From b417454ff6b5f8c2eb90f054723965a8f52e0268 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Trupti Kini Date: Fri, 2 Sep 2016 23:32:06 +0600 Subject: Added(A)/Deleted(D) following books M 1000_solved_Problems_in_Fluid_Mechanics_includes_Hydraulic_machines_by_K.Subramanya/README.txt M 1000_solved_Problems_in_Fluid_Mechanics_includes_Hydraulic_machines_by_K.Subramanya/chapter10_2.ipynb M 1000_solved_Problems_in_Fluid_Mechanics_includes_Hydraulic_machines_by_K.Subramanya/chapter10_3.ipynb M 1000_solved_Problems_in_Fluid_Mechanics_includes_Hydraulic_machines_by_K.Subramanya/chapter11.ipynb M 1000_solved_Problems_in_Fluid_Mechanics_includes_Hydraulic_machines_by_K.Subramanya/chapter11_1.ipynb M 1000_solved_Problems_in_Fluid_Mechanics_includes_Hydraulic_machines_by_K.Subramanya/chapter12_2.ipynb M 1000_solved_Problems_in_Fluid_Mechanics_includes_Hydraulic_machines_by_K.Subramanya/chapter12_3.ipynb M 1000_solved_Problems_in_Fluid_Mechanics_includes_Hydraulic_machines_by_K.Subramanya/chapter13_2.ipynb M 1000_solved_Problems_in_Fluid_Mechanics_includes_Hydraulic_machines_by_K.Subramanya/chapter13_3.ipynb M 1000_solved_Problems_in_Fluid_Mechanics_includes_Hydraulic_machines_by_K.Subramanya/chapter14_2.ipynb M 1000_solved_Problems_in_Fluid_Mechanics_includes_Hydraulic_machines_by_K.Subramanya/chapter14_3.ipynb M 1000_solved_Problems_in_Fluid_Mechanics_includes_Hydraulic_machines_by_K.Subramanya/chapter15_2.ipynb M 1000_solved_Problems_in_Fluid_Mechanics_includes_Hydraulic_machines_by_K.Subramanya/chapter15_3.ipynb M 1000_solved_Problems_in_Fluid_Mechanics_includes_Hydraulic_machines_by_K.Subramanya/chapter16_2.ipynb M 1000_solved_Problems_in_Fluid_Mechanics_includes_Hydraulic_machines_by_K.Subramanya/chapter16_3.ipynb M 1000_solved_Problems_in_Fluid_Mechanics_includes_Hydraulic_machines_by_K.Subramanya/chapter1_2.ipynb M 1000_solved_Problems_in_Fluid_Mechanics_includes_Hydraulic_machines_by_K.Subramanya/chapter1_3.ipynb M 1000_solved_Problems_in_Fluid_Mechanics_includes_Hydraulic_machines_by_K.Subramanya/chapter2_2.ipynb M 1000_solved_Problems_in_Fluid_Mechanics_includes_Hydraulic_machines_by_K.Subramanya/chapter2_3.ipynb M 1000_solved_Problems_in_Fluid_Mechanics_includes_Hydraulic_machines_by_K.Subramanya/chapter3.ipynb M 1000_solved_Problems_in_Fluid_Mechanics_includes_Hydraulic_machines_by_K.Subramanya/chapter3_1.ipynb M 1000_solved_Problems_in_Fluid_Mechanics_includes_Hydraulic_machines_by_K.Subramanya/chapter4.ipynb M 1000_solved_Problems_in_Fluid_Mechanics_includes_Hydraulic_machines_by_K.Subramanya/chapter4_1.ipynb M 1000_solved_Problems_in_Fluid_Mechanics_includes_Hydraulic_machines_by_K.Subramanya/chapter5.ipynb M 1000_solved_Problems_in_Fluid_Mechanics_includes_Hydraulic_machines_by_K.Subramanya/chapter5_1.ipynb M 1000_solved_Problems_in_Fluid_Mechanics_includes_Hydraulic_machines_by_K.Subramanya/chapter6_2.ipynb M 1000_solved_Problems_in_Fluid_Mechanics_includes_Hydraulic_machines_by_K.Subramanya/chapter6_3.ipynb M 1000_solved_Problems_in_Fluid_Mechanics_includes_Hydraulic_machines_by_K.Subramanya/chapter7_2.ipynb M 1000_solved_Problems_in_Fluid_Mechanics_includes_Hydraulic_machines_by_K.Subramanya/chapter7_3.ipynb M 1000_solved_Problems_in_Fluid_Mechanics_includes_Hydraulic_machines_by_K.Subramanya/chapter8_2.ipynb M 1000_solved_Problems_in_Fluid_Mechanics_includes_Hydraulic_machines_by_K.Subramanya/chapter8_3.ipynb M 1000_solved_Problems_in_Fluid_Mechanics_includes_Hydraulic_machines_by_K.Subramanya/chapter9_2.ipynb M 1000_solved_Problems_in_Fluid_Mechanics_includes_Hydraulic_machines_by_K.Subramanya/chapter9_3.ipynb M 1000_solved_Problems_in_Fluid_Mechanics_includes_Hydraulic_machines_by_K.Subramanya/screenshots/Screenshot_from_2016-01-14_17_01_00.png M 1000_solved_Problems_in_Fluid_Mechanics_includes_Hydraulic_machines_by_K.Subramanya/screenshots/Screenshot_from_2016-01-14_17_01_00_1.png M 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A_Textbook_of_Electrical_Technology_:_AC_and_DC_Machines_(Volume_-_2)_by_A_K_Theraja_B_L_Thereja/chapter26_4.ipynb M A_Textbook_of_Electrical_Technology_:_AC_and_DC_Machines_(Volume_-_2)_by_A_K_Theraja_B_L_Thereja/chapter26_5.ipynb M A_Textbook_of_Electrical_Technology_:_AC_and_DC_Machines_(Volume_-_2)_by_A_K_Theraja_B_L_Thereja/chapter26_6.ipynb M A_Textbook_of_Electrical_Technology_:_AC_and_DC_Machines_(Volume_-_2)_by_A_K_Theraja_B_L_Thereja/chapter27_4.ipynb M A_Textbook_of_Electrical_Technology_:_AC_and_DC_Machines_(Volume_-_2)_by_A_K_Theraja_B_L_Thereja/chapter27_5.ipynb M A_Textbook_of_Electrical_Technology_:_AC_and_DC_Machines_(Volume_-_2)_by_A_K_Theraja_B_L_Thereja/chapter27_6.ipynb M A_Textbook_of_Electrical_Technology_:_AC_and_DC_Machines_(Volume_-_2)_by_A_K_Theraja_B_L_Thereja/chapter28_4.ipynb M A_Textbook_of_Electrical_Technology_:_AC_and_DC_Machines_(Volume_-_2)_by_A_K_Theraja_B_L_Thereja/chapter28_5.ipynb M 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A_Textbook_of_Electrical_Technology_:_AC_and_DC_Machines_(Volume_-_2)_by_A_K_Theraja_B_L_Thereja/chapter31_5.ipynb M A_Textbook_of_Electrical_Technology_:_AC_and_DC_Machines_(Volume_-_2)_by_A_K_Theraja_B_L_Thereja/chapter31_6.ipynb M A_Textbook_of_Electrical_Technology_:_AC_and_DC_Machines_(Volume_-_2)_by_A_K_Theraja_B_L_Thereja/chapter32_4.ipynb M A_Textbook_of_Electrical_Technology_:_AC_and_DC_Machines_(Volume_-_2)_by_A_K_Theraja_B_L_Thereja/chapter32_5.ipynb M A_Textbook_of_Electrical_Technology_:_AC_and_DC_Machines_(Volume_-_2)_by_A_K_Theraja_B_L_Thereja/chapter32_6.ipynb M A_Textbook_of_Electrical_Technology_:_AC_and_DC_Machines_(Volume_-_2)_by_A_K_Theraja_B_L_Thereja/chapter33_4.ipynb M A_Textbook_of_Electrical_Technology_:_AC_and_DC_Machines_(Volume_-_2)_by_A_K_Theraja_B_L_Thereja/chapter33_5.ipynb M A_Textbook_of_Electrical_Technology_:_AC_and_DC_Machines_(Volume_-_2)_by_A_K_Theraja_B_L_Thereja/chapter33_6.ipynb M 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A_Textbook_of_Electrical_Technology_:_AC_and_DC_Machines_(Volume_-_2)_by_A_K_Theraja_B_L_Thereja/chapter36_6.ipynb M A_Textbook_of_Electrical_Technology_:_AC_and_DC_Machines_(Volume_-_2)_by_A_K_Theraja_B_L_Thereja/chapter37_4.ipynb M A_Textbook_of_Electrical_Technology_:_AC_and_DC_Machines_(Volume_-_2)_by_A_K_Theraja_B_L_Thereja/chapter37_5.ipynb M A_Textbook_of_Electrical_Technology_:_AC_and_DC_Machines_(Volume_-_2)_by_A_K_Theraja_B_L_Thereja/chapter37_6.ipynb M A_Textbook_of_Electrical_Technology_:_AC_and_DC_Machines_(Volume_-_2)_by_A_K_Theraja_B_L_Thereja/chapter38_4.ipynb M A_Textbook_of_Electrical_Technology_:_AC_and_DC_Machines_(Volume_-_2)_by_A_K_Theraja_B_L_Thereja/chapter38_5.ipynb M A_Textbook_of_Electrical_Technology_:_AC_and_DC_Machines_(Volume_-_2)_by_A_K_Theraja_B_L_Thereja/chapter38_6.ipynb M A_Textbook_of_Electrical_Technology_:_AC_and_DC_Machines_(Volume_-_2)_by_A_K_Theraja_B_L_Thereja/chapter39_4.ipynb M A_Textbook_of_Electrical_Technology_:_AC_and_DC_Machines_(Volume_-_2)_by_A_K_Theraja_B_L_Thereja/chapter39_5.ipynb M A_Textbook_of_Electrical_Technology_:_AC_and_DC_Machines_(Volume_-_2)_by_A_K_Theraja_B_L_Thereja/chapter39_6.ipynb M A_Textbook_of_Electrical_Technology_:_AC_and_DC_Machines_(Volume_-_2)_by_A_K_Theraja_B_L_Thereja/screenshots/chapter29example32_4.png M A_Textbook_of_Electrical_Technology_:_AC_and_DC_Machines_(Volume_-_2)_by_A_K_Theraja_B_L_Thereja/screenshots/chapter29example32_5.png M A_Textbook_of_Electrical_Technology_:_AC_and_DC_Machines_(Volume_-_2)_by_A_K_Theraja_B_L_Thereja/screenshots/chapter29example32_6.png M A_Textbook_of_Electrical_Technology_:_AC_and_DC_Machines_(Volume_-_2)_by_A_K_Theraja_B_L_Thereja/screenshots/chapter29example33_4.png M A_Textbook_of_Electrical_Technology_:_AC_and_DC_Machines_(Volume_-_2)_by_A_K_Theraja_B_L_Thereja/screenshots/chapter29example33_5.png M A_Textbook_of_Electrical_Technology_:_AC_and_DC_Machines_(Volume_-_2)_by_A_K_Theraja_B_L_Thereja/screenshots/chapter29example33_6.png M A_Textbook_of_Electrical_Technology_:_AC_and_DC_Machines_(Volume_-_2)_by_A_K_Theraja_B_L_Thereja/screenshots/chapter32example30_4.png M A_Textbook_of_Electrical_Technology_:_AC_and_DC_Machines_(Volume_-_2)_by_A_K_Theraja_B_L_Thereja/screenshots/chapter32example30_5.png M A_Textbook_of_Electrical_Technology_:_AC_and_DC_Machines_(Volume_-_2)_by_A_K_Theraja_B_L_Thereja/screenshots/chapter32example30_6.png M A_Textbook_of_Electronic_Circuits_by_R._S._Sedha/Chap10_2.ipynb M A_Textbook_of_Electronic_Circuits_by_R._S._Sedha/Chap11_2.ipynb M A_Textbook_of_Electronic_Circuits_by_R._S._Sedha/Chap12_2.ipynb M A_Textbook_of_Electronic_Circuits_by_R._S._Sedha/Chap13_2.ipynb M A_Textbook_of_Electronic_Circuits_by_R._S._Sedha/Chap16_2.ipynb M A_Textbook_of_Electronic_Circuits_by_R._S._Sedha/Chap17_2.ipynb M A_Textbook_of_Electronic_Circuits_by_R._S._Sedha/Chap18_2.ipynb M A_Textbook_of_Electronic_Circuits_by_R._S._Sedha/Chap19_2.ipynb M A_Textbook_of_Electronic_Circuits_by_R._S._Sedha/Chap20_2.ipynb M A_Textbook_of_Electronic_Circuits_by_R._S._Sedha/Chap21_2.ipynb M A_Textbook_of_Electronic_Circuits_by_R._S._Sedha/Chap22_2.ipynb M A_Textbook_of_Electronic_Circuits_by_R._S._Sedha/Chap23_2.ipynb M A_Textbook_of_Electronic_Circuits_by_R._S._Sedha/Chap24_2.ipynb M A_Textbook_of_Electronic_Circuits_by_R._S._Sedha/Chap25_2.ipynb M A_Textbook_of_Electronic_Circuits_by_R._S._Sedha/Chap26_2.ipynb M A_Textbook_of_Electronic_Circuits_by_R._S._Sedha/Chap27_2.ipynb M A_Textbook_of_Electronic_Circuits_by_R._S._Sedha/Chap28_2.ipynb M A_Textbook_of_Electronic_Circuits_by_R._S._Sedha/Chap29_2.ipynb M A_Textbook_of_Electronic_Circuits_by_R._S._Sedha/Chap30_2.ipynb M A_Textbook_of_Electronic_Circuits_by_R._S._Sedha/Chap31_2.ipynb M A_Textbook_of_Electronic_Circuits_by_R._S._Sedha/Chap32_2.ipynb M A_Textbook_of_Electronic_Circuits_by_R._S._Sedha/Chap33_2.ipynb M A_Textbook_of_Electronic_Circuits_by_R._S._Sedha/Chap34_2.ipynb M A_Textbook_of_Electronic_Circuits_by_R._S._Sedha/Chap3_2.ipynb M A_Textbook_of_Electronic_Circuits_by_R._S._Sedha/Chap5_2.ipynb M A_Textbook_of_Electronic_Circuits_by_R._S._Sedha/Chap7_2.ipynb M A_Textbook_of_Electronic_Circuits_by_R._S._Sedha/Chap8_2.ipynb M A_Textbook_of_Electronic_Circuits_by_R._S._Sedha/Chap9_2.ipynb M A_Textbook_of_Electronic_Circuits_by_R._S._Sedha/README.txt M A_Textbook_of_Electronic_Circuits_by_R._S._Sedha/screenshots/11DrainCurrentGraph.png M A_Textbook_of_Electronic_Circuits_by_R._S._Sedha/screenshots/18VceVsIce.png M A_Textbook_of_Electronic_Circuits_by_R._S._Sedha/screenshots/24GainGraph.png M Analog_Electronics_by_U._A._Bakshi_And_A._P._Godse/README.txt M Applied_Thermodynamics_and_Engineering_by_T._D._Eastop_and_A._Mcconkey/README.txt A Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter01.ipynb A Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter02.ipynb A Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter03.ipynb A Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter04.ipynb A Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter05.ipynb A Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter10.ipynb A Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter11.ipynb A Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter12.ipynb A Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter13.ipynb A Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter14.ipynb A Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter15.ipynb A Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter16.ipynb A Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter17.ipynb A Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter18.ipynb A Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter19.ipynb A Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter20.ipynb A Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter21.ipynb A Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter22.ipynb A Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter6.ipynb A Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter7.ipynb A Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter8.ipynb A Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter9.ipynb A Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/screenshots/16.11.png A Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/screenshots/3.3.png A Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/screenshots/7.10.png R Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter1.ipynb -> Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J_B_Gupta/chapter1.ipynb R Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter10.ipynb -> Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J_B_Gupta/chapter10.ipynb R Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter13.ipynb -> Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J_B_Gupta/chapter13.ipynb R Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter14.ipynb -> Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J_B_Gupta/chapter14.ipynb R Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter15.ipynb -> Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J_B_Gupta/chapter15.ipynb R Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter2.ipynb -> Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J_B_Gupta/chapter2.ipynb R Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter3.ipynb -> Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J_B_Gupta/chapter3.ipynb R Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter4.ipynb -> Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J_B_Gupta/chapter4.ipynb R Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter5.ipynb -> Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J_B_Gupta/chapter5.ipynb R Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter6.ipynb -> Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J_B_Gupta/chapter6.ipynb R Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter7.ipynb -> Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J_B_Gupta/chapter7.ipynb R Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter8.ipynb -> Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J_B_Gupta/chapter8.ipynb R Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter9.ipynb -> Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J_B_Gupta/chapter9.ipynb R Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/screenshots/Screenshot_(88).png -> Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J_B_Gupta/screenshots/Screenshot_(88).png R Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/screenshots/Screenshot_(89).png -> Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J_B_Gupta/screenshots/Screenshot_(89).png R Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/screenshots/Screenshot_(90).png -> Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J_B_Gupta/screenshots/Screenshot_(90).png M Coulson_And_Richardsons_Chemical_Engineering,_Volume_2_by_J._M._Coulson,_J._F._Richardson,_J._R._Backhurst_And_J._H._Harker/README.txt M Digital_Communications_by_S._Haykin/Chapter1.ipynb M Digital_Communications_by_S._Haykin/Chapter2.ipynb M Digital_Communications_by_S._Haykin/Chapter3.ipynb M Digital_Communications_by_S._Haykin/Chapter4.ipynb M Digital_Communications_by_S._Haykin/Chapter5.ipynb M Digital_Communications_by_S._Haykin/Chapter6.ipynb M Digital_Communications_by_S._Haykin/Chapter7.ipynb M Digital_Communications_by_S._Haykin/Chapter8.ipynb M Digital_Communications_by_S._Haykin/Chapter9.ipynb M Digital_Communications_by_S._Haykin/screenshots/Ch-6_RaisedCosineSpectrum.png M Digital_Communications_by_S._Haykin/screenshots/Ch6_powerSpectralDensities.png M Digital_Communications_by_S._Haykin/screenshots/ch6_sinc_pilse.png M Electrical_Engineering_-_Principles_And_Applications_by_Allan._R._Hambley/README.txt M Electrical_Engineering_-_Principles_And_Applications_by_Allan._R._Hambley/chapter10_1.ipynb M Electrical_Engineering_-_Principles_And_Applications_by_Allan._R._Hambley/chapter11_1.ipynb M Electrical_Engineering_-_Principles_And_Applications_by_Allan._R._Hambley/chapter12_1.ipynb M Electrical_Engineering_-_Principles_And_Applications_by_Allan._R._Hambley/chapter13_1.ipynb M Electrical_Engineering_-_Principles_And_Applications_by_Allan._R._Hambley/chapter14_1.ipynb M Electrical_Engineering_-_Principles_And_Applications_by_Allan._R._Hambley/chapter15_1.ipynb M Electrical_Engineering_-_Principles_And_Applications_by_Allan._R._Hambley/chapter16_1.ipynb M Electrical_Engineering_-_Principles_And_Applications_by_Allan._R._Hambley/chapter17_1.ipynb M Electrical_Engineering_-_Principles_And_Applications_by_Allan._R._Hambley/chapter1_1.ipynb M 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Numerical_Methods_For_Engineers_by_S._C._Chapra_And_R._P._Canale/Chapter26_2.ipynb M Numerical_Methods_For_Engineers_by_S._C._Chapra_And_R._P._Canale/Chapter3_2.ipynb M Numerical_Methods_For_Engineers_by_S._C._Chapra_And_R._P._Canale/Chapter4_2.ipynb M Numerical_Methods_For_Engineers_by_S._C._Chapra_And_R._P._Canale/Chapter5_2.ipynb M Numerical_Methods_For_Engineers_by_S._C._Chapra_And_R._P._Canale/Chapter6_2.ipynb M Numerical_Methods_For_Engineers_by_S._C._Chapra_And_R._P._Canale/Chapter7_2.ipynb M Numerical_Methods_For_Engineers_by_S._C._Chapra_And_R._P._Canale/Chapter9_2.ipynb M Numerical_Methods_For_Engineers_by_S._C._Chapra_And_R._P._Canale/README.txt M Numerical_Methods_For_Engineers_by_S._C._Chapra_And_R._P._Canale/screenshots/image1.png M Numerical_Methods_For_Engineers_by_S._C._Chapra_And_R._P._Canale/screenshots/image2.png M Numerical_Methods_For_Engineers_by_S._C._Chapra_And_R._P._Canale/screenshots/image3.png M Optical_Fiber_Communication_System_by_Dr._M.K._Raina/README.txt 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b/A_Textbook_of_Electronic_Circuits_by_R._S._Sedha/screenshots/18VceVsIce.png old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/A_Textbook_of_Electronic_Circuits_by_R._S._Sedha/screenshots/24GainGraph.png b/A_Textbook_of_Electronic_Circuits_by_R._S._Sedha/screenshots/24GainGraph.png old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Analog_Electronics_by_U._A._Bakshi_And_A._P._Godse/README.txt b/Analog_Electronics_by_U._A._Bakshi_And_A._P._Godse/README.txt old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Applied_Thermodynamics_and_Engineering_by_T._D._Eastop_and_A._Mcconkey/README.txt b/Applied_Thermodynamics_and_Engineering_by_T._D._Eastop_and_A._Mcconkey/README.txt old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter01.ipynb b/Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter01.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..3f7271ea --- /dev/null +++ b/Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter01.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,112 @@ +{ + "metadata": { + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:cda4775b9259e49c042e3120b0a25eb239766f3373696622080f812fe1f53fa9" + }, + "nbformat": 3, + "nbformat_minor": 0, + "worksheets": [ + { + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Chapter 01:Introduction" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Ex1.1:pg-20" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "# Given Data\n", + "d_r = 13640 # Density of mercury in kg/m^3\n", + "g = 9.79 # Acceleration due to gravity in m/s^2\n", + "z = 562e-03 # Difference in height in m\n", + "z0 = 761e-03 # Reading of barometer in m\n", + "P = (d_r*g*(z+z0))*(0.987/1e05) # Gas Pressure in atm\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 1.1\\n\"\n", + "print \"\\n Gas Pressure is \",round(P,2),\" atm\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 1.1\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Gas Pressure is 1.74 atm\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 3 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Ex1.2:pg-21" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "#Given Data\n", + "d_r = 13.6e03 # Density of mercury in kg/m^3\n", + "g = 9.81 # Acceleration due to gravity in m/s^2\n", + "z = 710e-03 # Steam flow pressure in m\n", + "z0 = 772e-03 # Reading of barometer in m\n", + "P = 1.4e06 # Gauge pressure of applied steam in Pa\n", + "P0 = d_r*g*z0 # Atmospheric pressure in Pa\n", + "Pi = P+P0 # Inlet steam pressure in Pa\n", + "Pc = d_r*g*(z0-z) # Condenser pressure in Pa\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 1.2\\n\"\n", + "print \"\\n Inlet steam pressure is\",round(Pi/1e6,2),\" MPa\"\n", + "print \"\\n Condenser pressure is\",round(Pc/1e3,2),\" kPa\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 1.2\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Inlet steam pressure is 1.5 MPa\n", + "\n", + " Condenser pressure is 8.27 kPa\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 5 + } + ], + "metadata": {} + } + ] +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter02.ipynb b/Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter02.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..88ad00fb --- /dev/null +++ b/Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter02.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,113 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter 02:Temperature" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex2.1:pg-33" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 2.1\n", + "\n", + " The straight bore thermometer reading will be 47.62 degree Celsius.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "d = 1 # Assumption\n", + "l = 1 # Assumption\n", + "A_ACDB = (math.pi/4)*(1/3.0)*((1.05*d)**2)*10.5*l - (math.pi/4)*(1/3.0)*d**2*10*l # Area of ABCD\n", + "A_AEFB = (math.pi/4)*(1/3.0)*((1.1*d)**2)*11*l - (math.pi/4)*(1/3.0)*d**2*10*l # Area of AEFB\n", + "t = 100*(A_ACDB/A_AEFB)\n", + "print \"\\n Example 2.1\"\n", + "print \"\\n The straight bore thermometer reading will be \",round(t,2),\" degree Celsius.\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex2.2:pg-35" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 13, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 2.2\n", + "\n", + " Reading of thermocouple at t = 50 degree Celsius will be 58.33 degree Celsius.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "import numpy.polynomial.polynomial\n", + "\n", + "#t = numpy.polynomial(0,'t')\n", + "def f1(t):\n", + " e=(0.2*t)-((5e-4)*t**2)\n", + " return e# e.m.f. as a function of temperature in mV\n", + "e0 = f1(0)#horner(e, 0) # e.m.f. at t = 0 degree\n", + "e100 = f1(100) # e.m.f. at t = 100 degree\n", + "e50 = f1(50) # e.m.f. at t = 50 degree\n", + "r = (100/e100)*e50 # Reading of thermocouple at t = 50degree\n", + "print \"\\n Example 2.2\"\n", + "print \"\\n Reading of thermocouple at t = 50 degree Celsius will be \",round(r,2),\" degree Celsius.\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.11" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter03.ipynb b/Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter03.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e3ca6603 --- /dev/null +++ b/Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter03.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,369 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter 03:Work and Heat Transfer" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex3.1:pg-54" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 4, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 3.1\n", + "\n", + " The amount of work done upon the atmosphere by the balloon is 50.6625 kJ\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "dV = 0.5 # Change in volume in m**3\n", + "\n", + "P = 101.325e03 # Atmospheric pressure in N/m**2\n", + "\n", + "Wd = P*dV # Work done in J\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 3.1\"\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n The amount of work done upon the atmosphere by the balloon is \",Wd/1e3,\" kJ\",\n", + "\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex3.2:pg-55" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 5, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 3.2\n", + "\n", + " The displacement work done by the air is 60.795 kJ\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "dV = 0.6 # Volumetric change in m**3\n", + "\n", + "P = 101.325e03 # Atmospheric pressure in N/m**2\n", + "\n", + "Wd = P*dV # Work done in J\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 3.2\"\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n The displacement work done by the air is \",Wd/1e3 ,\" kJ\"\n", + "\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex3.3:pg-55" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 8, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 3.3\n", + "\n", + " The net work transfer for the system is -57.19 kJ\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "# Given that\n", + "\n", + "T = 1.275 # Torque acting against the fluid in mN\n", + "\n", + "N = 10000 # Number of revolutions\n", + "\n", + "W1 = 2*math.pi*T*1e-3*N # Work done by stirring device upon the system\n", + "\n", + "P = 101.325e03 # Atmospheric pressure in kN/m**2\n", + "\n", + "d = 0.6 # Piston diameter in m\n", + "\n", + "A = (math.pi/4)*(d)**2 # Piston area in m\n", + "\n", + "L = 0.80 # Displacement of diameter in m\n", + "\n", + "W2 = (P*A*L)/1000 # Work done by the system on the surroundings i KJ\n", + "\n", + "W = -W1+W2 # net work transfer for the system\n", + "print \"\\n Example 3.3\"\n", + "print \"\\n The net work transfer for the system is \",round(W,2) ,\" kJ\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex3.4:pg-56" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 9, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 3.4\n", + "\n", + " The rate of work transfer from gas to the piston is 24383.7855401 kW\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "# Given that\n", + "\n", + "ad = 5.5e-04 # Area of indicator diagram in m**2\n", + "\n", + "ld = 0.06 # Length of diagram in m\n", + "\n", + "k = 147 # Spring value in MPa/m\n", + "\n", + "w = 150 # Speed of engine in revolution per minute\n", + "\n", + "L = 1.2 # Stroke of piston in m\n", + "\n", + "d = 0.8 # Diameter of the cylinder in m\n", + "\n", + "A = (math.pi/4)*(0.8**2) # Area of cylinder\n", + "\n", + "Pm = (ad/ld)*k # Effective pressure in MPa\n", + "\n", + "W1 = Pm*L*A*w # Work done in 1 minute MJ\n", + "\n", + "W = (12*W1)/60 # The rate of work transfer gas to the piston in MJ/s\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 3.4\"\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n The rate of work transfer from gas to the piston is \",W*1e3 ,\" kW\"\n", + "\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex3.5:pg-57" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 10, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 3.5\n", + "\n", + " Rating of furnace would be 2.17163371599 *1e3 kW\n", + "\n", + " Diameter of furnace is 1.0 m\n", + "\n", + " Length of furnace is 2.0 m\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Given that\n", + "\n", + "m = 5 # mass flow rate in tones/h\n", + "\n", + "Ti = 15 # Initial temperature in degree Celsius\n", + "\n", + "tp = 1535 # Phase change temperature in degree Celsius\n", + "\n", + "Tf = 1650 # Final temperature in degree Celsius\n", + "\n", + "Lh = 270 # Latent heat of iron in kJ/Kg\n", + "\n", + "ml = 29.93 # Specific heat of iron in liquid phase in kJ/Kg\n", + "\n", + "ma = 56 # Atomic weight of iron\n", + "\n", + "sh = 0.502 # Specific heat of iron in solid phase in kJ/Kg\n", + "\n", + "d = 6900 # Density of molten metal in kg/m**3\n", + "\n", + "n=0.7 # furnace efficiency\n", + "\n", + "l_d_ratio = 2 # length to diameter ratio\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 3.5\"\n", + "\n", + "h1 = sh*(tp-Ti) # Heat required to raise temperature\n", + "\n", + "h2 = Lh # Heat consumed in phase change\n", + "\n", + "h3 = ml*(Tf-tp)/ma # Heat consumed in raising temperature of molten mass\n", + "\n", + "h = h1+h2+h3 # Heat required per unit mass\n", + "\n", + "Hi = h*m*1e3 # Ideal heat requirement\n", + "\n", + "H = Hi/(n*3600) # Actual heat requirement\n", + "\n", + "V = (3*m)/d # Volume required in m**3\n", + "\n", + "d = (4*V/(math.pi*l_d_ratio))**(1/3) # Diameter of furnace \n", + "\n", + "l = d*l_d_ratio # Length of furnace\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Rating of furnace would be \",H/1e3 ,\" *1e3 kW\"\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Diameter of furnace is \",d ,\" m\"\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Length of furnace is \",l ,\" m\"\n", + "\n", + "#The answer provided in the textbook is wrong\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex3.6:pg-57" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 15, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 3.6\n", + "\n", + " Rate at which aluminium can be melted is 5.39 tonnes/h\n", + "\n", + " Mass of aluminium that can be held in furnace is 5.232 tonnes\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "# Given that\n", + "\n", + "SH = 0.9 # Specific heat of aluminium in solid state in kJ/kgK \n", + "\n", + "L = 390 # Latent heat in kJ/kg\n", + "\n", + "aw = 27 # Atomic weight\n", + "\n", + "D = 2400 # Density in molten state in kg/m**3\n", + "\n", + "Tf = 700 # Final temperature in degree Celsius\n", + "\n", + "Tm = 660 # Melting point of aluminium in degree Celsius\n", + "\n", + "Ti = 15 # Initial temperature in degree Celsius\n", + "\n", + "HR = SH*(Tm-Ti)+L+(29.93/27)*(Tf-Tm) # Heat requirement\n", + "\n", + "HS = HR/0.7 # Heat supplied\n", + "\n", + "RM = 2.17e3*3600/HS # From the data of problem 3.7\n", + "\n", + "V = 2.18 # Volume in m**3\n", + "\n", + "M = V*D\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 3.6\"\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Rate at which aluminium can be melted is \",round(RM/1e3,2) ,\" tonnes/h\"\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Mass of aluminium that can be held in furnace is \",M/1e3 ,\"tonnes\"\n", + "\n" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.11" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter04.ipynb b/Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter04.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ca6e53da --- /dev/null +++ b/Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter04.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,408 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter 04:First Law of Thermodynamics" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex4.1:pg-72" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 4.1\n", + "\n", + " The internal energy of the gas decrease by 21.85 kJ in the process.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "\n", + "V1 = 0.3 # Initial volume in m**3\n", + "\n", + "V2 = 0.15 # Final volume in m**3\n", + "\n", + "P = 0.105 # Initial Pressure in MPa\n", + "\n", + "Q = -37.6 # Heat transferred in kJ\n", + "\n", + "W = P*(V2-V1)*1e6 # Work done\n", + "\n", + "U = Q*1e3-W # Internal energy change\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 4.1\"\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n The internal energy of the gas decrease by \",abs(U)/1e3 ,\" kJ in the process.