From 21407db382650dbf5b654c402b376baf29ba2b50 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Trupti Kini Date: Wed, 30 Dec 2015 23:30:19 +0600 Subject: Added(A)/Deleted(D) following books A Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics_by_Rayner_Joel/Chapter1.ipynb A Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics_by_Rayner_Joel/Chapter10.ipynb A Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics_by_Rayner_Joel/Chapter11.ipynb A Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics_by_Rayner_Joel/Chapter12.ipynb A Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics_by_Rayner_Joel/Chapter13.ipynb A Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics_by_Rayner_Joel/Chapter14.ipynb A Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics_by_Rayner_Joel/Chapter15.ipynb A Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics_by_Rayner_Joel/Chapter16.ipynb A Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics_by_Rayner_Joel/Chapter17.ipynb A Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics_by_Rayner_Joel/Chapter18.ipynb A Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics_by_Rayner_Joel/Chapter19.ipynb A Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics_by_Rayner_Joel/Chapter2.ipynb A Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics_by_Rayner_Joel/Chapter4.ipynb A Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics_by_Rayner_Joel/Chapter5.ipynb A Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics_by_Rayner_Joel/Chapter7.ipynb A Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics_by_Rayner_Joel/Chapter8.ipynb A Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics_by_Rayner_Joel/Chapter9.ipynb A Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics_by_Rayner_Joel/screenshots/chap11.png A Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics_by_Rayner_Joel/screenshots/chap14.png A Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics_by_Rayner_Joel/screenshots/chap7.png A Principles_Of_Electric_Machines_And_Power_Electronics_by_P._C._Sen/README.txt A sample_notebooks/PrashantSahu/Chapter-2-Molecular_Diffusion_-_Principles_of_Mass_Transfer_and_Separation_Process_by_Binay_K_Dutta_1.ipynb A "sample_notebooks/S PRASHANTHS PRASHANTH/Chapter_1_5.ipynb" --- .../Chapter16.ipynb | 546 +++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 546 insertions(+) create mode 100644 Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics_by_Rayner_Joel/Chapter16.ipynb (limited to 'Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics_by_Rayner_Joel/Chapter16.ipynb') diff --git a/Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics_by_Rayner_Joel/Chapter16.ipynb b/Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics_by_Rayner_Joel/Chapter16.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..7490fa12 --- /dev/null +++ b/Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics_by_Rayner_Joel/Chapter16.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,546 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter 16 - Internal combustion engines" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1: pg 553" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Example 16.1\n", + " (a) The net power output is (kW) = 1014.0\n", + " (b) The thermal efficiency of the plant is (percent) = 32.0\n", + " (c) The work ratio is = 0.446\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#pg 553\n", + "print('Example 16.1');\n", + "\n", + "# aim : To determine \n", + "# (a) the net power output of the turbine plant if the turbine is coupled to the compresser\n", + "# (b) the thermal efficiency of the plant\n", + "# (c) the work ratio\n", + "\n", + "# Given values\n", + "P1 = 100.;# inlet pressure of compressor, [kN/m^2]\n", + "T1 = 273.