From 64419e47f762802600b3a2b6d8c433a16ccd3d55 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Thomas Stephen Lee Date: Fri, 4 Sep 2015 22:04:10 +0530 Subject: add/remove/update books --- APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_1a.ipynb | 314 --------- APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_1a_1.ipynb | 0 APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_1b.ipynb | 313 --------- APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_1b_1.ipynb | 0 APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_2.ipynb | 615 ---------------- APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_2_1.ipynb | 0 APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_3a.ipynb | 215 ------ APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_3a_1.ipynb | 0 APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_3b.ipynb | 414 ----------- APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_3b_1.ipynb | 0 APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_4.ipynb | 478 ------------- APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_4_1.ipynb | 0 APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_5a.ipynb | 212 ------ APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_5a_1.ipynb | 0 APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_5b.ipynb | 288 -------- APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_5b_1.ipynb | 0 APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_6a.ipynb | 774 --------------------- APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_6a_1.ipynb | 0 APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_6b_1.ipynb | 0 APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_7.ipynb | 236 ------- APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_7_1.ipynb | 0 APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_8.ipynb | 651 ----------------- APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_8_1.ipynb | 0 APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/README.txt | 0 .../screenshots/Screenshot_(1).png | Bin .../screenshots/Screenshot_(2).png | Bin .../screenshots/Screenshot_(3).png | Bin 27 files changed, 4510 deletions(-) delete mode 100755 APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_1a.ipynb mode change 100644 => 100755 APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_1a_1.ipynb delete mode 100755 APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_1b.ipynb mode change 100644 => 100755 APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_1b_1.ipynb delete mode 100755 APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_2.ipynb mode change 100644 => 100755 APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_2_1.ipynb delete mode 100755 APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_3a.ipynb mode change 100644 => 100755 APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_3a_1.ipynb delete mode 100755 APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_3b.ipynb mode change 100644 => 100755 APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_3b_1.ipynb delete mode 100755 APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_4.ipynb mode change 100644 => 100755 APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_4_1.ipynb delete mode 100755 APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_5a.ipynb mode change 100644 => 100755 APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_5a_1.ipynb delete mode 100755 APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_5b.ipynb mode change 100644 => 100755 APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_5b_1.ipynb delete mode 100755 APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_6a.ipynb mode change 100644 => 100755 APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_6a_1.ipynb mode change 100644 => 100755 APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_6b_1.ipynb delete mode 100755 APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_7.ipynb mode change 100644 => 100755 APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_7_1.ipynb delete mode 100755 APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_8.ipynb mode change 100644 => 100755 APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_8_1.ipynb mode change 100644 => 100755 APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/README.txt mode change 100644 => 100755 APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/screenshots/Screenshot_(1).png mode change 100644 => 100755 APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/screenshots/Screenshot_(2).png mode change 100644 => 100755 APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/screenshots/Screenshot_(3).png (limited to 'APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM') diff --git a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_1a.ipynb b/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_1a.ipynb deleted file mode 100755 index 1dc0f01d..00000000 --- a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_1a.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,314 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "#Chapter 1(A):Bonding in Solids" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 1.1, Page number 1.14" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 3, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "-2*a/r**3 + 90*b/r**11\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#importing modules\n", - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "from sympy import *\n", - "import numpy as np\n", - "\n", - "#Variable declaration\n", - "n=1;\n", - "m=9;\n", - "a=Symbol('a')\n", - "b=Symbol('b')\n", - "r=Symbol('r')\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "y=(-a/(r**n))+(b/(r**m));\n", - "y=diff(y,r);\n", - "y=diff(y,r);\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print y\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 4, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "young's modulus is 157 GPa\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#Variable declaration\n", - "a=7.68*10**-29; \n", - "r0=2.5*10**-10; #radius(m)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "b=a*(r0**8)/9;\n", - "y=((-2*a*r0**8)+(90*b))/r0**11; \n", - "E=y/r0; #young's modulus(Pa)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print \"young's modulus is\",int(E/10**9),\"GPa\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 1.2, Page number 1.15" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 21, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Effective charge = 0.72 *10**-29 coulomb\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "\n", - "#variable declarations\n", - "d=((1.98)*10**-29)*1/3; #dipole moment\n", - "b=(0.92); #bond length\n", - "EC=d/(b*10**-10); #Effective charge\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print \"Effective charge =\",round((EC*10**19),2),\"*10**-29 coulomb\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 1.3, Page number 1.15" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 3, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Cohesive energy = 668.9 *10**3 kJ/kmol\n", - "#Answer varies due to rounding of numbers\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#variable declaration\n", - "A=1.748 #Madelung Constant \n", - "N=6.02*10**26 #Avagadro Number\n", - "e=1.6*10**-19\n", - "n=9.5\n", - "r=(0.324*10**-9)*10**3\n", - "E=8.85*10**-12\n", - "#Calculations\n", - "U=((N*A*(e)**2)/(4*math.pi*E*r))*(1-1/n) #Cohesive energy\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print \"Cohesive energy =\",round(U/10**3,1),\"*10**3 kJ/kmol\"\n", - "print \"#Answer varies due to rounding of numbers\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 1.4, Page number 1.15" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 4, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Coulomb energy = -2.88 eV\n", - "Energy required = -1.88 eV\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "#variable declaration\n", - "I=5; #Ionisation energy\n", - "A=4; #Electron Affinity\n", - "e=(1.6*10**-19)\n", - "E=8.85*10**-12 #epsilon constant\n", - "r=0.5*10**-19 #dist between A and B\n", - "\n", - "#Calculations\n", - "C=-(e**2/(4*math.pi*E*r*e))/10**10 #Coulomb energy\n", - "E_c=I-A+C #Energy required\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print \"Coulomb energy =\",round(C,2),\"eV\"\n", - "print \"Energy required =\",round(E_c,2),\"eV\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 1.5, Page number 1.16" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 5, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Energy required= 1.49 eV\n", - "Distance of separation = 9.66 Angstrom\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#variable declaration\n", - "I=5.14; #Ionization energy\n", - "A=3.65; #Electron Affinity\n", - "e=(1.6*10**-19);\n", - "E=8.85*10**-12; \n", - "#calculations\n", - "E_c=I-A #Energy required\n", - "r=e**2/(4*math.pi*E*E_c*e) #Distance of separation\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print \"Energy required=\",E_c,\"eV\"\n", - "print \"Distance of separation =\",round(r/10**-10,2),\"Angstrom\"\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 1.6, Page number 1.16" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 6, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Energy required= 1.49 eV\n", - "Energy required = -6.1 eV\n", - "Bond Energy = 4.61 eV\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#variable declaration \n", - "I=5.14; #Ionization energy\n", - "A=3.65; #Electron Affinity\n", - "e=(1.6*10**-19);\n", - "E=8.85*10**-12; \n", - "r=236*10**-12;\n", - "\n", - "#Calculations\n", - "E_c=I-A #Energy required\n", - "C=-(e**2/(4*math.pi*E*r*e)) #Potentential energy in eV\n", - "BE=-(E_c+C) #Bond Energy\n", - "#Result\n", - "print \"Energy required=\",E_c,\"eV\"\n", - "print \"Energy required =\",round(C,1),\"eV\"\n", - "print \"Bond Energy =\",round(BE,2),\"eV\"\n", - "\n" - ] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 2", - "language": "python", - "name": "python2" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 2 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", - "version": "2.7.9" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 0 -} diff --git a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_1a_1.ipynb b/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_1a_1.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_1b.ipynb b/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_1b.ipynb deleted file mode 100755 index 0df96e78..00000000 --- a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_1b.