\"\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex4.2:pg-73" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 3, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 4.2\n", + "\n", + " The heat flow into the system along the path adb is 62.5 kJ\n", + "\n", + " The heat liberated along the path b-a is -73 kJ\n", + "\n", + " The heat absorbed in the path ad and db are 52.5 kJ nd 10.0 kJ respectively.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "Qacb = 84 # Heat transfer along the path acb in kJ \n", + "\n", + "Wacb = 32 # Work done along the path acb in kJ\n", + "\n", + "Uba = Qacb-Wacb # Ub-Ua\n", + "\n", + "# Part (a)\n", + "\n", + "Wadb = 10.5 # Work done along the path adb in kJ\n", + "\n", + "Qadb = Uba+Wadb # Heat flow into the system along the path adb\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 4.2\"\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n The heat flow into the system along the path adb is \",Qadb ,\" kJ\"\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "# Part (b)\n", + "\n", + "Wb_a = -21 # work done along the path ba in kJ\n", + "\n", + "Uab = - Uba # Change in internal energy along the path ab in kJ\n", + "\n", + "Qb_a = Uab+Wb_a # Heat liberated along the path b-a\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n The heat liberated along the path b-a is \",Qb_a,\" kJ\"\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "# Part (c)\n", + "\n", + "Wdb = 0 # Constant volume\n", + "\n", + "Wad = 10.5 # work done along the path ad in kJ\n", + "\n", + "Wadb = Wdb-Wad # work done along the path adb in kJ\n", + "\n", + "Ud = 42\n", + "\n", + "Ua = 0\n", + "\n", + "Qad = Ud-Ua+Wad # Heat flow into the system along the path ad in kJ\n", + "\n", + "Qdb = Qadb-Qad #Heat flow into the system along the path db in kJ\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n The heat absorbed in the path ad and db are \",Qad ,\" kJ nd \",Qdb ,\" kJ respectively.\"\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex4.3:pg-73" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 10, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 4.3\n", + "The completed table is: [[0, 2170, -2170], [21000, 0, 21000], [-2100, 34500, -36600], [-35900, -53670, 17770]]\n", + "\n", + " Net rate of work output is -284 kW\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "# Process a-b\n", + "\n", + "Qab = 0 # Heat transfer along the path ab in kJ/ min\n", + "\n", + "Wab = 2170 # Work transfer along the path ab in kJ/min\n", + "\n", + "Eab = Qab-Wab # Change in internal energy along the path ab in kJ/min\n", + "\n", + "# Process b-c\n", + "\n", + "Qbc = 21000 # Heat transfer along the path bc in kJ/ min\n", + "\n", + "Wbc = 0 # Work transfer along the path bc in kJ/min\n", + "\n", + "Ebc = Qbc-Wbc # Change in internal energy along the path bc in kJ/min\n", + "\n", + "# Process c-d\n", + "\n", + "Qcd = -2100 # Heat transfer along the path cd in kJ/ min\n", + "\n", + "Ecd = -36600 # Change in internal energy along the path cd in kJ/min\n", + "\n", + "Wcd = Qcd-Ecd # Work transfer along the path cd in kJ/min\n", + "\n", + "# Process d-a\n", + "\n", + "Q = -17000 # Total heat transfer in kJ/min\n", + "\n", + "Qda = Q-Qab-Qbc-Qcd # Heat transfer along the path da in kJ/ min \n", + "\n", + "Eda = -Eab-Ebc-Ecd # Change in internal energy along the path da in kJ/min \n", + "\n", + "Wda = Qda-Eda # Work transfer along the path da in kJ/min\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 4.3\"\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "M = [[Qab, Wab, Eab] , [Qbc, Wbc, Ebc], [Qcd, Wcd, Ecd], [Qda, Wda, Eda]]\n", + "\n", + "print\"The completed table is:\",M\n", + " \n", + "W = Qab+Qbc+Qcd+Qda\n", + " \n", + "print \"\\n Net rate of work output is \",W/60 ,\" kW\"\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex4.4:pg-75" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 14, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 4.4\n", + "\n", + " Part A:\n", + "\n", + " For the quasi static process is: \n", + " \n", + "Q: 37.2676405731 kJ\n", + "\n", + " dU: -92.1338891945 kJ\n", + "\n", + " W: 129.4 kJ \n", + "\n", + " Part B:\n", + "\n", + " Work transfer for the process is 122.13 kJ.\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Part C:\n", + "\n", + " Wb is not equal to integral(p*dv) since the process is not quasi static.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "# Part (a)\n", + "\n", + "m = 3 # mass of substance in kg\n", + "\n", + "V1 = 0.22 # Initial volume of system in m**3\n", + "\n", + "P1 = 500 # Initial pressure of system in kPa \n", + "\n", + "P2 = 100 # Final pressure of system in kPa \n", + "\n", + "V2 = V1*(P1/P2)**(1/1.2) # Final volume of system\n", + "\n", + "dU = 3.56*(P2*V2-P1*V1) # Change in internal energy of substance in kJ/kg\n", + "\n", + "n = 1.2 # polytropic index\n", + "\n", + "W = (P2*V2-P1*V1)/(1-n) # work done in process\n", + "\n", + "Q = dU+W # Heat addition in process\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 4.4\"\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Part A:\"\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n For the quasi static process is: \\n \"\n", + "\n", + "print \"Q: \",Q ,\"kJ\"\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n dU: \",dU ,\"kJ\"\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n W: \",round(W,2) ,\"kJ\",\n", + "\n", + "#The provided in the textbook is wrong\n", + "\n", + "# Part (b)\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n\\n Part B:\"\n", + "\n", + "Qb = 30 # heat transfer in kJ \n", + "\n", + "Wb = Qb-dU # Work done in kJ\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Work transfer for the process is \",round(Wb,2) ,\"kJ.\" \n", + "\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n", + "# Part (c)\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n\\n Part C:\"\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Wb is not equal to integral(p*dv) since the process is not quasi static.\"\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex4.5:pg-76" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 34, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 4.5\n", + "\n", + " The work done by the system is 8.55 kJ\n", + "\n", + " The heat flow into the system is 68.085 kJ\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import numpy as np\n", + "from scipy.integrate import quad\n", + "V1 = 0.03 # initial volume in m**3\n", + "\n", + "P1 = 170.0 # Initial pressure in kPa\n", + "\n", + "P2 = 400.0 # Final pressure in kPa\n", + "\n", + "V2 = 0.06 # Final volume in m**3\n", + "\n", + "U = 3.15*(P2*V2-P1*V1) # internal energy in kJ\n", + "\n", + "b = np.matrix([P1, P2])\n", + "\n", + "B=b.transpose()\n", + "\n", + "A = np.matrix([[1,V1],[1,V2]]) \n", + "\n", + "x = A.getI()*B \n", + "\n", + "a = x[0] ; b = x[1] \n", + "\n", + "def pressure(V): \n", + " P = a+b*V\n", + " return P\n", + "\n", + " endfunction \n", + "\n", + "\n", + "W, err = quad(pressure, V1, V2)\n", + " \n", + "#W = integrate(pressure,V1,V2) \n", + " \n", + "Q = U+W # heat flow into the system in kJ\n", + " \n", + " \n", + " \n", + "print \"\\n Example 4.5\"\n", + " \n", + "print \"\\n The work done by the system is \",W ,\" kJ\"\n", + " \n", + "print \"\\n The heat flow into the system is \",Q ,\" kJ\"\n", + " \n", + " " + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.11" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter05.ipynb b/Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter05.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..bed08b91 --- /dev/null +++ b/Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter05.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,468 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter 05:First law applied to Flow Processes" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex5.1:pg-97" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 17, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 5.1\n", + "\n", + " The rate of work input is 116.0 kW\n", + "\n", + " The ratio of the inlet pipe diameter and outet pipe diameter is 0.0 \n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "# Part(a)\n", + "\n", + "import math\n", + "V1 = 0.95 # Inlet volume flow rate in m**3/kg\n", + "\n", + "P1 = 100 # Pressure at inlet in kPa\n", + "\n", + "v1 = 7 # velocity of flow at inlet in m/s\n", + "\n", + "V2 = 0.19 # Exit volume flow rate in m**3/kg\n", + "\n", + "P2 = 700 # Pressure at exit in kPa \n", + "\n", + "v2 = 5 # velocity of flow at exit in m/s\n", + "\n", + "w = 0.5 # mass flow rate in kg/s\n", + "\n", + "u21 = 90 # change in internal energy in kJ/kg\n", + "\n", + "Q = -58 # Heat transfer in kW\n", + "\n", + "W = - w*( u21 + (P2*V2-P1*V1) + ((v2**2-v1**2)/2) ) + Q # W = dW/dt \n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 5.1\"\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n The rate of work input is \",abs(W) ,\" kW\"\n", + "\n", + "#The answers given in textbook is wrong\n", + "\n", + "# Part (b)\n", + "\n", + "A = (v2/v1)*(V1/V2) # A = A1/A2\n", + "\n", + "d_ratio = math.sqrt(A) # d = d1/d2\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n The ratio of the inlet pipe diameter and outet pipe diameter is \",d_ratio ,\" \"\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex5.2:pg-98" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 5, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 5.2\n", + "\n", + " The internal energy decreases by 20.0 kJ\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "V1 = 0.37 # volume flow rate at inlet in m**3/kg\n", + "\n", + "P1 = 600# Inlet pressure in kPa\n", + "\n", + "v1 = 16 # Inlet velocity of flow in m/s\n", + "\n", + "V2 = 0.62 # volume flow rate at exit in m**3/kg \n", + "\n", + "P2 = 100# Exit pressure in kPa\n", + "\n", + "v2 = 270 # Exit velocity of flow in m/s\n", + "\n", + "Z1 = 32 # Height of inlet port from datum in m\n", + "\n", + "Z2 = 0 #Height of exit port from datum in m\n", + "\n", + "g = 9.81 # Acceleration due to gravity\n", + "\n", + "Q = -9 # Heat transfer in kJ/kg\n", + "\n", + "W = 135 # Work transfer in kJ/kg\n", + "\n", + "U12 = (P2*V2-P1*V1) + ((v2**2-v1**2)/2000) + (Z2-Z1)*g*1e-3 + W - Q # Change in internal energy in kJ\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 5.2\"\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n The internal energy decreases by \",round(U12) ,\" kJ\"\n", + "\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex5.3:pg-99" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 15, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 5.3\n", + "\n", + " The steam flow rate is 53.5854836932 Kg/s\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "P1 = 4 # Boiler pressure in MPa\n", + "\n", + "t1 = 400 # Exit temperature at boiler in degree Celsius\n", + "\n", + "h1 = 3213 # Enthalpy at boiler exit in kJ/kg\n", + "\n", + "V1 = 0.073 # specific volume at boiler exit in m**3/kg\n", + "\n", + "P2 = 3.5 # Pressure at turbine end in MPa\n", + "\n", + "t2 = 392 # Turbine exit temperature in degree Celsius\n", + "\n", + "h2 = 3202 # Enthalpy at turbine exit in kJ/kg\n", + "\n", + "V2 = 0.084 # specific volume at turbine exit in m**3/kg\n", + "\n", + "Q = -8.5 # Heat loss from pipeline in kJ/kg\n", + "\n", + "v1 = math.sqrt((2*(h1-h2+Q)*1e3)/(1.15**2-1)) # velocity of flow in m/s\n", + "\n", + "A1 = (math.pi/4)*0.2**2 # Area of pipe in m**2\n", + "\n", + "w = (A1*v1)/V1 # steam flow rate in Kg/s\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 5.3\"\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n The steam flow rate is \",w ,\" Kg/s\"\n", + "\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex5.4:pg-100" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 7, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 5.4\n", + "\n", + " The amount of heat that should be supplied is 703.880549402 Kg/h\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "h1 = 313.93 # Enthalpy of water at heater inlet in kJ/kg\n", + "\n", + "h2 = 2676 # Enthalpy of hot water at temperature 100.2 degree Celsius\n", + "\n", + "h3 = 419 #Enthalpy of water at heater inlet in kJ/kg\n", + "\n", + "w1 = 4.2 # mass flow rate in kg/s\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 5.4\"\n", + "\n", + "w2 = w1*(h3-h1)/(h2-h3)# Steam rate \n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n The amount of heat that should be supplied is \",w2*3600 ,\" Kg/h\"\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex5.5:pg-100" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 14, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 5.5\n", + "\n", + " The rate of heat transfer to the air in the heat exchanger is 1577.85 kJ/s\n", + "\n", + " The power output from the turbine assuming no heat loss is 298 kW\n", + "\n", + " The velocity at the exit of the nozzle is 552.358579186 m/s\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "import math\n", + "t1 = 15 # Heat exchanger inlet temperature in degree Celsius\n", + "\n", + "t2 = 800 # Heat exchanger exit temperature in degree Celsius\n", + "\n", + "t3 = 650 # Turbine exit temperature in degree Celsius\n", + "\n", + "t4 = 500 # Nozzle exit temperature in degree Celsius\n", + "\n", + "v1 = 30 # Velocity of steam at heat exchanger inlet in m/s\n", + "\n", + "v2 = 30# Velocity of steam at turbine inlet in m/s\n", + "\n", + "v3 = 60 # Velocity of steam at nozzle inlet in m/s\n", + "\n", + "w = 2 # mass flow rate in kg/s\n", + "\n", + "cp = 1005 # Specific heat capacity of air in kJ/kgK\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 5.5\"\n", + "\n", + "Q1_2 = w*cp*(t2-t1) # rate of heat transfer\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n The rate of heat transfer to the air in the heat exchanger is \",Q1_2/1e3 ,\" kJ/s\"\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "W_T = w*( ((v2**2-v3**2)/2) + cp*(t2-t3)) # power output from the turbine\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n The power output from the turbine assuming no heat loss is \",W_T/1000 ,\" kW\"\n", + "\n", + "v4 = math.sqrt( (v3**2) + (2*cp*(t3-t4)) ) # velocity at the exit of the nozzle\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n The velocity at the exit of the nozzle is \",v4 ,\" m/s\"\n", + "\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex5.6:pg-102" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 16, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 5.6\n", + "\n", + " Velocity of exhaust gas is 541.409855832 m/s\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "ha = 260 # Enthalpy of air in kJ/kg\n", + "\n", + "hg = 912 # Enthalpy of gas in kJ/kg\n", + "\n", + "Va = 270 # Velocity of air in m/s\n", + "\n", + "wf = 0.0190 # mass of fuel in Kg\n", + "\n", + "wa = 1 # mass of air in Kg\n", + "\n", + "Ef = 44500 # Chemical energy of fuel in kJ/kg\n", + "\n", + "Q = 21 # Heat loss from the engine in kJ/kg\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 5.6\"\n", + "\n", + "Eg = 0.05*wf*Ef/(1+wf) # As 5% of chemical energy is not released in reaction\n", + "\n", + "wg = wa+wf # mass of flue gas\n", + "\n", + "Vg = math.sqrt(2000*(((ha+(Va**2*0.001)/2+(wf*Ef)-Q)/(1+wf))-hg-Eg)) \n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Velocity of exhaust gas is \",Vg ,\" m/s\"\n", + "\n", + "#Answer given in textbook is wrong\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex5.8:pg-103" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 13, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 5.8\n", + "\n", + " The rate at which air flows out of the tank is 0.85 kg/h\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "# Given that\n", + "\n", + "V = 0.12 # Volume of tank in m**3\n", + "\n", + "p = 1 # Pressure in MPa\n", + "\n", + "T = 150 # Temperature in degree centigrade\n", + "\n", + "P = 0.1 # Power to peddle wheel in kW\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 5.8\"\n", + "\n", + "u0 = 0.718*273 # Internal energy at 0 degree Celsius\n", + "\n", + "# Function for internal energy of gas\n", + "\n", + "def f1(t):\n", + " u = u0+(0.718*t)\n", + " pv = 0.287*(273+t)\n", + " return (u,pv)\n", + " \n", + "U,PV=f1(T)\n", + " \n", + " \n", + "hp = U+PV # At 150 degree centigrade\n", + "m_a = P/hp\n", + " \n", + "print \"\\n The rate at which air flows out of the tank is \",round(m_a*3600,2) ,\" kg/h\"\n", + "\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.11" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter10.ipynb b/Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter10.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..cf4b44fb --- /dev/null +++ b/Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter10.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,597 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter 10: Properties of gases and gas mixture" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex10.1:pg-366" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 9, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 10.1\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " The final equilibrium pressure is 1.16869318853 MPa\n", + "\n", + " The amount of heat transferred to the surrounding is -226.04503125 kJ\n", + " \n", + "\n", + " If the vessel is perfectly insulated\n", + "\n", + " The final temperature is 45.4545454545 degree Celsius\n", + "\n", + " The final pressure is 1.24058552709 MPa\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "Pa = 1.5 # Pressure in vessel A in MPa\n", + "Ta = 50 # Temperature in vessel A in K\n", + "ca = 0.5 # Content in vessel A in kg mol\n", + "Pb = 0.6 # Pressure in vessel B in MPa\n", + "Tb = 20 # Temperature in vessel B in K\n", + "mb = 2.5 # Content in vessel B in kg mol\n", + "R = 8.3143 # Universal gas constant\n", + "Va = (ca*R*(Ta+273))/(Pa*1e03) # volume of vessel A\n", + "ma = ca*28 # mass of gas in vessel A\n", + "Rn = R/28 # Gas content to of nitrogen\n", + "Vb = (mb*Rn*(Tb+273))/(Pb*1e03) # volume of vessel B\n", + "V = Va + Vb # Total volume\n", + "m = ma + mb # Total mass\n", + "Tf = 27 # Equilibrium temperature in degree Celsius\n", + "P = (m*Rn*(Tf+273))/V # Equilibrium pressure \n", + "g = 1.4 # Heat capacity ratio\n", + "cv = Rn/(g-1) # Heat capacity at constant volume\n", + "U1 = cv*(ma*Ta+mb*Tb) # Initial internal energy \n", + "U2 = m*cv*Tf# Final internal energy \n", + "Q = U2-U1 # heat transferred\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 10.1\"\n", + "print \"\\n\\n The final equilibrium pressure is \",P/1e3 ,\" MPa\"\n", + "print \"\\n The amount of heat transferred to the surrounding is \",Q ,\" kJ\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n", + "T_ = (ma*Ta+mb*Tb)/m # final temperature\n", + "P_ = (m*Rn*(T_+273))/V # final pressure\n", + "print \" \\n\\n If the vessel is perfectly insulated\"\n", + "print \"\\n The final temperature is \",T_ ,\" degree Celsius\"\n", + "print \"\\n The final pressure is \",P_/1e3 ,\" MPa\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex10.2:pg-368" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 10, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 10.2\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Gas constant of the gas is 0.461 kJ/kg K \n", + "\n", + " Molecular weight the gas is 18.0347071584 kg/kg mol\n", + "\n", + " The heat transfer at constant volume is 286.33 kJ\n", + "\n", + " Work done is 0 kJ\n", + "\n", + " The change in internal energy is 286.33 kJ\n", + "\n", + " The change in enthalpy is 373.92 kJ\n", + "\n", + " The change in entropy is 0.0 kJ/k\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "cp = 1.968 # Heat capacity in kJ/kg\n", + "cv = 1.507 # Heat capacity in kJ/kg\n", + "R_ = 8.314 # Gas constant\n", + "V = 0.3 # Volume of chamber in m**3\n", + "m = 2 # mass of gas in kg\n", + "T1 = 5# Initial gas temperature in degree Celsius\n", + "T2 = 100 # Final gas temperature in degree Celsius\n", + "R = cp-cv # Universal gas constant\n", + "mu = R_/R # molecular weight\n", + "Q12 = m*cv*(T2-T1) # The heat transfer at constant volume\n", + "W12 = 0 # work done\n", + "U21 = Q12 # change in internal energy\n", + "H21= m*cp*(T2-T1) # change in enthalpy\n", + "S21 = m*cv*math.log((T2+273)/(T1+273)) #change in entropy \n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 10.2\"\n", + "print \"\\n\\n Gas constant of the gas is \",R ,\" kJ/kg K \"\n", + "print \"\\n Molecular weight the gas is \",mu ,\" kg/kg mol\"\n", + "print \"\\n The heat transfer at constant volume is \",Q12 ,\" kJ\"\n", + "print \"\\n Work done is \",0 ,\" kJ\"\n", + "print \"\\n The change in internal energy is \",U21 ,\" kJ\"\n", + "print \"\\n The change in enthalpy is \",H21 ,\" kJ\"\n", + "print \"\\n The change in entropy is \",S21 ,\" kJ/k\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex10.3:pg-369" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 11, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 10.3\n", + "\n", + " The work done in the expansion is 300.72200185 kJ\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "from scipy import integrate\n", + "m = 1.5 # Mass of gas in kg\n", + "P1 = 5.6 # Initial pressure of gas in MPa\n", + "V1 = 0.06 # Initial volume of gas in m**3\n", + "T2_ = 240 # Final temperature of gas in degree Celsius\n", + "a = 0.946 # Constant\n", + "b = 0.662 # Constant\n", + "k = 1e-4 # Constant\n", + "# Part (b)\n", + "R = a-b # constant\n", + "T2 = T2_+273 # Final temperature of gas in KK\n", + "T1 = (P1*1e03*V1)/(m*R) # Initial temperature\n", + "W12,er =integrate.quad(lambda T:m*(b+k*T),T1,T2) # Work done\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 10.3\"\n", + "print \"\\n The work done in the expansion is \",-W12 ,\" kJ\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex10.5:pg-371" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 12, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 10.5\n", + "\n", + " The work transfer for the whole path is 93.4986082985 kJ\n", + "\n", + " The heat transfer for the whole path 571.638005316 kJ\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "m = 0.5 # mass of air in kg\n", + "P1 = 80 # Initial pressure kPa\n", + "T1 = 60 # Initial temperature in degree Celsius\n", + "P2 = 0.4 # Final pressure in MPa\n", + "R = 0.287 # Gas constant\n", + "V1 = (m*R*(T1+273))/(P1) # Volume of air at state 1\n", + "g = 1.4 # Heat capacity ratio\n", + "T2 = (T1+273)*(P2*1e3/P1)**((g-1)/g)# Final temperature\n", + "W12 = (m*R*(T1+273-T2))/(g-1) # Work done in \n", + "V2 = V1*((P1/(P2*1e3))**(1/g)) # Final volume\n", + "W23 = P2*(V1-V2)*1e3 # # Work done\n", + "W = W12+W23 # Net work done\n", + "V3 = V1 # constant volume\n", + "T3 = (T2)*(V3/V2) # Temperature at state 3\n", + "cp = 1.005 # Heat capacity at constant volume in kJ/kgK\n", + "Q = m*cp*(T3-T2)# Heat transfer\n", + "print \"\\n Example 10.5\"\n", + "print \"\\n The work transfer for the whole path is \",W ,\" kJ\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "print \"\\n The heat transfer for the whole path \",Q ,\" kJ\"\n", + "#The answer provided in the textbook is wrong\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex10.6:pg-372" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 13, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 10.6\n", + "\n", + " The heat received in the cycle is 137.268292683 kJ\n", + "\n", + " The heat rejected in the cycle 84.2666952566 kJ\n", + "\n", + " The efficiency of the cycle is 39.0 percent\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "P1 = 700 # Initial pressure of gas in kPa\n", + "T1 = 260 # Initial temperature of gas in degree Celcius \n", + "T3 = T1 # Temperature at state 3\n", + "V1 = 0.028 # Initial volume of gas in m**3\n", + "V2 = 0.084 # Final volume of gas in m**3\n", + "R = 0.287 # Gas constant\n", + "m = (P1*V1)/(R*(T1+273)) # mass of gas \n", + "P2 = P1 # Pressure at state 2\n", + "T2 = (T1+273)*((P2*V2)/(P1*V1)) # Temperature at state 2\n", + "n = 1.5 # polytropic index \n", + "P3 = P2*(((T3+273)/(T2))**(n/(n-1))) # Pressure at state 3\n", + "cp = 1.005 # COnstant pressure heat capacity in kJ/kgK\n", + "cv = 0.718 # COnstant volume heat capacity in kJ/kgK\n", + "Q12 = m*cp*(T2-T1-273) # HEat transfer\n", + "Q23 = m*cv*(T3+273-T2) + (m*R*(T2-T3-273))/(n-1) # Heat transfer\n", + "Q31 = m*R*(T1+273)*math.log(P3/P2) # Heat transfer\n", + "Q1 = Q12 # Heat equivalance\n", + "Q2 = -(Q23+Q31) # Net heat transfer\n", + "e = 1-(Q2/Q1) # First law efficiency\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 10.6\"\n", + "print \"\\n The heat received in the cycle is \",Q1 ,\" kJ\"\n", + "print \"\\n The heat rejected in the cycle \",Q2 ,\" kJ\"\n", + "print \"\\n The efficiency of the cycle is \",math. ceil(e*100) ,\" percent\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex10.7:pg-374" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 14, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 10.7\n", + "\n", + " Cv of the gas is 0.661000944287 kJ/kg K\n", + "\n", + " Cp of the gas is 0.89896128423 kJ/kg K\n", + "\n", + " Increase in the entropy of the gas is 0.080159241414 kJ/kg K\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "P1 = 300 # Initial gas pressure in kPa\n", + "V1 = 0.07 # Initial volume of gas in m**3\n", + "m = 0.25 # Mass of gas in kg\n", + "T1 = 80 # Initial temperature of gas in degree Celsius\n", + "R = (P1*V1)/(m*(T1+273)) # constant\n", + "P2 = P1 # process condition\n", + "V2 = 0.1 # Final volume in m**3\n", + "T2 = (P2*V2)/(m*R) # Final temperature in K\n", + "W = -25 #Work done in kJ\n", + "cv = -W/(m*(T2-T1-273)) # Constant volume heat capacity in kJ/kg\n", + "cp = R+cv #Constant pressure heat capacity in kJ/kg\n", + "S21 = m*cp*math.log(V2/V1) # Entropy change\n", + "print \"\\n Example 10.7\"\n", + "print \"\\n Cv of the gas is \",cv ,\" kJ/kg K\"\n", + "print \"\\n Cp of the gas is \",cp ,\" kJ/kg K\"\n", + "print \"\\n Increase in the entropy of the gas is \",S21 ,\" kJ/kg K\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex10.8:pg-374" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 15, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 10.8\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Mole fraction of N2 is 0.485294117647\n", + "\n", + " Mole fraction of CO2 is 0.514705882353\n", + "\n", + " Equivalent molecular weight of mixture is 36.2352941176 kg/kg mol\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " The equivalent gas constant of the mixture is 0.229444805195 kJ/kg K\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Partial pressures of nitrogen and CO2 are \n", + " 145.588235294 kPa and 154.411764706 kPa respectively\n", + "\n", + " Partial volume of nitrogen and CO2 are \n", + " 0.870000714286 kPa and 0.922728030303 kPa respectively\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Total volume of mixture is 1.79272874459 m**3\n", + "\n", + " Density of mixture is 4.46247098126 kg/m**3\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Cp and Cv of mixture are \n", + " 0.920740483948 kJ/kg K and 0.691295678753 kJ/kg K respectively\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Change in internal energy of the system heated at constant volume is 110.6073086 kJ\n", + "\n", + " Change in enthalpy of the system heated at constant volume is 147.318477432 kJ\n", + "\n", + " Change in entropy of the system heated at constant volume is 0.36517324538 kJ/kg K\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Change in entropy of the system heated at constant Pressure is 0.486376236695 kJ/kgK\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "mn = 3.0 # Mass of nitrogen in kg\n", + "mc = 5.0 # mass of CO2 in kg\n", + "an = 28.0 # Atomic weight of nitrogen\n", + "ac = 44.0 # Atomic weight of CO2\n", + "# Part (a)\n", + "xn = (mn/an)/((mn/an)+(mc/ac)) # mole fraction of nitrogen\n", + "xc = (mc/ac)/((mn/an)+(mc/ac)) # mole fraction of carbon\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 10.8\"\n", + "print \"\\n\\n Mole fraction of N2 is \",xn \n", + "print \"\\n Mole fraction of CO2 is \",xc\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n", + "# Part (b)\n", + "M = xn*an+xc*ac # Equivalent molecular weight\n", + "print \"\\n Equivalent molecular weight of mixture is \",M ,\"kg/kg mol\" \n", + "\n", + "# Part (c)\n", + "R = 8.314 # Gas constant\n", + "Req = ((mn*R/an)+(mc*R/ac))/(mn+mc)\n", + "print \"\\n\\n The equivalent gas constant of the mixture is \",Req ,\" kJ/kg K\" \n", + "\n", + "# Part (d)\n", + "P = 300.0 # Initial pressure in kPa\n", + "T = 20.0 # Initial temperature in degree Celsius\n", + "Pn = xn*P # Partial pressure of Nitrogen\n", + "Pc = xc*P # Partial pressure of CO2 \n", + "Vn = (mn*R*(T+273))/(P*an) # Volume of nitrogen\n", + "Vc = (mc*R*(T+273))/(P*ac) # Volume of CO2\n", + "print \"\\n\\n Partial pressures of nitrogen and CO2 are \\n \",Pn ,\" kPa and \",Pc ,\" kPa respectively\"\n", + "print \"\\n Partial volume of nitrogen and CO2 are \\n \",Vn ,\" kPa and \",Vc ,\" kPa respectively\"\n", + "# Part (e)\n", + "V = (mn+mc)*Req*(T+273)/P # Total volume\n", + "rho = (mn+mc)/V # mass density\n", + "print \"\\n\\n Total volume of mixture is \",V ,\" m**3\" \n", + "print \"\\n Density of mixture is \",rho ,\" kg/m**3\" \n", + "\n", + "# Part (f)\n", + "gn = 1.4 # Heat capacity ratio for nitrogen\n", + "gc = 1.286 # Heat capacity ratio for carbon dioxide \n", + "cvn = R/((gn-1)*an) # cp and cv of N2\n", + "cpn = gn*cvn # Constant pressure heat capacity of nitrogen\n", + "cvc = R/((gc-1)*ac) # cp and cv of CO2\n", + "cpc = gc*cvc# COnstant pressure heat capacity of carbon dioxide \n", + "cp = (mn*cpn+mc*cpc)/(mn+mc) # Constant pressure heat capacity ratio of mixture\n", + "cv = (mn*cvn+mc*cvc)/(mn+mc) # Constant volume Heat capacity ratio of mixture\n", + "print \"\\n\\n Cp and Cv of mixture are \\n \",cp ,\"kJ/kg K and \",cv ,\"kJ/kg K respectively\" \n", + "T1 = T \n", + "T2 = 40 \n", + "U21 = (mn+mc)*cv*(T2-T1)\n", + "H21 = (mn+mc)*cp*(T2-T1)\n", + "S21v = (mn+mc)*cv*math.log((T2+273)/(T1+273)) # If heated at constant volume\n", + "S21p = (mn+mc)*cp*math.log((T2+273)/(T1+273)) # If heated at constant Pressure\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n\\n Change in internal energy of the system heated at constant volume is \",U21 ,\"kJ\" \n", + "print \"\\n Change in enthalpy of the system heated at constant volume is \",H21 ,\"kJ\" \n", + "print \"\\n Change in entropy of the system heated at constant volume is \",S21v ,\" kJ/kg K\"\n", + "print \"\\n\\n Change in entropy of the system heated at constant Pressure is \",S21p ,\"kJ/kgK\" \n", + "\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex10.9:pg-375" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 16, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 10.9\n", + "\n", + " Increase in entropy is 1.22920562691 kJ/kg K\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "mo = 2.0 # mass of oxygen in kg\n", + "mn = 6.0 # mass of nitrogen in kg\n", + "muo = 32.0 # molecular mass of oxygen\n", + "mun = 28.0 # molecular mass of nitrogen\n", + "o = mo/muo # mass fraction of oxygen\n", + "n = mn/mun # mass fraction of nitrogen\n", + "xo = o/(n+o) # mole fraction of oxygen\n", + "xn = n/(n+o) # mole fraction of nitrogen\n", + "R = 8.314 # Universal gas constant\n", + "Ro = R/muo # Gas constant for oxygen\n", + "Rn = R/mun # Gas constant for nitrogen\n", + "dS = -mo*Ro*math.log(xo)-mn*Rn*math.log(xn) # Increase in entropy \n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 10.9\"\n", + "print \"\\n Increase in entropy is \",dS ,\" kJ/kg K\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex10.10:pg-376" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 10, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 10.10\n", + "\n", + " Specific volume is 3.05515367719 *10**-3 m3/kg\n", + "\n", + " Specific temperature is 57.85 K\n", + "\n", + " Specific pressure is 5.46 MPa\n", + "\n", + " Reduced volume is 1.48226362179 m3/kg\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "an = 20.183 # molecular weight of neon\n", + "Pc = 2.73 # Critical pressure\n", + "Tc = 44.5 # Critical tmperature in Kelvin\n", + "Vc = 0.0416 # volume of gas in m**3\n", + "Pr = 2 # Reduced Pressure\n", + "Tr = 1.3 # Reduced temperature\n", + "Z = 0.7 # Compressibility factor\n", + "P = Pr*Pc # Corresponding Pressure \n", + "T = Tr*Tc # Corresponding temperature\n", + "R = 8.314 # Gas constant\n", + "v = (Z*R*T)/(P*an) # Corresponding volume\n", + "vr = (v*an)/(Vc*1e3) # reduced volume\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 10.10\"\n", + "print \"\\n Specific volume is \",v ,\" *10**-3 m3/kg\"\n", + "print \"\\n Specific temperature is \",T ,\" K\"\n", + "print \"\\n Specific pressure is \",P ,\" MPa\"\n", + "print \"\\n Reduced volume is \",vr ,\" m3/kg\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.11" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter11.ipynb b/Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter11.