+18;# inlet temperature, [K]\n", + "P2 = 8*P1;# outlet pressure of compressor, [kN/m^2]\n", + "n_com = .85;# isentropic efficiency of compressor\n", + "T3 = 273.+1000;#inlet temperature of turbine, [K]\n", + "P3 = P2;# inlet pressure of turbine, [kN/m^2]\n", + "P4 = 100.;# outlet pressure of turbine, [kN/m^2]\n", + "n_tur = .88;# isentropic efficiency of turbine\n", + "m_dot = 4.5;# air mass flow rate, [kg/s]\n", + "cp = 1.006;# [kJ/kg K]\n", + "Gamma = 1.4;# heat capacity ratio\n", + "\n", + "# (a)\n", + "# For the compressor\n", + "T2_prime = T1*(P2/P1)**((Gamma-1)/Gamma);# [K]\n", + "T2 = T1+(T2_prime-T1)/n_com;# exit pressure of compressor, [K]\n", + "\n", + "# for turbine\n", + "T4_prime = T3*(P4/P3)**((Gamma-1)/Gamma);# [K]\n", + "T4 = T3-(T3-T4_prime)*n_tur;# exit temperature of turbine, [K]\n", + "\n", + "P_output = m_dot*cp*((T3-T4)-(T2-T1));# [kW]\n", + "print ' (a) The net power output is (kW) = ',round(P_output)\n", + "\n", + "# (b)\n", + "n_the = ((T3-T4)-(T2-T1))/(T3-T2)*100;# thermal efficiency\n", + "print ' (b) The thermal efficiency of the plant is (percent) = ',round(n_the)\n", + "\n", + "# (c)\n", + "P_pos = m_dot*cp*(T3-T4);# Positive cycle work, [kW]\n", + "\n", + "W_ratio = P_output/P_pos;# work ratio\n", + "print ' (c) The work ratio is = ',round(W_ratio,3)\n", + "\n", + "# End\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2: pg 554" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Example 16.2\n", + " (a) The pressure ratio which give the maximum network output is = 14.74\n", + " (b) The maximum net specific work output is (kJ/kg) = 401.0\n", + " (c) The thermal efficiency at maximum work output is (percent) = 54.0\n", + " (d) The work ratio at maximum work output is = 0.54\n", + " (e) The carnot efficiency within the cycle temperature limits is (percent) = 79.0\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#pg 554\n", + "print('Example 16.2');\n", + "\n", + "# aim : To determine\n", + "# (a) the pressure ratiowhich will give the maximum net work output\n", + "# (b) the maximum net specific work output\n", + "# (c) the thermal efficiency at maximum work output\n", + "# (d) the work ratio at maximum work output\n", + "# (e) the carnot efficiency within the cycle temperature limits\n", + "from math import sqrt\n", + "# Given values\n", + "# taking the refrence as Fig.16.35\n", + "T3 = 273.+1080;# [K]\n", + "T1 = 273.+10;# [K]\n", + "cp = 1.007;# [kJ/kg K]\n", + "Gamma = 1.41;# heat capacity ratio\n", + "\n", + "# (a)\n", + "r_pmax = (T3/T1)**((Gamma)/(Gamma-1));# maximum pressure ratio\n", + "# for maximum net work output\n", + "r_p = sqrt(r_pmax);\n", + "print ' (a) The pressure ratio which give the maximum network output is = ',round(r_p,2)\n", + "\n", + "# (b)\n", + "T2 = T1*(r_p)**((Gamma-1)/Gamma);# [K]\n", + "# From equation [23]\n", + "T4 = T2;\n", + "W_max = cp*((T3-T4)-(T2-T1));# Maximum net specific work output, [kJ/kg]\n", + "\n", + "print ' (b) The maximum net specific work output is (kJ/kg) = ',round(W_max)\n", + "\n", + "# (c)\n", + "W = cp*(T3-T2);\n", + "n_the = W_max/W;# thermal efficiency\n", + "print ' (c) The thermal efficiency at maximum work output is (percent) = ',round(n_the*100)\n", + "\n", + "# (d)\n", + "# From the equation [26]\n", + "W_ratio = n_the;# Work ratio\n", + "print ' (d) The work ratio at maximum work output is = ',round(W_ratio,2)\n", + "\n", + "# (e)\n", + "n_carnot = (T3-T1)/T3*100;# carnot efficiency\n", + "print ' (e) The carnot efficiency within the cycle temperature limits is (percent) = ',round(n_carnot)\n", + "\n", + "# End\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3: pg 558" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 3, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Example 16.3\n", + " (a) The net power output of the plant is (kW) = 562.0\n", + " (b) The exhaust temperature from the heat exchanger is (C) = 333.0\n", + " (c) The thermal efficiency