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,313 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "#Crystal Structures" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 1.1, Page number 1.36" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 6, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "a= 5.43 Angstorm\n", - "density = 6.88 kg/m**3\n", - "#Answer given in the textbook is wrong\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#variable declaration\n", - "d=2.351 #bond lenght\n", - "N=6.02*10**26 #Avagadro number\n", - "n=8 #number of atoms in unit cell\n", - "A=28.09 #Atomin mass of silicon\n", - "m=6.02*10**26 #1mole\n", - "\n", - "#Calculations\n", - "a=(4*d)/math.sqrt(3)\n", - "p=(n*A)/((a*10**-10)*m) #density\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print \"a=\",round(a,2),\"Angstorm\"\n", - "print \"density =\",round(p*10**16,2),\"kg/m**3\"\n", - "print\"#Answer given in the textbook is wrong\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 1.2, Page number 1.36" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 12, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - " radius of largest sphere is 0.154700538379252*r\n", - "maximum radius of sphere is 0.414213562373095*r\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - " import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "from sympy import *\n", - "\n", - "#Variable declaration\n", - "r=Symbol('r')\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "a1=4*r/math.sqrt(3);\n", - "R1=(a1/2)-r; #radius of largest sphere\n", - "a2=4*r/math.sqrt(2);\n", - "R2=(a2/2)-r; #maximum radius of sphere\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print \"radius of largest sphere is\",R1\n", - "print \"maximum radius of sphere is\",R2 \n", - " " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 1.3, Page number 1.37" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 1, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "a1= 2.905 Angstrom\n", - "Unit cell volume =a1**3 = 24.521 *10**-30 m**3\n", - "Volume occupied by one atom = 12.26 *10**-30 m**3\n", - "a2= 3.654 Angstorm\n", - "Unit cell volume =a2**3 = 48.8 *10**-30 m**3\n", - "Volume occupied by one atom = 12.2 *10**-30 m**3\n", - "Volume Change in % = 0.493\n", - "Density Change in % = 0.5\n", - "Thus the increase of density or the decrease of volume is about 0.5%\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#variable declaration\n", - "r1=1.258 #Atomic radius of BCC\n", - "r2=1.292 #Atomic radius of FCC\n", - "\n", - "#calculations\n", - "a1=(4*r1)/math.sqrt(3) #in BCC\n", - "b1=((a1)**3)*10**-30 #Unit cell volume\n", - "v1=(b1)/2 #Volume occupied by one atom\n", - "a2=2*math.sqrt(2)*r2 #in FCC\n", - "b2=(a2)**3*10**-30 #Unit cell volume\n", - "v2=(b2)/4 #Volume occupied by one atom \n", - "v_c=((v1)-(v2))*100/(v1) #Volume Change in % \n", - "d_c=((v1)-(v2))*100/(v2) #Density Change in %\n", - "\n", - "#Results\n", - "print \"a1=\",round(a1,3),\"Angstrom\" \n", - "print \"Unit cell volume =a1**3 =\",round((b1)/10**-30,3),\"*10**-30 m**3\"\n", - "print \"Volume occupied by one atom =\",round(v1/10**-30,2),\"*10**-30 m**3\"\n", - "print \"a2=\",round(a2,3),\"Angstorm\"\n", - "print \"Unit cell volume =a2**3 =\",round((b2)/10**-30,3),\"*10**-30 m**3\"\n", - "print \"Volume occupied by one atom =\",round(v2/10**-30,2),\"*10**-30 m**3\"\n", - "print \"Volume Change in % =\",round(v_c,3)\n", - "print \"Density Change in % =\",round(d_c,2)\n", - "print \"Thus the increase of density or the decrease of volume is about 0.5%\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "##Example 1.4, Page number 1.38" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 13, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "a= 0.563 *10**-9 metre\n", - "spacing between the nearest neighbouring ions = 0.2814 nm\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#variable declaration\n", - "n=4 \n", - "M=58.5 #Molecular wt. of NaCl\n", - "N=6.02*10**26 #Avagadro number\n", - "rho=2180 #density\n", - "\n", - "#Calculations\n", - "a=((n*M)/(N*rho))**(1/3) \n", - "s=a/2\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print \"a=\",round(a/10**-9,3),\"*10**-9 metre\"\n", - "print \"spacing between the nearest neighbouring ions =\",round(s/10**-9,4),\"nm\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 1.5, Page number 1.38" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 14, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "lattice constant, a= 0.36 nm\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#variable declaration\n", - "n=4 \n", - "A=63.55 #Atomic wt. of NaCl\n", - "N=6.02*10**26 #Avagadro number\n", - "rho=8930 #density\n", - "\n", - "#Calculations\n", - "a=((n*A)/(N*rho))**(1/3) #Lattice Constant\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print \"lattice constant, a=\",round(a*10**9,2),\"nm\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "##Example 1.6, Page number 1.39" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 16, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Density of iron = 8805.0 kg/m**-3\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "\n", - "#variable declaration\n", - "r=0.123 #Atomic radius\n", - "n=4\n", - "A=55.8 #Atomic wt\n", - "a=2*math.sqrt(2) \n", - "N=6.02*10**26 #Avagadro number\n", - "\n", - "#Calculations\n", - "rho=(n*A)/((a*r*10**-9)**3*N)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print \"Density of iron =\",round(rho),\"kg/m**-3\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": null, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "outputs": [], - "source": [] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 2", - "language": "python", - "name": "python2" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 2 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", - "version": "2.7.9" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 0 -} diff --git a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_1b_1.ipynb b/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_1b_1.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_2.ipynb b/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_2.ipynb deleted file mode 100755 index c257bf8c..00000000 --- a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_2.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,615 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "#2: Crystal Planes and X-ray Diffraction" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example number 2.1, Page number 2.12" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 20, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "i)Number of atoms per unit area of (100)plane= 1/(4*R**2)\n", - "ii)Number of atoms per unit area of (110)plane= 2.82842712474619*R**2\n", - "iii)Number of atoms per unit area of (111)plane= 2.3094010767585*R**2\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#importing modules\n", - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "from sympy import *\n", - "#Variable declaration\n", - "R=Symbol('R')\n", - "a=2*R\n", - "\n", - "#Results\n", - "print\"i)Number of atoms per unit area of (100)plane=\",1/a**2\n", - "print\"ii)Number of atoms per unit area of (110)plane=\",1/math.sqrt(2)*a**2\n", - "print\"iii)Number of atoms per unit area of (111)plane=\",1/math.sqrt(3)*a**2" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example number 2.2, Page number 2.13" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 42, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "i)Surface area of the face ABCD = 13.0 *10**-14 mm**2\n", - "ii)Surface area of plane (110) = 1.09 *10**13 atoms/mm**2\n", - "iii)Surface area of pane(111)= 1.772 *10**13 atoms/mm**2\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#importing modules\n", - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#Variable declaration\n", - "a=3.61*10**-7\n", - "BC=math.sqrt(2)/2\n", - "AD=(math.sqrt(6))/2\n", - "#Result\n", - "print\"i)Surface area of the face ABCD =\",round(a**2*10**14),\"*10**-14 mm**2\"\n", - "print\"ii)Surface area of plane (110) =\",round((2/(a*math.sqrt(2)*a)/10**13),2),\"*10**13 atoms/mm**2\"\n", - "print\"iii)Surface area of pane(111)=\",round(2/(BC*AD*a**2)*10**-13,3),\"*10**13 atoms/mm**2\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example number 2.3, Page number 2.14" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 43, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "d1 = 1.0\n", - "d2 = 0.707\n", - "d3 = 0.577\n", - "d1:d2:d3 = 1.0 : 0.707 : 0.577\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#importing modules\n", - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#Variable declaration\n", - "h1=1\n", - "k1=0\n", - "l1=0\n", - "h2=1\n", - "k2=1\n", - "l2=0\n", - "h3=1\n", - "k3=1\n", - "l3=1\n", - "a=1\n", - "\n", - "#Calculations\n", - "d1=a/(math.sqrt(h1**2+k1**2+l1**2))\n", - "d2=a/(math.sqrt(h2**2+k2**2+l2**2))\n", - "d3=a/(math.sqrt(h3**2+k3**2+l3**2))\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print\"d1 =\",d1 \n", - "print\"d2 =\",round(d2,3)\n", - "print\"d3 =\",round(d3,3)\n", - "print\"d1:d2:d3 =\",d1,\":\",round(d2,3),\":\",round(d3,3)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example number 2.4, Page number 2.15" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 47, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "d(220) = 159.1 pm\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#importing modules\n", - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#Variable declaration\n", - "h=2\n", - "k=2\n", - "l=0\n", - "a=450\n", - "\n", - "#Calculations\n", - "d=a/(math.sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2))\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print\"d(220) =\",round(d,1),\"pm\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example number 2.5, Page number 2.15" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 49, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "a = 3.615 Angstroms\n", - "d = 2.087 Angstroms\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#importing modules\n", - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#Variable declaration\n", - "a=3.615\n", - "r=1.278\n", - "h=1\n", - "k=1\n", - "l=1\n", - "\n", - "#Calculations\n", - "a=(4*r)/math.sqrt(2)\n", - "d=a/(math.sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2))\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print\"a =\",round(a,3),\"Angstroms\"\n", - "print\"d =\",round(d,3),\"Angstroms\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example number 2.7, Page number 2.15" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 28, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "d = 1.45 *10**-10 m\n", - "a = 4.1 *10**-10 m\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#importing modules\n", - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#Variable declaration\n", - "n=1\n", - "lamda=1.54\n", - "theta=32*math.pi/180\n", - "h=2\n", - "k=2\n", - "l=0\n", - "\n", - "#Calculations\n", - "d=(n*lamda*10**-10)/(2*math.sin(theta)) #derived from 2dsin(theta)=n*l\n", - "a=d*(math.sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2))\n", - "\n", - "#Results\n", - "print\"d =\",round(d*10**10,2),\"*10**-10 m\"\n", - "print\"a =\",round(a*10**10,1),\"*10**-10 m\"\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example number 2.8, Page number 2.16" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 50, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "i. d/n = 2.582 Angstroms\n", - "ii. d/n = 1.824 Angstroms\n", - "iii.d/n = 1.289 Angstroms\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#importing modules\n", - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#Variable declaration\n", - "lamda=0.58\n", - "theta1=6.45*math.pi/180\n", - "theta2=9.15*math.pi/180\n", - "theta3=13*math.pi/180\n", - "\n", - "#Calculations\n", - "dbyn1=lamda/(2*(math.sin(theta1)))\n", - "dbyn2=lamda/(2*math.sin(theta2))\n", - "dbyn3=lamda/(2*math.sin(theta3))\n", - " \n", - "#Results\n", - "print\"i. d/n =\",round(dbyn1,3),\"Angstroms\"\n", - "print\"ii. d/n =\",round(dbyn2,3),\"Angstroms\"\n", - "print\"iii.d/n =\",round(dbyn3,3),\"Angstroms\"\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example number 2.9, Page number 2.16" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 36, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "n = 1.53\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#importing modules\n", - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#Variable declaration\n", - "d=1.18\n", - "theta=90*math.pi/180\n", - "lamda=1.540\n", - "\n", - "#Calculations\n", - "n=(2*d*math.sin(theta))/lamda\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print\"n =\",round(n,2)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example number 2.10, Page number 2.17" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 41, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "a = 3.51 Angstorms\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#importing modules\n", - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#Variable declaration\n", - "lamda=0.58\n", - "theta=9.5*math.pi/180\n", - "n=1\n", - "d=0.5 #d200=a/math.sqrt(2**2+0**2+0**2)=0.5a\n", - "#Calculations\n", - "a=n*lamda/(2*d*math.sin(theta)) #2*d*sin(theta)=n*lamda \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print\"a =\",round(a,2),\"Angstorms\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example number 2.11, Page number 2.17" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 17, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "sin(theta3) = 26 35.9387574495\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#importing modules\n", - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#Variable declaration\n", - "lamda=0.842\n", - "n1=1\n", - "q=(8+(35/60))*(math.pi/180)\n", - "n2=3\n", - "d=1\n", - "#Calculations\n", - "#n*lamda=2*d*sin(theta)\n", - "#n1*0.842=2*d*sin(q)\n", - "#n3*0.842=2*d*sin(theta3)\n", - "#Dividing both the eauations, we get\n", - "#(n2*lamda)/(n1*lamda)=2*d*math.sin(theta3)/2*d*math.sin(q)\n", - "theta3=math.asin((((n2*lamda)/(n1*lamda))*(2*d*math.sin(q)))/(2*d))\n", - "d=theta3*180/math.pi;\n", - "a_d=int(d);\n", - "a_m=(d-int(d))*60\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print\"sin(theta3) =\",a_d,a_m\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example number 2.12, Page number 2.18" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 18, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "d = 2.22 Angstorms\n", - "sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2) = 1.424\n", - "Therefore, h**2+k**2+l**2 =sqrt(2)\n", - "h =1, k=1\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#importing modules\n", - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#Variable declaration\n", - "a=3.16\n", - "lamda=1.54\n", - "n=1\n", - "theta=20.3*math.pi/180\n", - "\n", - "#Calculations\n", - "d=(n*lamda)/(2*math.sin(theta))\n", - "x=a/d #let math.sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2)=x\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print\"d =\",round(d,2),\"Angstorms\"\n", - "print\"sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2) =\",round(x,3)\n", - "print\"Therefore, h**2+k**2+l**2 =sqrt(2)\"\n", - "print\"h =1, k=1\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example number 2.13, Page number 2.18" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 53, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "a = 4.09 Angstroms\n", - "d = 2.36 Angstroms\n", - "lamda = 1.552 Angstroms\n", - "E = 8.0 *10**3 eV\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "## importing modules\n", - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#Variable declaration\n", - "n=4\n", - "A=107.87\n", - "rho=10500\n", - "N=6.02*10**26\n", - "h=1;\n", - "k=1;\n", - "l=1;\n", - "H=6.625*10**-34\n", - "e=1.6*10**-19\n", - "theta=(19+(12/60))*math.pi/180\n", - "C=3*10**8\n", - "#Calculations\n", - "a=((n*A)/(rho*N))**(1/3)*10**10\n", - "d=a/math.sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2)\n", - "lamda=2*d*math.sin(theta)\n", - "E=(H*C)/(lamda*10**-10*e)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print\"a =\",round(a,2),\"Angstroms\"\n", - "print\"d =\",round(d,2),\"Angstroms\"\n", - "print\"lamda =\",round(lamda,3),\"Angstroms\"\n", - "print\"E =\",round(E/10**3),\"*10**3 eV\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example number 2.14, Page number 2.19" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 72, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "d = 2.64 Angstorms\n", - "sin(theta)= 0.288\n", - "X = 7.554 cm\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#importing modules\n", - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#Variable declaration\n", - "a=4.57\n", - "h=1\n", - "k=1\n", - "l=1\n", - "lamda=1.52\n", - "twotheta=33.5*math.pi/180\n", - "r=5 #radius\n", - "#Calculations\n", - "d=a/(h**2+k**2+l**2)**(1/2)\n", - "sintheta=lamda/(2*d)\n", - "X=r/math.tan(twotheta)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print\"d =\",round(d,2),\"Angstorms\"\n", - "print\"sin(theta)=\",round(sintheta,3)\n", - "print\"X =\",round(X,3),\"cm\"" - ] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 2", - "language": "python", - "name": "python2" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 2 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", - "version": "2.7.9" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 0 -} diff --git a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_2_1.ipynb b/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_2_1.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_3a.ipynb b/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_3a.ipynb deleted file mode 100755 index 6553b45b..00000000 --- a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_3a.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,215 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "#3(A):Defects In Solids " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example number 3.1, Page number 3.17" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 13, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "at 0K, The number of vacancies per kilomole of copper is 0\n", - "at 300K, The number of vacancies per kilomole of copper is 7.577 *10**5\n", - "at 900K, The numb ber of vacancies per kilomole of copper is 6.502 *10**19\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#importing modules\n", - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#Variable declaration\n", - "N=6.023*10**26\n", - "deltaHv=120\n", - "B=1.38*10**-23\n", - "k=6.023*10**23\n", - "\n", - "#Calculations\n", - "n0=0 # 0 in denominator\n", - "n300=N*math.exp(-deltaHv*10**3/(k*B*300)) #The number of vacancies per kilomole of copper\n", - "n900=N*math.exp(-(deltaHv*10**3)/(k*B*900))\n", - "\n", - "#Results\n", - "print\"at 0K, The number of vacancies per kilomole of copper is\",n0\n", - "print\"at 300K, The number of vacancies per kilomole of copper is\",round(n300/10**5,3),\"*10**5\"\n", - "print\"at 900K, The numb ber of vacancies per kilomole of copper is\",round(n900/10**19,3),\"*10**19\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example number 3.2, Page number 3.16" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 16, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Fraction of vacancies at 1000 degrees C = 8.5 *10**-7\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#importing modules\n", - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "from sympy import *\n", - "\n", - "#Variable declaration\n", - "F_500=1*10**-10\n", - "delta_Hv=Symbol('delta_Hv')\n", - "k=Symbol('k')\n", - "T1=500+273\n", - "T2=1000+273\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "#Calculations\n", - "lnx=math.log(F_500)*T1/T2;\n", - "x=math.exp(round(lnx,2))\n", - "\n", - "print\"Fraction of vacancies at 1000 degrees C =\",round(x*10**7,1),\"*10**-7\" " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example number 3.3, Page number 3.17" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 18, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Volume of unit cell of NaCl = 1.794 *10**-28 m**3\n", - "Total number of ion pairs 'N' =' 2.23 *10**28\n", - "The concentration of Schottky defects per m**3 at 300K = 6.42 *10**11\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#importing modules\n", - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#Variable declaration\n", - "a=(2*2.82*10**-10)\n", - "delta_Hs=1.971*1.6*10**-19\n", - "k=1.38*10**-23\n", - "T=300\n", - "\n", - "#Calculations\n", - "V=a**3 #Volume of unit cell of NaCl\n", - "N=4/V #Total number of ion pairs\n", - "n=N*math.e**-(delta_Hs/(2*k*T)) \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print\"Volume of unit cell of NaCl =\",round(V*10**28,3),\"*10**-28 m**3\"\n", - "print\"Total number of ion pairs 'N' ='\",round(N/10**28,2),\"*10**28\"\n", - "print\"The concentration of Schottky defects per m**3 at 300K =\",round(n/10**11,2),\"*10**11\"\n", - "\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example number 3.4, Page number 3.18" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 36, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "The number that must be created on heating from 0 to 500K is n= 9.22 *10**12 per cm**3\n", - "As one step is 2 Angstorms, 5*10**7 vacancies are required for 1cm\n", - "The amount of climb down by the dislocation is 0.369 cm\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#importing modules\n", - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#Variable declaration\n", - "N=6.023*10**23\n", - "delta_Hv=1.6*10**-19\n", - "k=1.38*10**-23\n", - "T=500\n", - "mv=5.55; #molar volume\n", - "x=2*10**-8; #numbber of cm in 1 angstrom\n", - "\n", - "#Calculations\n", - "n=N*math.exp(-delta_Hv/(k*T))/mv\n", - "a=round(n/(5*10**7*10**6),4)*x;\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print\"The number that must be created on heating from 0 to 500K is n=\",round(n/10**12,2),\"*10**12 per cm**3\" #into cm**3\n", - "print\"As one step is 2 Angstorms, 5*10**7 vacancies are required for 1cm\"\n", - "print\"The amount of climb down by the dislocation is\",a*10**8,\"cm\"" - ] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 2", - "language": "python", - "name": "python2" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 2 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", - "version": "2.7.9" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 0 -} diff --git a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_3a_1.ipynb b/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_3a_1.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_3b.ipynb b/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_3b.ipynb deleted file mode 100755 index 5fa9129c..00000000 --- a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_3b.