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..75c1ae52 --- /dev/null +++ b/Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter11.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,215 @@ +{ + "metadata": { + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:bac11063c240653dfd3c07e3907da1d648418ca108c3c127b610f8e4e00f83ef" + }, + "nbformat": 3, + "nbformat_minor": 0, + "worksheets": [ + { + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Chapter 11:Thermodynamic relations Equilibrium and stability" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Ex11.3:pg-436" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "Tb = 353.0 # boiling point of benzene in K\n", + "T = 303.0 # Operational temperature in K\n", + "R = 8.3143 #Gas constant\n", + "P = 101.325*math.exp((88/R)*(1.0-(Tb/T)))\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 11.3\"\n", + "print \"\\n Vapour pressure of benzene is \",P ,\" kPa\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 11.3\n", + "\n", + " Vapour pressure of benzene is 17.6682592008 kPa\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 2 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Ex11.4:pg-436" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "T = (3754-3063)/(23.03-19.49) # Temperature at triple point in K\n", + "P = math.exp(23.03-(3754/195.2)) # Pressure at triple point\n", + "R = 8.3143 # Gas constant\n", + "Lsub = R*3754 # Latent heat of sublimation\n", + "Lvap = 3063*R # Latent heat of vaporisation\n", + "Lfu = Lsub-Lvap # Latent heat of fusion\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 11.4\"\n", + "print \"\\n Temperature at triple point is \",T ,\" K\"\n", + "print \"\\n Pressure at triple point is \",P ,\" mm Hg\"\n", + "print \"\\n\\n Latent heat of sublimation is \",Lsub ,\" kJ/kg mol\"\n", + "print \"\\n Latent heat of vapourization is is \",Lvap ,\" kJ/kg mol\"\n", + "print \"\\n Latent heat of fusion is \",Lfu ,\" kJ/kg mol\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 11.4\n", + "\n", + " Temperature at triple point is 195.197740113 K\n", + "\n", + " Pressure at triple point is 44.631622076 mm Hg\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Latent heat of sublimation is 31211.8822 kJ/kg mol\n", + "\n", + " Latent heat of vapourization is is 25466.7009 kJ/kg mol\n", + "\n", + " Latent heat of fusion is 5745.1813 kJ/kg mol\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 3 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Ex11.6:pg-438" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "R = 8.3143 # Gas constant in kJ/kg-mol-K\n", + "N1 = 0.5 # Mole no. of first system\n", + "N2 = 0.75 # Mole no. of second system\n", + "T1 = 200 # Initial temperature of first system in K\n", + "T2 = 300 # Initial temperature of second system in K\n", + "v = 0.02 # Total volume in m**3\n", + "print \"\\n Example 11.6\\n\"\n", + "Tf = (T2*N2+T1*N1)/(N1+N2)\n", + "Uf_1 = (3.0/2.0)*(R*N1*Tf)*(10**-3)\n", + "Uf_2 = (3.0/2.0)*(R*N2*Tf)*(10**-3)\n", + "pf = (R*Tf*(N1+N2)*(10**-3))/v\n", + "Vf_1 = R*N1*(10**-3)*Tf/pf\n", + "Vf_2 = v-Vf_1\n", + "print \"\\n Energy of first system is \",Uf_1 ,\" kJ,\\n Energy of second system is \",Uf_2 ,\" kJ,\\n Volume of first system is \",Vf_1 ,\" m**3,\\n Volume of second system is \",Vf_2 ,\" m**3,\\n Pressure is \",pf ,\" kN/m**2,\\n Temperature is \",Tf ,\" K.\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 11.6\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Energy of first system is 1.6212885 kJ,\n", + " Energy of second system is 2.43193275 kJ,\n", + " Volume of first system is 0.008 m**3,\n", + " Volume of second system is 0.012 m**3,\n", + " Pressure is 135.107375 kN/m**2,\n", + " Temperature is 260.0 K.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 4 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Ex11.10:pg-446" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "R = 0.082 # Gas constant in litre-atm/gmol-K\n", + "m = 1.5 # Mass flow rate in kg/s\n", + "p1 = 1.0 # Pressure in atm\n", + "t2 = 300.0 # Temperature after compression in K\n", + "p2 = 400.0 # Pressure after compression in atm\n", + "Tc = 151.0 # For Argon in K\n", + "pc = 48.0 # For Argon in atm\n", + "print \"\\n Example 11.10 \"\n", + "a = 0.42748*((R*1000)**2)*((Tc)**2)/pc\n", + "b = 0.08664*(R*1000)*(Tc)/pc\n", + "# By solving equation v2**2 - 49.24*v2**2 + 335.6*v2 - 43440 = 0\n", + "v2 = 56.8 # In cm**3/g mol\n", + "v1 = (R*1000)*(t2)/p1\n", + "delta_h = -1790 # In J/g mol\n", + "delta_s = -57 # In J/g mol\n", + "Q = (t2*delta_s*(10**5)/39.8)/(3600*1000)\n", + "W = Q - (delta_h*(10**5)/39.8)/(3600*1000)\n", + "print \"\\n Power required to run the compressor = \",W ,\" kW, \\n The rate at which heat must be removed from the compressor = \",Q ,\" kW\"\n", + "# Answers vary due to round off error.\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 11.10 \n", + "\n", + " Power required to run the compressor = -10.6853713009 kW, \n", + " The rate at which heat must be removed from the compressor = -11.9346733668 kW\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 5 + } + ], + "metadata": {} + } + ] +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter12.ipynb b/Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter12.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..06d1811b --- /dev/null +++ b/Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter12.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,887 @@ +{ + "metadata": { + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:b39ef4709eada52e4edea3c455c191cc976086e523f6bfbc880f8c46ec08b27a" + }, + "nbformat": 3, + "nbformat_minor": 0, + "worksheets": [ + { + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Chapter 12: Vapour power cycle" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Ex12.1:pg-492" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "# Part (a)\n", + "P1 = 1 # Initial pressure in bar\n", + "P2 = 10 # Final pressure in bar\n", + "vf = 0.001043 # specific volume of liquid in m**3/kg\n", + "Wrev = vf*(P1-P2)*1e5 # Work done\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 12.1\"\n", + "print \"\\n The work required in saturated liquid form is \",Wrev/1000 ,\" kJ/kg\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n", + "# Part (b)\n", + "h1 = 2675.5 # Enthalpy at state 1 in kJ/kg\n", + "s1 = 7.3594 # Entropy at state 1 kJ/kgK\n", + "s2 = s1 # Isentropic process\n", + "h2 = 3195.5 # Enthalpy at state 2 kJ/kg\n", + "Wrev1 = h1-h2 # Work done\n", + "print \"\\n The work required in saturated vapor form is \",Wrev1 ,\" kJ/kg\"\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 12.1\n", + "\n", + " The work required in saturated liquid form is -0.9387 kJ/kg\n", + "\n", + " The work required in saturated vapor form is -520.0 kJ/kg\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 1 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Ex12.2:pg-493" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "h1 = 3159.3 # Enthalpy at state 1 in kJ/kg\n", + "s1 = 6.9917 # Entropy at state 1 in kJ/kgK\n", + "h3 = 173.88 # Enthalpy at state 3 in kJ/kg\n", + "s3 = 0.5926 # Entropy at state 3 in kJ/kgK\n", + "sfp2 = s3 # Isentropic process\n", + "hfp2 = h3 # Isenthalpic process\n", + "hfgp2 = 2403.1 # Latent heat of vaporization in kJ/kg\n", + "sgp2 = 8.2287 # Entropy of gas in kJ/kgK\n", + "vfp2 = 0.001008 # Specific volume in m**3/kg\n", + "sfgp2 = 7.6361# Entropy of liquid in kJ/kgK\n", + "x2s = (s1-sfp2)/(sfgp2)# Steam quality\n", + "h2s = hfp2+(x2s*hfgp2) # Enthalpy at state 2s\n", + "# Part (a)\n", + "P1 = 20 # Turbine inlet pressure in bar\n", + "P2 = 0.08 # Turbine exit pressure in bar\n", + "h4s = vfp2*(P1-P2)*1e2+h3 # Enthalpy at state 4s\n", + "Wp = h4s-h3 # Pump work\n", + "Wt = h1-h2s # Turbine work\n", + "Wnet = Wt-Wp # Net work \n", + "Q1 = h1-h4s # Heat addition\n", + "n_cycle = Wnet/Q1# Cycle efficiency\n", + "print \"\\n Example 12.2\"\n", + "print \"\\n Net work per kg of steam is \",Wnet ,\" kJ/kg\"\n", + "#The answer provided in the textbook is wrong\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Cycle efficiency is \",n_cycle*100 ,\" percent\"\n", + "\n", + "# Part (b)\n", + "n_p = 0.8 # pump efficiency\n", + "n_t = 0.8# Turbine efficiency\n", + "Wp_ = Wp/n_p # Pump work\n", + "Wt_ = Wt*n_t # Turbine work\n", + "Wnet_ = Wt_-Wp_# Net work\n", + "P = 100*((Wnet-Wnet_)/Wnet) # Percentage reduction in net work\n", + "n_cycle_ = Wnet_/Q1 # cycle efficiency\n", + "P_ = 100*((n_cycle-n_cycle_)/n_cycle) #reduction in cycle\n", + "print \"\\n\\n Percentage reduction in net work per kg of steam is \",P ,\" percent\"\n", + "print \"\\n Percentage reduction in cycle efficiency is \",P_ ,\" percent\"\n", + "\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 12.2\n", + "\n", + " Net work per kg of steam is 969.599095338 kJ/kg\n", + "\n", + " Cycle efficiency is 32.4996706636 percent\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Percentage reduction in net work per kg of steam is 20.093190186 percent\n", + "\n", + " Percentage reduction in cycle efficiency is 20.093190186 percent\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 2 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Ex12.3:pg-495" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "P1 = 0.08 # Exhaust pressure in bar\n", + "sf = 0.5926 # Entropy of fluid in kJ/kgK\n", + "x2s = 0.85 # Steam quality\n", + "sg = 8.2287 # Entropy of gas in kJ/kgK\n", + "s2s = sf+(x2s*(sg-sf)) # Entropy of mixture at state 2s in kJ/kgK\n", + "s1 = s2s # Isentropic process\n", + "P2 = 16.832 # by steam table opposite to s1 in bar\n", + "h1 = 3165.54 # Enthalpy at state 1 in kJ/kg\n", + "h2s = 173.88 + (0.85*2403.1) # Enthalpy at state 2s in kJ/kg\n", + "h3 = 173.88# Enthalpy at state 3 in kJ/kg\n", + "vfp2 = 0.001 # specific volume of liquid in m**3/kg\n", + "h4s = h3 + (vfp2*(P2-P1)*100)# Enthalpy at state 4s in kJ/kg\n", + "Q1 = h1-h4s # Heat addition\n", + "Wt = h1-h2s # Turbine work\n", + "Wp = h4s-h3 # Pump work\n", + "n_cycle = 100*((Wt-Wp)/Q1) # Cycle efficiency\n", + "Tm = (h1-h4s)/(s2s-sf) # Mean temperature of heat addition\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 12.3\"\n", + "print \"\\n The greatest allowable steam pressure at the turbine inlet is \",P2 ,\" bar\"\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Rankine cycle efficiency is \",n_cycle ,\" percent\"\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Mean temperature of heat addition is \",Tm-273 ,\" degree celcius\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 12.3\n", + "\n", + " The greatest allowable steam pressure at the turbine inlet is 16.832 bar\n", + "\n", + " Rankine cycle efficiency is 31.684100869 percent\n", + "\n", + " Mean temperature of heat addition is 187.657819629 degree celcius\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 3 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Ex12.4:pg-496" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "h1 = 3465 # Enthalpy at state 1 in kJ/kgK\n", + "h2s = 3065 #Enthalpy at state 2s in kJ/kgK \n", + "h3 = 3565 #Enthalpy at state 3 in kJ/kgK\n", + "h4s = 2300 # Enthalpy at state 4s in kJ/kgK\n", + "x4s = 0.88 # Steam quality at state 4s\n", + "h5 = 191.83# Enthalpy at state 5 in kJ/kgK\n", + "v = 0.001 # specific volume in m**3/kg\n", + "P = 150 # Boiler outlet pressure in bar\n", + "Wp = v*P*100 # Pump work\n", + "h6s = 206.83 # Enthalpy at state 6s in kJ/kgK\n", + "Q1 = (h1-h6s)+(h3-h2s) # Heat addition\n", + "Wt = (h1-h2s)+(h3-h4s) # Turbine work\n", + "Wnet = Wt-Wp # Net work\n", + "n_cycle = 100*Wnet/Q1 # cycle efficiency\n", + "sr = 3600/Wnet #Steam rate\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 12.4 \\n\"\n", + "print \"\\n Quality at turbine exhaust is \",0.88\n", + "print \"\\n Cycle efficiency is \",n_cycle ,\" percent\"\n", + "print \"\\n Steam rate is \",sr ,\" kg/kW h\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 12.4 \n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Quality at turbine exhaust is 0.88\n", + "\n", + " Cycle efficiency is 43.9043470625 percent\n", + "\n", + " Steam rate is 2.18181818182 kg/kW h\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 4 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Ex12.5:pg-497" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "h1 = 3230.9 # Enthalpy at state 1 in kJ/kg\n", + "s1 = 6.9212 # Entropy at state 1 in kJ/kgK\n", + "s2 = s1 # Isentropic process\n", + "s3 = s1 # Isentropic process\n", + "h2 = 2796 # Enthalpy at state 2 in kJ/kg\n", + "sf = 0.6493 # ENtropy of fluid onkJ/kgK\n", + "sfg = 7.5009 # Entropy change due to vaporization\n", + "x3 = (s3-sf)/sfg # steam quality\n", + "h3 = 191.83 + x3*2392.8 # Enthalpy at state 3\n", + "h4 = 191.83 # Enthalpy at state 4 in kJ/kg\n", + "h5 = h4 # Isenthalpic process\n", + "h6 = 640.23 # Enthalpy at state 6 in kJ/kg\n", + "h7 = h6 # Isenthalpic process\n", + "m = (h6-h5)/(h2-h5) # regenerative mass\n", + "Wt = (h1-h2)+(1-m)*(h2-h3) # turbine work\n", + "Q1 = h1-h6 # Heat addition\n", + "n_cycle = 100*Wt/Q1 # Cycle efficiency\n", + "sr = 3600/Wt # Steam rate\n", + "s7 = 1.8607 # Entropy at state 7 in kJ/kgK\n", + "s4 = 0.6493 # Entropy at state 4 in kJ/kgK \n", + "Tm = (h1-h7)/(s1-s7) # Mean temperature of heat addition with regeneration\n", + "Tm1 = (h1-h4)/(s1-s4) # Mean temperature of heat addition without regeneration\n", + "dT = Tm-Tm1 # Change in temperature\n", + "Wt_ = h1-h3 # Turbine work\n", + "sr_ = 3600/Wt_ # Steam rate\n", + "dsr = sr-sr_# Change in steam rate\n", + "n_cycle_ = 100*(h1-h3)/(h1-h4) # Cycle effciency\n", + "dn = n_cycle-n_cycle_# Change in efficiency\n", + "print \"\\n Example 12.5\\n\"\n", + "print \"\\n Efficiency of the cycle is \",n_cycle ,\" percent\"\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Steam rate of the cycle is \",sr ,\" kg/kW h\"\n", + "#The answer provided in the textbook is wrong\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Increase in temperature due to regeneration is \",dT ,\" degree centigrade\"\n", + "print \"\\n Increase in steam rate due to regeneration is \",dsr ,\" kg/kW h\"\n", + "#The answer provided in the textbook is wrong\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Increase in Efficiency of the cycle due to regeneration is \",dn ,\" percent\"\n", + "\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 12.5\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Efficiency of the cycle is 36.0687573387 percent\n", + "\n", + " Steam rate of the cycle is 3.85264705574 kg/kW h\n", + "\n", + " Increase in temperature due to regeneration is 27.3862065182 degree centigrade\n", + "\n", + " Increase in steam rate due to regeneration is 0.385518227773 kg/kW h\n", + "\n", + " Increase in Efficiency of the cycle due to regeneration is 1.90293971596 percent\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 5 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Ex12.6:pg-499" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "h1 = 3023.5 # Enthalpy of steam at state 1 in kJ/kg\n", + "s1 = 6.7664 # Enthalpy of steam at state 1 in kJ/kgK\n", + "s2 = s1 # Isentropic process\n", + "s3 = s1 #Isentropic process\n", + "s4 = s1 #Isentropic process\n", + "t_sat_20 = 212 # Saturation temperature at 20 bar in degree Celsius\n", + "t_sat_1 = 46 # Saturation temperature at 1 bar in degree Celsius\n", + "dt = t_sat_20-t_sat_1 # Change in temperature\n", + "n =3 # number of heaters\n", + "t = dt/n # temperature rise per heater\n", + "t1 = t_sat_20-t # Operational temperature of first heater\n", + "t2 = t1-t# Operational temperature of second heater\n", + "# 0.1 bar\n", + "hf = 191.83 # Enthalpy of fluid in kJ/kg\n", + "hfg = 2392.8 # Latent heat of vaporization in kJ/kg\n", + "sf = 0.6493# Entropy of fluid in kJ/kgK\n", + "sg = 8.1502# Entropy of gas in kJ/kgK\n", + "# At 100 degree\n", + "hf100 = 419.04 # Enthalpy of fluid in kJ/kg \n", + "hfg100 = 2257.0# Latent heat of vaporization in kJ/kg \n", + "sf100 = 1.3069 # Entropy of fluid in kJ/kgK \n", + "sg100 = 7.3549 # Entropy of gas in kJ/kgK\n", + "# At 150 degree\n", + "hf150 = 632.20 # Enthalpy of fluid in kJ/kg \n", + "hfg150 = 2114.3# Latent heat of vaporization in kJ/kg \n", + "sf150 = 1.8418 # Entropy of fluid in kJ/kgK \n", + "sg150 = 6.8379# Entropy of gas in kJ/kgK\n", + "x2 = (s1-sf150)/4.9961 # Steam quality\n", + "h2 = hf150+(x2*hfg150) # Enthalpy at state 2 in kJ/kg\n", + "x3 = (s1-sf100)/6.0480 # Steam quality\n", + "h3 = hf100+(x3*hfg100) # Enthalpy at state 3 in kJ/kg \n", + "x4 = (s1-sf)/7.5010 # Steam quality\n", + "h4 = hf+(x4*hfg)#Enthalpy at state 4 in kJ/kg\n", + "h5 = hf # Enthalpy at state 5 in kJ/kg\n", + "h6 = h5 #Enthalpy at state 6 in kJ/kg\n", + "h7 = hf100 # Enthalpy at state 7 in kJ/kg\n", + "h8 = h7 # Enthalpy at state 8 in kJ/kg\n", + "h9 = 632.2 # Enthalpy at state 9 in kJ/kg\n", + "h10 = h9 # Enthalpy at state 10 in kJ/kg\n", + "m1 = (h9-h7)/(h2-h7) # regenerative mass \n", + "m2 = ((1-m1)*(h7-h6))/(h3-h6) # regenerative mass\n", + "Wt = 1*(h1-h2)+(1-m1)*(h2-h3)+(1-m1-m2)*(h3-h4) # Turbine work\n", + "Q1 = h1-h9 # Heat addition\n", + "Wp = 0 # Pump work is neglected\n", + "n_cycle = 100*(Wt-Wp)/Q1 # Cycle efficiency\n", + "sr = 3600/(Wt-Wp) # Steam rate\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 12.6\\n\"\n", + "print \"\\n Steam quality at turbine exhaust is \",x3\n", + "print \"\\n Net work per kg of stem is \",Wt ,\" kJ/kg\"\n", + "print \"\\n Cycle efficiency is \",n_cycle ,\" percent\"\n", + "print \"\\n Stream rate is \",sr ,\" kg/kW h\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 12.6\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Steam quality at turbine exhaust is 0.90269510582\n", + "\n", + " Net work per kg of stem is 798.641701509 kJ/kg\n", + "\n", + " Cycle efficiency is 33.3978046046 percent\n", + "\n", + " Stream rate is 4.50765342356 kg/kW h\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 6 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Ex12.7:pg-501" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "Ti = 2000.0 # Hot gas inlet temperature in K\n", + "Te = 450.0 # Hot gas exhaust temperature in K\n", + "T0 = 300.0 # Ambient temperature in K\n", + "Q1_dot = 100.0 # Heating rate provided by steam in kW\n", + "cpg = 1.1 # Heat capacity of gas in kJ/kg\n", + "wg = Q1_dot/(cpg*(Ti-Te)) # mass flow rate of hot gas\n", + "af1 = wg*cpg*T0*((Ti/T0)-1-log(Ti/T0)) # Availability at inlet\n", + "af2 = wg*cpg*T0*((Te/T0)-1-log(Te/T0)) # Availability at exit\n", + "afi = af1-af2 # Change in availability\n", + "h1 = 2801.0 # Enthalpy at state 1 in kJ/kg\n", + "h3 = 169.0 #Enthalpy at state 3 in kJ/kg\n", + "h4 = 172.8 #Enthalpy at state 4 in kJ/kg\n", + "h2 = 1890.2 # Enthalpy at state 2 in kJ/kg\n", + "s1 = 6.068 # Entropy at state 1 in kJ/kgK\n", + "s2 = s1 # Isentropic process\n", + "s3 = 0.576 # Entropy at state 3 in kJ/kgK\n", + "s4 = s3 # Isentropic process\n", + "Wt = h1-h2 # Turbine work\n", + "Wp = h4-h3 # Pump work\n", + "Q1 = h1-h4 # Heat addition\n", + "Q2 = h2-h3# Heat rejection\n", + "Wnet = Wt-Wp # Net work\n", + "ws = Q1_dot/2628 # steam mass flow rate\n", + "afu = 38*(h1-h4-T0*(s1-s3)) # availability loss\n", + "I_dot = afi-afu # Rate of exergy destruction\n", + "Wnet_dot = ws*Wnet# Mechanical power rate\n", + "afc = ws*(h2-h3-T0*(s2-s3)) # Exergy flow rate of of wet steam\n", + "n2 = 100*Wnet_dot/af1 # second law efficiency\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 12.7\\n\"\n", + "print \"\\n The second law efficiency is \",n2 ,\" percent\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 12.7\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " The second law efficiency is 47.3045857486 percent\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 8 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Ex12.8:pg-503" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "# Part (a)\n", + "h1 = 2758.0 # Enthalpy at state 1 in kJ/kg\n", + "h2 = 1817.0 # Enthalpy at state 2 in kJ/kg\n", + "h3 = 192.0 # Enthalpy at state 3 in kJ/kg\n", + "h4 = 200.0# Enthalpy at state 4 in kJ/kg\n", + "Wt = h1-h2 # turbine work\n", + "Wp = h4-h3 # Pump work\n", + "Q1 = h1-h4 # Heat addition\n", + "Wnet = Wt-Wp # Net work doen\n", + "n1 = Wnet/Q1 # First law efficiency\n", + "WR = Wnet/Wt # Work ratio\n", + "Q1_ = 100.0 # Heat addition rate in MW\n", + "PO = n1*Q1_ # power output\n", + "cpg = 1000 # Specific heat capacity in J/kg\n", + "wg = (Q1_/(833-450)) # mass flow rate of gas\n", + "EIR = wg*cpg*((833-300)-300*(log(833/300)))/1000 # Exergy input\n", + "n2 = PO/EIR # Second law efficiency\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 12.8\\n\"\n", + "print \"\\n Part (a)\"\n", + "print \"\\n The first law efficiency n1 is \",n1*100\n", + "print \"\\n The second law efficiency n2 is \",n2*100\n", + "print \"\\n The work ratio is \",WR\n", + "# Part (b)\n", + "h1b = 3398.0 # Enthalpy at state 1 in kJ/kg\n", + "h2b = 2130.0 # Enthalpy at state 2 in kJ/kg\n", + "h3b = 192.0 # Enthalpy at state 3 in kJ/kg\n", + "h4b = 200.0# Enthalpy at state 4 in kJ/kg\n", + "Wtb = 1268.0 # turbine work in kJ/kg\n", + "Wpb = 8.0 # Pump work in kJ/kg\n", + "Q1b = 3198.0# Heat addition rate in kW\n", + "n1b = (Wtb-Wpb)/Q1b #first law efficiency\n", + "WRb = (Wtb-Wpb)/Wtb # WOrk ratio\n", + "EIRb = 59.3 # Exergy input rate in MW\n", + "Wnetb = Q1_*n1b # net work done\n", + "\n", + "n2b = Wnetb/EIRb # Second law efficiency\n", + "print \"\\n Part (b)\" \n", + "print \"\\n The first law efficiency n1 is \",n1b*100\n", + "print \"\\n The second law efficiency n2 is \",n2b*100\n", + "print \"\\n The work ration is \",WRb\n", + "\n", + "# Part (c)\n", + "h1c = 3398.0 # Enthalpy at state 1 in kJ/kg\n", + "h2c = 2761.0 # Enthalpy at state 2 in kJ/kg\n", + "h3c = 3482.0# Enthalpy at state 3 in kJ/kg\n", + "h4c = 2522.0 # Enthalpy at state 4 in kJ/kg\n", + "h5c = 192.0 # Enthalpy at state 5 in kJ/kg\n", + "h6c = 200.0# Enthalpy at state 6 in kJ/kg\n", + "Wt1 = 637.0 # Turbine work in kJ/kg\n", + "Wt2 = 960.0 # Turbine work in kJ/kg\n", + "Wtc = Wt1+Wt2 # Net turbine work in kJ/kg\n", + "Wp = 8.0 # Pump work in kJ/kg \n", + "Wnetc = Wtc-Wp # net work done \n", + "Q1c = 3198+721 # Heat addition\n", + "n1c = Wnetc/Q1c# First law efficiency\n", + "WRc = Wnetc/Wtc# Work ratio\n", + "POc = Q1_*n1c# Power output\n", + "EIRc = 59.3# Exergy input in MW\n", + "n2c = POc/EIRc # Second law efficiency\n", + "print \"\\n Part (c)\"\n", + "print \"\\n The first law efficiency n1 is \",n1c*100\n", + "print \"\\n The second law efficiency n2 is \",n2c*100\n", + "print \"\\n The work ration is \",WRc\n", + "\n", + "# Part (d)\n", + "T3 = 45.8 # saturation temperature at 0.1 bar in degree celsius \n", + "T1 = 295.0 # saturation temperature at 80 bar in degree celsius \n", + "n1d = 1.0-((T3+273)/(T1+273)) # First law efficiency\n", + "Q1d = 2758-1316 # Heat addition\n", + "Wnet = Q1d*n1d # Net work output\n", + "Wpd = 8.0 # Pump work in kJ/kg\n", + "Wtd = 641.0# Turbine work in kJ/kg\n", + "WRd = (Wt-Wp)/Wt # Work ratio\n", + "POd = Q1_*0.439# Power output\n", + "EIRd = (Q1_/(833-593))*cpg*((833-300)-300*(log(833/300)))/1000 #Exergy Input rate in MW\n", + "n2d = POd/EIRd # Second law efficiency\n", + "print \"\\n Part (d)\"\n", + "print \"\\n The first law efficiency n1 is \",n1d*100\n", + "print \"\\n The second law efficiency n2 is \",n2d*100\n", + "print \"\\n The work ration is \",WRd\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 12.8\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Part (a)\n", + "\n", + " The first law efficiency n1 is 36.4738076622\n", + "\n", + " The second law efficiency n2 is 42.9755948516\n", + "\n", + " The work ratio is 0.991498405951\n", + "\n", + " Part (b)\n", + "\n", + " The first law efficiency n1 is 39.3996247655\n", + "\n", + " The second law efficiency n2 is 66.4411884747\n", + "\n", + " The work ration is 0.993690851735\n", + "\n", + " Part (c)\n", + "\n", + " The first law efficiency n1 is 40.5460576678\n", + "\n", + " The second law efficiency n2 is 68.3744648698\n", + "\n", + " The work ration is 0.994990607389\n", + "\n", + " Part (d)\n", + "\n", + " The first law efficiency n1 is 43.8732394366\n", + "\n", + " The second law efficiency n2 is 32.4128919233\n", + "\n", + " The work ration is 0.991498405951\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 10 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Ex12.9:pg-505" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "hfg = 2202.6 # Latent heat of fusion in kJ/kg\n", + "Qh = 5.83 # Heat addition in MJ/s\n", + "ws = Qh/hfg # steam flow rate\n", + "eg = 0.9 # efficiency of generator\n", + "P = 1000.0 # Power generation rate in kW\n", + "Wnet = 1000.0/eg # Net output\n", + "nbrake = 0.8 # brake thermal efficiency\n", + "h1_2s = Wnet/(ws*nbrake) # Ideal heat addition\n", + "n_internal = 0.85 # internal efficiency\n", + "h12 = n_internal*h1_2s # Actual heat addition\n", + "hg = 2706.3 # Enthalpy of gas in kJ/kg\n", + "h2 = hg #Isenthalpic process \n", + "h1 = h12+h2 # Total enthalpy \n", + "h2s = h1-h1_2s # Enthalpy change\n", + "hf = 503.71 # Enthalpy of fluid in kJ/kg \n", + "x2s = (h2s-hf)/hfg # Quality of steam\n", + "sf = 1.5276 # entropy of fluid in kJ/kgK\n", + "sfg = 5.6020 # Entropy change due to vaporization in kJ/kgK\n", + "s2s = sf+(x2s*sfg) # Entropy at state 2s\n", + "s1 = s2s # Isentropic process\n", + "P1 = 22.5 # Turbine inlet pressure in bar from Mollier chart\n", + "t1 = 360.0 # Temperature of the steam in degree Celsius from Mollier chart\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 12.9\\n\"\n", + "print \"\\n Temperature of the steam is \",t1 ,\" degree celcius\"\n", + "print \"\\n Pressure of the steam is \",P1 ,\" bar\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 12.9\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Temperature of the steam is 360.0 degree celcius\n", + "\n", + " Pressure of the steam is 22.5 bar\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 11 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Ex12.10:pg-506" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "h1 = 3037.3 # Enthalpy at state 1 in kJ/kg\n", + "x = 0.96 # Steam quality\n", + "h2 = 561+(x*2163.8) # Enthalpy at state 2 \n", + "s2 = 1.6718+(x*5.3201)# Entropy at state 2 \n", + "s3s = s2 # Isentropic process\n", + "x3s = (s3s-0.6493)/7.5009 # Quality at state 3s \n", + "h3s = 191.83+(x3s*2392.8) # Enthalpy at state 3s \n", + "h23 = 0.8*(h2-h3s) # Enthalpy change in process 23\n", + "h3 = h2-h23 # Enthalpy at state 3\n", + "h5 = 561.47 # Enthalpy at state 5\n", + "h4 = 191.83# Enthalpy at state 4\n", + "Qh = 3500 # Heat addition in kJ/s\n", + "w = Qh/(h2-h5) # mass flow rate\n", + "Wt = 1500 # Turbine work\n", + "ws = (Wt+w*(h2-h3))/(h1-h3) # Steam flow rate \n", + "ws_ = 3600*ws # Steam flow rate in kg/h\n", + "h6 = ((ws-w)*h4+w*h5)/ws #Enthalpy at state 6\n", + "h7 = h6# Enthalpy at state 7\n", + "n_boiler = 0.85 # Boiler efficiency\n", + "CV = 44000 # Calorific value of fuel in kJ/kg\n", + "wf = (1.1*ws_*(h1-h7))/(n_boiler*CV) # Fuel consumption rate\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 12.10\\n\"\n", + "print \"\\n Fuel burning rate is \",wf*24/1000 ,\" tonnes/day\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 12.10\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Fuel burning rate is 18.1592477786 tonnes/day\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 12 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Ex12.11:pg-508" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "h1 = 3285.0 # Enthalpy at state 1 in kJ/kg\n", + "h2s = 3010.0 # Enthalpy at state 2s in kJ/kg\n", + "h3 = 3280.0 # # Enthalpy at state 3 in kJ/kg\n", + "h4s = 3030.0 # # Enthalpy at state 4s in kJ/kg\n", + "# Saturation pressure at temperature 180 degree centigrade\n", + "psat = 10 # In bar\n", + "h4 = h3-0.83*(h3-h4s) # # Enthalpy at state 4 \n", + "h5s = 2225.0 # # Enthalpy at state 5s in kJ/kg\n", + "h5 = h4-0.83*(h4-h5s) # # Enthalpy at state 5\n", + "h6 = 162.7 # Enthalpy at state 6 in kJ/kg\n", + "h7 = h6 # # Enthalpy at state 7 \n", + "h8 = 762.81# Enthalpy at state 8 in kJ/kg\n", + "h2 = h1-0.785*(h1-h2s) #Enthalpy at state 2 \n", + "m = (h8-h7)/(h4-h7) # regenerative mass flow\n", + "n_cycle = ((h1-h2)+(h3-h4)+(1-m)*(h4-h5))/((h1-h8)+(h3-h2)) # Cycle efficiency\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 12.11\\n\"\n", + "print \"\\n The minimum pressure at which bleeding is neccessary is \",psat ,\" bar\"\n", + "print \"\\n Steam flow at turbine inlet is \",m ,\" kg/s\"\n", + "print \"\\n Cycle efficiency is \",n_cycle*100 ,\" percent\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "# Part A and Part B are theoretical problems\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 12.11\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " The minimum pressure at which bleeding is neccessary is 10 bar\n", + "\n", + " Steam flow at turbine inlet is 0.206237542099 kg/s\n", + "\n", + " Cycle efficiency is 35.9203808526 percent\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 13 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Ex12.12:pg-510" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "# From table \n", + "h1 = 2792.2 # Enthalpy at state 1 in kJ/kg \n", + "h4 = 122.96# Enthalpy at state 4 in kJ/kg \n", + "hb = 254.88 # Enthalpy at state b in kJ/kg \n", + "hc = 29.98# Enthalpy at state c in kJ/kg \n", + "ha = 355.98 # Enthalpy at state a in kJ/kg \n", + "hd = hc # Isenthalpic process\n", + "h2 = 1949.27 # # Enthalpy at state 2 in kJ/kg \n", + "#\n", + "m = (h1-h4)/(hb-hc) # Amount of mercury circulating\n", + "Q1t = m*(ha-hd) # Heat addition\n", + "W1t = m*(ha-hb) + (h1-h2) # Turbine work\n", + "n = W1t/Q1t # first law efficiency\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 12.12 \\n\"\n", + "print \"\\n Overall efficiency of the cycle is \",n*100 ,\" percent\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n", + "S = 50000 # Stem flow rate through turbine in kg/h\n", + "wm = S*m # mercury flow rate\n", + "print \"\\n Flow through the mercury turbine is math.exp kg/h\",wm\n", + "\n", + "Wt = W1t*S/3600 # Turbine work\n", + "print \"\\n Useful work done in binary vapor cycle is \",Wt/1e3 ,\" MW\"\n", + "nm = 0.85 # Internal efficiency of mercury turbine\n", + "ns = 0.87 # Internal efficiency of steam turbine\n", + "WTm = nm*(ha-hb) # turbine work of mercury based cycle\n", + "hb_ = ha-WTm # Enthalpy at state b in kJ/kg\n", + "m_ = (h1-h4)/(hb_-hc) # mass flow rate of mercury\n", + "h1_ = 3037.3 # Enthalpy at state 1 in kJ/kg\n", + "Q1t = m_*(ha-hd)+(h1_-h1) # Heat addition\n", + "x2_ = (6.9160-0.4226)/(8.47-0.4226) # steam quality\n", + "h2_ = 121+(0.806*2432.9) # Enthalpy at state 2 in kJ/kg \n", + "WTst = ns*(h1_-h2_) # Turbine work\n", + "WTt = m_*(ha-hb_)+WTst # Total turbine work\n", + "N = WTt/Q1t #Overall efficiency \n", + "print \"\\n Overall efficiency is \",N*100 ,\" percent\"\n", + "# The answers vary due to round off error\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 12.12 \n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Overall efficiency of the cycle is 52.7981817715 percent\n", + "\n", + " Flow through the mercury turbine is math.exp kg/h 593428.190307\n", + "\n", + " Useful work done in binary vapor cycle is 28.3728027889 MW\n", + "\n", + " Overall efficiency is 46.1693685319 percent\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 14 + } + ], + "metadata": {} + } + ] +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter13.ipynb b/Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter13.