of the plant is (percent) = 30.5\n", + " (d) The thermal efficiency of the plant if there wereno heat exchanger is (percent) = 22.3\n", + " (e) The work ratio is = 0.38\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#pg 558\n", + "print('Example 16.3');\n", + "\n", + "# aim : To determine\n", + "# (a) the net power output of the plant\n", + "# (b) the exhaust temperature from the heat exchanger\n", + "# (c) the thermal efficiency of the plant\n", + "# (d) the thermal efficiency of the plant if there were no heat exchanger\n", + "# (e) the work ratio\n", + "\n", + "# Given values\n", + "T1 = 273.+15;# temperature, [K]\n", + "P1 = 101.;# pressure, [kN/m^2]\n", + "P2 = 6*P1; # [kN/m^2]\n", + "eff = .65;# effectiveness of the heat exchanger, \n", + "T3 = 273.+870;# temperature, [K]\n", + "P4 = 101.;# [kN/m^2]\n", + "n_com = .85;# efficiency of compressor, \n", + "n_tur = .80;# efficiency of turbine\n", + "m_dot = 4.;# mass flow rate, [kg/s]\n", + "Gama = 1.4;# heat capacity ratio\n", + "cp = 1.005;# [kJ/kg K]\n", + "\n", + "# solution\n", + "# (a)\n", + "# For compressor\n", + "T2_prim = T1*(P2/P1)**((Gama-1)/Gama);# [K]\n", + "\n", + "# using n_com = (T2_prim-T1)/(T2-T1)')\n", + "\n", + "T2 = T1+(T2_prim-T1)/n_com\n", + "# For turbine\n", + "P3 = P2;\n", + "T4_prim = T3*(P4/P3)**((Gama-1)/Gama);# [K]\n", + "\n", + "T4=T3-n_tur*(T3-T4_prim); # [K]\n", + "P_out = m_dot*cp*((T3-T4)-(T2-T1));# net power output, [kW]\n", + "print ' (a) The net power output of the plant is (kW) = ',round(P_out)\n", + "\n", + "# (b)\n", + "mtd = T4-T2;# maximum temperature drop for heat transfer, [K]\n", + "atd = eff*mtd;# actual temperature, [K]\n", + "et = T4-atd;# Exhaust temperature from heat exchanger, [K]\n", + "t6 = et-273;# [C]\n", + "print ' (b) The exhaust temperature from the heat exchanger is (C) = ',round(t6)\n", + "\n", + "# (c)\n", + "T5 = T2+atd;# [K]\n", + "n_the = ((T3-T4)-(T2-T1))/(T3-T5)*100;# thermal effficiency \n", + "print ' (c) The thermal efficiency of the plant is (percent) = ',round(n_the,1)\n", + "\n", + "# (d)\n", + "# with no heat exchanger\n", + "n_the = ((T3-T4)-(T2-T1))/(T3-T2)*100;# thermal efficiency without heat exchanger\n", + "print ' (d) The thermal efficiency of the plant if there wereno heat exchanger is (percent) = ',round(n_the,1)\n", + "\n", + "# (e)\n", + "P_pos = m_dot*cp*(T3-T4);# positive cycle work;# [kW]\n", + "w_rat = P_out/P_pos;# work ratio\n", + "print ' (e) The work ratio is = ',round(w_rat,2)\n", + "\n", + "# End\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4: pg 562" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 4, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Example 16.4\n", + " (a) The temperature as the air leaves the compressor turbine is (C) = 701.0\n", + " The pressure as the air leaves the compressor turbine is (kN/m^2) = 288.0\n", + " (b) The power output from the free power turbine is (kW) = 1541.0\n", + " (c) The thermal efficiency of the plant is (percent) = 32.0\n", + " (d) The work ratio is = 0.44\n", + " (e) The carnot efficiency is (percent) = 77.0\n", + "The answers are a bit different due to rounding off error in textbook\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#pg 562\n", + "print('Example 16.4');\n", + "\n", + "# aim : To determine\n", + "# (a) the pressure and temperature as the air leaves the compressor turbine\n", + "# (b) the power output from the free power turbine\n", + "# (c) the thermal efficiency of the plant\n", + "# (d) the work ratio\n", + "# (e) the carnot efficiency within the cycle temperature limits\n", + "\n", + "# Given values\n", + "T1 = 273.+19;# temperature, [K]\n", + "P1 = 100.;# pressure, [kN/m^2]\n", + "P2 = 8*P1; # [kN/m^2]\n", + "P3 = P2;# [kN/m^2]\n", + "T3 = 273.