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,414 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "#3(B):Principles of Quantum Mechanics" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example number 3.1, Page number 3.41" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 11, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Velocity = 1.38 *10**6 m/s\n", - "Wavelength = 0.00286 Angstorm\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#importing modules\n", - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#Variable declaration\n", - "KE=10 #Kinetic Energy of neutron in keV\n", - "m=1.675*10**-27\n", - "h=6.625*10**-34\n", - "#Calculations\n", - "KE=10**4*1.6*10**-19 #in joule\n", - "v=((2*KE)/m)**(1/2) #derived from KE=1/2*m*v**2\n", - "lamda=h/(m*v)\n", - "#Results\n", - "print\"Velocity =\",round(v/10**6,2),\"*10**6 m/s\"\n", - "print\"Wavelength =\",round(lamda*10**10,5),\"Angstorm\"\n", - " " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example number 3.2, Page number 3.41" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 14, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Momentum 2.4133\n", - "de Brolie wavelength = 2.73 *10**-11 m\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#importing modules\n", - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#Variable declaration\n", - "E=2*1000*1.6*10**-19 #in joules\n", - "m=9.1*10**-31\n", - "h=6.6*10*10**-34\n", - "\n", - "#Calculations\n", - "p=math.sqrt(2*m*E)\n", - "lamda= h/p\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print\"Momentum\",round(p*10**23,4)\n", - "print\"de Brolie wavelength =\",round(lamda*10**10,2),\"*10**-11 m\"\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example number 3.3, Page number 3.41" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 19, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "wavelength = 1.807 Angstorm\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#importing modules\n", - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#Variable declaration\n", - "M=1.676*10**-27 #Mass of neutron\n", - "m=0.025\n", - "v=1.602*10**-19\n", - "h=6.62*10**-34\n", - "\n", - "#Calculations\n", - "mv=(2*m*v)**(1/2)\n", - "lamda=h/(mv*M**(1/2))\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print\"wavelength =\",round(lamda*10**10,3),\"Angstorm\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example number 3.4, Page number 3.42" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 21, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Wavelength = 0.1226 Angstorm\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#importing modules\n", - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#Variable declaration\n", - "V=10000\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "lamda=12.26/math.sqrt(V)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print\"Wavelength =\",lamda,\"Angstorm\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example number 3.5, Page number 3.42" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 7, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false, - "scrolled": true - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "The permitted electron energies = 38.0 *n**2 eV\n", - "E1= 38.0 eV\n", - "E2= 151.0 eV\n", - "E3= 339.0 eV\n", - "#Answer varies due to rounding of numbers\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#importing modules\n", - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "#Variable declaration\n", - "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge of electron(coulomb)\n", - "L=10**-10 #1Angstrom=10**-10 m\n", - "n1=1;\n", - "n2=2;\n", - "n3=3;\n", - "h=6.626*10**-34\n", - "m=9.1*10**-31\n", - "L=10**-10\n", - "\n", - "#Calculations\n", - "E1=(h**2)/(8*m*L**2*e)\n", - "E2=4*E1\n", - "E3=9*E1\n", - "#Result\n", - "print\"The permitted electron energies =\",round(E1),\"*n**2 eV\"\n", - "print\"E1=\",round(E1),\"eV\"\n", - "print\"E2=\",round(E2),\"eV\"\n", - "print\"E3=\",round(E3),\"eV\"\n", - "print\"#Answer varies due to rounding of numbers\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example number 3.6, Page number 3.42" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 9, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "si**2 delta(x)= 0.2\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#importing modules\n", - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#Variable declaration\n", - "i=1*10**-10; #interval\n", - "L=10*10**-10; #width\n", - "\n", - "#Calculations\n", - "si2=2*i/L;\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print\"si**2 delta(x)=\",si2" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example number 3.7, Page number 3.43" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 13, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - " E1 = 1.81 *10**-37 Joule\n", - "E2 = 3.62 *10**-37 Joule\n", - "E2-E1 = 1.81 *10**-37 J\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#importing modules\n", - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#Variable declaration\n", - "nx=1\n", - "ny=1\n", - "nz=1\n", - "a=1\n", - "h=6.63*10**-34\n", - "m=9.1*10**-31\n", - "\n", - "#Calculations\n", - "E1=h**2*(nx**2+ny**2+nz**2)/(8*m*a**2)\n", - "E2=(h**2*6)/(8*m*a**2) #nx**2+ny**2+nz**2=6\n", - "diff=E2-E1\n", - "#Result\n", - "print\"E1 =\",round(E1*10**37,2),\"*10**-37 Joule\"\n", - "print\"E2 =\",round(E2*10**37,2),\"*10**-37 Joule\"\n", - "print\"E2-E1 =\",round(diff*10**37,2),\"*10**-37 J\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example number 3.8, Page number 3.43" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 7, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "E1 = 3.28 *10**-13 J\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#importing modules\n", - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#Variable declaration\n", - "m=1.67*10**-27\n", - "a=10**-14\n", - "h=1.054*10**-34\n", - "\n", - "#Calculations\n", - "E1=(1*math.pi*h)**2/(2*m*a**2)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print\"E1 =\",round(E1*10**13,2),\"*10**-13 J\"\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "#Example number 3.9, Page number 3.44" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 13, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "a= 0.0158\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#importing modules\n", - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "from scipy.integrate import quad\n", - "#Variable declarations\n", - "k=1;\n", - "\n", - "#Calculations\n", - "def zintg(x):\n", - " return 2*k*math.exp(-2*k*x)\n", - "a=quad(zintg,2/k,3/k)[0]\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print \"a=\",round(a,4)" - ] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 2", - "language": "python", - "name": "python2" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 2 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", - "version": "2.7.9" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 0 -} diff --git a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_3b_1.ipynb b/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_3b_1.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_4.ipynb b/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_4.ipynb deleted file mode 100755 index 84e4acb8..00000000 --- a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_4.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,478 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "#4: Electron Theory of Metals" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example number 4.1, Page number 4.28" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 12, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "energy difference is 1.81 *10**-37 J\n", - "3/2*k*T = E2 = 3.62 *10**-37 J\n", - "T = 1.75 *10**-14 K\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#importing modules\n", - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#Variable declaration\n", - "m=9.1*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n", - "nx=ny=nz=1;\n", - "n=6;\n", - "a=1; #edge(m)\n", - "h=6.63*10**-34; #planck's constant\n", - "k=1.38\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "E1=h**2*(nx**2+ny**2+nz**2)/(8*m*a**2);\n", - "E2=h**2*n/(8*m*a**2);\n", - "E=E2-E1; #energy difference(J)\n", - "T=(2*E2*10**37)/(3*k*10**-23)\n", - "#Result\n", - "print \"energy difference is\",round(E*10**37,2),\"*10**-37 J\"\n", - "print \"3/2*k*T = E2 =\",round(E2*10**37,2),\"*10**-37 J\"\n", - "print \"T =\",round(T/10**23,2),\"*10**-14 K\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example number 4.2, Page number 4.28" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 13, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "temperature is 1261 K\n", - "answer varies due to rounding off errors\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#importing modules\n", - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#Variable declaration\n", - "y=1/100; #percentage of probability\n", - "x=0.5*1.6*10**-19; #energy(J)\n", - "k=1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "xbykT=math.log((1/y)-1);\n", - "T=x/(k*xbykT); #temperature(K)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print \"temperature is\",int(T),\"K\"\n", - "print \"answer varies due to rounding off errors\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example number 4.3, Page number 4.29" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 4, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "fermi energy is 3.2 eV\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#importing modules\n", - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#Variable declaration\n", - "d=970; #density(kg/m**3)\n", - "Na=6.02*10**26; #avagadro number\n", - "w=23; #atomic weight\n", - "m=9.1*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n", - "h=6.62*10**-34; #planck's constant\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "N=d*Na/w; #number of atoms/m**3\n", - "x=h**2/(8*m);\n", - "y=(3*N/math.pi)**(2/3);\n", - "EF=x*y; #fermi energy(J)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print \"fermi energy is\",round(EF/(1.6*10**-19),1),\"eV\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example number 4.4, Page number 4.29" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 3, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "p(E) = 0.269\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#importing modules\n", - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#Variable declaration\n", - "kT=1;\n", - "E_EF=1;\n", - "\n", - "#Calculations\n", - "p_E=1/(1+math.exp(E_EF/kT)) \n", - " \n", - "#Result \n", - "print \"p(E) =\",round(p_E,3)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example number 4.5, Page number 4.29" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 28, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "N = 2.4 *10**26 states\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#importing modules\n", - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "from scipy.integrate import quad \n", - "\n", - "#Variable declarations\n", - "m=9.1*10**-31\n", - "h=6.626*10**-34\n", - "Ef=3.1\n", - "Ef1=Ef+0.02\n", - "e=1.6*10**-19\n", - "#Calculations\n", - "def zintg(E):\n", - " return math.pi*((8*m)**(3/2))*(E**(1/2)*e**(3/2))/(2*(h**3))\n", - "N=quad(zintg,Ef,Ef1)[0]\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print\"N =\",round(N*10**-26,1),\"*10**26 states\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example number 4.6, Page number 4.30" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 1, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "n = 8.5 *10**28 /m**3\n", - "The drift speed Vd = 36.6 *10**-5 m/s\n", - "The mean free collision time Tc = 2.087 *10**-14 seconds\n", - "Mean free path = 3.34 *10**-8 m(answer varies due to rounding off errors)\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#importing modules\n", - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#Variable declaration\n", - "N=6.023*10**26 #Avagadro number\n", - "D=8960 #density \n", - "F_e=1 #no.of free electrons per atom \n", - "W=63.54 #Atomic weight\n", - "i=10\n", - "e=1.602*10**-19\n", - "m=9.1*10**-31\n", - "rho=2*10**-8\n", - "Cbar=1.6*10**6 #mean thermal velocity(m/s)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculations\n", - "n=(N*D*F_e)/W\n", - "A=math.pi*0.08**2*10**-4\n", - "Vd=i/(A*n*e) #Drift speed\n", - "Tc=m/(n*(e**2)*rho)\n", - "lamda=Tc*Cbar\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print\"n =\",round(n/10**28,1),\"*10**28 /m**3\"\n", - "print\"The drift speed Vd =\",round(Vd*10**5,1),\"*10**-5 m/s\"\n", - "print\"The mean free collision time Tc =\",round(Tc*10**14,3),\"*10**-14 seconds\"\n", - "print\"Mean free path =\",round(lamda*10**8,2),\"*10**-8 m\"\"(answer varies due to rounding off errors)\" \n", - "\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example number 4.7, Page number 4.30" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 5, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "The mean free collision time = 4.8 *10**7 ohm**-1 m**-1\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#importing modules\n", - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "##Variable