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..3ff72a8c --- /dev/null +++ b/Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter13.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,568 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter 13: Gas power cycle" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex13.1:pg-554" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 13.1\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Cycle efficiency is 56.4724718352 percent\n", + "\n", + " Maximum temperature in the cycle is 3632.38927303 K\n", + "\n", + " Maximum pressure in the cycle is 9.43477733254 MPa\n", + "\n", + " Mean effective pressure is 1.53325865881 MPa\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "T1 = 35 # Air inlet temperature in degree Celsius\n", + "P1 = 0.1 # Air inlet pressure in MPa\n", + "Q1 = 2100 # Heat supply in kJ/kg\n", + "R = 0.287 # gas constant\n", + "rk = 8 # Compression ratio\n", + "g = 1.4 # Heat capacity ratio\n", + "n_cycle = 1-(1/rk**(g-1)) # cycle efficiency \n", + "v1 = (R*(T1+273))/(P1*1e3) # Initial volume\n", + "v2 = v1/8 # Volume after compression\n", + "T2 = (T1+273)*(v1/v2)**(g-1) # Temperature after compression\n", + "cv = 0.718 # Constant volume heat capacity in kJ/kg\n", + "T3 = Q1/cv + T2 # Temperature at after heat addition\n", + "P21 = (v1/v2)**g # Pressure ratio\n", + "P2 = P21*P1 # Pressure after compression\n", + "P3 = P2*(T3/T2) # Pressure after heat addition\n", + "Wnet = Q1*n_cycle # Net work output\n", + "Pm = Wnet/(v1-v2) # Mean pressure\n", + "print \"\\n Example 13.1\\n\"\n", + "print \"\\n Cycle efficiency is \",n_cycle*100 ,\" percent\"\n", + "print \"\\n Maximum temperature in the cycle is \",T3 ,\" K\"\n", + "print \"\\n Maximum pressure in the cycle is \",P3 ,\" MPa\"\n", + "print \"\\n Mean effective pressure is \",Pm/1e3 ,\" MPa\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex13.2:pg-555" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 13.2\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Air standard efficiency is 59.8676909231 percent\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "rk = 14.0 # Compression ratio\n", + "k = 6.0 # cutoff percentage ratio\n", + "rc = k/100*(rk-1)+1\n", + "g = 1.4 # Heat capacity ratio\n", + "n_diesel = 1.0-((1.0/g))*(1.0/rk**(g-1))*((rc**(g-1))/(rc-1)) # Cycle efficiency\n", + "print \"\\n Example 13.2\\n\"\n", + "print \"\\n Air standard efficiency is \",n_diesel*100 ,\" percent\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex13.3:pg-556" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 3, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 13.3\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Cut-off ratio is 2.00789702047\n", + "\n", + " Heat supplied per kg of air is 884.346993978 kJ/kg\n", + "\n", + " Cycle efficiency is 61.3340410825 percent\n", + "\n", + " Mean effective pressure is 699.968703831 kPa\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "rk = 16 # Compression ratio\n", + "T1 = 15 # Air inlet temperature in degree Celsius\n", + "P1 = 0.1 # Air inlet pressure in MPa\n", + "T3 = 1480 # Highest temperature in cycle in degree Celsius\n", + "g = 1.4 # Heat capacity ratio\n", + "R = 0.287 # Gas constant\n", + "T2 = (T1+273)*(rk**(g-1)) # Temperature after compression\n", + "rc = (T3+273)/T2 # cut off ratio\n", + "cp = 1.005 # Constant pressure heat constant\n", + "cv = 0.718 # Constant volume heat constant\n", + "Q1 = cp*(T3+273-T2) # Heat addition\n", + "T4 = (T3+273)*((rc/rk)**(g-1)) # Temperature after heat addition\n", + "Q2 = cv*(T4-T1-273) # Heat rejection\n", + "n = 1-(Q2/Q1) # cycle efficiency\n", + "n_ = 1-((1/g))*(1/rk**(g-1))*((rc**(g-1))/(rc-1)) # cycle efficiency from another formula\n", + "Wnet = Q1*n # Net work \n", + "v1 = (R*(T1+273))/(P1*1e3) # Volume before compression\n", + "v2 = v1/rk # Volume after compression\n", + "Pm = Wnet/(v1-v2) # Mean pressure\n", + "print \"\\n Example 13.3\\n\"\n", + "print \"\\n Cut-off ratio is \",rc\n", + "print \"\\n Heat supplied per kg of air is \",Q1 ,\" kJ/kg\"\n", + "print \"\\n Cycle efficiency is \",n*100 ,\" percent\"\n", + "print \"\\n Mean effective pressure is \",Pm ,\" kPa\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex13.4:pg-558" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 4, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 13.4\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Efficiency of the cycle is 66.3143793932 percent\n", + "\n", + " Mean effective pressure is 4.45799460092 bar\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "T1 = 50.0 # Temperature before compression stroke in degree Celsius\n", + "rk = 16.0 # Compression ratio\n", + "g = 1.4 # Heat capacity ratio\n", + "P3 = 70.0 # Maximum cycle pressure in bar\n", + "cv = 0.718 # Constant volume heat addition capacity\n", + "cp = 1.005 # Constant pressure heat addition capacity\n", + "R = 0.287 # Gas constant\n", + "T2 = (T1+273)*((rk**(g-1))) #Temperature after compression stroke \n", + "P1 = 1.0 # Pressure before compression in bar\n", + "P2 = P1*(rk)**g # Pressure after compression\n", + "T3 = T2*(P3/P2) # Temperature after constant volume heat addition\n", + "Q23 = cv*(T3-T2) # Constant volume heat added\n", + "T4 = (Q23/cp)+T3 # Temperature after constant pressure heat addition\n", + "v43 = T4/T3 # cut off ratio \n", + "v54 = rk/v43 # Expansion ratio\n", + "T5 = T4*(1/v54)**(g-1) # Temperature after expansion\n", + "P5 = P1*(T5/(T1+273)) # Pressure after expansion\n", + "Q1 = cv*(T3-T2)+cp*(T4-T3) # Total heat added\n", + "Q2 = cv*(T5-T1-273) # Heat rejected\n", + "n_cycle = 1-(Q2/Q1) # Cycle efficiency\n", + "v1 = (R*(T1+273))/(P1*1e2) # Volume before compression \n", + "v2 = (1/16)*v1 # Swept volume\n", + "Wnet = Q1*n_cycle # Net work done\n", + "Pm = Wnet/(v1-v2) # Mean pressure\n", + "print \"\\n Example 13.4\\n\"\n", + "print \"\\n Efficiency of the cycle is \",n_cycle*100 ,\" percent\"\n", + "print \"\\n Mean effective pressure is \",Pm/100 ,\" bar\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex13.5:pg-559" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 5, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 13.5\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " The percentage increase in cycle efficiency \n", + " due to regeneration is 41.4076056717 percent\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "P1 = 0.1 # Air pressure at turbine inlet in MPa\n", + "T1 = 30 # Air temperature at turbine inlet in degree Celsius\n", + "T3 = 900 # Maximum cycle temperature at turbine inlet in degree Celsius\n", + "rp = 6 # Pressure ratio\n", + "nt = 0.8 # Turbine efficiency\n", + "nc = 0.8# Compressor efficiency\n", + "g = 1.4 # Heat capacity ratio\n", + "cv = 0.718 # Constant volume heat capacity\n", + "cp = 1.005 # Constant pressure heat capacity\n", + "R = 0.287 # Gas constant\n", + "T2s = (T1+273)*(rp)**((g-1)/g)\n", + "T4s = (T3+273)/((rp)**((g-1)/g))\n", + "T21 = (T2s-T1-273)/nc # Temperature raise due to compression\n", + "T34 = nt*(T3+273-T4s) # Temperature drop due to expansion\n", + "Wt = cp*T34 # Turbine work\n", + "Wc = cp*T21 # Compressor work\n", + "T2 = T21+T1+273 # Temperature after compression\n", + "Q1 = cp*(T3+273-T2) # Heat added\n", + "n = (Wt-Wc)/Q1 # First law efficiency\n", + "T4 = T3+273-T34 # Temperature after expansion\n", + "T6 = 0.75*(T4-T2) + T2 # Regeneration temperature \n", + "Q1_ = cp*(T3+273-T6)# Heat added\n", + "n_ = (Wt-Wc)/Q1_ #cycle efficiency\n", + "I = (n_-n)/n # Fractional increase in cycle efficiency\n", + "print \"\\n Example 13.5\\n\"\n", + "print \"\\n The percentage increase in cycle efficiency \\n due to regeneration is \",I*100 ,\" percent\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex13.6:pg-560" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 7, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 13.6\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Maximum work done per kg of air is 239.466740619 kJ/kg\n", + "\n", + " Cycle efficiency is 47.1237354986 percent\n", + "\n", + " Ratio of Brayton and Carnot efficiency is 0.654123779948\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "cp = 1.005 # Constant pressure heat capacity\n", + "Tmax = 1073.0 # Maximum cycle temperature in K\n", + "Tmin = 300.0# Minimum cycle temperature in K\n", + "Wnet_max = cp*(sqrt(Tmax)-sqrt(Tmin))**2 # maximum work\n", + "n_cycle = 1.0-sqrt(Tmin/Tmax) # cycle efficiency\n", + "n_carnot = 1.0-(Tmin/Tmax) # Carnot efficiency\n", + "r = n_cycle/n_carnot # Efficiency ratio\n", + "print \"\\n Example 13.6\\n\"\n", + "print \"\\n Maximum work done per kg of air is \",Wnet_max ,\" kJ/kg\"\n", + "print \"\\n Cycle efficiency is \",n_cycle*100 ,\" percent\"\n", + "print \"\\n Ratio of Brayton and Carnot efficiency is \",r\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex13.7:pg-561" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 8, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 13.7\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " The thermal efficiency of the cycle is 40.0663025288 percent\n", + "\n", + " Work ratio is 0.544951697902\n", + "\n", + " Power output is 40.0663025288 MW\n", + "\n", + " Energy flow rate of the exhaust gas stream is 20.5297861501 MW\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "rp = 6 # pressure ratio\n", + "g = 1.4 # Heat capacity ratio\n", + "cv = 0.718 # Constant volume heat capacity\n", + "cp = 1.005 #Constant pressure heat capacity\n", + "R = 0.287 # Gas constant\n", + "T1 = 300 # Minimum temperature in K\n", + "T3 = 1100 # Maximum cycle temperature in K\n", + "T0 = 300 # Atmospheric temperature in K\n", + "n_cycle = 1-(1/rp**((g-1)/g)) # cycle efficiency\n", + "T2 = (T1)*(rp**((g-1)/g)) # Temperature after compression\n", + "T4 = (T3)/(rp**((g-1)/g)) # Temperature after expansion\n", + "Wc = cp*(T2-T1) # Compressor work\n", + "Wt = cp*(T3-T4) # Turbine work\n", + "WR = (Wt-Wc)/Wt # Work ratio\n", + "Q1 = 100 # Heat addition in MW\n", + "PO = n_cycle*Q1 # Power output\n", + "m_dot = (Q1*1e06)/(cp*(T3-T2)) # Mass flow rate\n", + "R = m_dot*cp*T0*((T4/T0)-1-log(T4/T0)) # Exergy flow rate\n", + "print \"\\n Example 13.7\\n\"\n", + "print \"\\n The thermal efficiency of the cycle is \",n_cycle*100 ,\" percent\"\n", + "print \"\\n Work ratio is \",WR\n", + "print \"\\n Power output is \",PO ,\" MW\"\n", + "print \"\\n Energy flow rate of the exhaust gas stream is \",R/1e6 ,\" MW\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex13.8:pg-562" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 9, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 13.8\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Percentage of air that may be taken from the compressor is 11.5044247788 percent\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "nc = 0.87 # Compressor efficiency \n", + "nt = 0.9 # Turbine efficiency\n", + "T1 = 311 # Compressor inlet temperature in K\n", + "rp = 8 # compressor pressure ratio\n", + "P1 = 1 # Initial pressure in atm\n", + "T3 = 1367 # Turbine inlet temperature\n", + "P2 = P1*rp # Final pressure \n", + "P3 = 0.95*P2 # Actual pressure after compression\n", + "P4 = 1 # Atmospheric pressure\n", + "g = 1.4 # Heat capacity ratio\n", + "cv = 0.718 # Constant volume heat capacity\n", + "cp = 1.005 # Constant pressure heat capacity\n", + "R = 0.287 # Gas constant\n", + "# With no cooling\n", + "T2s = T1*((P2/P1)**((g-1)/g)) # Ideal temperature after compression\n", + "T2 = T1 + (T2s-T1)/0.87 # Actual temperature after compression\n", + "T4s = T3*(P4/P3)**((g-1)/g) # Ideal temperature after expansion\n", + "n = (((T3-T4s)*nt)-((T2s-T1)/nc))/(T3-T2) # cycle efficiency\n", + "# With cooling\n", + "n_cycle = n-0.05\n", + "x = 0.13 # Fluid quality\n", + "r = x/(x+1) # \n", + "print \"\\n Example 13.8\\n\"\n", + "print \"\\n Percentage of air that may be taken from the compressor is \",r*100 ,\" percent\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex13.9:pg-563" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 10, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 13.9 \n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Optimum specific output is 1.0\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "#Given that\n", + "nc = 0.85 # Compressor efficiency\n", + "nt = 0.9 # Turbine efficiency\n", + "r = 3.5 # Ratio of max and min temperature \n", + "gama = 1.4 # Ratio of heat capacities for air\n", + "print \"\\n Example 13.9 \\n\"\n", + "x = (gama-1)/gama\n", + "r_opt = ((nc*nt*r)**(2/3))**(1/x)\n", + "print \"\\n Optimum specific output is \",r_opt\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex13.10:pg-566" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 11, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 13.10 \n", + "\n", + "\n", + " The temperature of the gases at the turbine exit is 1114.47439653 K,\n", + " The pressure of the gases at the turbine exit is 311.998817219 kN/m**2,\n", + " The velocity of gases at the nozzle exit is 1.0 m/sec,\n", + " The propulsive efficiency of the cycle is -10.6673736259 percent\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Given that\n", + "v = 300.0 # Aircraft velocity in m/s\n", + "p1 = 0.35 # Pressure in bar\n", + "t1 = -40.0 # Temperature in degree centigrade\n", + "rp = 10.0 # The pressure ratio of compressor \n", + "t4 = 1100.0 # Temperature of gases at turbine intlet in degree centigrade\n", + "ma = 50.0 # Mass flow rate of air at the inlet of compressor in kg/s\n", + "cp = 1.005 # Heat capacity of air at constant pressure in kJ/kg-K\n", + "gama=1.4 # Ratio of heat capacities for air\n", + "print \"\\n Example 13.10 \\n\"\n", + "T1 = t1+273\n", + "T4 = t4+273\n", + "T2 = T1 + (v**2)/(2*cp)*(10**-3)\n", + "p2 = p1*(100)*((T2/T1)**(gama/(gama-1)))\n", + "p3 = rp*p2\n", + "p4 =p3\n", + "T3 = T2*((p3/p2)**((gama-1)/gama))\n", + "T5 = T4-T3+T2\n", + "p5 = ((T5/T4)**(gama/(gama-1)))*(p4)\n", + "p6 = p1*100\n", + "T6 = T5*((p6/p5)**((gama-1)/gama))\n", + "V6 = (2*cp*(T5-T6)*1000)**(1/2)\n", + "Wp = ma*(V6-v)*v*(10**-6)\n", + "Q1 = ma*cp*(T4-T3)*(10**-3)\n", + "np = Wp/Q1\n", + "print \"\\n The temperature of the gases at the turbine exit is \",T5 ,\" K,\\n The pressure of the gases at the turbine exit is \",p5 ,\" kN/m**2,\\n The velocity of gases at the nozzle exit is \",V6 ,\" m/sec,\\n The propulsive efficiency of the cycle is \",np*100 ,\" percent\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.11" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter14.ipynb b/Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter14.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..5a2f6b45 --- /dev/null +++ b/Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter14.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,729 @@ +{ + "metadata": { + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:b2f54f310fd29f155b5ab8bf6130bc373840081bfb6b07a6cc4e8d0ed69571ef" + }, + "nbformat": 3, + "nbformat_minor": 0, + "worksheets": [ + { + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Chapter 14: Refrigeration cycle" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Ex14.1:pg-602" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "T2 = -5.0 # Cold storage temperature in degree Celsius\n", + "T1 = 35.0 # Surrounding temperature in degree Celsius\n", + "COP = (T2+273)/((T1+273)-(T2+273))\n", + "ACOP = COP/3 # Actual COP\n", + "Q2 = 29.0 # Heat leakage in kW\n", + "W = Q2/ACOP\n", + "print \"\\n Example 14.1\\n\"\n", + "print \"\\n Power required to drive the plane is \",W ,\" kW\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 14.1\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Power required to drive the plane is 12.9850746269 kW\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 1 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Ex14.2:pg-603" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "# At P = 0.14 MPa\n", + "h1 = 236.04 # Enthalpy at state 1 in kJ/kg\n", + "s1 = 0.9322 # Entropy at state 2 in kJ/kgK\n", + "s2 = s1 # Isenthalpic process\n", + "# At P = 0.8 MPa\n", + "h2 = 272.05 # Enthalpy at state 2 in kJ/kg\n", + "h3 = 93.42 # Enthalpy at state 3 in kJ/kg\n", + "h4 = h3 # Isenthalpic process\n", + "m = 0.06 # mass flow rate in kg/s\n", + "Q2 = m*(h1-h4) # Heat absorption\n", + "Wc = m*(h2-h1) # Compressor work\n", + "Q1 = m*(h2-h4) # Heat rejection in evaporator\n", + "COP = Q2/Wc # coefficient of performance\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 14.2\\n\"\n", + "print \"\\n The rate of heat removal is \",Q2 ,\" kW\"\n", + "print \"\\n Power input to the compressor is \",Wc ,\" kW\"\n", + "print \"\\n The heat rejection rate in the condenser is \",Q1 ,\" kW\"\n", + "print \"\\n COP is \",COP ,\" kW\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 14.2\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " The rate of heat removal is 8.5572 kW\n", + "\n", + " Power input to the compressor is 2.1606 kW\n", + "\n", + " The heat rejection rate in the condenser is 10.7178 kW\n", + "\n", + " COP is 3.9605665093 kW\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 2 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Ex14.3:pg-604" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "h1 = 183.19 # Enthalpy at state 1 in kJ/kg\n", + "h2 = 209.41 # Enthalpy at state 2 in kJ/kg\n", + "h3 = 74.59 # Enthalpy at state 3 in kJ/kg\n", + "h4 = h3 # Isenthalpic process\n", + "T1 = 40.0 # Evaporator temperature in degree Celsius \n", + "T2 = -10.0 # Condenser temperature in degree Celsius\n", + "W = 5.0 # Plant capacity in tonnes of refrigeration\n", + "w = (W*14000/3600)/(h1-h4) # Refrigerant flow rate\n", + "v1 = 0.077 # Specific volume of vapor in m**3/kg\n", + "VFR = w*v1 # volume flow rate\n", + "T = 48.0 # Compressor discharge temperature in degree Celsius\n", + "P2 = 9.6066 # Pressure after compression\n", + "P1 = 2.1912 # Pressure before compression\n", + "rp = P2/P1 # Pressure ratio\n", + "Q1 = w*(h2-h3) # Heat rejected in condenser\n", + "hf = 26.87 # Enthalpy of fluid in kJ/kg\n", + "hfg = 156.31# Latent heat of vaporization in kJ/kg\n", + "x4 = (h4-hf)/hfg # quality of refrigerant\n", + "COP_v = (h1-h4)/(h2-h1) # Actual coefficient of performance of cycle\n", + "PI = w*(h2-h1) # Power input\n", + "COP = (T2+273)/((T1+273)-(T2+273)) # Ideal coefficient of performance\n", + "r = COP_v/COP\n", + "print \"\\n Example 14.3\\n\"\n", + "print \"\\n Refrigerant flow rate is \",w ,\" kg/s\"\n", + "print \"\\n Volume flow rate is \",VFR ,\" m**3/s\"\n", + "print \"\\n Compressor discharge temperature is \",T ,\" degree Celsius \"\n", + "print \"\\n Pressure ratio is \",rp\n", + "print \"\\n Heat rejected to the condenser is \",Q1 ,\" kW\"\n", + "print \"\\n Flash gas percentage is \",x4*100 ,\" percent\"\n", + "print \"\\n COP is \",COP_v ,\" kW\"\n", + "print \"\\n Power required to drive the compressor is \",PI ,\" kW\"\n", + "print \"\\n Ratio of COP of cycle with Carnot refrigerator is \",r\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 14.3\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Refrigerant flow rate is 0.179046449765 kg/s\n", + "\n", + " Volume flow rate is 0.0137865766319 m**3/s\n", + "\n", + " Compressor discharge temperature is 48.0 degree Celsius \n", + "\n", + " Pressure ratio is 4.38417305586\n", + "\n", + " Heat rejected to the condenser is 24.1390423573 kW\n", + "\n", + " Flash gas percentage is 30.5290768345 percent\n", + "\n", + " COP is 4.14187643021 kW\n", + "\n", + " Power required to drive the compressor is 4.69459791283 kW\n", + "\n", + " Ratio of COP of cycle with Carnot refrigerator is 0.787428979127\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 4 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Ex14.4:pg-605" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "h3 = 882 # Enthalpy at state 3 in kJ/kg\n", + "h2 = 1034 # Enthalpy at state 2 in kJ/kg\n", + "h6 = 998 # Enthalpy at state 6 in kJ/kg\n", + "h1 = 1008 # Enthalpy at state 1 in kJ/kg\n", + "v1 = 0.084 # Specific volume at state 1 in m**3/kg\n", + "t4 = 25 # Temperature at state 4 in degree Celsius\n", + "m = 10 # mass flow rate in kg/s\n", + "h4 = h3-h1+h6 \n", + "h5 = h4 # isenthalpic process\n", + "w = (m*14000)/((h6-h5)*3600) # in kg/s\n", + "VFR = w*3600*v1 # Volume flow rate in m**3/h\n", + "ve = 0.8 # volumetric efficiency\n", + "CD = VFR/(ve*60) # Compressor displacement in m**3/min\n", + "N = 900 # Number of strokes per minute\n", + "n = 2 # number of cylinder\n", + "\n", + "D = ((CD*4)/(math.pi*1.1*N*n))**(1/3) # L = 1.1D L = length D = diameter\n", + "L = 1.1*D\n", + "COP = (h6-h5)/(h2-h1) # coefficient of performance\n", + "PI = w*(h2-h1) # Power input\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 14.4\\n\"\n", + "print \"\\n Refrigeration effect is \",h6-h5 ,\" kJ/kg\"\n", + "print \"\\n Refrigerant flow rate is \",w ,\" kg/s\"\n", + "print \"\\n Diameter of cylinder is \",D*100 ,\" cm\"\n", + "print \"\\n Length of cylinder is \",L*100 ,\" cm\"\n", + "print \"\\n COP is \",COP\n", + "print \"\\n Power required to drive the compressor is \",PI ,\" kW\"\n", + "\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 14.4\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Refrigeration effect is 126 kJ/kg\n", + "\n", + " Refrigerant flow rate is 0 kg/s\n", + "\n", + " Diameter of cylinder is 100.0 cm\n", + "\n", + " Length of cylinder is 110.0 cm\n", + "\n", + " COP is 4\n", + "\n", + " Power required to drive the compressor is 0 kW\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 5 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Ex14.5:pg-607" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "P2 = 1554.3 # Pressure at state 2 in kPa\n", + "P1 = 119.5# Pressure at state 1 in kPa\n", + "Pi = sqrt(P1*P2)\n", + "h1 = 1404.6 # Enthalpy at state1 in kJ/kg\n", + "h2 = 1574.3 # Enthalpy at state2 in kJ/kg\n", + "h3 = 1443.5 # Enthalpy at state3 in kJ/kg\n", + "h4 = 1628.1# Enthalpy at state4 in kJ/kg\n", + "h5 = 371.7 # Enthalpy at state5 in kJ/kg\n", + "h6 = h5 # Isenthalpic process\n", + "h7 = 181.5# Enthalpy at state7 in kJ/kg\n", + "w = 30 # capacity of plant in tonnes of refrigeration\n", + "m2_dot = (3.89*w)/(h1-h7) # mass flow rate in upper cycle\n", + "m1_dot = m2_dot*((h2-h7)/(h3-h6))# mass flow rate in lower cycle\n", + "Wc_dot = m2_dot*(h2-h1)+m1_dot*(h4-h3) # Compressor work\n", + "COP = w*3.89/Wc_dot # Coefficient of performance of cycle\n", + "# single stage\n", + "h1_ = 1404.6 #Enthalpy at state1 in kJ/kg \n", + "h2_ = 1805.1 # Enthalpy at state2 in kJ/kg \n", + "h3_ = 371.1 # Enthalpy at state3 in kJ/kg \n", + "h4_ = h3_ # Isenthalpic process\n", + "m_dot = (3.89*30)/(h1_-h4_) # mass flow rate in cycle\n", + "Wc = m_dot*(h2_-h1_) # Compressor work\n", + "COP_ = w*3.89/Wc # Coefficient of performance of cycle\n", + "IW = (Wc-Wc_dot)/Wc_dot # Increase in compressor work\n", + "ICOP = (COP-COP_)/COP_ # Increase in COP for 2 stage compression\n", + "print \"\\n Example 14.5\\n\"\n", + "print \"\\n Increase in work of compression for single stage is \",IW*100 ,\" percent\"\n", + "print \"\\n Increase in COP for 2 stage compression is \",ICOP*100 ,\" percent\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 14.5\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Increase in work of compression for single stage is 15.719846307 percent\n", + "\n", + " Increase in COP for 2 stage compression is 15.719846307 percent\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 6 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Ex14.6:pg-608" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "# Given that\n", + "te = -10 # Evaporator temperature in degree celsius\n", + "pc = 7.675 # Condenser pressure in bar\n", + "pf = 4.139 # Flash chamber pressure in bar\n", + "P = 100 # Power input to compressor in kW\n", + "print \"\\n Example 14.6\\n\"\n", + "# From the property table of R-134a,\n", + "h7 = 140.96 # In kJ/kg\n", + "hf = 113.29 # In kJ/kg\n", + "hfg = 300.5-113.29 # In kJ/kg\n", + "hg = 300.5 # In kJ/kg\n", + "h1 = 288.86 # In kJ/kg\n", + "s1 = 1.17189 # # In kJ/kgK\n", + "s2 =s1\n", + "#By interpolation \n", + "h2 = 303.468 # In kJ/kg\n", + "x8 = (h7-hf)/hfg\n", + "m1=x8\n", + "h5 = (1-m1)*h2 + m1*hg\n", + "# By interpolation\n", + "s5 = 1.7174 # In kJ/kgK\n", + "s6=s5\n", + "h6 = 315.79 # In kJ/kg\n", + "m = P/((h6-h5) + (1-m1)*(h2-h1))\n", + "m_e = (1-m1)*m\n", + "COP = m_e*(h1-hf)/P\n", + "print \"\\n The COP of the plant is \",COP ,\", \\n The mass flow rate of refrigerant in the evaporator is \",m_e ,\" kg/s\"\n", + "\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 14.6\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " The COP of the plant is 5.93506047745 , \n", + " The mass flow rate of refrigerant in the evaporator is 3.38045251321 kg/s\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 8 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Ex14.7:pg-609" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "tsat = 120.2 # Saturation temperature in degree Celsius\n", + "hfg = 2201.9 # Latent heat of fusion in kJ/kg\n", + "T1 = 120.2 # Generator temperature in degree Celsius\n", + "T2 = 30 # Ambient temperature in degree Celsius\n", + "Tr = -10 # Operating temperature of refrigerator in degree Celsius\n", + "COP_max = (((T1+273)-(T2+273))*(Tr+273))/(((T2+273)-(Tr+273))*(T1+273)) # Ideal coefficient of performance \n", + "ACOP = 0.4*COP_max # Actual COP\n", + "L = 20 # Refrigeration load in tonnes\n", + "Qe = (L*14000)/3600 # Heat extraction in KW\n", + "Qg = Qe/ACOP # Heat transfer from generator \n", + "x = 0.9 # Quality of refrigerant\n", + "H = x*hfg # Heat extraction\n", + "SFR = Qg/H # Steam flow rate\n", + "print \"\\n Example 14.7\\n\"\n", + "print \"\\n Steam flow rate required is \",SFR ,\" kg/s\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 14.7\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Steam flow rate required is 0.0644023696678 kg/s\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 9 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Ex14.8:pg-611" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "# Given that\n", + "tf = 5 # Temperature of flash chamber in degree celsius\n", + "x = 0.98 # Quality of water vapour living the evaporator\n", + "t2 = 14 # Returning temperature of chilled water in degree celsius\n", + "t0 = 30 # Make up water temperature in degree celsius\n", + "m = 12 # Mass flow rate of chilled water in kg/s\n", + "nc = 0.8 # Compressor efficiecy \n", + "pc = 0.1 # Condenser pressure in bar\n", + "print \"\\n Example 14.8\\n\"\n", + "#From the steam table\n", + "hf = 58.62 # In kJ/kg at 14 degree celsius\n", + "hf_ = 20.93 # In kJ/kg at 5 degree celsius\n", + "hf__ = 125.73 # In kJ/kg at 30 degree celsius\n", + "hv = x*2510.7\n", + "Rc = m*(hf-hf_)/3.5\n", + "m_v = Rc*3.5/(hv-hf__)\n", + "# At 0.10 bar\n", + "hg = 2800 # In kJ/kg \n", + "Win = m_v*(hg-hv)/nc\n", + "COP = Rc*3.5/Win\n", + "print \"\\nCOP of the system is \",COP" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 14.8\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "COP of the system is 5.50140730574\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 10 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Ex14.9:pg-611" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "T1 = 4.0 # Compressor inlet temperature in degree Celsius\n", + "T3 = 55.0 # Cooling limit in heat exchanger in degree Celsius\n", + "rp = 3.0 # Pressure ratio\n", + "g = 1.4 # Heat capacity ratio\n", + "cp = 1.005 # Constant volume heat capacity\n", + "L = 3.0 # Cooling load in tonnes of refrigeration\n", + "nc = 0.72 # compressor efficiency\n", + "T2s = (T1+273)*(rp**((g-1)/g)) # Ideal temperature after compression\n", + "T2 = (T1+273)+(T2s-T1-273)/nc # Actual temperature after compression\n", + "T4s = (T3+273)/(rp**((g-1)/g)) # Ideal temperature after expansion\n", + "T34 = 0.78*(T3+273-T4s) # Change in temperature during expansion process\n", + "T4 = T3+273-T34 # Actual temperature after expansion\n", + "COP = (T1+273-T4)/((T2-T1-273)-(T3+273-T4)) # Coefficient of performance of cycle\n", + "P = (L*14000)/(COP*3600) # Driving power required\n", + "m = (L*14000)/(cp*(T1+273-T4)) # Mass flow rate of air\n", + "print \"\\n Example 14.9\\n\"\n", + "print \"\\n COP of the refrigerator is \",COP\n", + "print \"\\n Driving power required is \",P ,\" kW\"\n", + "print \"\\n Mass flow rate is \",m/3600 ,\" kg/s\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 14.9\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " COP of the refrigerator is 0.245731992881\n", + "\n", + " Driving power required is 47.4771987558 kW\n", + "\n", + " Mass flow rate is 0.64768311581 kg/s\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 11 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Ex14.10:pg-611" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "P1 = 2.4 #Compressor inlet pressure in bar\n", + "T1 = 0 # Compressor inlet temperature in degree Celsius\n", + "h1 = 188.9 # Enthalpy of refrigerant at state 1 in kJ/kg\n", + "s1 = 0.7177 # Entropy of refrigerant at state 1 in kJ/kgK\n", + "v1 = 0.0703 # Specific volume at state 1 in m**3/kg\n", + "P2 = 9 # Compressor outlet pressure in bar\n", + "T2 = 60 # Compressor outlet pressure in degree Celsius\n", + "h2 = 219.37 # Actual compressor outlet enthalpy in kJ/kgK\n", + "h2s = 213.27 # Ideal compressor outlet enthalpy in kJ/kgK\n", + "h3 = 71.93 # Enthalpy of refrigerant at state 3 in kJ/kg\n", + "h4 = h3 # Isenthalpic process\n", + "\n", + "A1V1 = 0.6/60 # volume flow rate in kg/s\n", + "m_dot = A1V1/v1 # mass flow rate\n", + "Wc_dot = m_dot*(h2-h1) # Compressor work\n", + "Q1_dot = m_dot*(h2-h3) # Heat extracted \n", + "COP = Q1_dot/Wc_dot # Coefficient of performance\n", + "nis = (h2s-h1)/(h2-h1) # Isentropic compressor efficiency\n", + "print \"\\n Example 14.10\\n\"\n", + "print \"\\n Power input is \",Wc_dot ,\" kW\"\n", + "print \"\\n Heating capacity is \",Q1_dot ,\" kW\"\n", + "print \"\\n COP is \",COP\n", + "print \"\\n The isentropic compressor efficiency is \",nis*100 ,\" percent\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 14.10\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Power input is 4.33428165007 kW\n", + "\n", + " Heating capacity is 20.972972973 kW\n", + "\n", + " COP is 4.83885789301\n", + "\n", + " The isentropic compressor efficiency is 79.9803085002 percent\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 12 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "\n", + "Ex14.11:pg-611" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "T1 = 275.0 # Temperature of air at entrance to compressor in K \n", + "T3 = 310.0 # Temperature of air at entrance to turbine in K \n", + "P1 = 1.0 # Inlet presure in bar\n", + "P2 = 4.0 # Outlet pressure in bar\n", + "nc = 0.8 # Compressor efficiency\n", + "T2s = T1*(P2/P1)**(.286) # Ideal temperature after compression\n", + "T2 = T1 + (T2s-T1)/nc # Actual temperature after compression\n", + "pr1 = 0.1 # Pressure loss in cooler in bar\n", + "pr2 = 0.08 #Pressure loss in condensor in bar \n", + "P3 = P2-0.1 # Actual pressure in condesor\n", + "P4 = P1+0.08 # Actual pressure in evaporator\n", + "PR = P3/P4 # Pressure ratio\n", + "T4s = T3*(1/PR)**(0.286) # Ideal temperature after expansion\n", + "nt = 0.85 # turbine efficiency\n", + "T4 = T3-(T3-T4s)*nt # Actual temperature after expansion\n", + "COP = (T1-T4)/((T2-T3)-(T1-T4)) # Coefficient of performance \n", + "print \"\\n Example 14.11\\n\"\n", + "print \"\\n Pressure ratio for the turbine is \",PR\n", + "print \"\\n COP is \",COP\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 14.11\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Pressure ratio for the turbine is 3.61111111111\n", + "\n", + " COP is 0.533011099882\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 13 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Ex14.12:pg-611" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "# Given that\n", + "L = 60.0 # Cooling load in kW\n", + "p = 1.0 # Pressure in bar\n", + "t = 20.0 # Temperature in degree celsius\n", + "v = 900.0 # Speed of aircraft in km/h\n", + "p1 = 0.35 # Pressure in bar\n", + "T1 = 255 # Temperature in K\n", + "nd = .85 # Diffuser efficiency \n", + "rp = 6.0 # Pressure ratio of compressor\n", + "nc = .85 # Copressor efficiency \n", + "E = 0.9 # Effectiveness of air cooler\n", + "nt = 0.88 # Turbine efficiency \n", + "p_ = 0.08 # Pressure drop in air cooler in bar\n", + "p5 = 1.08 # Pressure in bar\n", + "cp = 1.005 # Heat capacity of air at constant pressure in kJ/kgK\n", + "gama = 1.4 # Ratio of heat capacities of air\n", + "print \"\\n Example 14.12\\n\"\n", + "V = v*(5/18)\n", + "T2_ = T1 + (V**2)/(2*cp*1000)\n", + "T2 = T2_\n", + "p2_ = p1*((T2_/T1)**((gama/(gama-1))))\n", + "p2 = p1 + nd*(p2_-p1)\n", + "p3 = rp*p2\n", + "T3_ = T2*((p3/p2)**((gama-1)/gama))\n", + "T3 = T2 + (T3_-T2)/nc\n", + "P = cp*(T3-T2)\n", + "p4 = p3 - p_\n", + "T4 = T3 - E*(T3-T2)\n", + "T5_ = T4/((p4/p5)**(.286))\n", + "T5 = T4 - (T4-T5_)/nt\n", + "RE = cp*(t+273 - T5)\n", + "m = L/51.5\n", + "Pr = m*P\n", + "COP = L/Pr\n", + "print \"\\n Mass flow rate of air flowing through the cooling system is \",m\n", + "print \"\\n COP is \",COP\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 14.12\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Mass flow rate of air flowing through the cooling system is 1.16504854369\n", + "\n", + " COP is 0.255512245083\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 14 + } + ], + "metadata": {} + } + ] +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter15.ipynb b/Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter15.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..b877c09e --- /dev/null +++ b/Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter15.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,754 @@ +{ + "metadata": { + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:963989322b075173bceba6b56d05b500e9545a7d78fbd73ae76c2e2f2e3cee9c" + }, + "nbformat": 3, + "nbformat_minor": 0, + "worksheets": [ + { + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Chapter 15:Psychrometrics" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Ex15.1:pg-631" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "Ps = 0.033363 #Saturation pressure in bar\n", + "P = 1.0132 # Atmospheric pressure in bar\n", + "W2 = (0.622*Ps)/(P-Ps) # mass fraction of moisture\n", + "hfg2 = 2439.9 # Latent heat of vaporization in kJ/kg\n", + "hf2 = 109.1 # Enthalpy of liquid moisture in kJ/kg\n", + "cpa = 1.005 # Constant pressure heat capacity in kJ/kg\n", + "hg = 2559.9 # Enthalpy of gas moisture in kJ/kg\n", + "hw1 = hg # constant enthalpy\n", + "T2 = 26 # wbt in degree Celsius \n", + "T1 = 32 # dbt in degree Celsius \n", + "W1 = (cpa*(T2-T1)+(W2*hfg2))/(hw1-hf2)\n", + "Pw = ((W1/0.622)*P)/(1+(W1/0.622))\n", + "\n", + "Psat = 0.048 # Saturation pressure in bar at 32 degree\n", + "fi = Pw/Psat # Relative humidity\n", + "\n", + "mu = (Pw/Psat)*((P-Psat)/(P-Pw)) # Degree of Saturation\n", + "Pa = P-Pw # Air pressure\n", + "Ra = 0.287 # Gase constant\n", + "Tdb = T1+273 # dbt in K\n", + "rho_a = (Pa*100)/(Ra*Tdb) # Density of air \n", + "rho_w = W1*rho_a # Water vapor density\n", + "ta = 32 # air temperature in degree Celsius \n", + "tdb = 32 # dbt in degree Celsius \n", + "tdp = 24.1# Dew point temperature in degree Celsius \n", + "h = cpa*ta + W1*(hg+1.88*(tdb-tdp))\n", + "print \"\\n Example 15.1\\n\"\n", + "print \"\\n Specific humidity is \",W1 ,\" kg vap./kg dry air\"\n", + "print \"\\n Partial pressure of water vapour is \",Pw ,\" bar\"\n", + "print \"\\n Dew point temperature is \",tdp ,\" degree celcius\"\n", + "print \"\\n Relative humidity is \",fi*100 ,\" percent \"\n", + "print \"\\n Degree of saturation is \",mu\n", + "print \"\\n Density of dry air is \",rho_a ,\" kg/m**3\"\n", + "print \"\\n Density of water vapor is \",rho_w ,\" kg/m**3\"\n", + "print \"\\n Enthalpy of the mixture is \",h ,\" kJ/kg\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 15.1\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Specific humidity is 0.0186241999923 kg vap./kg dry air\n", + "\n", + " Partial pressure of water vapour is 0.0294557080928 bar\n", + "\n", + " Dew point temperature is 24.1 degree celcius\n", + "\n", + " Relative humidity is 61.3660585267 percent \n", + "\n", + " Degree of saturation is 0.602092639086\n", + "\n", + " Density of dry air is 1.12382965889 kg/m**3\n", + "\n", + " Density of water vapor is 0.0209304283244 kg/m**3\n", + "\n", + " Enthalpy of the mixture is 80.1126961785 kJ/kg\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 16 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Ex15.2:pg-632" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "Ps = 2.339 # Satutation pressure in kPa\n", + "P = 100.0 # Atmospheric pressure in kPa\n", + "W2 = (0.622*Ps)/(P-Ps) # Specific humidity\n", + "hfg2 = 2454.1 # Latent heat of vaporization in kJ/kg\n", + "hf2 = 83.96 # Enthalpy of fluid in kJ/kg\n", + "cpa = 1.005 # COnstant pressure heat capacity of air\n", + "hw1 = 2556.3# ENthalpy of water\n", + "T2 = 20.0 # Exit tempeature of mixture in degree Celsius\n", + "T1 = 30.0 # Inlet tempeature of mixture in degree Celsius\n", + "W1 = (cpa*(T2-T1)+(W2*hfg2))/(hw1-hf2) # Specific humidity at inlet\n", + "Pw1 = ((W1/0.622)*P)/(1+(W1/0.622)) # pressure due to moisture\n", + "Ps1 = 4.246 # Saturation pressure in kPa\n", + "fi = (Pw1/Ps1) # Humidity ratio \n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 15.2\\n\"\n", + "print \"\\n Humidity ratio of inlet mixture is \",W1 ,\" kg vap./kg dry air\"\n", + "print \"\\n Relative humidity is \",fi*100 ,\" percent\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 15.2\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Humidity ratio of inlet mixture is 0.0107221417941 kg vap./kg dry air\n", + "\n", + " Relative humidity is 39.9106245278 percent\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 15 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Ex15.3:pg-633" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "Psat = 2.339 # Saturation pressure in kPa\n", + "fi3 = 0.50 # Humidity ratio\n", + "P = 101.3 # Atmospheric pressure in kPa\n", + "cp = 1.005 # Constant pressure heat addition in kJ/kg\n", + "Pw3 = fi3*Psat # Vapor pressure\n", + "Pa3 = P-Pw3 # Air pressure\n", + "W3 = 0.622*(Pw3/Pa3) # Specific humidity\n", + "Psa1_1 = 0.7156 # Saturation pressure in kPa\n", + "Pw1 = 0.7156 # moister pressure in kPa \n", + "Pa1 = P-Pw1 # Air pressure\n", + "W1 = 0.622*(Pw1/Pa1) # Specific humidity\n", + "W2 = W1 # Constant humidity process\n", + "T3 = 293.0 # Temperature at state 3 in K\n", + "Ra = 0.287 # Gas constant\n", + "Pa3 = 100.13 # Air pressure at state 3\n", + "va3 = (Ra*T3)/Pa3 # volume of air at state 3\n", + "SW = (W3-W1)/va3 # spray water \n", + "tsat = 9.65 # Saturation temperature in K\n", + "hg = 2518.0 # Enthalpy of gas in kJ/kg\n", + "h4 = 10.0 # Enthalpy at state 4 in kJ/kg\n", + "t3 = T3-273\n", + "t2 = ( W3*(hg+1.884*(t3-tsat))-W2*(hg-1.884*tsat) + cp*t3 - (W3-W2)*h4 )/ (cp+W2*1.884)\n", + "print \"\\n Example 15.3\\n\"\n", + "print \"\\n Mass of spray water required is \",SW ,\" kg moisture/m**3\"\n", + "print \"\\n Temperature to which air must be heated is \",t2 ,\" degree celcius\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 15.3\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Mass of spray water required is 0.00338125323083 kg moisture/m**3\n", + "\n", + " Temperature to which air must be heated is 27.0827212424 degree celcius\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 14 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Ex15.4:pg-635" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "h1 = 82.0 # Enthalpy at state 1 in kJ/kg\n", + "h2 = 52.0 # Enthalpy at state 2 in kJ/kg\n", + "h3 = 47.0 # Enthalpy at state 3 in kJ/kg\n", + "h4 = 40.0# Enthalpy at state 4 in kJ/kg\n", + "W1 = 0.020 # Specific humidity at state 1\n", + "W2 = 0.0115# Specific humidity at state 2 \n", + "W3 = W2 # Constant humidity process\n", + "v1 = 0.887 # Specific volume at state 1\n", + "v = 3.33 # amount of free sir circulated\n", + "G = v/v1 # air flow rate\n", + "CC = (G*(h1-h3)*3600)/14000 # Capacity of the heating Cooling coil\n", + "R = G*(W1-W3) # Rate of water vapor removal\n", + "HC = G*(h2-h3) #Capacity of the heating coil\n", + "print \"\\n Example 15.4\\n\"\n", + "print \"\\n Capacity of the cooling coil is \",CC ,\" tonnes\"\n", + "print \"\\n Capacity of the heating coil is \",HC ,\" kW\"\n", + "print \"\\n Rate of water vapor removal is \",R ,\" kg/s\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 15.4\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Capacity of the cooling coil is 33.7880496054 tonnes\n", + "\n", + " Capacity of the heating coil is 18.7711386697 kW\n", + "\n", + " Rate of water vapor removal is 0.0319109357384 kg/s\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 1 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Ex15.5:pg-636" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "W1 = 0.0058 # Humidity ratio for first stream\n", + "W2 = 0.0187 # Humidity ratio for second stream\n", + "h1 = 35.0 # Enthalpy of first stream in kJ/kg\n", + "h2 = 90.0# Enthalpy of second stream in kJ/kg\n", + "G12 = 1.0/2.0 #ratio\n", + "W3 = (W2+G12*W1)/(1+G12) # Final humidity ratio of mixture\n", + "h3 = (2.0/3.0)*h2 + (1.0/3.0)*h1# Final enthalpy of mixture\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 15.5 \\n\"\n", + "print \"\\n Final condition of air is given by\"\n", + "print \"\\n W3 = \",W3 ,\" kg vap./kg dry air\"\n", + "print \"\\n h3 = \",h3 ,\" kJ/kg dry air\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 15.5 \n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Final condition of air is given by\n", + "\n", + " W3 = 0.0144 kg vap./kg dry air\n", + "\n", + " h3 = 71.6666666667 kJ/kg dry air\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 13 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Ex15.6:pg-637" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "# Given that\n", + "t = 21.0 # Temperature in degreee celsius\n", + "w = 20.0 # Relative humidity in percentage\n", + "t_ = 21.0 # Final temperature of air in degree celsius\n", + "print \"\\n Example 15.6 \\n\"\n", + "# From the psychrometric chart \n", + "T2 = 38.5 # In degree celsius\n", + "h1_3 = 60.5-42 # In kJ/kg\n", + "fi3 = 53.0 # In percentage \n", + "t4 = 11.2 # In degree celsius\n", + "W1_2 = 0.0153-0.0083 # In kg vap /kg dry air\n", + "print \"\\n The temperature of air at the end of the drying process is \",T2 ,\" degree celsius,\\n Heat rejected during the cooling process is \",h1_3 ,\" kJ/kg,\\n The relative humidity is \",fi3 ,\" percent,\\n The dew point temperature at the end of drying process is \",t4 ,\" degree celsius,\\n The moisture removed during the drying process is \",W1_2 ,\" kg vap/kg dry air\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 15.6 \n", + "\n", + "\n", + " The temperature of air at the end of the drying process is 38.5 degree celsius,\n", + " Heat rejected during the cooling process is 18.5 kJ/kg,\n", + " The relative humidity is 53.0 percent,\n", + " The dew point temperature at the end of drying process is 11.2 degree celsius,\n", + " The moisture removed during the drying process is 0.007 kg vap/kg dry air\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 2 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Ex15.7:pg-638" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "h1 = 57.0 # Enthalpy at state 1 in kJ/kg \n", + "h2 = h1 # Isenthalpic process\n", + "h3 = 42.0 # Enthalpy at state 3 in kJ/kg\n", + "W1 = 0.0065 # Humidity ratio at sate 1\n", + "W2 = 0.0088 # Humidity ratio at sate 2\n", + "W3 = W2 # Constant humidity ratio process\n", + "t2 = 34.5 # Temperature at state 2\n", + "v1 = 0.896# Specific volume at state 1 in m**3/kg\n", + "n = 1500.0 # seating capacity of hall\n", + "a = 0.3 # amount of outdoor air supplied m**3 per person\n", + "G = (n*a)/0.896 # Amount of dry air supplied\n", + "CC = (G*(h2-h3)*60)/14000 # Cooling capacity \n", + "R = G*(W2-W1)*60 # Capacity of humidifier\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 15.7 \\n\"\n", + "print \"\\n Capacity of the cooling coil is \",CC ,\" tonnes\"\n", + "print \"\\n Capacity of humidifier is \",R ,\" kg/h\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 15.7 \n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Capacity of the cooling coil is 32.2863520408 tonnes\n", + "\n", + " Capacity of humidifier is 69.3080357143 kg/h\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 3 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Ex15.8:pg-639" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "twb1 = 15.2# Wbt in degree Celsius \n", + "twb2 = 26.7# Wbt in degree Celsius \n", + "tw3 = 30 # Temperature at state 3 in degree Celsius \n", + "h1 = 43 # Enthalpy at state 1 in kJ/kg\n", + "h2 = 83.5 # Enthalpy at state 2 in kJ/kg\n", + "hw = 84 # Enthalpy of water in kJ/kg\n", + "mw = 1.15 # mass flow rate of water in kg/s\n", + "W1 = 0.0088 # Humidity ratio of inlet stream \n", + "W2 = 0.0213 # Humidity ratio of exit stream \n", + "hw3 = 125.8 # Enthalpy of water entering tower in kJ/kg \n", + "hm = 84 # Enthalpy of make up water in kJ/kg \n", + "G = 1 # mass flow rate of dry air in kg/s\n", + "hw34 = (G/mw)*((h2-h1)-(W2-W1)*hw) # Enthalpy change\n", + "tw4 = tw3-(hw34/4.19) # Temperature of water leaving the tower\n", + "A = tw4-twb1 #Approach of cooling water\n", + "R = tw3-tw4 #Range of cooling water\n", + "x = G*(W2-W1) #Fraction of water evaporated \n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 15.8\\n\"\n", + "print \"\\n Temperature of water leaving the tower is \",tw4 ,\" degree celcius\"\n", + "print \"\\n Range of cooling water is \",R ,\" degree Celsius\"\n", + "print \"\\n Approach of cooling water is \",A ,\" degree celcius\"\n", + "print \"\\n Fraction of water evaporated is \",x ,\" kg/kg dry air\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 15.8\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Temperature of water leaving the tower is 21.8128048148 degree celcius\n", + "\n", + " Range of cooling water is 8.18719518522 degree Celsius\n", + "\n", + " Approach of cooling water is 6.61280481478 degree celcius\n", + "\n", + " Fraction of water evaporated is 0.0125 kg/kg dry air\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 4 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Ex15.9:pg-639" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "# Given that\n", + "DBT = 40.0 # Dry bulb temperature in degree celsius\n", + "DBT_ = 25.0 # Dry bulb temperature after cooling and dehumidification in degree celsius\n", + "RH = 70.0 # Relative humidity in percentage\n", + "f = 30.0 # Air flow rate in cmm\n", + "print \"\\n Example 15.9 \\n\"\n", + "# From the psychrometric chart \n", + "v1 = 0.9125 # In m**3/kg\n", + "G = f/v1\n", + "h5 = 41.5 # In kJ/kg\n", + "W1 = 0.0182 # In kg vapor/kg dry air \n", + "h1 = 86.0 # In kJ/kg d.a.\n", + "W2 = 0.0136 # In kg vapor/kg dry air \n", + "h2 = 60.0 # In kJ/kg\n", + "L = G*(h1-h2)/3.5\n", + "Mo = G*(W1-W2)\n", + "x = (h2-h5)/(h1-h5)\n", + "print \"\\n Bypass factor of coolin coil is \",x\n", + "# Answer veries due to round off error" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 15.9 \n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Bypass factor of coolin coil is 0.415730337079\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 5 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Ex15.10:pg-641" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "# Given that\n", + "c = 75.0 # Capacity of classroom in no of perasons\n", + "DBT1 = 10.0 # Outdoor Dry bulb temperature in degree celsius\n", + "WBT1 = 8.0 # Outdoor Wet bulb temperature in degree celsius\n", + "DBT2 = 20.0 # Indoor Dry bulb temperature in degree celsius\n", + "RH2 = 50.0 # Relative humidity in percentage\n", + "x =0.5 # Bypass factor\n", + "f = 0.3 # Air flow rate per person in cmm\n", + "print \"\\n Example 15.10 \\n\"\n", + "# From the psychrometric chart \n", + "W1 = 0.0058 # In kg moisture/kg d.a.\n", + "h1 = 24.5 # In kJ/kg\n", + "h2 = 39.5 # In kJ/kg\n", + "h3 = h2\n", + "W3 = 0.0074 # In kg moisture/kg d.a.\n", + "t2 = 25.0 # In degree celsius\n", + "v1 = .81 # In m**3/kg d.a.\n", + "G = f*c/v1\n", + "C = G*(h2-h1)/60\n", + "t4 = (t2-x*DBT1)/(1-x)\n", + "ts = t4\n", + "C_H = G*(W3-W1)*60\n", + "print \"\\n Capacity of heating coil is \",C ,\" kW,\\n Surface temperature of heating coil is \",ts ,\" degree celsius,\\n Capacity of humidifier is \",C_H ,\" kg/h \"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 15.10 \n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Capacity of heating coil is 6.94444444444 kW,\n", + " Surface temperature of heating coil is 40.0 degree celsius,\n", + " Capacity of humidifier is 2.66666666667 kg/h \n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 6 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Ex15.11:pg-641" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "# Given that\n", + "DBT = 31.0 # Dry bulb temperature in degree celsius\n", + "WBT = 18.5 # Wet bulb temperature in degree celsius\n", + "t = 4.4 # Effective surface temperature of coil in degree celsius\n", + "RE = 12.5 # Refrigeration effect by the coil in kW\n", + "f= 39.6 # Air flow rate in cmm\n", + "print \"\\n Example 15.11 \\n\"\n", + "# From the fig. given in the example\n", + "ws = 5.25 #In g/kg d.a.\n", + "hs = 17.7 #In kJ/kg d.a.\n", + "v1 = 0.872 # In m**3/kg d.a.\n", + "h1 = 52.5 # In kJ/kg d.a.\n", + "w1 = 8.2 # In g/kg d.a.\n", + "G = f/v1\n", + "h2 = h1-(RE*60)/G\n", + "w2 = w1-((h1-h2)/(h1-hs))*(w1-ws)\n", + "# From the psychrometric chart\n", + "t2 = 18.6 # In degree celsius\n", + "t_ = 12.5 # In degree celsius\n", + "x = (h2-hs)/(h1-hs)\n", + "print \"\\n DBT of air leaving the coil is \",t2 ,\" degree celsius,\\n WBT of air leaving the coil is \",t_ ,\" degree celsius,\\n Coil bypass factor is \",x \n", + "# Answer veries due to round off error\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 15.11 \n", + "\n", + "\n", + " DBT of air leaving the coil is 18.6 degree celsius,\n", + " WBT of air leaving the coil is 12.5 degree celsius,\n", + " Coil bypass factor is 0.525426680599\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 8 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Ex15.12:pg-641" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "# Given that\n", + "c = 75.0 # Capacity of classroom in no of perasons\n", + "DBT1 = 35.0 # Outdoor Dry bulb temperature in degree celsius\n", + "RH1 = 70.0 # Outdoor relative humidity in percentage\n", + "DBT2 = 20.0 # Indoor Dry bulb temperature in degree celsius \n", + "RH1 = 60.0 # Indoor relative humidity in percentage\n", + "DPT = 10.0 # Cooling coil dew point temperature in degree celsius\n", + "x =0.25 # Bypass factor\n", + "f = 300.0 # Air flow rate in cmm\n", + "print \"\\n Example 15.12 \\n\"\n", + "# From the psychrometric chart \n", + "W1 = 0.0246 # In kg vap./kg d.a.\n", + "h1 = 98.0 # In kJ/kg\n", + "v1 = 0.907 # In m**3/kg d.a.\n", + "h3 = 42.0 # In kJ/kg\n", + "W3 = 0.0088 # In kg moisture/kg d.a.\n", + "h2 = 34.0 # In kJ/kg\n", + "hs = 30.0 # In kJ/kg\n", + "t2 = 12.0 # In degree celsius\n", + "G = f/v1\n", + "C = G*(h1-h2)/(60*3.5)\n", + "X = (h2-hs)/(h1-hs)\n", + "C_ = G*(h3-h2)/60\n", + "t4 = (DBT2-x*t2)/(1-x)\n", + "C_H = G*(W1-W3)\n", + "print \"\\n Capacity of cooling coil is \",C ,\" tonnes,\\n Bypass factor of cooling coil is \",X ,\",\\n Capacity of heating coil is \",t4 ,\" kW,\\n Surface temperature of heating coil is \",C_ ,\" degree celsius,\\n Mass of water vapor removed is \",C_H ,\" kg/min \"\n", + "#Answers veries due to round off error" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + " \n", + " Example 15.12 \n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Capacity of cooling coil is 100.803276106 tonnes,\n", + " Bypass factor of cooling coil is 0.0588235294118 ,\n", + " Capacity of heating coil is 22.6666666667 kW,\n", + " Surface temperature of heating coil is 44.1014332966 degree celsius,\n", + " Mass of water vapor removed is 5.22601984564 kg/min \n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 10 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Ex15.13:pg-641" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "# at 15 degree Celsius\n", + "Psat1 = 0.01705 # Saturation pressure in bar\n", + "hg1 = 2528.9 # Enthalpy in kJ/kg\n", + "# At 35 degree Celsius\n", + "Psat2 = 0.05628 # Saturation pressure in bar\n", + "hg2 = 2565.3 # Enthalpy in kJ/kg\n", + "fi1 = 0.55# Humidity ratio at state 1\n", + "Pw1 = fi1*Psat1 # water vapor pressure at state 1\n", + "fi2 = 1.0 # Humidity ratio at state 2\n", + "Pw2 = fi2*Psat2 # water vapor pressure at state 2 \n", + "P = 0.1 # Atmospheric pressure in MPa\n", + "W1 = (0.622*Pw1)/(P*10-Pw1)\n", + "W2 = (0.622*Pw2)/(P*10-Pw2)\n", + "MW = W2-W1 # unit mass flow rate of water\n", + "t2 = 35.0 # Air exit temperature in degree Celsius\n", + "t1 = 14.0 # make up water inlet temperature in degree Celsius \n", + "m_dot = 2.78 # water flow rate in kg/s\n", + "cpa = 1.005 # Constant pressure heat capacity ratio in kJ/kg\n", + "h43 = 35*4.187 # Enthalpy change\n", + "h5 = 14*4.187 # Enthalpy at state 5in kJ/kg\n", + "m_dot_w = (-(W2-W1)*h5 - W1*hg1 + W2*hg2 + cpa*(t2-t1))/(h43) \n", + "R = m_dot/m_dot_w \n", + "MW = (W2-W1)*R #Make up water flow rate\n", + "RWA = R*(1+W1)\n", + "R = 0.287 # Gas constant \n", + "V_dot = (RWA*R*(t1+273))/(P*1e03) # Volume flow rate of air\n", + "print \"\\n Example 15.13\\n\"\n", + "print \"\\n Make up water flow rate is \",MW ,\" kg/s\"\n", + "print \"\\n Volume flow rate of air is \",V_dot ,\" m**3/s\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 15.13\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Make up water flow rate is 0.127715382722 kg/s\n", + "\n", + " Volume flow rate of air is 3.39095173631 m**3/s\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 11 + } + ], + "metadata": {} + } + ] +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter16.ipynb b/Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter16.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..bd0ffde7 --- /dev/null +++ b/Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter16.