+980;# temperature, [K]\n", + "n_com = .85;# efficiency of rotary compressor\n", + "P5 = 100.;# [kN/m^2]\n", + "n_cum = .88;# isentropic efficiency of combustion chamber compressor, \n", + "n_tur = .86;# isentropic efficiency of turbine\n", + "m_dot = 7.;# mass flow rate of air, [kg/s]\n", + "Gama = 1.4;# heat capacity ratio\n", + "cp = 1.006;# [kJ/kg K]\n", + "\n", + "# solution\n", + "# (a)\n", + "# For compressor\n", + "T2_prim = T1*(P2/P1)**((Gama-1)/Gama);# [K]\n", + "\n", + "T2 = T1+(T2_prim-T1)/n_com;# temperature, [K]\n", + "\n", + "# for compressor turbine\n", + "# T3-T4 = T2-T1,because compressor turbine power=compressor power so\n", + "T4 = T3-(T2-T1);#turbine exit temperature, [K]\n", + "T4_prim = T3-(T3-T4)/n_cum;# [K]\n", + "\n", + "# For turbine\n", + "# T4_prim = T3*(P4/P3)^((Gama-1)/Gama)\n", + "P4 = P3*(T4_prim/T3)**(Gama/(Gama-1));# exit air pressure of air, [kN/m^2]\n", + "\n", + "print ' (a) The temperature as the air leaves the compressor turbine is (C) = ',round(T4-273)\n", + "print ' The pressure as the air leaves the compressor turbine is (kN/m^2) = ',round(P4)\n", + "\n", + "# (b)\n", + "T5_prim = T4*(P5/P4)**((Gama-1)/Gama);# [K]\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "T5 = T4-n_tur*(T4-T5_prim);# temperature, [K]\n", + "\n", + "PO = m_dot*cp*(T4-T5);# power output\n", + "print ' (b) The power output from the free power turbine is (kW) = ',round(PO)\n", + "\n", + "# (c)\n", + "\n", + "n_the = (T4-T5)/(T3-T2)*100;# thermal effficiency \n", + "print ' (c) The thermal efficiency of the plant is (percent) = ',round(n_the)\n", + "\n", + "# (d)\n", + "\n", + "WR = (T4-T5)/(T3-T5);# work ratio\n", + "print ' (d) The work ratio is = ',round(WR,2)\n", + "\n", + "# (e)\n", + "CE = (T3-T1)/T3;# carnot efficiency\n", + "print ' (e) The carnot efficiency is (percent) = ',round(CE*100)\n", + "\n", + "print 'The answers are a bit different due to rounding off error in textbook'\n", + "# End\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5: pg 564" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 5, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Example 16.5\n", + " (a) The pressure of the air after compression is (bar) = 14100.0\n", + " The temperature of the air after compression is (C) = 469.6\n", + " (b) The power developed by the gas turbine is (MW) = 51.66\n", + " (c) The air pressure as it leaves the gas turbine is (bar) = 714.0\n", + "Result in the book is not matching because they have taken pressure in mbar but in in question it is given in bar\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#pg 564\n", + "print('Example 16.5');\n", + "\n", + "# aim : To determine\n", + "# (a) the pressure and temperature of the air compression \n", + "# (b) the power developed by the gas turbine\n", + "# (c) the temperature and pressure of the airentering the exhaust jet as it leaves the gas turbine \n", + "from math import log\n", + "# Given values\n", + "T1 = 273-22.4;# temperature, [K]\n", + "P1 = 470.;# pressure, [bar]\n", + "P2 = 30*P1; # [kN/m**2]\n", + "P3 = P2;# [kN/m**2]\n", + "T3 = 273.+960;# temperature, [K]\n", + "r = 1.25;# ratio of turbine power to compressor power\n", + "n_tur = .86;# isentropic efficiency of turbine\n", + "m_dot = 80.;# mass flow rate of air, [kg/s]\n", + "Gama = 1.41;# heat capacity ratio\n", + "cp = 1.05;# [kJ/kg K]\n", + "\n", + "# solution\n", + "# (a)\n", + "# For compressor\n", + "T2_prim = T1*(P2/P1)**((Gama-1)/Gama);# [K]\n", + "# using n_tur=(T2_prim-T1)/(T2-T1)\n", + "T2 = T1+(T2_prim-T1)/n_tur;# temperature, [K]\n", + "\n", + "print ' (a) The pressure of the air after compression is (bar) = ',P2\n", + "\n", + "print ' The temperature of the air after compression is (C) = ',round(T2-273,1)\n", + "\n", + "# (b)\n", + "Td = r*(T2-T1);# temperature drop in turbine, [K]\n", + "PO = m_dot*cp*Td;# power output, [kW]\n", + "print ' (b) The power developed by the gas turbine is (MW) = ',round(PO*10**-3,2)\n", + "\n", + "# (c)\n", + "t3 = T3-273;# [C]\n", + "t4 = t3-Td;# temeprerature of air leaving turbine,[K]\n", + "Tdi = Td/n_tur;# isentropic temperature drop, [K]\n", + "T4_prim = t3-Tdi+273;# temperature, [K]\n", + "# using T4_prim=T3*(P4/P3)**((Gama-1)/Gama)\n", + "P4 = P3*(T4_prim/T3)**(Gama/(Gama-1));# exit air pressure of air, [kN/m**2]\n", + "\n", + "print ' (c) The air pressure as it leaves the gas turbine is (bar) = ',round(P4,0)\n", + "\n", + "print 'Result in the book is not matching because they have taken pressure in mbar but in in question it is given in bar'\n", + "\n", + "# End\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 6: pg 566" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 6, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Example 16.6\n", + " (a) The mass of fuel oil used by the gas is (tonne/h) = 35.9\n", + " (b) The mass flow rate of steam from the boiler is (tonne/h) = 252.4\n", + " (c) The theoretical output from the steam turbine is (MW) = 40.06\n", + " (d) The overall thermal efficiency is (percent) = 44.3\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#pg 566\n", + "print('Example 16.6');\n", + "\n", + "# aim : To determine\n", + "# (a) the mass of fuel oil used by the gas turbine\n", + "# (b) the mass flow of steam from the boiler \n", + "# (c) the theoretical output from the steam turbine\n", + "# (d) the overall theoretical thermal efficiency of the plant\n", + "\n", + "# given values\n", + "Po = 150.;# generating plant output, [MW]\n", + "n_the1 = .35;# thermal efficiency\n", + "CV = 43.;# calorific value of fuel, [MJ]\n", + "me = 400.;# flow rate of exhaust gas, [kg/s]\n", + "T = 90.;# boiler exit temperature, [C]\n", + "T1 = 550.;# exhaust gas temperature, [C]\n", + "P2 = 10.;# steam generation pressure, [MN/m**2]\n", + "T2 = 450.;# boiler exit temperature, [C]\n", + "Tf = 140.;# feed water temperature, [C]\n", + "n_tur = .86;# turbine efficiency\n", + "P3 = .5;# exhaust temperature, [MN/m**2]\n", + "n_boi = .92;# boiler thermal efficiency\n", + "cp = 1.1;# heat capacity, [kJ/kg]\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "# solution\n", + "# (a)\n", + "ER = Po*3600/n_the1;# energy requirement from the fuel, [MJ/h]\n", + "mf = ER/CV*10**-3;# fuel required, [tonne/h]\n", + "print ' (a) The mass of fuel oil used by the gas is (tonne/h) = ',round(mf,1)\n", + "\n", + "# (b) \n", + "\n", + "ET = me*cp*(T1-T)*3600*n_boi;# energy transferred to steam,[kJ/h]\n", + "# from steam table\n", + "h1 = 3244;# specific enthalpy, [kJ/kg]\n", + "hf = 588.5;# specific enthalpy, [kJ/kg]\n", + "ERR = h1-hf;# energy required to raise steam, [kJ/kg]\n", + "ms = ET/ERR*10**-3;# mass flow of steam, [tonne/h]\n", + "print ' (b) The mass flow rate of steam from the boiler is (tonne/h) = ',round(ms,1)\n", + "\n", + "# again from steam table\n", + "s1 = 6.424;# specific entropy, [kJ/kg K]\n", + "sf2 = 1.86;# specific entropy, [kJ/kg K\n", + "sg2 = 6.819;# specific entropy, [kJ/kg K]\n", + "\n", + "hf2 = 640.1;# specific enthalpy,[kJ/kg]\n", + "hg2 = 2747.5;# specific enthalpy, [kJ/kg]\n", + "# for ths process s1=s2=sf2+x2*(sg2-sf2)\n", + "s2 = s1;\n", + "# hence\n", + "x2 = (s2-sf2)/(sg2-sf2);# dryness fraction\n", + "\n", + "h2_prim = hf2+x2*(hg2-hf2);# specific enthalpy of steam, [kJ/kg]\n", + "\n", + "TO = n_tur*(h1-h2_prim);#theoretical steam turbine output, [kJ/kg]\n", + "TOt = TO*ms/3600.;# total theoretical steam turbine output, [MW]\n", + "\n", + "print ' (c) The theoretical output from the steam turbine is (MW) = ',round(TOt,2)\n", + "\n", + "# (d)\n", + "n_tho = (Po+TOt)*n_the1/Po;# overall theoretical thermal efficiency\n", + "print ' (d) The overall thermal efficiency is (percent) = ',round(n_tho*100,1)\n", + "\n", + "# End\n" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.11" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} -- cgit