declaration\n", - "n=8.5*10**28\n", - "e=1.602*10**-19\n", - "t=2*10**-14\n", - "m=9.1*10**-31\n", - "\n", - "#Calculations\n", - "Tc=n*(e**2)*t/m\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print \"The mean free collision time =\",round(Tc/10**7,1),\"*10**7 ohm**-1 m**-1\"\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example number 4.8, Page number 4.31" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 12, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Relaxation time = 4.0 *10**-14 second\n", - "Mobility = 7.0 *10**-3 m**2/volt-s\n", - "Drift Velocity= 0.7 m/s\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#importing modules\n", - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "#Variable declaration\n", - "e=1.6*10**-19\n", - "E=1 #(V/m)\n", - "rho=1.54*10**-8\n", - "n=5.8*10**28\n", - "\n", - "#Calculations\n", - "T=m/(rho*n*e**2)\n", - "Me=(e*T)/m\n", - "Vd=Me*E\n", - "\n", - "#Result \n", - "print\"Relaxation time =\",round(T*10**14),\"*10**-14 second\"\n", - "print\"Mobility =\",round(Me*10**3),\"*10**-3 m**2/volt-s\"\n", - "print\"Drift Velocity=\",round(Vd*100,1),\"m/s\"\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example number 4.9, Page number 4.31" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 9, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Temperature coefficient of resistivity,a = 5.7\n", - "rho_973 = 5.51 *10**-8 ohm-m\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#importing modules\n", - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "##Variable declaration\n", - "rho_r=0\n", - "T=300\n", - "rho=1.7*10**-18\n", - "\n", - "#Calculations \n", - "a=rho/T\n", - "rho_973=a*973\n", - "\n", - "#Results\n", - "print\"Temperature coefficient of resistivity,a =\",round(a*10**21,1)\n", - "print\"rho_973 =\",round(rho_973*10**18,2),\"*10**-8 ohm-m\"\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example number 4.10, Page number 4.31" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 10, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Increase in resistivity in copper = 0.54 *10**-8 ohm m\n", - "Total resistivity of copper alloy = 2.04 *10**-8 ohm m\n", - "The resistivity of alloy at 3K = 0.54 *10**-8 ohm m\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#importing modules\n", - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "##Variable declaration\n", - "rho1=1.2*10**-8\n", - "p1=0.4\n", - "rho2=0.12*10**-8\n", - "p2=0.5\n", - "rho3=1.5*10**-8\n", - "#Calculations\n", - "R=(rho1*p1)+(rho2*p2)\n", - "R_c=R+rho3\n", - "\n", - "#Results\n", - "print\"Increase in resistivity in copper =\",round(R*10**8,2),\"*10**-8 ohm m\"\n", - "print\"Total resistivity of copper alloy =\",round(R_c*10**8,2),\"*10**-8 ohm m\"\n", - "print\"The resistivity of alloy at 3K =\",round(R*10**8,2),\"*10**-8 ohm m\"" - ] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 2", - "language": "python", - "name": "python2" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 2 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", - "version": "2.7.9" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 0 -} diff --git a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_4_1.ipynb b/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_4_1.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_5a.ipynb b/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_5a.ipynb deleted file mode 100755 index 28d3f8c6..00000000 --- a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_5a.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,212 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "#5(A): Dielectric Properties" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example number 5.1, Page number 5.27" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 40, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "insulation resistance is 0.85 *10**18 ohm\n", - "answer varies due to rounding off errors\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#importing modules\n", - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#Variable declaration\n", - "rho=5*10**16; #resistivity(ohm m)\n", - "l=5*10**-2; #thickness(m)\n", - "b=8*10**-2; #length(m)\n", - "w=3*10**-2; #width(m)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "A=b*w; #area(m**2)\n", - "Rv=rho*l/A; \n", - "X=l+b; #length(m)\n", - "Y=w; #perpendicular(m)\n", - "Rs=Rv*X/Y; \n", - "Ri=Rs*Rv/(Rs+Rv); #insulation resistance(ohm)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print \"insulation resistance is\",round(Ri/10**18,2),\"*10**18 ohm\"\n", - "print \"answer varies due to rounding off errors\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example number 5.2, Page number 5.28" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 42, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "polarisability of He is 0.185 *10**-40 farad m**2\n", - "relative permittivity is 1.000056\n", - "answer varies due to rounding off errors\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#importing modules\n", - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#Variable declaration\n", - "epsilon0=8.84*10**-12;\n", - "R=0.55*10**-10; #radius(m)\n", - "N=2.7*10**25; #number of atoms\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "alpha_e=4*math.pi*epsilon0*R**3; #polarisability of He(farad m**2)\n", - "epsilonr=1+(N*alpha_e/epsilon0); #relative permittivity\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print \"polarisability of He is\",round(alpha_e*10**40,3),\"*10**-40 farad m**2\"\n", - "print \"relative permittivity is\",round(epsilonr,6)\n", - "print \"answer varies due to rounding off errors\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example number 5.3, Page number 5.28" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 43, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "field strength is 3.535 *10**7 V/m\n", - "total dipole moment is 33.4 *10**-12 Cm\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#importing modules\n", - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#Variable declaration\n", - "A=360*10**-4; #area(m**2)\n", - "V=15; #voltage(V)\n", - "C=6*10**-6; #capacitance(farad)\n", - "epsilonr=8;\n", - "epsilon0=8.84*10**-12;\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "E=V*C/(epsilon0*epsilonr*A); #field strength(V/m)\n", - "dm=epsilon0*(epsilonr-1)*V*A; #total dipole moment(Cm)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print \"field strength is\",round(E/10**7,3),\"*10**7 V/m\"\n", - "print \"total dipole moment is\",round(dm*10**12,1),\"*10**-12 Cm\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example number 5.4, Page number 5.29" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 45, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "the complex polarizability is (3.50379335033-0.0600074383321j) *10**-40 F-m**2\n", - "answer cant be rouned off to 2 decimals as given in the textbook. Since it is a complex number and complex cant be converted to float\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#importing modules\n", - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#Variable declaration\n", - "epsilonr=4.36; #dielectric constant\n", - "t=2.8*10**-2; #loss tangent(t)\n", - "N=4*10**28; #number of electrons\n", - "epsilon0=8.84*10**-12; \n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "epsilon_r = epsilonr*t;\n", - "epsilonstar = (complex(epsilonr,-epsilon_r));\n", - "alphastar = (epsilonstar-1)/(epsilonstar+2);\n", - "alpha_star = 3*epsilon0*alphastar/N; #complex polarizability(Fm**2)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print \"the complex polarizability is\",alpha_star*10**40,\"*10**-40 F-m**2\"\n", - "print \"answer cant be rouned off to 2 decimals as given in the textbook. Since it is a complex number and complex cant be converted to float\"" - ] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 2", - "language": "python", - "name": "python2" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 2 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", - "version": "2.7.9" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 0 -} diff --git a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_5a_1.ipynb b/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_5a_1.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_5b.ipynb b/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_5b.ipynb deleted file mode 100755 index 0ada6386..00000000 --- a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_5b.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,288 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "#5(B): Magnetic Properties" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example number 5.1, Page number 5.65" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 7, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "temperature rise is 8.43 K\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#importing modules\n", - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#Variable declaration\n", - "El=10**-2*50; #energy loss(J)\n", - "H=El*60; #heat produced(J)\n", - "d=7.7*10**3; #iron rod(kg/m**3)\n", - "s=0.462*10**-3; #specific heat(J/kg K)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "theta=H/(d*s); #temperature rise(K)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print \"temperature rise is\",round(theta,2),\"K\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example number 5.2, Page number 5.65" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 8, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "magnetic field at the centre is 14.0 weber/m**2\n", - "dipole moment is 9.0 *10**-24 ampere/m**2\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#importing modules\n", - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#Variable declaration\n", - "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(coulomb)\n", - "new=6.8*10**15; #frequency(revolutions per second)\n", - "mew0=4*math.pi*10**-7;\n", - "R=5.1*10**-11; #radius(m)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "i=round(e*new,4); #current(ampere)\n", - "B=mew0*i/(2*R); #magnetic field at the centre(weber/m**2)\n", - "A=math.pi*R**2;\n", - "d=i*A; #dipole moment(ampere/m**2)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print \"magnetic field at the centre is\",round(B),\"weber/m**2\"\n", - "print \"dipole moment is\",round(d*10**24),\"*10**-24 ampere/m**2\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example number 5.3, Page number 5.65" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 9, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "intensity of magnetisation is 5.0 ampere/m\n", - "flux density in material is 1.257 weber/m**2\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#importing modules\n", - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#Variable declaration\n", - "chi=0.5*10**-5; #magnetic susceptibility\n", - "H=10**6; #field strength(ampere/m)\n", - "mew0=4*math.pi*10**-7;\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "I=chi*H; #intensity of magnetisation(ampere/m)\n", - "B=mew0*(I+H); #flux density in material(weber/m**2)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print \"intensity of magnetisation is\",I,\"ampere/m\"\n", - "print \"flux density in material is\",round(B,3),\"weber/m**2\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example number 5.4, Page number 5.65" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 10, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "number of Bohr magnetons is 2.22 bohr magneon/atom\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#importing modules\n", - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#Variable