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,548 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter 16:Reactive Systems" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex16.2:pg-675" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 16.2\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " K is 0.314529177004 atm\n", + "\n", + " Epsilon is 0.611607081035\n", + "\n", + " The heat of reaction is 60974.6120608 kJ/kg mol\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "eps_e = 0.27 # Constant\n", + "P = 1.0 # Atmospheric pressure in bar\n", + "K = (4*eps_e**2*P)/(1-eps_e**2) \n", + "P1 = 100.0/760.0 # Pressure in Pa\n", + "eps_e_1 = math.sqrt((K/P1)/(4.0+(K/P1)))\n", + "T1 = 318.0 # Temperature in K\n", + "T2 = 298.0# Temperature in K\n", + "R = 8.3143 # Gas constant\n", + "K1 = 0.664 # dissociation constant at 318K\n", + "K2 = 0.141# dissociation constant at 298K\n", + "dH = 2.30*R*((T1*T2)/(T1-T2))*(math.log10(K1/K2))\n", + "print \"\\n Example 16.2\\n\"\n", + "print \"\\n K is \",K ,\" atm\"\n", + "print \"\\n Epsilon is \",eps_e_1\n", + "print \"\\n The heat of reaction is \",dH ,\" kJ/kg mol\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex16.3:pg-675" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 4, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 16.3\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Equilibrium constant is 1.61983471074\n", + "\n", + " Gibbs function change is -4812.22485358 J/gmol\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "v1 = 1.0 # Assumed\n", + "v2 = v1# Assumed \n", + "v3 = v2 # Assumed\n", + "v4 = v2# Assumed\n", + "e = 0.56 # Degree of reaction\n", + "P = 1.0 # Dummy\n", + "T = 1200.0 # Reaction temperature in K\n", + "R = 8.3143 # Gas constant\n", + "x1 = (1-e)/2.0 # \n", + "x2 = (1-e)/2.0\n", + "x3 = e/2.0 \n", + "x4 = e/2.0\n", + "K = (((x3**v3)*(x4**v4))/((x1**v1)*(x2**v2)))*P**(v3+v4-v1-v2) # Equilibrium constant\n", + "dG = -R*T*math.log(K) #Gibbs function change\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 16.3\\n\"\n", + "print \"\\n Equilibrium constant is \",K\n", + "print \"\\n Gibbs function change is \",dG ,\"J/gmol\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex16.5:pg-678" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 6, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 16.5\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " The value of equillibrium constant is 0.755668681281 atm\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "Veo = 1.777 # Ve/Vo\n", + "e = 1.0-Veo # Degree of dissociation\n", + "P = 0.124 # in atm\n", + "K = (4*e**2*P)/(1.0-e**2)\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 16.5\\n\"\n", + "print \"\\n The value of equillibrium constant is \",K ,\" atm\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex16.6:pg-680" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 7, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 16.6\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Cp is 4.48364424966 J/g mol K\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "v1 = 1.0 # Assumed\n", + "v2 = 0 # Assumed\n", + "v3 = 1.0 # Assumed\n", + "v4 = 1.0/2.0# Assumed\n", + "dH = 250560.0 # Enthalpy change in j/gmol\n", + "e = 3.2e-03 # Constant\n", + "R = 8.3143 # Gas constant\n", + "T = 1900.0 # Reaction temperature\n", + "Cp = ((dH**2)*(1+e/2)*e*(1+e))/(R*T**2*(v1+v2)*(v3+v4))\n", + "print \"\\n Example 16.6\\n\"\n", + "print \"\\n Cp is \",Cp ,\" J/g mol K\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex16.7:pg-681" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 8, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 16.7\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " The composition of fuel is 14.7645650439 percent Hydrogen and 85.2354349561 percent Carbon\n", + "\n", + " Air fuel ratio is 23.9829146049\n", + "\n", + " Percentage of excess air used is 67.2268907563 percent\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "a = 21.89 # stochiometric coefficient\n", + "y = 18.5 # stochiometric coefficient\n", + "x = 8.9 # stochiometric coefficient\n", + "PC = 100*(x*12)/((x*12)+(y)) # Carbon percentage\n", + "PH = 100-PC # Hydrogen percentage\n", + "AFR = ((32*a)+(3.76*a*28))/((12*x)+y) #Air fuel ratio\n", + "EAU = (8.8*32)/((21.89*32)-(8.8*32)) # Excess air used\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 16.7\\n\"\n", + "print \"\\n The composition of fuel is \",PH ,\" percent Hydrogen and \",PC ,\" percent Carbon\"#The answer provided in the textbook is wrong\n", + "print \"\\n Air fuel ratio is \",AFR\n", + "print \"\\n Percentage of excess air used is \",EAU*100 ,\" percent\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex16.8:pg-682" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 9, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 16.8\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Heat transfer per kg mol of fuel is -965198.0 kJ\n", + "\n", + " Q_cv is -890324.0 kJ\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "hf_co2 = -393522.0 # Enthalpy of reaction in kJ/kg mol\n", + "hf_h20 = -285838.0# Enthalpy of reaction in kJ/kg mol\n", + "hf_ch4 = -74874.0# Enthalpy of reaction in kJ/kg mol\n", + "D = hf_co2 + (2*hf_h20) #Heat transfer \n", + "QCV = D-hf_ch4 # Q_cv\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 16.8\\n\"\n", + "print \"\\n Heat transfer per kg mol of fuel is \",D ,\" kJ\"\n", + "print \"\\n Q_cv is \",QCV ,\" kJ\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex16.9:pg-683" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 10, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 16.9 \n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Fuel consumption rate is 38.5131749981 kg/h\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "# Below values are taken from table\n", + "Hr = -249952+(18.7*560)+(70*540)\n", + "Hp = 8*(-393522+20288)+9*(-241827+16087)+6.25*14171+70*13491\n", + "Wcv = 150.0 # Energy out put from engine in kW\n", + "Qcv = -205.0 # Heat transfer from engine in kW\n", + "n = (Wcv-Qcv)*3600/(Hr-Hp)\n", + "print \"\\n Example 16.9 \\n\"\n", + "print \"\\n Fuel consumption rate is \",n*114 ,\" kg/h\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex16.11:pg-684" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 13, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 16.11 \n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Reversible work is 47139 kJ/kg\n", + "\n", + " Increase in entropy during combustion is 3699.6688 kJ/kg mol K\n", + "\n", + " Irreversibility of the process 25056.8559091 kJ/kg\n", + "\n", + " Availability of products of combustion is 22082.1440909 kJ/kg\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "# Refer table 16.4 for values\n", + "T0 = 298.0 # Atmospheric temperature in K\n", + "Wrev = -23316-3*(-394374)-4*(-228583) # Reversible work in kJ/kg mol\n", + "Wrev_ = Wrev/44 # Reversible work in kJ/kg\n", + "Hr = -103847 # Enthalpy of reactants in kJ/kg\n", + "T = 980.0 # Through trial and error\n", + "Sr = 270.019+20*205.142+75.2*191.611 # Entropy of reactants\n", + "Sp = 3*268.194 + 4*231.849 + 15*242.855 + 75.2*227.485 # Entropy of products\n", + "IE = Sp-Sr # Increase in entropy\n", + "I = T0*3699.67/44 # Irreversibility\n", + "Si = Wrev_ - I# Availability of products of combustion \n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 16.11 \\n\"\n", + "print \"\\n Reversible work is \",Wrev_ ,\" kJ/kg\"\n", + "print \"\\n Increase in entropy during combustion is \",Sp-Sr ,\" kJ/kg mol K\"\n", + "print \"\\n Irreversibility of the process \",I ,\" kJ/kg\"\n", + "print \"\\n Availability of products of combustion is \",Si ,\" kJ/kg\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex16.12:pg-685" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 14, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 6.12\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " The chemical energy of carbon is 410541.588354 kJ/k mol\n", + "\n", + " The chemical energy of hydrogen is 235211.889921 kJ/k mol\n", + "\n", + " The chemical energy of methane is 821580.156423 kJ/k mol\n", + "\n", + " The chemical energy of Carbon monoxide is 275364.910207 kJ/k mol\n", + "\n", + " The chemical energy of liquid methanol is 716698.69005 kJ/k mol\n", + "\n", + " The chemical energy of nitrogen is 691.0909601 kJ/k mol\n", + "\n", + " The chemical energy of Oxygen is 3946.64370597 kJ/k mol\n", + "\n", + " The chemical energy of Carbon dioxide is 20108.2320604 kJ/k mol\n", + "\n", + " The chemical energy of Water is 5.21177422707 kJ/k mol\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "T0 = 298.15 # Environment temperature in K\n", + "P0 = 1 # Atmospheric pressure in bar\n", + "R = 8.3143# Gas constant\n", + "xn2 = 0.7567 # mole fraction of nitrogen\n", + "xo2 = 0.2035 # mole fraction of oxygen\n", + "xh2o = 0.0312 # mole fraction of water\n", + "xco2 = 0.0003# mole fraction of carbon dioxide\n", + "# Part (a)\n", + "g_o2 = 0 # Gibbs energy of oxygen\n", + "g_c = 0 # Gibbs energy of carbon\n", + "g_co2 = -394380 # Gibbs energy of carbon dioxide\n", + "A = -g_co2 + R*T0*math.log(xo2/xco2) # Chemical energy\n", + "\n", + "# Part (b)\n", + "g_h2 = 0 # Gibbs energy of hydrogen\n", + "g_h2o_g = -228590# # Gibbs energy of water\n", + "B = g_h2 + g_o2/2 - g_h2o_g + R*T0*math.log(xo2**0.5/xh2o)\n", + "# Chemical energy\n", + "# Part (c)\n", + "g_ch4 = -50790 # Gibbs energy of methane\n", + "C = g_ch4 + 2*g_o2 - g_co2 - 2*g_h2o_g + R*T0*math.log((xo2**2)/(xco2*xh2o))\n", + "# Chemical energy\n", + "# Part (d)\n", + "g_co = -137150# # Gibbs energy of carbon mono oxide\n", + "D = g_co + g_o2/2 - g_co2 + R*T0*math.log((xo2**0.5)/xco2)\n", + "# Chemcal energy\n", + "# Part (e)\n", + "g_ch3oh = -166240 # Gibbs energy of methanol\n", + "E = g_ch3oh + 1.5*g_o2 - g_co2 - 2*g_h2o_g + R*T0*math.log((xo2**1.5)/(xco2*(xh2o**2)))\n", + "# Chemical energy\n", + "# Part (f)\n", + "F = R*T0*math.log(1/xn2)\n", + "# Chemical energy\n", + "# Part (g)\n", + "G = R*T0*math.log(1/xo2)\n", + "# Chemical energy\n", + "# Part (h)\n", + "H = R*T0*math.log(1/xco2)\n", + "# Chemical energy\n", + "# Part (i)\n", + "g_h2o_l = -237180 # Gibbs energy of liquid water\n", + "I = g_h2o_l - g_h2o_g + R*T0*math.log(1/xh2o)\n", + "# Chemical energy\n", + "print \"\\n Example 6.12\\n\"\n", + "print \"\\n The chemical energy of carbon is \",A ,\" kJ/k mol\"\n", + "print \"\\n The chemical energy of hydrogen is \",B ,\" kJ/k mol\"\n", + "print \"\\n The chemical energy of methane is \",C ,\" kJ/k mol\"\n", + "print \"\\n The chemical energy of Carbon monoxide is \",D ,\" kJ/k mol\"\n", + "print \"\\n The chemical energy of liquid methanol is \",E ,\" kJ/k mol\"\n", + "print \"\\n The chemical energy of nitrogen is \",F ,\" kJ/k mol\"\n", + "print \"\\n The chemical energy of Oxygen is \",G ,\" kJ/k mol\"\n", + "print \"\\n The chemical energy of Carbon dioxide is \",H ,\" kJ/k mol\"\n", + "print \"\\n The chemical energy of Water is \",I ,\" kJ/k mol\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex16.13:pg-686" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 15, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 6.13\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " The rate of heat transfer from the engine = -4.33120060702 kW,\n", + " The second law of efficiency of the engine = 13.3396896634 percent\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "# Environmet\n", + "T0 = 298.15 # Environment temperature in K\n", + "P0 = 1.0 # Atmospheric pressure in atm\n", + "R = 8.3143# Gas constant\n", + "xn2 = 0.7567 # mole fraction of nitrogen\n", + "xo2 = 0.2035 # mole fraction of oxygen\n", + "xh2o = 0.0312 # mole fraction of water\n", + "xco2 = 0.0003# mole fraction of carbon dioxide\n", + "xother = 0.0083 # Mole fraction of other gases\n", + "# Liquid octane\n", + "t1 = 25.0 # Temperature of liquid octane in degree centigrade\n", + "m = 0.57 # Mass flow rate in kg/h\n", + "T2 = 670 # Temperature of combustion product at exit in K\n", + "x1 = 0.114 # Mole fraction of CO2\n", + "x2 = .029 # Mole fraction of CO\n", + "x3 = .016 # Mole fraction of O2\n", + "x4 = .841 # Mole fraction of N2\n", + "Wcv = 1 # Power developed by the engine in kW\n", + "print \"\\n Example 6.13\\n\"\n", + "# By carbon balance \n", + "b = 55.9 \n", + "# By hydrogen balace\n", + "c=9\n", + "# By oxygen balance\n", + "a = 12.58\n", + "Qcv = Wcv- 3845872*(.57/(3600*114.22))\n", + "E = 5407843.0 # Chemical exergy of C8H18\n", + "nII = Wcv/(E*.57/(3600*114.22))\n", + "print \"\\n The rate of heat transfer from the engine = \",Qcv ,\" kW,\\n The second law of efficiency of the engine = \",nII*100 ,\" percent\"" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.11" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter17.ipynb b/Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter17.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..373cb84b --- /dev/null +++ b/Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter17.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,321 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter 17:Compressible Fluid Flow" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex17.2:pg-717" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 17.2 \n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Mass flow rate of air through diffuser is 59.4200292233 Kg/s\n", + "\n", + " Mach number of leaving air is 0.135\n", + "\n", + " Temperature of leaving air is 71.4290750078 degree celcius\n", + "\n", + " Pressure of leaving air is 0.260471799082 MPa \n", + "\n", + " Net thrust is 51.3284455434 kN\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "P1 = 0.18 # Diffuser static pressure in MPa\n", + "R = 0.287 # Gas constant\n", + "T1 = 37 # Static temperature \n", + "P0 = 0.1# Atmospheric pressure in MPa\n", + "A1 = 0.11 # intake area in m**2\n", + "V1 = 267 # Inlet velocity in m/s\n", + "w = (P1*1e3/(R*(T1+273)))*A1*V1 # mass flow rate\n", + "g = 1.4 # Heat capacity ratio\n", + "c1 = sqrt(g*R*(T1+273)*1000) # velocity\n", + "M1 = V1/c1 # Mach number\n", + "A1A_ = 1.0570 # A1/A* A* = A_\n", + "P1P01 = 0.68207 # pressure ratio\n", + "T1T01 = 0.89644# Temperature ratio\n", + "F1F_ = 1.0284# Impulse function ratio\n", + "A2A1 = 0.44/0.11 # Area ratio\n", + "A2A_ = A2A1*A1A_# Area ratio\n", + "M2 = 0.135 # Mach number\n", + "P2P02 = 0.987 # Pressure ratio\n", + "T2T02 = 0.996 # Temperature ratio\n", + "F2F_ = 3.46# Impulse function ratio\n", + "P2P1 = P2P02/P1P01 # Pressure ratio\n", + "T2T1 = T2T02/T1T01# Temperature ratio\n", + "F2F1 = F2F_/F1F_ # Impulse function ratio\n", + "P2 = P2P1*P1 # Outlet pressure\n", + "T2 = T2T1*(T1+273) # Outlet temperature\n", + "A2 = A2A1*A1 # Exit area\n", + "F1 = P1*A1*(1+g*M1**2) # Impulse function\n", + "F2 = F2F1*F1 # Impulse function\n", + "Tint = F2-F1 # Internal thrust\n", + "Text = P0*(A2-A1) # External thrust\n", + "NT = Tint - Text # Net thrust\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 17.2 \\n\"\n", + "print \"\\n Mass flow rate of air through diffuser is \",w ,\" Kg/s\"\n", + "print \"\\n Mach number of leaving air is \",M2\n", + "print \"\\n Temperature of leaving air is \",T2-273 ,\" degree celcius\"\n", + "print \"\\n Pressure of leaving air is \",P2 ,\" MPa \"\n", + "print \"\\n Net thrust is \",NT*1e3 ,\" kN\"\n", + "\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex17.3:pg-718" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 3, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 17.3\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " When divergent section act as a nozzle\n", + "\n", + " Maximum flow rate of air is 1.06476372092 kg/s\n", + "\n", + " Static temperature is 183.204 K\n", + "\n", + " Static Pressure is 93.9 kPa\n", + "\n", + " Velocity at the exit from the nozzle is 596.077184351 m/s\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " When divergent section act as a diffuser\n", + "\n", + " Maximum flow rate of air is 1.06476372092 kg/s\n", + "\n", + " Static temperature is 353.232 K\n", + "\n", + " Static Pressure is 936.0 kPa\n", + "\n", + " Velocity at the exit from the nozzle is 116.03411731 m/s\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "M2 = 2.197 # Mach number\n", + "P2P0 = 0.0939 # pressure ratio\n", + "T2T0 = 0.5089 # Temperature ratio\n", + "P0 = 1 # Stagnation pressure in MPa \n", + "T0 = 360 # Stagnation temperature in K\n", + "g = 1.4 # Heat capacity ratio\n", + "R = 0.287 # Gas constant\n", + "P2 = P2P0*P0*1e3 # Static Pressure\n", + "T2 = T2T0*T0 # Static temperature\n", + "c2 = sqrt(g*R*T2*1000)\n", + "V2 = c2*M2 #velocity at the exit from the nozzle\n", + "# for air\n", + "P_P0 = 0.528 # pressure ratio\n", + "T_T0 = 0.833 # Temperature ratio\n", + "P_ = P_P0*P0*1e3 # Static Pressure\n", + "T_ = T_T0*T0 #Static temperature\n", + "rho_ = P_/(R*T_) # density\n", + "V_ = sqrt(g*R*T_*1000) # Velocity at the exit from the nozzle \n", + "At = 500e-06 # throat area\n", + "w = At*V_*rho_# Maximum flow rate of air\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 17.3\\n\"\n", + "print \"\\n When divergent section act as a nozzle\"\n", + "print \"\\n Maximum flow rate of air is \",w ,\" kg/s\"\n", + "print \"\\n Static temperature is \",T2 ,\" K\"\n", + "print \"\\n Static Pressure is \",P2 ,\" kPa\"\n", + "print \"\\n Velocity at the exit from the nozzle is \",V2 ,\" m/s\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n", + "# Part (b)\n", + "Mb = 0.308 # Mach number\n", + "P2P0b = 0.936 # Pressure ratio\n", + "T2T0b = 0.9812 # Temperature ratio\n", + "P2b = P2P0b*P0*1e3#Static Pressure \n", + "T2b = T2T0b*T0 # Static temperature\n", + "c2b = sqrt(g*R*T2b*1000) # Velocity \n", + "V2b = c2b*Mb #Velocity at the exit from the nozzle\n", + "print \"\\n\\n When divergent section act as a diffuser\"\n", + "print \"\\n Maximum flow rate of air is \",w ,\" kg/s\"\n", + "print \"\\n Static temperature is \",T2b ,\" K\"\n", + "print \"\\n Static Pressure is \",P2b ,\" kPa\"\n", + "print \"\\n Velocity at the exit from the nozzle is \",V2b ,\" m/s\"\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex17.4:pg-720" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 4, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 17.4\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Mach number of the tunnel is 1.735\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "Px = 16.0 # pressure in kPa\n", + "Poy = 70.0 #pressure in kPa \n", + "Mx = 1.735 # Mach number\n", + "Pyx = 3.34 # Pressure ratio\n", + "rho_yx = 2.25 # Density ratio\n", + "Tyx = 1.483 # Temperature ratio\n", + "Poyox = 0.84 # pressure ratio\n", + "My = 0.631 # Mach number\n", + "g = 1.4 # Ratio of heat capacities\n", + "Tox = 573.0 # stagnation temperature in K \n", + "Toy = Tox # temperature equivalence\n", + "Tx = Tox/(1+((g-1)/2.0)*Mx**2) # temperature at x\n", + "Ty = Tyx*Tx # temperature at y\n", + "Pox = Poy/Poyox # total pressure \n", + "# From table\n", + "Mx = 1.735\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 17.4\\n\"\n", + "print \"\\n Mach number of the tunnel is \",Mx\n", + "\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex17.5:pg-721" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 5, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 17.5\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Exit Mach number is 0.402\n", + "\n", + " Exit pressure is 147.9260475 kPa\n", + "\n", + " Exit Stagnation pressure is 44.7195 kPa\n", + "\n", + " Entropy increase is 0.068726024552 kJ/kg K\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "Ax = 18.75 # cross sectional area in divergent part in m**2\n", + "A_ = 12.50 # throat area in m**2\n", + "AA_ = 1.5 # Area ratio\n", + "Pxox = 0.159 # pressure ratio from table\n", + "R = 0.287 # Gas constant\n", + "Pox = 0.21e03 # pressure in kPa\n", + "Px = Pxox*Pox # pressure calculation\n", + "# from the gas table on normal shock\n", + "Mx = 1.86 \n", + "My = 0.604 \n", + "Pyx = 3.87 \n", + "Poyx = 4.95 \n", + "Poyox = 0.786\n", + "Py = Pyx*Px\n", + "Poy = Poyx*Px\n", + "My = 0.604\n", + "Ay_ = 1.183\n", + "A2 = 25 \n", + "Ay = 18.75\n", + "A2_ = (A2/Ay)*Ay_\n", + "# From isentropic table \n", + "M2 = 0.402\n", + "P2oy = 0.895\n", + "P2 = P2oy*Poy\n", + "syx = -R*log(Poy/Pox) # sy-sx\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 17.5\\n\"\n", + "print \"\\n Exit Mach number is \",M2\n", + "print \"\\n Exit pressure is \",P2 ,\" kPa\"\n", + "print \"\\n Exit Stagnation pressure is \",Pox-Poy ,\" kPa\"\n", + "print \"\\n Entropy increase is \",syx ,\" kJ/kg K\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.11" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter18.ipynb b/Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter18.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..97968f87 --- /dev/null +++ b/Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter18.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,703 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter 18:Elements of Heat Transfer" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex18.1:pg-757" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 26, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 18.1\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " The rate of heat removal is 486.40484238 W\n", + "\n", + " Temperature at inside surface of brick is 20.2812224957 degree celcius\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "ho = 12.0 # Outside convective heat transfer coefficient in W/m**2K \n", + "x1 = 0.23# Thickness of brick in m\n", + "k1 = 0.98 # Thermal conductivity of brick in W/mK\n", + "x2 = 0.08 # Thickness of foam in m\n", + "k2 = 0.02# Thermal conductivity of foam in W/mK\n", + "x3 = 1.5# Thickness of wood in cm\n", + "k3 = 0.17# Thermal conductivity of wood in W/cmK\n", + "hi = 29.0# Inside convective heat transfer coefficient in W/m**2K \n", + "A = 90.0 # Total wall area in m**2\n", + "to = 22.0# outside air temperature in degree Celsius\n", + "ti = -2.0 # Inside air temperature in degree Celsius\n", + "print \"\\n Example 18.1\\n\"\n", + "U = (1/((1/ho)+(x1/k1)+(x2/k2)+(x3*1e-2/k3)+(1/hi)))# Overall heat transfer coefficient\n", + "Q = U*A*(to-ti) # Rate of heat transfer\n", + "R = (1/ho)+(x1/k1)\n", + "t2 = to-Q*R/A # Temperature at inside surface of brick\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n The rate of heat removal is \",Q ,\" W\"\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Temperature at inside surface of brick is \",t2 ,\" degree celcius\"\n", + "\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex18.2:pg-758" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 8, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 18.2\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Heat transfer rate is 2.33519645654 kW\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "r1 = 5.0 # Inner radius of steel pipe in cm\n", + "r2 = 10.0 # Extreme radius of inner insulation in cm\n", + "r3 = 13.0# Extreme radius of outer insulation in cm\n", + "K1 = 0.23 # Thermal conductivity of inner insulation in W/mK\n", + "K2 = 0.37 # Thermal conductivity of outer insulation in W/mK\n", + "hi = 58.0 # Inner heat transfer coefficient in W/m**2K\n", + "h0 = 12.0 # Inner heat transfer coefficient in W/m**2K\n", + "ti = 60.0 # Inner temperature in degree Celsius\n", + "to = 25.0 # Outer temperature in degree Celsius\n", + "L = 50.0 # Length of pipe in m\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 18.2\\n\"\n", + "Q =((2*math.pi*L*(ti-to))/((1/(hi*r1*1e-2))+(math.log(r2/r1)/(K1))+(math.log(r3/r2)/(K2))+(1/(h0*r3*1e-2))))\n", + "# Rate of heat transfer\n", + "print \"\\n Heat transfer rate is \",Q/1e3 ,\" kW\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex18.3:pg-759" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 9, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 18.3\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Thermal conductivity of rod A is 57.4969670417 W/mK\n", + "\n", + " Thermal conductivity of rod B is 86.076212035 W/mK\n", + "\n", + " Thermal conductivity of rod C is 116.0 W/mK\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "to = 20 # Environment temperature in degree Celsius\n", + "t = 100# Temperature of steam path in degree Celsius\n", + "ta1 = 26.76 # Temperature at other end in degree Celsius for rod A \n", + "d = 10 # diameter of rod in mm\n", + "L = 0.25 # length of rod in m\n", + "h = 23 # heat transfer coefficient in W/m**2 K\n", + "tb1 = 32.00 # Temperature at other end in degree Celsius for rod B \n", + "tc1 = 36.93 # Temperature at other end in degree Celsius for rod C \n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 18.3\\n\"\n", + "A = math.pi/4 * (d*1e-3)**2 #Area of rod\n", + "p = math.pi*d*1e-3 # perimeter of rod\n", + "# For rod A\n", + "a = (ta1-to)/(t-to) \n", + "ma = (math.acosh(1/a))/L\n", + "\n", + "Ka = (h*p)/(ma**2*A) # Thermal conductivity of rod A\n", + "print \"\\n Thermal conductivity of rod A is \",Ka ,\" W/mK\"\n", + "# For rod B\n", + "b = (tb1-to)/(t-to) \n", + "mb = (math.acosh(1/b))/L\n", + "\n", + "Kb = (h*p)/(mb**2*A) # Thermal conductivity of rod B\n", + "print \"\\n Thermal conductivity of rod B is \",Kb ,\" W/mK\"\n", + "c = (tc1-to)/(t-to) \n", + "mc = (math.acosh(1/c))/L\n", + "\n", + "Kc = (h*p)/(mc**2*A) # Thermal conductivity of rod A\n", + "print \"\\n Thermal conductivity of rod C is \",math. ceil(Kc) ,\" W/mK\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex18.4:pg-760" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 14, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 18.4\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Midway temperature of rod is 88.7138777413 degree Celcius\n", + "\n", + " Heat loss rate is 88.0331604603 W\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "h = 17.4 # Convective heat transfer coefficient in W/m**2K\n", + "K = 52.2 # Thermal conductivity in W/mK\n", + "t = 120 # Heat reservoir wall temperature in degree celcius\n", + "t0 = 35 # Ambient temperature in degree celcius\n", + "L = 0.4 # Lenght of rod in m\n", + "b = .050 # width of rod in mm\n", + "H = .050 # Heigth of rod in mm\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 18.4\\n\"\n", + "l= L/2\n", + "A = b*H\n", + "m = math.sqrt(4*h*b/(K*b*H))\n", + "t1 = (t-t0)/math.cosh(m*l) + t0 # Midway temperature of rod\n", + "Q1 = 2*5.12*K*A*(t-t0)*math.tanh(m*l) # Heat loss rate \n", + "print \"\\n Midway temperature of rod is \",t1 ,\" degree Celcius\"\n", + "print \"\\n Heat loss rate is \",Q1 ,\"W\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex18.5:pg-760" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 16, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 18.5\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Time to cool down to 2 degree celcius is 30.5933342864 min\n", + "\n", + " Temperature of peas after 10 minutes is 13.1714792663 degree celcius\n", + "\n", + " Temperature of peas after 30 minutes is 1.0393274697 degree celcius\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "d = 8.0 # Average diameter in mm\n", + "r = 750.0 # Density in Kg/m**3\n", + "t = 2.0 # Intermediate temperature in degree celcius\n", + "t_inf = 1.0 # Ambient temperature in degree celcius\n", + "t0 = 25.0 # Initial temperature in degree celcius\n", + "c = 3.35 # Specific heat in kJ/KgK\n", + "h = 5.8 # Heat transfer coeeficient in W/m**2K\n", + "T1 = 10.0 # time period in minutes\n", + "T2 = 30.0 # time period in minutes \n", + "t1 = 5.0 # Intermediate temperature in degree celcius\n", + "print \"\\n Example 18.5\\n\"\n", + "tau1 = c*1e3*math.log((t0-t_inf)/(t-t_inf))/(h*60) # Time to cool down to 2 degree celcius\n", + "tau2 = (t0-t_inf)*(math.exp(-(c*T1*60)/(c*1e3))) # Temperature of peas after 10 minutes\n", + "Y = math.exp(-1*(c*T2*60)/(c*1e3))\n", + "tau3 = (t0*Y-t1)/(Y-1)\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Time to cool down to 2 degree celcius is \",tau1 ,\" min\"\n", + "print \"\\n Temperature of peas after 10 minutes is \",tau2 ,\" degree celcius\"\n", + "print \"\\n Temperature of peas after 30 minutes is \",tau3 ,\" degree celcius\"\n", + "#The answers given in book are incorrect\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex18.6:pg-761" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 18, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 18.6\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Surface area of heat exchanger is 53.1155468795 m**2\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "mh = 1000 # mass flow rate of hot fluid in Kg/h\n", + "mc = 1000 # mass flow rate of cold fluid in Kg/h\n", + "ch = 2.09 # Specific heat capacity of hot fluid in kJ/kgK\n", + "cc = 4.187 #Specific heat capacity of cold fluid in kJ/kgK \n", + "th1 = 80# Inlet temperature of hot fluid in degree celcius\n", + "th2 = 40 # Exit temperature of hot fluid in degree Celsius\n", + "tc1 = 30 # Inlet temperature of cold fluid in degree Celsius\n", + "U = 24 # heat transfer coefficient in W/m**2K\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 18.6\\n\"\n", + "Q = mh*ch*(th1-th2)\n", + "tc2 = Q/(mc*cc) + tc1# outlet temperature of cold fluid\n", + "te = th2-tc1 # Exit end temperature difference in degree Celsius\n", + "ti = th1 - tc2 # Inlet end temperature difference in degree Celsius\n", + "t_lm = (ti-te)/(math.log(ti/te))\n", + "A = Q / (U*t_lm*3.6) # Surface are of heat exchanger\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Surface area of heat exchanger is \",A ,\" m**2\"\n", + "\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex18.7:pg-762" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 20, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 18.7\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Surface area of heat exchanger is 3.52948841744 m**2\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "Hfg = 2257.0 # Latent heat at 100 degree Celsius\n", + "\n", + "ma = 500.0 # mass flow rate of air in Kg/h\n", + "ch = 1.005 # Specific heat capacity of hot air in kJ/kgK\n", + "ta1 = 260.0 # Inlet temperature of hot air in degree Celsius\n", + "ta2 = 150.0 # Inlet temperature of cold air in degree Celsius\n", + "tc1 = 100.0 # Inlet temperature of steam\n", + "tc2 = tc1 # Exit temperature of steam\n", + "U = 46.0 # heat transfer coefficient in W/m**2K\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 18.7\\n\"\n", + "Q = ma*ch*(ta1-ta2)\n", + "m = Q/Hfg # mass flow rate of steam\n", + "te = ta2-tc1 # Exit end temperature difference in degree Celsius\n", + "ti = ta1 - tc2 # Inlet end temperature difference in degree Celsius\n", + "t_lm = (ti-te)/(math.log(ti/te))\n", + "A = Q / (U*t_lm*3.6) # Surface are of heat exchanger\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Surface area of heat exchanger is \",A ,\" m**2\"\n", + "\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex18.8:pg-763" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 21, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 18.8\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Exit temperature of oil is 90.1251029717 degree celcius\n", + "\n", + " Rate of heat transfer is 1302.7384927 kW\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "mh = 20.15 # mass flow rate of hot fluid in Kg/s\n", + "mc = 5.04 # mass flow rate of cold fluid in Kg/h\n", + "ch = 2.094 # Specific heat capacity of hot fluid in kJ/kgK\n", + "cc = 4.2 #Specific heat capacity of cold fluid in kJ/kgK \n", + "th1 = 121# Inlet temperature of hot fluid in degree Celsius\n", + "th2 = 40 # Exit temperature of hot fluid in degree Celsius\n", + "tc1 = 10 # Inlet temperature of cold fluid in degree Celsius\n", + "U = 0.34 # heat transfer coefficient in kW/m**2K\n", + "n = 200 # total number of tubes\n", + "l = 4.87 # length of tube in m\n", + "d = 1.97 # Outer diameter in cm\n", + "print \"\\n Example 18.8\\n\"\n", + "A = math.pi*n*d*1e-2*l # Total surface area\n", + "mc_oil = mh*ch\n", + "mc_water = mc*cc\n", + "c_min = mc_water\n", + "c_max =mc_oil\n", + " \n", + "if (mc_oil10 cm\n", + "N1 = N0*(math.exp(-1))\n", + "# For x>20 cm\n", + "N2 = N0*(math.exp(-2))\n", + "# For x>50 cm\n", + "N3 = N0*(math.exp(-5))\n", + "def f(x): \n", + " y = (-N0/lambda1)*(math.exp((-x)/lambda1)),\n", + " return y\n", + "# For 5>x>10 cm\n", + "N4,er = integrate.quad( lambda x: (-N0/lambda1)*(math.exp((-x)/lambda1)),x4,x1)\n", + "# For 9.5>x>10.5 cm\n", + "N5,e = integrate.quad( lambda x: (-N0/lambda1)*(math.exp((-x)/lambda1)),x5,x6)\n", + "# For 9.9>x>10.1 cm\n", + "N6,eor = integrate.quad( lambda x: (-N0/lambda1)*(math.exp((-x)/lambda1)),x7,x8)\n", + "# For x=10 cm\n", + "N7,eer = integrate.quad( lambda x: (-N0/lambda1)*(math.exp((-x)/lambda1)),x1,x1)\n", + "print \"\\n The no of free paths which are longer than, \\n 10 cm = \",math. ceil(N1) ,\",\\n 20 cm = \",math. ceil(N2) ,\",\\n 50 cm = \",math. ceil(N3) ,\",\\n\\n The no of free paths which are between,\\n 5 cm and 10 cm = \",math.floor(N4) ,\",\\n 9.5 cm and 10.5 cm = \",math.floor(N5) ,\",\\n 9.9 cm and 10.1 cm = \",math.floor(N6) ,\",\\n\\n The no of free paths which are exactly 10 cm = \",N7 \n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex22.4:pg-913" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 25, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 22.4 \n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Coefficient of viscosity = math.exp Ns/m**2 2.051171875e-05\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "# Given that\n", + "p = 1.0 # Pressure in atm\n", + "t = 300.0 # Temperature in K\n", + "print \"\\n Example 22.4 \\n\"\n", + "# From previous example, we have\n", + "m = 5.31e-26 # In kg/molecule\n", + "v = 445.0 # In m/s\n", + "sigma = 3.84e-19 # In m**2\n", + "# Therefore\n", + "mu = (1.0/3.0)*(m*v/sigma)\n", + "print \"\\n Coefficient of viscosity = math.exp Ns/m**2\",mu" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex22.5:pg-913" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 26, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 22.5 \n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Thermal conductivity = 0.0 W/mK,\n", + " If the gas has Maxwellian velocity distribution,\n", + " Thermal conductivity = 5.98958333333e-05 W/mK\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "# Given that\n", + "p = 1.0 # Pressure in atm\n", + "t = 300.0 # Temperature in K\n", + "F = 5.0 # For oxygen gas degree of freedom\n", + "print \"\\n Example 22.5 \\n\"\n", + "v = 445.0 # In m/s as given in the book\n", + "m = 5.31e-26 # Mass of oxygen molecule in kg\n", + "sigma = 3.84e-19 # As given in the book in m**2\n", + "k = (1/6)*(v*F*(1.38*10**-23))/sigma\n", + "# If the gas has Maxwellian velocity distribution,\n", + "k_ = (1.0/3.0)*(F*(1.38*10**-23)/sigma)*((1.38*10**-23)*t/(math.pi*m))**(1/2)\n", + "print \"\\n Thermal conductivity = \",k ,\" W/mK,\\n If the gas has Maxwellian velocity distribution,\\n Thermal conductivity = \",k_ ,\" W/mK\"\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex22.6:pg-914" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 27, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 22.6 \n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Pressure in the cathode ray tube = 0.142844028924 Pa\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "# Given that\n", + "F = .90 # Fraction of electrons leaving the cathode ray reach the anode without making a collision\n", + "x = 0.2 # Distance between cathode ray and anode in m\n", + "d = 3.6e-10 # Diameter of ion in m\n", + "t = 2000.0 # Temperature of electron in K\n", + "print \"\\n Example 22.6 \\n\"\n", + "lambda1 = x/(math.log(1/F))\n", + "sigma = math.pi*(d**2)\n", + "n = 4/(sigma*lambda1)\n", + "p = n*(1.38*10**-23)*(t)\n", + "print \"\\n Pressure in the cathode ray tube = \",p ,\" Pa\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex22.7:pg-914" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 28, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 22.7 \n", + "\n", + "\n", + " No of collisions per sec are made by one molecule with the other molecule = 9962400.07749 \n", + "The no of molecules strike the flask per sq. cm = 6.11714975845e+20 \n", + " No of molecules in the flask = 2.44685990338e+22\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "# Given that\n", + "V = 1.0 # Volume of the flask in litre\n", + "p = 1.0 # Pressure in atm\n", + "t = 300.0 # Temperature in K\n", + "r = 1.8e-10 # Radius of oxygen gas molecule in m\n", + "m = 5.31e-26 # Mass of oxygen molecule in kg\n", + "print \"\\n Example 22.7 \\n\"\n", + "n = (p*(1.013e5))/((1.38e-23)*(t)*1000)\n", + "sigma = 4*math.pi*(r**2)\n", + "v = ((8*(1.38e-23)*t)/(math.pi*m))**(1/2)\n", + "z = sigma*n*v*1000\n", + "N = (1.0/4.0)*(n*0.1*v)\n", + "print \"\\n No of collisions per sec are made by one molecule with the other molecule =\", z,\"\\nThe no of molecules strike the flask per sq. cm =\",N,\"\\n No of molecules in the flask =\",n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex22.8:pg-915" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 29, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 22.8 \n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Time = 1.00003111262 s\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "# Given that\n", + "lambda1 = 2.0 # Mean free path in cm\n", + "T = 300.0 # Temperature in K\n", + "r = 0.5 # As half of the molecules did not make any collision\n", + "print \"\\n Example 22.8 \\n\"\n", + "x = lambda1*(math.log(1/r))\n", + "v = 445.58 # For oxygen at 300K in m/s\n", + "t = x/(v*100)\n", + "print \"\\n Time =\", math.exp(t), \"s\"\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex22.9:pg-915" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 30, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 22.9 \n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Pressure = 1.03636998072 N/m**2\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "# Given that\n", + "f = 0.9 # Fraction of electrons leaving the cathode ray and reaching the anode without making any collision\n", + "x = 20.0 # Distance between cathode ray tube and anode in cm\n", + "sigma = 4.07e-19 # Collision cross section of molecules in m**2\n", + "T = 2000 # Temperature in K\n", + "print \"\\n Example 22.9 \\n\"\n", + "lambda1 = (x*0.01)/(math.log(1.0/f))\n", + "n = 1/(sigma*lambda1)\n", + "p = n*(1.38e-23)*T\n", + "print \"\\n Pressure =\", math.exp(p), \"N/m**2\"\n", + "# The answer given in the book contains round off error.