t,'--',label='Vmax')\n", + "plt.plot(t,0.5*(If_peak-Im)*Rsh*t/t,'--',label='Vrms')\n", + "plt.plot(t,0.318*(If_peak-Im)*Rsh*t/t,'--',label='Vavg')\n", + "plt.xlabel('Time(second)')\n", + "plt.ylabel('Voltage(V)')\n", + "plt.title('Half wave rectified waveform across PMMC at FSD')\n", + "legend = plt.legend(loc='lower right')\n", + "\n", + "#Results\n", + "print \"The value of Rsh is\",int(Rsh),\" ohm\"\n", + "print \"The value of Rs is\",round(Rs/1000,1),\" kilo ohm\"\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3-12, Page Number: 58" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 111, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "The required value of Rl is 28.2 kilo ohm\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "#Variable Declaration\n", + "\n", + "Iav=1*10**-3 #in A\n", + "Rm=1700 #in ohm \n", + "Ns=500 #Secondary windings \n", + "Np=4 #Primary windings \n", + "Vf=0.7 #in V \n", + "Rs=20*10**3 #in ohm \n", + "Ip=250*10**-3 #in A\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "Im=Iav/0.637 #Property of sine half wave\n", + "Em=Im*(Rs+Rm)+2*Vf \n", + "Es=0.707*Em\n", + "rms_meter_current=1.11*Iav\n", + "\n", + "#Trasnformer rms secondary current is,\n", + "Is=Ip*Np/Ns\n", + "\n", + "Il=Is-rms_meter_current\n", + "Rl=Es/Il\n", + "\n", + "print \"The required value of Rl is\",round(Rl/1000,1),\" kilo ohm\" \n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3-13, Page Number: 59" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 129, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "At FSD,\n", + "Measured current= 99.0 micro ampere to 101.0 micro ampere\n", + "Error=± 1 % of measured current\n", + " \n", + "At 0.5 FSD,\n", + "Measured current= 49.0 micro ampere to 51.0 micro ampere\n", + "Error= ± 2 % of measured current\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variable Delcaration\n", + "\n", + "current_fsd=100*10**-6\n", + "accuracy=1.0/100.0\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "error_fsd=accuracy*current_fsd\n", + "#At FSD\n", + "indicated_current_fsd=current_fsd\n", + "measured_current_fsd_max=indicated_current_fsd+error_fsd\n", + "measured_current_fsd_min=indicated_current_fsd-error_fsd\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#At 0.5 FSD\n", + "\n", + "indicated_current=0.5*current_fsd\n", + "measured_current_max=indicated_current+error_fsd\n", + "measured_current_min=indicated_current-error_fsd\n", + "\n", + "error=error_fsd/indicated_current\n", + "\n", + "#Results \n", + "\n", + "print \"At FSD,\"\n", + "print \"Measured current=\",measured_current_fsd_min*10**6,\" micro ampere to\",measured_current_fsd_max*10**6,\" micro ampere\"\n", + "print \"Error=±\",int(accuracy*100),\"% of measured current\"\n", + "\n", + "print \" \"\n", + "print \"At 0.5 FSD,\"\n", + "print \"Measured current=\",measured_current_min*10**6,\" micro ampere to\",measured_current_max*10**6,\" micro ampere\"\n", + "print \"Error= ±\",int(error*100),\"% of measured current\"\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3-14, Page Number: 61" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 5, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "When Rx=0, the meter indicates 100 micro ampere(FSD)\n", + " \n", + "At 0.5 FSD, Rx= 15 kilo ohm\n", + "At 0.25 FSD, Rx= 45 kilo ohm\n", + "At 0.75 FSD, Rx= 5.0 kilo ohm\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variable Declaration\n", + "Eb=1.5 #Battery Voltage(V)\n", + "R1=15.0*10**3 #Standard resistance+meter resistance\n", + "\n", + "Im=Eb/R1 #Ohm's Law\n", + "\n", + "#At 0.5 FSD\n", + "Im1=0.5*Im #Current at 0.5 FSD\n", + "Rx1=Eb/Im1-R1 #Resistance measured at 0.5 FSD\n", + "\n", + "#At 0.25 FSD\n", + "Im2=Im/4\n", + "Rx2=Eb/Im2-Rx1 #Resistance measured at 0.25 FSD \n", + "\n", + "#At 0.75 FSD \n", + "Im3=0.75*Im\n", + "Rx3=Eb/Im3-Rx1 #Resistance measured at 0.25 FSD \n", + "\n", + "#Results\n", + "print \"When Rx=0, the meter indicates\",int(Im*10**6),\"micro ampere(FSD)\"\n", + "print \" \"\n", + "print \"At 0.5 FSD, Rx=\",int(Rx1*10**-3),\" kilo ohm\"\n", + "print \"At 0.25 FSD, Rx=\",int(Rx2*10**-3),\" kilo ohm\"\n", + "print \"At 0.75 FSD, Rx=\",round(Rx3*10**-3),\" kilo ohm\"\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3-15, Page Number: 63" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 22, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Ohmmeter scale reading at 0.5 FSD is, 15 kilo ohm\n", + "With Rx=0 and Eb=1.3V, R2 should be 68.18 ohm\n", + "At 0.5 FSD, with Eb=1.3V, the ohmeter scale reading is, 15 kilo ohm\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variable Declaration\n", + "Eb1=1.5 #Battery Voltage(V)\n", + "R1=15*10**3 #Series resistance as shown in figure(ohm)\n", + "Rm=50 #Coil resistance (ohm)\n", + "R2=50 #Shunt resistance(ohm)\n", + "I_fsd=50*10**-6 #FSD Current(A) \n", + "Eb2=1.3\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#At 0.5 FSD, with Eb=1.5V\n", + "Im1=0.5*I_fsd\n", + "Vm1=Im1*Rm\n", + "I21=Vm1/R2 #Ohm's Law\n", + "Ib1=I21+Im1 #KCL\n", + "Rx1=Eb1/Ib1-R1 #Unknown resistance value is found \n", + "\n", + "#With Rx=0,Eb=1.3V\n", + "\n", + "Ib2=Eb2/R1 #Total Current \n", + "I22=Ib2-I_fsd #Shunt Current using KCL\n", + "Vm2=I_fsd*Rm #Voltage across meter\n", + "R22=Vm2/I22 #Shunt Resistance value\n", + "\n", + "#At 0.5FSD, Eb=1.3V\n", + "Im3=0.5*I_fsd #Meter Current\n", + "Vm3=Im3*Rm #Voltage across meter using Ohm's Law\n", + "I23=Vm3/R22 #Shunt Current using Ohm's Law \n", + "Ib3=I23+Im3 #Total current using KCL \n", + "Rx2=Eb2/Ib3-R1 #Resitance reading on Ohm scale\n", + "\n", + "#Results\n", + "\n", + "print \"Ohmmeter scale reading at 0.5 FSD is,\",int(Rx1/1000),\"kilo ohm\"\n", + "print \"With Rx=0 and Eb=1.3V, R2 should be\",round(R22,2),\"ohm\"\n", + "print \"At 0.5 FSD, with Eb=1.3V, the ohmeter scale reading is,\",int(Rx2/1000),\"kilo ohm\"\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3-16, Page Number: 65" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 54, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "When Rx=0,\n", + "Battery current= 62.516 mA\n", + "Meter current= 37.45 micro ampere\n", + "Full Scale= 0 ohm\n", + " \n", + "When Rx=24,\n", + "Battery Current= 31.254 mA\n", + "Meter Current= 18.72 micro ampere\n", + "As meter current is 0.5 times of full scale.Thus, when Rx=24 ohm it indicates half scale reading\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variable Declaration\n", + "#From Circuit Diagram\n", + "R1=14 #in ohm\n", + "R2=10 #in ohm \n", + "R3=9.99*10**3 #in ohm \n", + "R4=2.875*10**3 #in ohm\n", + "R5=3.82*10**3 #in ohm \n", + "Eb=1.5 #Battery current\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "#When Rx=0, battery current is\n", + "R6=R3+R4+R5 #Series equivalent\n", + "R7=R2*R6/(R2+R6) #Parallel equivalent \n", + "Ib1=Eb/(R1+R7) \n", + "Im1=Ib1*R2/(R2+R6) #Using Current Dividor Rule \n", + "\n", + "#When Rx=24 ohm,\n", + "R8=24 \n", + "Ib2=Eb1/(R8+R1+R7) #From figure\n", + "Im2=Ib2*R2/(R2+R6) #Using Current Dividor Rule\n", + "n=round(Ib2/Ib1,3)\n", + "#Results\n", + "\n", + "print \"When Rx=0,\"\n", + "print \"Battery current=\",round(Ib1*1000,3),\" mA\"\n", + "print \"Meter current=\",round(Im1*10**6,2),\" micro ampere\"\n", + "print \"Full Scale= 0 ohm\"\n", + "\n", + "print \" \"\n", + "print \"When Rx=24,\"\n", + "print \"Battery Current=\",round(Ib2*10**3,3),\"mA\"\n", + "print \"Meter Current=\",round(Im2*10**6,2),\"micro ampere\"\n", + "print \"As meter current is\",n,\"times of full scale.Thus, when Rx=24 ohm it indicates half scale reading\" \n", + "\n" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.9" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} -- cgit