declaration\n", - "B=9.27*10**-24; #bohr magneton(ampere m**2)\n", - "a=2.86*10**-10; #edge(m)\n", - "Is=1.76*10**6; #saturation value of magnetisation(ampere/m)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "N=2/a**3;\n", - "mew_bar=Is/N; #number of Bohr magnetons(ampere m**2)\n", - "mew_bar=mew_bar/B; #number of Bohr magnetons(bohr magneon/atom)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print \"number of Bohr magnetons is\",round(mew_bar,2),\"bohr magneon/atom\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example number 5.5, Page number 5.66" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 11, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "average magnetic moment is 2.79 *10**-3 bohr magneton/spin\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#importing modules\n", - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#Variable declaration\n", - "mew0=4*math.pi*10**-7;\n", - "H=9.27*10**-24; #bohr magneton(ampere m**2)\n", - "beta=10**6; #field(ampere/m)\n", - "k=1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n", - "T=303; #temperature(K)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "mm=mew0*H*beta/(k*T); #average magnetic moment(bohr magneton/spin)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print \"average magnetic moment is\",round(mm*10**3,2),\"*10**-3 bohr magneton/spin\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example number 5.6, Page number 5.66" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 13, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "hysteresis loss per cycle is 188.0 J/m**3\n", - "hysteresis loss per second is 9400.0 watt/m**3\n", - "power loss is 1.23 watt/kg\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#importing modules\n", - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#Variable declaration\n", - "A=94; #area(m**2)\n", - "vy=0.1; #value of length(weber/m**2)\n", - "vx=20; #value of unit length\n", - "n=50; #number of magnetization cycles\n", - "d=7650; #density(kg/m**3)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "h=A*vy*vx; #hysteresis loss per cycle(J/m**3)\n", - "hs=h*n; #hysteresis loss per second(watt/m**3)\n", - "pl=hs/d; #power loss(watt/kg)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print \"hysteresis loss per cycle is\",h,\"J/m**3\"\n", - "print \"hysteresis loss per second is\",hs,\"watt/m**3\"\n", - "print \"power loss is\",round(pl,2),\"watt/kg\"" - ] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 2", - "language": "python", - "name": "python2" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 2 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", - "version": "2.7.9" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 0 -} diff --git a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_5b_1.ipynb b/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_5b_1.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_6a.ipynb b/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_6a.ipynb deleted file mode 100755 index ad04957e..00000000 --- a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_6a.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,774 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "#6(A): Semiconductors" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example number 6.1, Page number 6.21" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 39, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "number of electron hole pairs is 2.32 *10**16 per cubic metre\n", - "answer varies due to rounding off errors\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#importing modules\n", - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#Variable declaration\n", - "ni1=2.5*10**19; #number of electron hole pairs\n", - "T1=300; #temperature(K)\n", - "Eg1=0.72*1.6*10**-19; #energy gap(J)\n", - "k=1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n", - "T2=310; #temperature(K)\n", - "Eg2=1.12*1.6*10**-19; #energy gap(J)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "x1=-Eg1/(2*k*T1);\n", - "y1=(T1**(3/2))*math.exp(x1);\n", - "x2=-Eg2/(2*k*T2);\n", - "y2=(T2**(3/2))*math.exp(x2);\n", - "ni=ni1*(y2/y1); #number of electron hole pairs\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print \"number of electron hole pairs is\",round(ni/10**16,2),\"*10**16 per cubic metre\"\n", - "print \"answer varies due to rounding off errors\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example number 6.2, Page number 6.22" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 41, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "intrinsic conductivity is 1.434 *10**4 ohm-1 m-1\n", - "intrinsic resistivity is 0.697 *10**-4 ohm m\n", - "answer varies due to rounding off errors\n", - "number of germanium atoms per m**3 is 4.5 *10**28\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#importing modules\n", - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#Variable declaration\n", - "w=72.6; #atomic weight\n", - "d=5400; #density(kg/m**3)\n", - "Na=6.025*10**26; #avagadro number\n", - "mew_e=0.4; #mobility of electron(m**2/Vs)\n", - "mew_h=0.2; #mobility of holes(m**2/Vs)\n", - "e=1.6*10**-19;\n", - "m=9.108*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n", - "ni=2.1*10**19; #number of electron hole pairs\n", - "Eg=0.7; #band gap(eV)\n", - "k=1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n", - "h=6.625*10**-34; #plancks constant\n", - "T=300; #temperature(K)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "sigmab=ni*e*(mew_e+mew_h); #intrinsic conductivity(ohm-1 m-1)\n", - "rhob=1/sigmab; #resistivity(ohm m)\n", - "n=Na*d/w; #number of germanium atoms per m**3\n", - "p=n/10**5; #boron density\n", - "sigma=p*e*mew_h;\n", - "rho=1/sigma;\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print \"intrinsic conductivity is\",round(sigma/10**4,3),\"*10**4 ohm-1 m-1\"\n", - "print \"intrinsic resistivity is\",round(rho*10**4,3),\"*10**-4 ohm m\"\n", - "print \"answer varies due to rounding off errors\"\n", - "print \"number of germanium atoms per m**3 is\",round(n/10**28,1),\"*10**28\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example number 6.3, Page number 6.23" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 44, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "charge carrier density is 2 *10**22 per m**3\n", - "electron mobility is 0.035 m**2/Vs\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#importing modules\n", - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#Variable declaration\n", - "e=1.6*10**-19;\n", - "RH=3.66*10**-4; #hall coefficient(m**3/coulomb)\n", - "sigma=112; #conductivity(ohm-1 m-1)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "ne=3*math.pi/(8*RH*e); #charge carrier density(per m**3)\n", - "mew_e=sigma/(e*ne); #electron mobility(m**2/Vs)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print \"charge carrier density is\",int(ne/10**22),\"*10**22 per m**3\"\n", - "print \"electron mobility is\",round(mew_e,3),\"m**2/Vs\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example number 6.4, Page number 6.24" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 45, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "intrinsic conductivity is 0.432 *10**-3 ohm-1 m-1 10.4\n", - "conductivity during donor impurity is 10.4 ohm-1 m-1\n", - "conductivity during acceptor impurity is 4 ohm-1 m-1\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#importing modules\n", - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#Variable declaration\n", - "mew_e=0.13; #mobility of electron(m**2/Vs)\n", - "mew_h=0.05; #mobility of holes(m**2/Vs)\n", - "e=1.6*10**-19;\n", - "ni=1.5*10**16; #number of electron hole pairs\n", - "N=5*10**28;\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "sigma1=ni*e*(mew_e+mew_h); #intrinsic conductivity(ohm-1 m-1)\n", - "ND=N/10**8;\n", - "n=ni**2/ND;\n", - "sigma2=ND*e*mew_e; #conductivity(ohm-1 m-1)\n", - "sigma3=ND*e*mew_h; #conductivity(ohm-1 m-1)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print \"intrinsic conductivity is\",round(sigma1*10**3,3),\"*10**-3 ohm-1 m-1\",sigma2\n", - "print \"conductivity during donor impurity is\",sigma2,\"ohm-1 m-1\"\n", - "print \"conductivity during acceptor impurity is\",int(sigma3),\"ohm-1 m-1\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example number 6.5, Page number 6.24" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 50, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "conductivity is 4.97 mho m-1\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#importing modules\n", - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#Variable declaration\n", - "e=1.6*10**-19;\n", - "Eg=0.72; #band gap(eV)\n", - "k=1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n", - "T1=293; #temperature(K)\n", - "T2=313; #temperature(K)\n", - "sigma1=2; #conductivity(mho m-1)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "x=(Eg*e/(2*k))*((1/T1)-(1/T2));\n", - "y=round(x/2.303,3);\n", - "z=round(math.log10(sigma1),3);\n", - "log_sigma2=y+z;\n", - "sigma2=10**log_sigma2; #conductivity(mho m-1)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print \"conductivity is\",round(sigma2,2),\"mho m-1\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example number 6.6, Page number 6.25" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 12, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "a)Concentration in N-type\n", - "n = 1.442 *10**24 m**-3\n", - "Hence p = 1.56 *10**8 m**-3\n", - "b)Concentration in P-type\n", - "p = 3.75 *10**24 m**-3\n", - "Hence n = 0.6 *10**8 m**-3\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#importing modules\n", - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#Variable declaration\n", - "ni=1.5*10**16\n", - "mu_n=1300*10**-4\n", - "mu_p=500*10**-4\n", - "e=1.6*10**-19\n", - "sigma=3*10**4\n", - "\n", - "#Calculations\n", - "#Concentration in N-type\n", - "n1=sigma/(e*mu_n)\n", - "p1=ni**2/n1\n", - "#Concentration in P-type\n", - "p=sigma/(e*mu_p)\n", - "n2=(ni**2)/p\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print\"a)Concentration in N-type\"\n", - "print\"n =\",round(n1*10**-24,3),\"*10**24 m**-3\"\n", - "print\"Hence p =\",round(p1/10**8,2),\"*10**8 m**-3\"\n", - "print\"b)Concentration in P-type\"\n", - "print\"p =\",round(p/10**24,2),\"*10**24 m**-3\"\n", - "print\"Hence n =\",round(n2/10**8,1),\"*10**8 m**-3\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example number 6.7, Page number 6.26" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 18, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Jx = 1000.0 ampere/m**2\n", - "Ey = 0.183 V/m\n", - "Vy = 1.83 mV\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#importing modules\n", - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#Variable declaration\n", - "i=10**-2\n", - "A=0.01*0.001\n", - "RH=3.66*10**-4\n", - "Bz=0.5\n", - "\n", - "#Calculations\n", - "Jx=i/A\n", - "Ey=RH*(Bz*Jx)\n", - "Vy=Ey*0.01\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print\"Jx =\",Jx,\"ampere/m**2\"\n", - "print\"Ey =\",round(Ey,3),\"V/m\"\n", - "print\"Vy =\",round(Vy*10**3,2),\"mV\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example number 6.8, Page number 6.26" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 26, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Position of fermi level = 0.5764 eV\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#importing modules\n", - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#Variable declaration\n", - "Ev=0\n", - "Ec=1.12\n", - "k=1.38*10**-23\n", - "T=300\n", - "mh=0.28\n", - "mc=0.12\n", - "e=1.6*10**-19\n", - "#Calculations\n", - "Ef=((Ec+Ev)/2)+((3*k*T)/(4*e))*math.log(mh/mc)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print\"Position