\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex22.10:pg-916" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 31, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 22.10 \n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Initial concentration gradient of reactive molecules = 0.0 molecules/m**4, \n", + " The no of reactive molecules per sec cross a cross section at the mid point of the tube from left to right = 0.9 molecules/m**2,\n", + " The no of reactive molecules per sec cross a cross section at the mid point of the tube from right to left = 4.08598425576e-12 molecule/m**2,\n", + " Initial net rate of diffusion = 0.0112863158384 g/m**2-s\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "# Given that\n", + "l = 2.0 # Length of tube in m\n", + "a = 1e-4 # Cross section of the tube in m**2\n", + "p = 1.0 # Pressure in atm\n", + "t = 0 # Temperature in degree centigrade\n", + "r = 0.5 # Fraction of the carbon atoms which are radioactive C14\n", + "sigma = 4e-19 # Collision cross section area in m**2\n", + "print \"\\n Example 22.10 \\n\"\n", + "n = (p*1.01325e+5)/((1.38e-23)*(t+273))\n", + "C_g = -n/l\n", + "m = (46/6.023)*10**-26 # In kg/molecule\n", + "v = (2.55*(1.38e-23)*(t+273)/m)**(1/2.0)\n", + "lambda1 = (1.0/(sigma*n))\n", + "gama = (1.0/4)*(v*n) - (1/6.0)*(v*lambda1*(C_g))\n", + "gama_ = (1/4.0)*(v*n) + (1.0/6.0)*(v*lambda1*(C_g))\n", + "x = (1.0/4)*(v*n)\n", + "y = (1.0/6)*(v*lambda1*(C_g))\n", + "d = (1.0/6)*(v*lambda1*(-1*C_g))*2*(m)\n", + "a=x+y\n", + "b=x-y\n", + "print \"\\n Initial concentration gradient of reactive molecules =\",math.exp (C_g),\" molecules/m**4, \\n The no of reactive molecules per sec cross a cross section at the mid point of the tube from left to right =\",f , \"molecules/m**2,\\n The no of reactive molecules per sec cross a cross section at the mid point of the tube from right to left =\",e ,\" molecule/m**2,\\n Initial net rate of diffusion = \",d*1000 ,\"g/m**2-s\"\n", + "# The answer for lambda given in the book conatains calculation error\n", + "# The answers contains calculation error\n" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.11" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter6.ipynb b/Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter6.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a7ace61d --- /dev/null +++ b/Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter6.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,356 @@ +{ + "metadata": { + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:1e66a4aaf6aa5b1578af922356299d8af3b4aded7460ea4a450b6cc816355a1b" + }, + "nbformat": 3, + "nbformat_minor": 0, + "worksheets": [ + { + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Chapter 06:Second Law of Thermodynamics" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Ex6.1:pg-138" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "T1 = 800 # Source temperature in degree Celsius\n", + "\n", + "T2 = 30 # Sink temperature in degree Celsius\n", + "\n", + "e_max = 1-((T2+273)/(T1+273)) # maximum possible efficiency \n", + "\n", + "Wnet = 1 # in kW\n", + "\n", + "Q1 = Wnet/e_max # Least rate of heat required in kJ/s\n", + "\n", + "Q2 = Q1-Wnet # Least rate of heat rejection kJ/s\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 6.1\"\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Least rate of heat rejection is \",Q2,\" kW\"\n", + "\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 6.1\n", + "\n", + " Least rate of heat rejection is 0 kW\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 5 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Ex6.2:pg-139" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "T1 = -15 # Source temperature in degree Celsius\n", + "\n", + "T2 = 30 # Sink temperature in degree Celsius\n", + "\n", + "Q2 = 1.75 # in kJ/sec\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 6.2\"\n", + "\n", + "W= Q2*((T2+273)-(T1+273))/(T1+273) # Least Power necessary to pump the heat out\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Least Power necessary to pump the heat out is \",round(W,2),\"kW\"\n", + " \n", + " #The answers vary due to round off error\n", + " \n", + " " + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 6.2\n", + "\n", + " Least Power necessary to pump the heat out is 0.31 kW\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 10 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Ex6.3:pg-140" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "#Given \n", + "\n", + "T1 = 600 # Source temperature of heat engine in degree Celsius\n", + "\n", + "T2 = 40 # Sink temperature of heat engine in degree Celsius \n", + "\n", + "T3 = -20 # Source temperature of refrigerator in degree Celsius\n", + "\n", + "Q1 = 2000 # Heat transfer to heat engine in kJ\n", + "\n", + "W = 360 # Net work output of plant in kJ\n", + "\n", + "# Part (a)\n", + "\n", + "e_max = 1.0-((T2+273)/(T1+273)) # maximum efficiency \n", + "\n", + "W1 = e_max*Q1 # maximum work output \n", + "\n", + "COP = (T3+273)/((T2-273)-(T3-273)) # coefficient of performance of refrigerator\n", + "\n", + "W2 = W1-W # work done to drive refrigerator \n", + "\n", + "Q4 = COP*W2 # Heat extracted by refrigerator\n", + "\n", + "Q3 = Q4+W2 # Heat rejected by refrigerator\n", + "\n", + "Q2 = Q1-W1 # Heat rejected by heat engine\n", + "\n", + "Qt = Q2+Q3 # combined heat rejection by heat engine and refrigerator \n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 6.3\"\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n\\n Part A:\"\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n The heat transfer to refrigerant is \",round(Q2,3) ,\" kJ\"\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n The heat rejection to the 40 degree reservoir is \",round(Qt,3) ,\" kJ\"\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "# Part (b)\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n\\n Part B:\"\n", + "\n", + "e_max_ = 0.4*e_max # maximum efficiency\n", + "\n", + "W1_ = e_max_*Q1 # maximum work output \n", + "\n", + "W2_ = W1_-W # work done to drive refrigerator \n", + "\n", + "COP_ = 0.4*COP # coefficient of performance of refrigerator\n", + "\n", + "Q4_ = COP_*W2_ # Heat extracted by refrigerator\n", + "\n", + "Q3_ = Q4_+W2_ # Heat rejected by refrigerator\n", + "\n", + "Q2_ = Q1-W1_ # Heat rejected by heat engine\n", + "\n", + "QT = Q2_+Q3_# combined heat rejection by heat engine and refrigerator \n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n The heat transfer to refrigerant is \",round(Q2_,3) ,\" kJ\"\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n The heat rejection to the 40 degree reservoir is \",round(QT,3) ,\" kJ\"\n", + "\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 6.3\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Part A:\n", + "\n", + " The heat transfer to refrigerant is 0.0 kJ\n", + "\n", + " The heat rejection to the 40 degree reservoir is 8200.0 kJ\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Part B:\n", + "\n", + " The heat transfer to refrigerant is 1200.0 kJ\n", + "\n", + " The heat rejection to the 40 degree reservoir is 2344.0 kJ\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 14 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Ex6.5:pg-142" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "T1 = 473 # Boiler temperature in K\n", + "\n", + "T2 = 293 # Home temperature in K\n", + "\n", + "T3 = 273 # Outside temperature in K\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 6.5\"\n", + "\n", + "MF = (T2*(T1-T3))/(T1*(T2-T3)) \n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n The multiplication factor is \",MF \n", + "\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 6.5\n", + "\n", + " The multiplication factor is 6\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 15 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Ex6.6:pg-144" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "T1 = 90.0 # Operating temperature of power plant in degree Celsius \n", + "\n", + "T2 = 20.0 # Atmospheric temperature in degree Celsius\n", + "\n", + "W = 1.0 # Power production from power plant in kW\n", + "\n", + "E = 1880 # Capability of energy collection in kJ/m**2 h\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 6.6\"\n", + "\n", + "e_max = 1.0-((T2+273.0)/(T1+273.0)) # maximum efficiency\n", + "\n", + "Qmin = W/e_max # Minimum heat requirement per second\n", + "\n", + "Qmin_ = Qmin*3600.0 # Minimum heat requirement per hour\n", + "\n", + "Amin = Qmin_/E # Minimum area requirement\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Minimum area required for the collector plate is \",math. ceil(Amin) ,\" m**2\"\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 6.6\n", + "\n", + " Minimum area required for the collector plate is 10.0 m**2\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 21 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Ex6.7:pg-144" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "T1 = 1000 # Temperature of hot reservoir in K\n", + "\n", + "W = 1000 # Power requirement in kW\n", + "\n", + "K = 5.67e-08 # constant \n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 6.7\"\n", + "\n", + "Amin = (256*W)/(27*K*T1**4) # minimum area required\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Area of the panel \",Amin ,\" m**2\"\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 6.7\n", + "\n", + " Area of the panel 0.167221895617 m**2\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 23 + } + ], + "metadata": {} + } + ] +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter7.ipynb b/Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter7.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c4be7cbe --- /dev/null +++ b/Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter7.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,462 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter 07: Entropy" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex7.1:pg-191" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 12, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 7.1\n", + "\n", + " Change in entropy of the water is 0.0271 kJ/K\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "import math\n", + "T1 = 37.0 # Final water temperature in degree Celsius \n", + "T2 = 35.0 # Initial water temperature in degree Celsius \n", + "m = 1.0 # Mass of water in kg\n", + "cv = 4.187 # Specific heat capacity of water in kJ/kgK\n", + "print \"\\n Example 7.1\"\n", + "S = m*cv*math.log((T1+273)/(T2+273)) # Change in entropy of the water\n", + "print \"\\n Change in entropy of the water is \",round(S,4) ,\" kJ/K\"\n", + "#The answer provided in the textbook is wrong\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex7.2:pg-192" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 13, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 7.2\n", + "\n", + " The entropy change of the universe is -1.12252010724 kJ/K\n" + ] + }, + { + "ename": "NameError", + "evalue": "name 'log' is not defined", + "output_type": "error", + "traceback": [ + "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m", + "\u001b[1;31mNameError\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)", + "\u001b[1;32m\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m 16\u001b[0m \u001b[1;31m# Part (b)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m 17\u001b[0m \u001b[0mT3\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m=\u001b[0m \u001b[1;36m323\u001b[0m \u001b[1;31m# Temperature of intermediate reservoir in K\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m---> 18\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0mSw\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mm\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m*\u001b[0m\u001b[0mcv\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m*\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mlog\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mT3\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m/\u001b[0m\u001b[0mT1\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m+\u001b[0m\u001b[0mlog\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mT2\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m/\u001b[0m\u001b[0mT3\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m \u001b[1;31m# entropy change of water\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[0;32m 19\u001b[0m \u001b[0mSr1\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m=\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m-\u001b[0m\u001b[0mm\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m*\u001b[0m\u001b[0mcv\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m*\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mT3\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m-\u001b[0m\u001b[0mT1\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m/\u001b[0m\u001b[0mT3\u001b[0m \u001b[1;31m# Entropy change of universe\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m 20\u001b[0m \u001b[0mSr2\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m=\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m-\u001b[0m\u001b[0mm\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m*\u001b[0m\u001b[0mcv\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m*\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mT2\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m-\u001b[0m\u001b[0mT3\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m/\u001b[0m\u001b[0mT2\u001b[0m \u001b[1;31m# Entropy change of universe\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n", + "\u001b[1;31mNameError\u001b[0m: name 'log' is not defined" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "# Part (a)\n", + "T1 = 273 # Initial temperature of water in Kelvin\n", + "T2 = 373 # Temperature of heat reservoir in Kelvin\n", + "m = 1 # Mass of water in kg\n", + "cv = 4.187 # Specific heat capacity of water\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 7.2\"\n", + "Ss = m*cv*math.log(T2/T1) # entropy change of water\n", + "Q = m*cv*(T2-T1) # Heat transfer \n", + "Sr = -(Q/T2) # Entropy change of universe\n", + "S = Ss+Sr # Total entropy change\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n The entropy change of the universe is \",S ,\" kJ/K\"\n", + "\n", + "# Part (b)\n", + "T3 = 323 # Temperature of intermediate reservoir in K\n", + "Sw = m*cv*(log(T3/T1)+log(T2/T3)) # entropy change of water\n", + "Sr1 = -m*cv*(T3-T1)/T3 # Entropy change of universe\n", + "Sr2 = -m*cv*(T2-T3)/T2 # Entropy change of universe\n", + "Su = Sw+Sr1+Sr2 # Total entropy change\n", + "print \"\\n The entropy change of the universe is \",Su ,\" kJ/K\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex7.3:pg-193" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 14, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 7.3\n", + "\n", + " The entropy change of the universe is -0.238182312568 kJ/K\n", + "\n", + " The minimum work required is -69.7874175824 kJ\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "m = 1 # Mass of ice in kg\n", + "\n", + "T1 = -5 # Initial temperature of ice in degree Celsius\n", + "\n", + "T2 = 20# Atmospheric temperature in degree Celsius\n", + "\n", + "T0 = 0# Phase change temperature of ice in degree Celsius\n", + "\n", + "cp = 2.093 # Specific heat capacity of ice in kJ/kgK\n", + "\n", + "cv = 4.187 # Specific heat capacity of water in kJ/kgK\n", + "\n", + "lf = 333.3 # Latent heat of fusion in kJ/kgK\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 7.3\"\n", + "\n", + "Q = m*cp*(T0-T1)+1*333.3+m*cv*(T2-T0) # Net heat transfer\n", + "\n", + "Sa = -Q/(T2+273) # Entropy change of surrounding\n", + "\n", + "Ss1 = m*cp*math.log((T0+273)/(T1+273)) # entropy change during \n", + "\n", + "Ss2 = lf/(T0+273) # Entropy change during phase change\n", + "\n", + "Ss3 = m*cv*math.log((T2+273)/(T0+273)) # entropy change of water\n", + "\n", + "St = Ss1+Ss2+Ss3 # total entropy change of ice to convert into water at atmospheric temperature\n", + "\n", + "Su = St+Sa # Net entropy change of universe\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n The entropy change of the universe is \",Su ,\" kJ/K\"\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#The answer provided in the textbook is wrong\n", + "\n", + "# Part (b)\n", + "\n", + "S = St # Entropy change of system\n", + "\n", + "Wmin = (T2+273)*(S)-Q # minimum work required\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n The minimum work required is \",Wmin ,\" kJ\"\n", + "\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex7.7:pg-200" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 15, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 7.7\n", + "\n", + " Change in enthalpy is 223.48 kJ\n", + "\n", + " Change in internal energy is 171.91 kJ\n", + "\n", + " The change in entropy and heat transfer are is 0 kJ\n", + "\n", + " The work transfer during the process is -171.91 kJ\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "P1 = 0.5 # Initial pressure in MPa\n", + "\n", + "V1 = 0.2 # Initial volume in m**3\n", + "\n", + "V2 = 0.05 # Final volume in m**3\n", + "\n", + "n = 1.3 # Polytropic index\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "from scipy import integrate \n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 7.7\"\n", + "\n", + "P2 = P1*(V1/V2)**n \n", + "\n", + "def f(p):\n", + " y = ((P1*V1**n)/p)**(1/n) \n", + " return y\n", + " \n", + "\n", + " \n", + "H, err = integrate.quad(f,P1,P2) # H = H2-H1\n", + "\n", + "U = H-(P2*V2-P1*V1) \n", + " \n", + "W12 = -U \n", + " \n", + "print \"\\n Change in enthalpy is \",round(H*1e3,2),\" kJ\"\n", + " \n", + "print \"\\n Change in internal energy is \",round(U*1000,2),\" kJ\"\n", + " \n", + "print \"\\n The change in entropy and heat transfer are is \",0 ,\" kJ\"\n", + " \n", + "print \"\\n The work transfer during the process is \",round(W12*1000,2) ,\" kJ\"\n", + " \n", + " #The answers vary due to round off error\n", + " \n", + " " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex7.8:pg-201" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 16, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 7.8\n", + "\n", + " Change in the entropy of the universe is -1.2785104723 kJ/Kg K\n", + "\n", + " As the change in entropy of the universe in the process A-B is negative \n", + " so the flow must be from B-A\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "import math\n", + "from scipy import integrate \n", + "\n", + "\n", + "Pa = 130.0 # Pressure at station A in kPa\n", + "\n", + "Pb = 100.0# Pressure at station B in kPa\n", + "\n", + "Ta = 50.0 # Temperature at station A in degree Celsius\n", + "\n", + "Tb = 13.0# Temperature at station B in degree Celsius\n", + "\n", + "cp = 1.005 # Specific heat capacity of air in kJ/kgK\n", + "\n", + "x= lambda t:cp/t\n", + "y= lambda p:0.287/p\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 7.8\"\n", + "\n", + "Sb,error = integrate.quad(x,Ta,Tb)#-\n", + "Sa,eror=integrate.quad(y,Pa,Pb) \n", + "\n", + "Ss=Sb-Sa\n", + "Ssur=0 \n", + "Su = Ss+Ssur\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Change in the entropy of the universe is \",Su ,\" kJ/Kg K\"\n", + "\n", + "#The answers given in the book is wrong\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n As the change in entropy of the universe in the process A-B is negative \\n so the flow must be from B-A\"\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex7.9:pg-202" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 17, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 7.9\n", + "\n", + " The entropy generated during the process is 0.785677602261 kW/K\n", + "\n", + " As the entropy generated is positive so such device is possible\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "T1 = 300.0 # Inlet temperature of air in K\n", + "\n", + "T2 = 330.0 # Exit temperature of first air stream in K\n", + "\n", + "T3 = 270.0 # Exit temperature of second air stream in K\n", + "\n", + "P1 = 4.0 # Pressure of inlet air stream in bar\n", + "\n", + "P2 =1.0 # Pressure of first exit air stream in bar\n", + "\n", + "P3 =1.0 # Pressure of second exit air stream in bar\n", + "\n", + "cp = 1.0005 # Specific heat capacity of air in kJ/kgK\n", + "\n", + "R = 0.287 # Gas constant\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 7.9\"\n", + "\n", + "S21 = cp*math.log(T2/T1)-R*math.log(P2/P1) # Entropy generation\n", + "\n", + "S31 = cp*math.log(T3/T1)-R*math.log(P3/P1) # Entropy generation\n", + "\n", + "Sgen = (1.0*S21) + (1.0*S31) # Total entropy generation\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n The entropy generated during the process is \",Sgen ,\" kW/K\"\n", + "\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n As the entropy generated is positive so such device is possible\"\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex7.10:pg-203" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 18, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 7.10\n", + "\n", + " The rate of heat transfer through the wall is 1164.84375 W\n", + "\n", + " The rate of entropy through the wall is 0.213013632873 W/K\n", + "\n", + " The rate of total entropy generation with this heat transfer process is 0.352982954545 W/K\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "A = 5*7 # Area of wall in m**2\n", + "k = 0.71# Thermal conductivity in W/mK \n", + "L = 0.32 # Thickness of wall in m\n", + "Ti = 21 # Room temperature in degree Celsius \n", + "To = 6 # Surrounding temperature in degree Celsius\n", + "print \"\\n Example 7.10\"\n", + "Q = k*A*(Ti-To)/L # Heat transfer\n", + "Sgen_wall = Q/(To+273) - Q/(Ti+273) # Entropy generation in wall\n", + "print \"\\n The rate of heat transfer through the wall is \",Q ,\" W\"\n", + "print \"\\n The rate of entropy through the wall is \",Sgen_wall ,\" W/K\"\n", + "Tr = 27 # Inner surface temperature of wall in degree Celsius \n", + "Ts = 2 # Outer surface temperature of wall in degree Celsius \n", + "Sgen_total = Q/(Ts+273)-Q/(Tr+273) # Total entropy generation in process \n", + "print \"\\n The rate of total entropy generation with this heat transfer process is \",Sgen_total ,\" W/K\"\n" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.11" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter8.ipynb b/Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter8.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ecec61f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter8.