of fermi level =\",round(Ef,4),\"eV\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example number 6.9, Page number 6.26" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 1, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Conductivity of intrinsic germanium at 300K = 2.24 ohm**-1 m**-1\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#importing modules\n", - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#Variable declaration\n", - "ni=2.5*10**19\n", - "mu_e=0.38\n", - "mu_h=0.18\n", - "e=1.6*10**-19\n", - "\n", - "#Calculations\n", - "sigmai=ni*e*(mu_e+mu_h)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print\"Conductivity of intrinsic germanium at 300K =\",round(sigmai,2),\"ohm**-1 m**-1\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example number 6.10, Page number 6.27" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 39, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Conductivity = 1.1593 *10**-3 ohm**-1 m**-1\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#importing modules\n", - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#Variable declaration\n", - "m=9.1*10**-31\n", - "k=1.38*10**-23\n", - "T=300\n", - "h=6.626*10**-34\n", - "Eg=1.1\n", - "e=1.6*10**-19\n", - "mu_e=0.48\n", - "mu_h=0.013\n", - "#Calculations\n", - "ni=2*((2*math.pi*m*k*T)/h**2)**(3/2)*math.exp(-(Eg*e)/(2*k*T))\n", - "sigma=ni*e*(mu_e+mu_h)\n", - " \n", - "#Result\n", - "print\"Conductivity =\",round(sigma*10**3,4),\"*10**-3 ohm**-1 m**-1\" " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example number 6.11, Page number 6.27" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 7, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "p = 2.0 *10**23 m**-3\n", - "The electron concentration is given by n = 2.0 *10**9 m**-3\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#importing modules\n", - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#Variable declaration\n", - "Na=5*10**23\n", - "Nd=3*10**23\n", - "ni=2*10**16\n", - "#Calculations\n", - "p=((Na-Nd)+(Na-Nd))/2\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print\"p =\",p*10**-23,\"*10**23 m**-3\"\n", - "print\"The electron concentration is given by n =\",ni**2/p*10**-9,\"*10**9 m**-3\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example number 6.12, Page number 6.28" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 43, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Rh = 3.7 *10**-6 C**-1 m**3\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#importing modules\n", - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#Variable declaration\n", - "Vh=37*10**-6\n", - "thick=1*10**-3\n", - "width=5\n", - "Iy=20*10**-3\n", - "Bz=0.5\n", - "\n", - "#Calculations\n", - "Rh=(Vh*width*thick)/(width*Iy*Bz)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print\"Rh =\",round(Rh*10**6,1),\"*10**-6 C**-1 m**3\"\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example number 6.13, Page number 6.28" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 46, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Dn = 33.54 cm**2 s**-1\n", - "Dp = 12.9 cm**2 s**-1\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#importing modules\n", - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#Variable declaration\n", - "Vt=0.0258\n", - "mu_n=1300\n", - "mu_p=500\n", - "\n", - "#Calculations\n", - "Dn=Vt*mu_n\n", - "Dp=Vt*mu_p\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print\"Dn =\",Dn,\"cm**2 s**-1\"\n", - "print\"Dp =\",Dp,\"cm**2 s**-1\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example number 6.14, Page number 6.29" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 63, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "The hole concentration 'p' = 1.125 *10**13 /m**3\n", - "'n'= Nd = 2.0 *10**19\n", - "Electrical Conductivity = 0.384 ohm**-1 m**-1\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#importing modules\n", - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#Variable declaration\n", - "ni=1.5*10**16\n", - "Nd=2*10**19\n", - "e=1.602*100**-19\n", - "mu_n=0.12\n", - "\n", - "#Calculations\n", - "p=ni**2/Nd\n", - "E_c=e*Nd*mu_n\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print\"The hole concentration 'p' =\",round(p*10**-13,3),\"*10**13 /m**3\"\n", - "print\"'n'= Nd =\",round(Nd*10**-19),\"*10**19\"\n", - "print\"Electrical Conductivity =\",round(E_c*10**19,3),\"ohm**-1 m**-1\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example number 6.15, Page number 6.29" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 37, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "mu_p= 1389.0 cm**2/V-s\n", - "n= 6.0355 *10**13/cm**3\n", - "p= 1.0355 *10**13/cm**3\n", - "J= 582.5 A/m**2\n", - "#Answer varies due to rounding of numbers\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#importing modules\n", - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#Variable declaration\n", - "N=1/60\n", - "e=1.6*10**-19\n", - "ni=2.5*10**13\n", - "b=5*10**13\n", - "E=2\n", - "\n", - "#Calculations\n", - "n=(b+math.sqrt(2*b**2))/2\n", - "mu_p=N/(3*e*ni)\n", - "mu_i=2*mu_p\n", - "np=ni**2\n", - "p=(ni**2)/n\n", - "e=1.6*10**-19\n", - "E=2\n", - "J=(e*E)*((n*mu_i)+(p*mu_p))\n", - "#Result\n", - "print\"mu_p=\",round(mu_p),\"cm**2/V-s\"\n", - "print\"n=\",round(n/10**13,4),\"*10**13/cm**3\"\n", - "print\"p=\",round(p*10**-13,4),\"*10**13/cm**3\"\n", - "print\"J=\",round(J*10**4,1),\"A/m**2\"\n", - "print\"#Answer varies due to rounding of numbers\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example number 6.16, Page number 6.30" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 7, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "ni = 2.293 *10**19 /m**3\n", - "Drift velocity of holes 1900.0 ms**-1\n", - "Drift velocity of electrons= 3900.0 ms**-1\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#importing modules\n", - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#Variable declaration\n", - "rho=47*10**-2\n", - "e=1.6*10**-19\n", - "mu_n=0.39\n", - "mu_p=0.19\n", - "E=10**4\n", - "\n", - "#Calculations\n", - "ni=1/(rho*e*(mu_n+mu_p))\n", - "Dh=mu_p*E\n", - "De=mu_n*E\n", - "\n", - "#Results\n", - "print\"ni =\",round(ni/10**19,3),\"*10**19 /m**3\"\n", - "print\"Drift velocity of holes\",Dh,\"ms**-1\"\n", - "print\"Drift velocity of electrons=\",De,\"ms**-1\"" - ] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 2", - "language": "python", - "name": "python2" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 2 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", - "version": "2.7.9" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 0 -} diff --git a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_6a_1.ipynb b/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_6a_1.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_6b_1.ipynb b/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_6b_1.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_7.ipynb b/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_7.ipynb deleted file mode 100755 index 48386845..00000000 --- a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_7.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,236 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "# Chapter 7:LASERS " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 7.1, Page number 7.32" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 4, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Divergence = -2.0 *10**-3 radian\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#variable declaration\n", - "r1 = 7; #in radians\n", - "r2 = 3; #in radians\n", - "d1 = 4; #Converting from mm to radians\n", - "d2 = 6; #Converting from mm to radians\n", - "\n", - "#calculations\n", - "D = (r2-r1)/(d2*10**3-d1*10**3) #Divergence\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print \"Divergence =\",round(D*10**3,3),\"*10**-3 radian\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 7.2, Page number 7.32" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 1, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Frequency (V) = 4.32 *10**14 Hz\n", - "Relative Population= 1.081 *10**30\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#variable declaration\n", - "C=3*10**8 #The speed of light\n", - "Lamda=6943 #Wavelength\n", - "T=300 #Temperature in Kelvin\n", - "h=6.626*10**-34 #Planck constant \n", - "k=1.38*10**-23 #Boltzmann's constant\n", - "\n", - "#Calculations\n", - "\n", - "V=(C)/(Lamda*10**-10) #Frequency\n", - "R=math.exp(h*V/(k*T)) #Relative population\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print \"Frequency (V) =\",round(V/10**14,2),\"*10**14 Hz\"\n", - "print \"Relative Population=\",round(R/10**30,3),\"*10**30\"\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 7.3, Page number 7.32" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 2, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - " Frequency= 4.74 *10**14 Hz\n", - "no.of photons emitted= 7.322 *10**15 photons/sec\n", - "Power density = 2.3 kWm**-2\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#variable declaration\n", - "C=3*10**8 #Velocity of light\n", - "W=632.8*10**-9 #wavelength\n", - "P=2.3\n", - "t=1\n", - "h=6.626*10**-34 #Planck constant \n", - "S=1*10**-6\n", - "\n", - "#Calculations\n", - "V=C/W #Frequency\n", - "n=((P*10**-3)*t)/(h*V) #no.of photons emitted\n", - "PD=P*10**-3/S #Power density\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print \"Frequency=\",round(V/10**14,2),\"*10**14 Hz\"\n", - "print \"no.of photons emitted=\",round(n/10**15,3),\"*10**15 photons/sec\"\n", - "print \"Power density =\",round(PD/1000,1),\"kWm**-2\"\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 7.4, Page number 7.33" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 1, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Wavelenght = 8628.0 Angstrom\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#variable declaration\n", - "h=6.626*10**-34 #Planck constant \n", - "C=3*10**8 #Velocity of light\n", - "E_g=1.44 #bandgap \n", - "\n", - "#calculations\n", - "lamda=(h*C)*10**10/(E_g*1.6*10**-19) #Wavelenght\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print \"Wavelenght =\",round(lamda),\"Angstrom\"\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 7.5, Page number 7.33" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 25, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Band gap = 0.8 eV\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#variable declaration\n", - "W=1.55 #wavelength\n", - "\n", - "#Calculations\n", - "E_g=(1.24)/W #Bandgap in eV \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print \"Band gap =\",E_g,\"eV\"" - ] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 2", - "language": "python", - "name": "python2" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 2 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", - "version": "2.7.9" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 0 -} diff --git a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_7_1.ipynb b/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_7_1.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_8.ipynb b/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_8.ipynb deleted file mode 100755 index 4ab9cd1c..00000000 --- a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_8.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,651 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "#Chapter 8:Fiber Optics" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 8.1, Page number 8.28" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 125, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "The Critical angle = 78.5 degrees\n", - "The numerical aperture = 0.3\n", - "The acceptance angle = 17.4 degrees\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#variable declaration\n", - "n1=1.50 #Core refractive index\n", - "n2=1.47 #Cladding refractive index\n", - "\n", - "#Calculations\n", - "C_a=math.asin(n2/n1) #Critical angle \n", - "N_a=(n1**2-n2**2)**(1/2)\n", - "A_a=math.asin(N_a)\n", - "\n", - "#Results\n", - "print \"The Critical angle =\",round(C_a*180/math.pi,1),\"degrees\"\n", - "print \"The numerical aperture =\",round(N_a,2)\n", - "print \"The acceptance angle =\",round(A_a*180/math.pi,1),\"degrees\"\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 8.2, Page number 8.28" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 126, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "N = 490.0\n", - "Fiber can support 490.0 guided modes\n", - "In graded index fiber, No.of modes propogated inside the fiber = 245.0 only\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#variable declaration\n", - "d=50 #diameter\n", - "N_a=0.2 #Numerical aperture\n", - "lamda=1 #wavelength\n", - "\n", - "#Calculations\n", - "N=4.9*(((d*10**-6*N_a)/(lamda*10**-6))**2)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print \"N =\",N\n", - "print \"Fiber can support\",N,\"guided modes\"\n", - "print \"In graded index fiber, No.of modes propogated inside the fiber =\",N/2,\"only\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 8.3, Page number 8.29" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 1, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Numerical aperture = 0.008691\n", - "No. of modes that can be propogated = 1.0\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#variable declaration\n", - "d=50 #diameter\n", - "n1=1.450\n", - "n2=1.447\n", - "lamda=1 #wavelength\n", - "\n", - "#Calculations\n", - "N_a=(n1**2-n2**2) #Numerical aperture\n", - "N=4.9*(((d*10**-6*N_a)/(lamda*10**-6))**2)\n", - "\n", - "#Results\n", - "print \"Numerical aperture =\",N_a\n", - "print \"No. of modes that can be propogated =\",round(N)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 8.4, Page number 8.29" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 34, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Numerical aperture = 0.46\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#variable declaration\n", - "delta=0.05 \n", - "n1=1.46\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "N_a=n1*(2*delta)**(1/2) #Numerical aperture\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print \"Numerical aperture =\",round(N_a,2)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 8.5, Page number 8.29" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 40, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "V number = 94.72\n", - "maximum no.of modes propogating through fiber = 4486.0\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#variable declaration\n", - "a=50\n", - "n1=1.53\n", - "n2=1.50\n", - "lamda=1 #wavelength\n", - "\n", - "#Calculations\n", - "N_a=(n1**2-n2**2) #Numerical aperture\n", - "V=((2*math.pi*a)/lamda)*N_a**(1/2)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print \"V number =\",round(V,2)\n", - "print \"maximum no.of modes propogating through fiber =\",round(N)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 8.6, Page number 8.29" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 64, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Number of modes = 24589.0 modes\n", - "No.of modes is doubled to account for the two possible polarisations\n", - "Total No.of modes = 49178.0\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#variable declaration\n", - "a=100\n", - "N_a=0.3 #Numerical aperture\n", - "lamda=850 #wavelength\n", - "\n", - "#Calculations\n", - "V_n=(2*(math.pi)**2*a**2*10**-12*N_a**2)/lamda**2*10**-18\n", - "#Result\n", - "print \"Number of modes =\",round(V_n/10**-36),\"modes\"\n", - "print \"No.of modes is doubled to account for the two possible polarisations\"\n", - "print \"Total No.of modes =\",round(V_n/10**-36)*2\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 8.7, Page number 8.29" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 88, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Cutoff Wavellength = 1.315 micro m.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "\n", - "#variable declaration\n", - "a=5;\n", - "n1=1.48;\n", - "delta=0.01;\n", - "V=25;\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "lamda=(math.pi*(a*10**-6)*n1*math.sqrt(2*delta))/V # Cutoff Wavelength\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print \"Cutoff Wavellength =\",round(lamda*10**7,3),\"micro m.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 8.8, Page number 8.30" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 87, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Maximum core radius= 9.95 micro m\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "\n", - "#variable declaration\n", - "V=2.405\n", - "lamda=1.3\n", - "N_a=0.05\n", - "\n", - "#Calculations\n", - "a_max=(V*lamda)/(2*math.pi*N_a)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print \"Maximum core radius=\",round(a_max,2),\"micro m\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 8.9, Page number 8.30" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 2, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Acceptance angle, theta_a = 17.46 degrees\n", - "For skew rays,theta_as 34.83 degrees\n", - "#Answer given in the textbook is wrong\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#variable declaration\n", - "N_a=0.3\n", - "gamma=45\n", - "\n", - "#Calculations\n", - "theta_a=math.asin(N_a)\n", - "theta_as=math.asin((N_a)/math.cos(gamma))\n", - "\n", - "#Results\n", - "print \"Acceptance angle, theta_a =\",round(theta_a*180/math.pi,2),\"degrees\"\n", - "print \"For skew rays,theta_as \",round(theta_as*180/math.pi,2),\"degrees\"\n", - "print\"#Answer given in the textbook is wrong\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 8.10, Page number 8.30" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 115, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Numerical aperture = 0.303\n", - "Acceptance angle = 17.63 degrees\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#variable declaration\n", - "n1=1.53\n", - "delta=0.0196\n", - "\n", - "#Calculations\n", - "N_a=n1*(2*delta)**(1/2)\n", - "A_a=math.asin(N_a)\n", - "#Result\n", - "print \"Numerical aperture =\",round(N_a,3)\n", - "print \"Acceptance angle =\",round(A_a*180/math.pi,2),\"degrees\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 8.11, Page number 8.30" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 4, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "delta = 0.01\n", - "Core radius,a = 1.55 micro m\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#variable declaration\n", - "n1=1.480\n", - "n2=1.465\n", - "V=2.405\n", - "lamda=850*10**-9\n", - "\n", - "#Calculations\n", - "delta=(n1**2-n2**2)/(2*n1**2)\n", - "a=(V*lamda*10**-9)/(2*math.pi*n1*math.sqrt(2*delta))\n", - "\n", - "#Results\n", - "print \"delta =\",round(delta,2)\n", - "print \"Core radius,a =\",round(a*10**15,2),\"micro m\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 8.12, Page number 8.31" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 147, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - " Critical angle= 83.38 degrees\n", - "Fiber length covered in one reflection= 430.84 micro m\n", - "Total no.of reflections per metre= 2321.0\n", - "Since L=1m, Total dist. travelled by light over one metre of fiber = 1.0067 m\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#variable declaration\n", - "n1=1.5\n", - "n2=1.49\n", - "a=25\n", - "\n", - "#Calculations\n", - "C_a=math.asin(n2/n1) #Critical angle\n", - "L=2*a*math.tan(C_a) \n", - "N_r=10**6/L \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print \"Critical angle=\",round(C_a*180/math.pi,2),\"degrees\"\n", - "print \"Fiber length covered in one reflection=\",round(L,2),\"micro m\"\n", - "print \"Total no.of reflections per metre=\",round(N_r)\n", - "print \"Since L=1m, Total dist. travelled by light over one metre of fiber =\",round(1/math.sin(C_a),4),\"m\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 8.13, Page number 8.31" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 155, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "No.of modes = 154.69 =155(approx)\n", - "Taking the two possible polarizations, Total No.of nodes = 309.0\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#variable declaration\n", - "alpha=1.85\n", - "lamda=1.3*10**-6\n", - "a=25*10**-6\n", - "N_a=0.21\n", - "\n", - "#Calculations\n", - "V_n=((2*math.pi**2)*a**2*N_a**2)/lamda**2\n", - "N_m=(alpha/(alpha+2))*V_n\n", - "\n", - "print \"No.of modes =\",round(N_m,2),\"=155(approx)\"\n", - "print \"Taking the two possible polarizations, Total No.of nodes =\",round(N_m*2)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 8.14, Page number 8.32" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 2, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "a)Signal attention per unit length = 3.9 dB km**-1\n", - "b)Overall signal attenuation = 39.0 dB\n", - "#Answer given in the textbook is wrong\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#variable declaration\n", - "P_i=100\n", - "P_o=2\n", - "L=10\n", - "\n", - "#Calculations\n", - "S=(10/L)*math.log(P_i/P_o)\n", - "O=S*L\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print \"a)Signal attention per unit length =\",round(S,1),\"dB km**-1\"\n", - "print \"b)Overall signal attenuation =\",round(O),\"dB\"\n", - "print \"#Answer given in the textbook is wrong\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 8.15, Page number 8.32" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 1, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Total dispersion = 1343.3 ns\n", - "Bandwidth length product = 37.22 Hz-km\n", - "#Answer given in the text book is wrong\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "from __future__ import division\n", - "\n", - "#variable declaration\n", - "L=10\n", - "n1=1.55\n", - "delta=0.026\n", - "C=3*10**5\n", - "\n", - "#Calculations\n", - "delta_T=(L*n1*delta)/C\n", - "B_W=10/(2*delta_T)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print \"Total dispersion =\",round(delta_T/10**-9,1),\"ns\"\n", - "print \"Bandwidth length product =\",round(B_W/10**5,2),\"Hz-km\"\n", - "print \"#Answer given in the text book is wrong\"" - ] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 2", - "language": "python", - "name": "python2" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 2 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", - "version": "2.7.9" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 0 -} diff --git a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_8_1.ipynb b/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_8_1.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/README.txt b/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/README.txt old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/screenshots/Screenshot_(1).png b/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/screenshots/Screenshot_(1).png old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/screenshots/Screenshot_(2).png b/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/screenshots/Screenshot_(2).png old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/screenshots/Screenshot_(3).png b/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/screenshots/Screenshot_(3).png old mode 100644 new mode 100755 -- cgit