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,1023 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter 08: Available energy Availability and irreversibility" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex8.1:pg-249" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 15, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 8.1\n", + "\n", + " The fraction of energy that becomes unavailable due to irreversible heat transfer is 0.260038240918\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "T0 = 35.0 # Heat rejection temperature in degree Celsius \n", + "T1 = 420 # Vapor condensation temperature in degree Celsius \n", + "T1_ = 250 # water vapor temperature in degree Celsius \n", + "print \"\\n Example 8.1\"\n", + "f = ((T0+273)*((T1+273)-(T1_+273)))/((T1_+273)*((T1+273)-(T0+273)))# fraction of energy lost\n", + "print \"\\n The fraction of energy that becomes unavailable due to irreversible heat transfer is \",f \n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex8.2:pg-250" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 16, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 8.2\n", + "\n", + " Total change in entropy is 2.03990232306 kJ/K\n", + "\n", + " Increase in unavailable energy is 618.090403887 kJ\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from scipy import integrate\n", + "import math\n", + "\n", + "lhw = 1858.5 # Latent heat of water in kJ/kg\n", + "Tew = 220 # Water evaporation temperature in degree Celsius\n", + " \n", + "Tig = 1100 # Initial temperature of the gas in degree Celsius\n", + "Tfg = 550 # Final temperature of the gas in degree Celsius\n", + "T0 = 303 # Atmospheric temperature in degree Celsius\n", + "Tg2 = 823 \n", + "Tg1 = 1373\n", + "print \"\\n Example 8.2\"\n", + "Sw = lhw/(Tew+273) # Entropy generation in water\n", + "Sg,error = integrate.quad(lambda T:3.38/T,Tg1,Tg2)\n", + "St = Sg+Sw \n", + "print \"\\n Total change in entropy is \",St ,\" kJ/K\"\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Increase in unavailable energy is \",T0*St ,\" kJ\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex8.4:pg-253" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 17, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 8.4\n", + "\n", + " The decrease in the available energy is 281.816890623 kJ\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "from scipy import integrate\n", + "Ts_ = 15 # Ambient temperature in degree Celsius\n", + "Tw1_ = 95 # Temperature of water sample 1 in degree Celsius\n", + "Tw2_ = 35# Temperature of water sample 2 in degree Celsius\n", + "m1 = 25 # Mass of water sample 1 in kg\n", + "m2 = 35 # Mass of water sample 2 in kg\n", + "cp = 4.2 # Specific heat capacity of water in kJ/kgK\n", + "print \"\\n Example 8.4\"\n", + "Ts = Ts_+273# Ambient temperature in K\n", + "Tw1 = Tw1_+273 # Temperature of water sample 1 in K\n", + "Tw2 = Tw2_+273# Temperature of water sample 2 in K\n", + "AE25,er = integrate.quad(lambda T:m1*cp*(1-(Ts/T)),Ts,Tw1)\n", + "AE35,er2 = integrate.quad(lambda T:m2*cp*(1-(Ts/T)),Ts,Tw2)\n", + "AEt = AE25 + AE35\n", + "Tm = (m1*Tw1+m2*Tw2)/(m1+m2) # Temperature after mixing\n", + "AE60,er3 = integrate.quad(lambda T:(m1+m2)*cp*(1-(Ts/T)),Ts,Tm)\n", + "AE = AEt - AE60\n", + "print \"\\n The decrease in the available energy is \",AE ,\" kJ\"\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex8.5:pg-254" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 18, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 8.5\n", + "\n", + " The final RPM of the flywheel would be 222.168786807 RPM\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "from scipy import integrate\n", + "N1 = 3000 # Speed of rotation of flywheel in RPM\n", + "I = 0.54 # Moment of inertia of flywheel in kgm**2\n", + "ti_ = 15 # Temperature of insulated system in degree Celsius \n", + "m = 2 # Water equivalent of shaft \n", + "print \"\\n Example 8.5\"\n", + "w1 = (2*math.pi*N1)/60 # Angular velocity of rotation in rad/s\n", + "Ei = 0.5*I*w1**2 # rotational kinetic energy\n", + "dt = Ei/(1000*2*4.187) # temperature change\n", + "ti = ti_+273# Temperature of insulated system in Kelvin\n", + "tf = ti+dt # final temperature\n", + "AE,er = integrate.quad(lambda T: m*4.187*(1-(ti/T)),ti,tf)\n", + "UE = Ei/1000 - AE # Unavailable enrgy\n", + "w2 = math.sqrt(AE*1000*2/I) # Angular speed in rad/s \n", + "N2 = (w2*60)/(2*math.pi) # Speed of rotation in RPM\n", + "print \"\\n The final RPM of the flywheel would be \",N2 ,\" RPM\"\n", + "\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex8.6:pg-255" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 19, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 8.6\n", + "\n", + " The maximum work is 122.957271378 kJ\n", + "\n", + " Change in availability is 82.4328713783 kJ\n", + "\n", + " Irreversibility is 15.2572713783 kJ\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "from scipy import integrate\n", + "T1_ = 80.0 # Initial temperature of air in degree Celsius \n", + "T2_ = 5.0 # Final temperature of air in degree Celsius \n", + "V2 = 2.0 # Assumed final volume\n", + "V1 = 1.0 # Assumed initial volume\n", + "P0 = 100.0 # Final pressure of air in kPa\n", + "P1 = 500.0 # Initial pressure of air in kPa\n", + "R = 0.287 # Gas constant\n", + "cv = 0.718 # Specific heat capacity at constant volume for gas in kJ/kg K\n", + "m = 2.0 # Mass of gas in kg\n", + "print \"\\n Example 8.6\"\n", + "T1= T1_+273 # Initial temperature of air in K \n", + "T2 = T2_+273 # Final temperature of air in K \n", + "S= integrate.quad(lambda T:(m*cv)/T,T1,T2)[0] + integrate.quad(lambda V: (m*R)/V,V1,V2)[0] # Entropy change\n", + "U = m*cv*(T1-T2)# Change in internal energy\n", + "Wmax = U-(T2*(-S)) # Maximum possible work\n", + "V1_ = (m*R*T1)/P1 # volume calculation\n", + "CA = Wmax-P0*(V1_) # Change in availability\n", + "I = T2*S # Irreversibility\n", + "print \"\\n The maximum work is \",Wmax ,\" kJ\"\n", + "print \"\\n Change in availability is \",CA ,\" kJ\"\n", + "print \"\\n Irreversibility is \",I ,\" kJ\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex8.7:pg-256" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 20, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 8.7\n", + "\n", + " The decrease in availability is 260.756521108 kJ/kg\n", + "\n", + " The maximum work is 260.756521108 kJ/kg\n", + "\n", + " The irreversibility is 49.6565211082 kJ/kg\n", + "\n", + " Alternatively, The irreversibility is 49.6565211082 kJ/kg\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "P1 = 500.0 # Initial pressure of steam in kPa\n", + "P2 = 100.0# Final pressure of steam in kPa\n", + "T1_ = 520.0 #Initial temperature of steam in degree Celsius\n", + "T2_ = 300.0 #Final temperature of steam in degree Celsius\n", + "cp = 1.005 # Specific heat capacity of steam in kJ/kgK\n", + "t0 = 20.0 # Atmospheric temperature in degree Celsius \n", + "R = 0.287 # Gas constant\n", + "Q = -10.0 # Heat loss to surrounding in kJ/kg\n", + "print \"\\n Example 8.7\"\n", + "T1 = T1_+273 #Initial temperature of steam in degree Celsius\n", + "T2 = T2_+273 #Final temperature of steam in degree Celsius\n", + "S21 = (R*math.log(P2/P1))-(cp*math.log(T2/T1))\n", + "T0 = t0+273\n", + "CA = cp*(T1-T2)-T0*S21 # Change in availability\n", + "Wmax = CA # Maximum possible work\n", + "W = cp*(T1-T2)+Q # net work\n", + "I = Wmax-W # Irreversibility\n", + "# Altenatively\n", + "Ssystem = -Q/T0\n", + "Ssurr = -S21\n", + "I1 = T0*(Ssystem+Ssurr)\n", + "print \"\\n The decrease in availability is \",CA ,\" kJ/kg\"\n", + "print \"\\n The maximum work is \",Wmax ,\" kJ/kg\"\n", + "print \"\\n The irreversibility is \",I ,\" kJ/kg\"\n", + "print \"\\n Alternatively, The irreversibility is \",I1 ,\" kJ/kg\"\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex8.8:pg-258" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 21, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 8.8\n", + "\n", + " The initial and final availbility of the products are 85.9672398469 kJ/Kg and 39.6826771757 kJ/Kg respectively\n", + "\n", + " The irreversibility of the process is 319.369801955 kW\n", + "\n", + " Total power generated by the heat engine is 472.671938045 kW\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "T0 = 300.0 # Atmospheric temperature in K\n", + "Tg1_ = 300.0 # Higher temperature of combustion product in degree Celcius\n", + "Tg2_ = 200.0 # Lower temperature of combustion product in degree Celcius\n", + "Ta1 = 40.0 # Initial air temperature in K\n", + "cpg = 1.09 # Specific heat capacity of combustion gas in kJ/kgK\n", + "cpa = 1.005# Specific heat capacity of air in kJ/kgK\n", + "mg = 12.5 # mass flow rate of product in kg/s\n", + "ma = 11.15# mass flow rate of air in kg/s\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 8.8\"\n", + "Tg1 = Tg1_+273 # Higher temperature of combustion product in K\n", + "Tg2 = Tg2_+273 # Lower temperature of combustion product in K\n", + "f1 = cpg*(Tg1-T0)-T0*cpg*(math.log(Tg1/T0)) # Initial availability of product\n", + "f2 = cpg*(Tg2-T0)-T0*cpg*(math.log(Tg2/T0)) # Final availabilty of product\n", + "print \"\\n The initial and final availbility of the products are \",f1 ,\" kJ/Kg and \",f2 ,\" kJ/Kg respectively\"\n", + "#The answer provided in the textbook is wrong\n", + "\n", + "# Part (b)\n", + "Dfg = f1-f2 # Decrease in availability of products\n", + "Ta2 = (Ta1+273) + (mg/ma)*(cpg/cpa)*(Tg1-Tg2) # Exit temperature of air\n", + "Ifa = cpa*(Ta2-(Ta1+273))-T0*cpa*(math.log(Ta2/(Ta1+273))) # Increase in availability of air\n", + "I = mg*Dfg-ma*Ifa # Irreversibility \n", + "print \"\\n The irreversibility of the process is \",I ,\" kW\"\n", + "##The answer provided in the textbook contains round off error\n", + "\n", + "# Part (c)\n", + "Ta2_ = (Ta1+273)*(Tg1/Tg2)**((12.5*1.09)/(11.5*1.005))\n", + "Q1 = mg*cpg*(Tg1-Tg2) # Heat supply rate from gas to working fluid\n", + "Q2 = ma*cpa*(Ta2_-(Ta1+273))# Heat rejection rate from the working fluid in heat engine\n", + "W = Q1-Q2 # Power developed by heat engine\n", + "print \"\\n Total power generated by the heat engine is \",W ,\" kW\"\n", + "#The answer provided in the textbook contains round off error\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex8.9:pg-260" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 22, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 8.9\n", + "\n", + " The irreversibility rate is 15.8201795694 kW\n", + "\n", + " The irreversibility rate at lower temperature is 3.03317755354 kW\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "T2 = 790.0 # Final temperature of gas in degree Celsius\n", + "T1 = 800.0 # Initial temperature of gas in degree Celsius\n", + "m = 2.0 # Mass flow rate in kg/s\n", + "cp = 1.1 # Specific heat capacity in kJ/KgK\n", + "T0 = 300.0 # Ambient temperature in K\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 8.9\"\n", + "I = m*cp*(((T1+273)-(T2+273))-T0*(math.log((T1+273)/(T2+273)))) # irreversibility rate\n", + "print \"\\n The irreversibility rate is \",I ,\" kW\"\n", + "\n", + "# At lower temperature\n", + "T1_ = 80.0 # Initial temperature of gas in degree Celsius\n", + "T2_ = 70.0 # Initial temperature of gas in degree Celsius\n", + "I_ = m*cp*(((T1_+273)-(T2_+273))-T0*(math.log((T1_+273)/(T2_+273)))) # irreversibility rate\n", + "print \"\\n The irreversibility rate at lower temperature is \",I_ ,\" kW\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex8.10:pg-261" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 23, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 8.10\n", + "\n", + " The rate of energy loss because of the pressure drop due to friction 25.83 kW\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "m = 3 # Mass flow rate in kg/s\n", + "R = 0.287 # Gas constant\n", + "T0 = 300 # Ambient temperature in K\n", + "k = 0.10 # Fractional pressure drop\n", + "print \"\\n Example 8.10\"\n", + "Sgen = m*R*k # Entropy generation\n", + "I = Sgen*T0 # Irreversibility Calculation\n", + "print \"\\n The rate of energy loss because of the pressure drop due to friction \",I ,\" kW\"\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex8.11:pg-261" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 24, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 8.11\n", + "\n", + " The rate of entropy generation is 0.0446035560498 kW/K\n", + "\n", + " The rate of energy loss due to mixing is 13.3810668149 kW\n", + "\n", + " The rate of energy loss due to mixing is 13.3810668149 kW\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "m1 = 2.0 # Flow rate of water in kg/s\n", + "m2 = 1.0 # Flow rate of another stream in kg/s\n", + "T1 = 90.0 # Temperature of water in degree Celsius\n", + "T2 = 30.0# Temperature of another stream in degree Celsius\n", + "T0 =300.0 # Ambient temperature in K\n", + "cp = 4.187 # Specific heat capacity of water in kJ/kgK\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 8.11\"\n", + "m = m1+m2 # Net mass flow rate\n", + "x = m1/m # mass fraction\n", + "t = (T2+273)/(T1+273) # Temperature ratio\n", + "Sgen = m*cp*math.log((x+t*(1-x))/(t**(1-x))) # Entropy generation\n", + "I = T0*Sgen # Irreversibility production\n", + "# Alternatively\n", + "T = (m1*T1+m2*T2)/(m1+m2) # equilibrium temperature\n", + "Sgen1 = m1*cp*math.log((T+273)/(T1+273))+m2*cp*math.log((T+273)/(T2+273))# Entropy generation\n", + "I1 = T0*Sgen1 # Irreversibility production\n", + "print \"\\n The rate of entropy generation is \",Sgen ,\" kW/K\"\n", + "print \"\\n The rate of energy loss due to mixing is \",I ,\" kW\"\n", + "print \"\\n The rate of energy loss due to mixing is \",I1 ,\" kW\" # Calculation from alternative way\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex8.12:pg-262" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 25, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 8.12\n", + " \n", + "\n", + " PART (A)\n", + "\n", + " The first law efficiency is 96.0 percent\n", + "\n", + " The second law efficiency is 79.0588235294 percent\n", + " \n", + "\n", + " PART (B)\n", + "\n", + " The first law efficiency is 90.0 percent\n", + "\n", + " The second law efficiency is 42.3529411765 percent\n", + " \n", + "\n", + " PART (C)\n", + "\n", + " The first law efficiency is 60.0 percent\n", + "\n", + " The second law efficiency is 4.41176470588 percent\n", + " \n", + "\n", + " PART (D)\n", + "\n", + " The First law efficiency for all the three cases would remain same and here is 90.0 percent\n", + "\n", + " The Second law efficiency of part (a) is 74.1176470588 percent\n", + "\n", + " The Second law efficiency of part (b) is 42.3529411765 percent\n", + "\n", + " The Second law efficiency of part (c) is 6.61764705882 percent\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "Qr = 500.0 # Heat release in kW\n", + "Tr = 2000.0 # Fuel burning temperature in K \n", + "T0 = 300.0 # Ambient temperature in K\n", + "# Part (a)\n", + "print \"\\n Example 8.12\"\n", + "Qa = 480.0 # Energy absorption by furnace in kW\n", + "Ta = 1000.0 # Furnace temperature in K \n", + "n1a = (Qa/Qr) # first law efficiency\n", + "n2a = n1a*(1.0-(T0/Ta))/(1.0-(T0/Tr)) #second law efficiency\n", + "\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "print \" \\n\\n PART (A)\"\n", + "print \"\\n The first law efficiency is \",n1a*100 ,\" percent\" \n", + "print \"\\n The second law efficiency is \",n2a*100 ,\" percent\"\n", + "\n", + "# Part (b)\n", + "Qb = 450.0 # Energy absorption in steam generation in kW\n", + "Tb = 500.0# steam generation temperature in K \n", + "n1b = (Qb/Qr)# first law efficiency\n", + "n2b = n1b*(1.0-(T0/Tb))/(1.0-(T0/Tr))#second law efficiency\n", + "print \" \\n\\n PART (B)\"\n", + "print \"\\n The first law efficiency is \",n1b*100 ,\" percent\" \n", + "print \"\\n The second law efficiency is \",n2b*100 ,\" percent\"\n", + "# Part (c)\n", + "Qc = 300.0 # Energy absorption in chemical process in kW\n", + "Tc = 320.0 # chemical process temperature in K \n", + "n1c = (Qc/Qr) # first law efficiency\n", + "n2c = n1c*(1.0-(T0/Tc))/(1.0-(T0/Tr))#second law efficiency\n", + "print \" \\n\\n PART (C)\"\n", + "print \"\\n The first law efficiency is \",n1c*100 ,\" percent\"\n", + "print \"\\n The second law efficiency is \",n2c*100 ,\" percent\" \n", + "# Part (d)\n", + "Qd = 450.0 \n", + "n1d = (Qd/Qr)\n", + "n2a_= n1d*(1.0-(T0/Ta))/(1.0-(T0/Tr))\n", + "n2b_= n1d*(1.0-(T0/Tb))/(1.0-(T0/Tr))\n", + "n2c_= n1d*(1.0-(T0/Tc))/(1.0-(T0/Tr))\n", + "print \" \\n\\n PART (D)\"\n", + "print \"\\n The First law efficiency for all the three cases would remain same and here is \",n1d*100 ,\" percent\" #The answer provided in the textbook is wrong\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n The Second law efficiency of part (a) is \",n2a_*100 ,\" percent\"\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n The Second law efficiency of part (b) is \",n2b_*100 ,\" percent\"\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n The Second law efficiency of part (c) is \",n2c_*100 ,\" percent\"\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex8.14:pg-265" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 26, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 8.14\n", + "\n", + " The power input is -235.675 kW\n", + " \n", + " The second law efficiency of the compressor is 85.5494233193 percent\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "cp = 1.005 # Specific heat capacity of air in kJ/kgK \n", + "T2 = 160.0 # Compressed air temperature in degree Celsius\n", + "T1 = 25.0 # Ambient temperature\n", + "T0 = 25.0 # Ambient temperature\n", + "R = 0.287 # Gas constant\n", + "P2 = 8.0 # Pressure ratio\n", + "P1 = 1.0 # Initial pressure of gas in bar\n", + "Q = -100.0 # Heat loss to surrounding in kW\n", + "m = 1.0 # Mass flow rate in kg/s\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 8.14\"\n", + "W = Q + m*cp*((T1+273)-(T2+273)) # power input\n", + "AF = cp*((T2+273)- (T1+273))-(T0+273)*((cp*math.log((T2+273)/(T1+273))-(R*math.log(P2/P1)))) # Availability\n", + "e = AF/-W # efficiency \n", + "print \"\\n The power input is \",W ,\" kW\"\n", + "print \" \\n The second law efficiency of the compressor is \",e*100 ,\" percent\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex8.15:pg-265" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 27, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 8.15\n", + "\n", + " The exergy of the complete vacuum is 100.0 kJ\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "# Since vacuum has zero mass\n", + "U = 0 # Initial internal energy in kJ/kg\n", + "H0 = 0 # Initial enthalpy in kJ/kg\n", + "S = 0 # Initial entropy in kJ/kgK\n", + "# If the vacuum has reduced to dead state\n", + "U0 = 0 # Final internal energy in kJ/kg\n", + "H0 = 0 # Final enthalpy in kJ/kg\n", + "S0 = 0 # Final entropy in kJ/kgK\n", + "V0 = 0 # Final volume in m**3\n", + "P0 = 1.0 # Pressure in bar\n", + "V = 1.0 # Volume of space in m**3\n", + "fi = P0*1e5*V\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 8.15\"\n", + "print \"\\n The exergy of the complete vacuum is \",fi/1e3 ,\" kJ\"\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex8.16:pg-266" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 28, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 8.16\n", + "\n", + " Exergy produced is 34.6210270729 MJ or 9.61695196469 kWh\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "m = 1000.0 # Mass of fish in kg \n", + "T0 = 300.0 # Ambient temperature in K\n", + "P0 = 1.0 # Ambient pressure in bar\n", + "T1 = 300.0 # Initial temperature of fish in K\n", + "T2_ = -20.0 # Final temperature of fish in degree Celsius\n", + "Tf_ = -2.2 # Freezing point temperature of fish in degree Celsius\n", + "Cb = 1.7 # Specific heat of fish below freezing point in kJ/kg\n", + "Ca = 3.2 # Specific heat of fish above freezing point in kJ/kg\n", + "Lh = 235.0 # Latent heat of fusion of fish in kJ/kg \n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 8.16\"\n", + "T2 = T2_+273 # Final temperature of fish in K\n", + "Tf = Tf_+273 # Freezing point temperature of fish in K\n", + "H12 = m*((Cb*(Tf-T2))+Lh+(Ca*(T1-Tf))) # Enthalpy change \n", + "H21 = -H12 # Enthalpy change \n", + "S12 = m*((Cb*math.log(Tf/T2))+(Lh/Tf)+(Ca*math.log(T1/Tf))) # Entropy change\n", + "S21 = -S12 # Entropy change\n", + "E = H21-T0*S21 #Exergy produced\n", + "print \"\\n Exergy produced is \",E/1e3 ,\" MJ or \",E/3600 ,\" kWh\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex8.17:pg-267" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 29, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 8.17\n", + "\n", + " The irreversibility in case a is 110.031839359 kJ/kg\n", + "\n", + " The irreversibility in case b is 38.2318393592 kJ/kg\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "cv = 0.718 # Specific heat capacity of air in kJ/kg\n", + "T2 = 500.0 # Final temperature of air in K\n", + "T1 = 300.0# Initial temperature of air in K\n", + "m = 1.0 # Mass of air in kg\n", + "T0 = 300.0 # Ambient temperature\n", + "# Case (a)\n", + "print \"\\n Example 8.17\"\n", + "Sua = cv*math.log(T2/T1) # Entropy change of universe\n", + "Ia = T0*Sua # irreversibility\n", + "print \"\\n The irreversibility in case a is \",Ia ,\" kJ/kg\"\n", + "\n", + "# Case (b)\n", + "Q = m*cv*(T2-T1) # Heat transfer\n", + "T = 600 # Temperature of thermal reservoir in K\n", + "Sub = Sua-(Q/T) # Entropy change of universe\n", + "Ib = T0*Sub # irreversibility\n", + "print \"\\n The irreversibility in case b is \",Ib ,\" kJ/kg\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex8.18:pg-268" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 30, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 8.18\n", + "\n", + " Irreversibility per unit mass is 142.7096 kJ/kg\n", + "\n", + " The second law efficiency of the turbine is 78.0527289547 percent\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "h1 = 3230.9 # Enthalpy of steam at turbine inlet in kJ/kg\n", + "s1 = 6.69212# Entropy of steam at turbine inlet in kJ/kgK \n", + "V1 = 160.0 # Velocity of steam at turbine inlet in m/s\n", + "T1 = 400.0 # Temperature of steam at turbine inlet in degree Celsius\n", + "h2 = 2676.1 # Enthalpy of steam at turbine exit in kJ/kg\n", + "s2 = 7.3549 # Entropy of steam at turbine exit in kJ/kgK \n", + "V2 = 100.0 # Velocity of steam at turbine exit in m/s\n", + "T2 = 100.0 # Temperature of steam at turbine exit in degree Celsius\n", + "T0 = 298.0 # Ambient temperature in K\n", + "W = 540.0 # Work developed by turbine in kW\n", + "Tb = 500.0 # Average outer surface temperature of turbine in K\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 8.18\"\n", + "Q = (h1-h2)+((V1**2-V2**2)/2)*1e-03-W # Heat loss\n", + "I = 151.84-Q*(0.404) # Irreversibility \n", + "AF = W + Q*(1.0-(T0/Tb)) + I # Exergy transfer\n", + "n2 = W/AF # second law efficiency\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Irreversibility per unit mass is \",I ,\" kJ/kg\"\n", + "print \"\\n The second law efficiency of the turbine is \",n2*100 ,\" percent\"\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex8.19:pg-269" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 31, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 8.19\n", + "\n", + " Case A:\n", + "\n", + " Rate of availability transfer with heat and the irreversibility rate are \n", + " 1.7 kW and -6.8 kW respectively.\n", + "\n", + " Case B:\n", + "\n", + " Rate of availability in case b is 3.4 kW \n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "T0 = 300.0 # Ambient temperature in K\n", + "T = 1500.0 # Resistor temperature in K\n", + "Q = -8.5 # Power supply in kW\n", + " \n", + "# Case (a)\n", + "W = -Q # work transfer\n", + "I = Q*(1.0-T0/T) + W # Irreversibility\n", + "R = Q*(1.0-T0/T) # availability\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 8.19\"\n", + "print \"\\n Case A:\"\n", + "print \"\\n Rate of availability transfer with heat and the irreversibility rate are \\n \",I ,\" kW and \",R ,\" kW respectively.\"\n", + "# Case (b)\n", + "T1 = 500.0 # Furnace wall temperature\n", + "Ib = - Q*(1.0-T0/T) + Q*(1.0-T0/T1) # Irreversibility\n", + "print \"\\n Case B:\"\n", + "print \"\\n Rate of availability in case b is \",Ib ,\" kW \"\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex8.20:pg-270" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 32, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 8.20\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Part A:\n", + "\n", + " There is heat loss to surrounding.\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Part B:\n", + "\n", + " The polytropic index is 1.0\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Part C:\n", + "\n", + " Isothermal efficiency is 97.8793558312 percent \n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Part D:\n", + "\n", + " The minimum work input is -6.44697949667 kJ/kg, and irreversibility is 108.941520503 kJ/kg\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " Part E:\n", + "\n", + " Second law efficiency is 6.0 percent\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "p1 = 1 # Air pressure at compressure inlet in bar\n", + "t1 = 30 # Air temperature at compressure inlet in degree Celsius\n", + "p2 = 3.5 # Air pressure at compressure exit in bar\n", + "t2 = 141 # Air temperature at compressure exit in degree Celsius\n", + "v = 90 # Air velocity at compressure exit in m/s\n", + "cp = 1.0035 # Specific heat capacity of air in kJ/kg\n", + "y = 1.4 # Heat capacity ratio\n", + "R = 0.287 # Gas constant\n", + "print \"\\n Example 8.20\\n\"\n", + "T2s = (t1+273)*(p2/p1)**((y-1)/y)\n", + "if T2s>(t2+273): \n", + " print \"\\n Part A:\"\n", + " print \"\\n There is heat loss to surrounding.\"\n", + "n =(1/(1-((math.log((t2+273)/(t1+273)))/(math.log(p2/p1)))))\n", + "print \"\\n\\n Part B:\"\n", + "print \"\\n The polytropic index is \",n\n", + "Wa = cp*(t1-t2)-(v**2)/2000 # Actual work \n", + "Wt = -R*(t1+273)*math.log(p2/p1) - (v**2)/2000 # Isothermal work\n", + "nt =Wt/Wa # Isothermal efficency\n", + "print \"\\n\\n Part C:\"\n", + "print \"\\n Isothermal efficiency is \",nt*100 ,\" percent \"\n", + "df = cp*(t1-t2) + (t1+273)*(R*math.log(p2/p1) - cp*math.log((t2+273)/(t1+273))) -(v**2)/2000\n", + "Wm = df # Minimum work input\n", + "I = Wm-Wa # Irreversibility\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n\\n Part D:\"\n", + "print \"\\n The minimum work input is \",Wm,\" kJ/kg, and irreversibility is \",I ,\" kJ/kg\"\n", + "# The answers given in the book contain round off error\n", + "\n", + "neta = Wm/Wa\n", + "print \"\\n\\n Part E:\"\n", + "print \"\\n Second law efficiency is \",math. ceil(neta*100) ,\" percent\"\n", + "\n" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.11" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter9.ipynb b/Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter9.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..91d540ce --- /dev/null +++ b/Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/Chapter9.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,929 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter 09:Properties of pure substances" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex9.1:pg-302" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 9.1\n", + "\n", + " At 1 MPa, \n", + " saturation temperature is 179.91 degree celcius\n", + "\n", + " Changes in specific volume is 0.193313 m**3/kg\n", + "\n", + " Change in entropy during evaporation is 4.4478 kJ/kg K\n", + "\n", + " The latent heat of vaporization is 2015.3 kJ/kg\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "# At 1 MPa\n", + "tsat = 179.91 # Saturation temperature in degree Celsius\n", + "vf = 0.001127 # Specific volume of fluid in m**3/kg\n", + "vg = 0.19444 # Specific volume of gas in m**3/kg \n", + "sf = 2.1387 # Specific entropy of fluid in kJ/kgK\n", + "sg = 6.5865# Specific entropy of gas in kJ/kgK\n", + "print \"\\n Example 9.1\"\n", + "vfg = vg-vf # Change in specific volume due to evaporation\n", + "sfg = sg-sf# Change in specific entropy due to evaporation\n", + "hfg = 2015.3\n", + "print \"\\n At 1 MPa, \\n saturation temperature is \",tsat ,\" degree celcius\"\n", + "print \"\\n Changes in specific volume is \",vfg ,\" m**3/kg\"\n", + "print \"\\n Change in entropy during evaporation is \",sfg ,\" kJ/kg K\"\n", + "print \"\\n The latent heat of vaporization is \",hfg ,\" kJ/kg\"\n", + "# Data is given in the table A.1(b) in Appendix in the book\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex9.2:pg-302" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 9.2\n", + "\n", + " pressure = 0.6 Mpa\n", + " Temperature = 158.85 degree centigrade\n", + " Specific volume = 0.3156 m**3/kg\n", + " enthalpy = 2756.8 kJ/kg\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "# Given that\n", + "s = 6.76 # Entropy of saturated steam in kJ/kgK\n", + "print \"\\n Example 9.2\"\n", + "# From the table A.1(b) given in the book at s= 6.76 kJ/kgK\n", + "p = 0.6\n", + "t=158.85\n", + "v_g=0.3156\n", + "h_g=2756.8\n", + "print \"\\n pressure = \",p ,\" Mpa\\n Temperature = \",t ,\" degree centigrade\\n Specific volume = \",v_g ,\" m**3/kg\\n enthalpy = \",h_g ,\" kJ/kg\"\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex9.3:pg-302" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 9.3\n", + "\n", + " The enthalpy and entropy of the system are\n", + " 2614.55463998 kW and 5.96006442363 kJ/kg and kJ/kg K respectively.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "v = 0.09 # Specific volume of substance at a point in m**3/kg\n", + "vf = 0.001177 # Specific volume of fluid in m**3/kg\n", + "vg = 0.09963 # Specific volume of gas in m**3/kg\n", + "hf = 908.79 # Specific enthalpy of fluid in kJ/kg\n", + "hfg = 1890.7 # Latent heat of substance in kJ/kg\n", + "sf = 2.4474 # Specific entropy of fluid in kJ/kgK\n", + "sfg = 3.8935 # Entropy change due to vaporization\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 9.3\"\n", + "x = (v-vf)/(vg-vf) # steam quality\n", + "h = hf+(x*hfg) # Specific enthalpy of substance at a point in kJ/kg\n", + "s = sf+(x*sfg) # Specific entropy of substance at a point in kJ/kgK\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n The enthalpy and entropy of the system are\\n \",h ,\" kW and \",s ,\" kJ/kg and kJ/kg K respectively.\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex9.5:pg-303" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 6, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 9.5\n", + "\n", + " The pressure is 3.973 MPa\n", + "\n", + " The total mass of mixture is 9.57329343706 kg\n", + "\n", + " Specific volume is 0.00417829039327 m3/kg\n", + "\n", + " Enthalpy is is 1188.13405609 kJ/kg\n", + "\n", + " The entropy is 2.9891336667 kJ/kg K\n", + "\n", + " The internal energy is 1171.53370836 kJ/kg\n", + "\n", + " At 250 degree Celsius, internal energy is 1171.53445483 kJ/kg\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "Psat = 3.973 # Saturation pressure in MPa\n", + "vf = 0.0012512 # specific volume of fluid in m**3/kg\n", + "vg = 0.05013 # Specific volume of gas in m**3/kg\n", + "hf = 1085.36 # Specific enthalpy of fluid in kJ/kg\n", + "hfg = 1716.2 # Latent heat of vaporization in kJ/kg\n", + "sf = 2.7927 # Specific entropy of fluid in kJ/kgK\n", + "sfg = 3.2802 # Entropy change due to vaporization in kJ/kgK\n", + "mf = 9.0 # Mass of liquid in kg\n", + "V = 0.04 # Volume of vessel in m**3\n", + "# at T = 250\n", + "uf = 1080.39 #Specific internal energy in kJ/kg \n", + "ufg = 1522.0# Change in internal energy due to vaporization in kJ/kg\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 9.5\"\n", + "Vf = mf*vf # volume of fluid\n", + "Vg = V-Vf # volume of gas\n", + "mg = Vg/vg # mass of gas\n", + "m = mf+mg # mass if mixture\n", + "x = mg/m # quality of steam\n", + "v = vf+x*(vg-vf) # specific volume of mixture\n", + "h = hf+x*hfg # enthalpy of mixture\n", + "s = sf+(x*sfg) # entropy of mixture\n", + "u = h-Psat*1e6*v*1e-03 # Internal energy of mixture\n", + "u_ = uf+x*ufg # Internal energy at 250 degree Celsius\n", + "print \"\\n The pressure is \",Psat ,\" MPa\"\n", + "print \"\\n The total mass of mixture is \",m ,\" kg\"\n", + "print \"\\n Specific volume is \",v ,\" m3/kg\"\n", + "print \"\\n Enthalpy is is \",h ,\" kJ/kg\"\n", + "print \"\\n The entropy is \",s ,\" kJ/kg K\"\n", + "print \"\\n The internal energy is \",u ,\" kJ/kg\"\n", + "print \"\\n At 250 degree Celsius, internal energy is \",u_ ,\"kJ/kg\" #The answer provided in the textbook is wrong\n", + "\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex9.7:pg-305" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 11, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 9.7\n", + "\n", + " The ideal work output of the turbine is 882.40804932 kJ/Kg\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "# At T = 40 degree\n", + "Psat = 7.384 # Saturation pressure in kPa\n", + "sf = 0.5725 # Entropy of fluid in kJ/kgK\n", + "sfg = 7.6845 # Entropy change due to vaporization in kJ/kgK\n", + "hf = 167.57 # Enthalpy of fluid in kJ/kg\n", + "hfg = 2406.7 # Latent heat of vaporization in kJ/kg\n", + "s1 = 6.9189 # Entropy at turbine inlet in kJ/kgK\n", + "h1 = 3037.6 # Enthalpy at turbine inlet in kJ/kg\n", + "print \"\\n Example 9.7\"\n", + "x2 = (s1-sf)/sfg # Steam quality\n", + "h2 = hf+(x2*hfg) # Enthalpy at turbine exit\n", + "W = h1-h2 # Net work done\n", + "print \"\\n The ideal work output of the turbine is \",W ,\" kJ/Kg\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex9.9:pg-308" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 9.9\n", + "\n", + " The quality of steam in pipe line is 0.96097673702\n", + "\n", + " Maximum moisture content that can be determined is 5.47886817645 percent\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "h2 = 2716.2 # Enthalpy at turbine inlet in kJ/kg\n", + "hf = 844.89 # Enthalpy of fluid in kJ/kg\n", + "hfg = 1947.3 # Latent heat of vaporization in kJ/kg\n", + "h3 = 2685.5 # Enthalpy at turbine exit in kJ/kg\n", + "print \"\\n Example 9.9\"\n", + "x1 = (h2-hf)/hfg\n", + "x4 = (h3-hf)/hfg\n", + "print \"\\n The quality of steam in pipe line is \",x1 #The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "print \"\\n Maximum moisture content that can be determined is \",100-(x4*100) ,\" percent\"#The answer provided in the textbook is wrong\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex9.10:pg-309" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 3, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 9.10\n", + "\n", + " The quality of the steam in the pipe line is 0.909544295341\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "# At 0.1Mpa, 110 degree\n", + "h2 = 2696.2 # Enthalpy at turbine inlet in kJ/kg\n", + "hf = 844.89 # Enthalpy of fluid in kJ/kg\n", + "hfg = 1947.3 # Latent heat of vaporization in kJ/kg\n", + "vf = 0.001023 # at T = 70 degree\n", + "V = 0.000150 # In m3\n", + "m2 = 3.24 # mass of condensed steam in kg\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 9.10\"\n", + "x2 = (h2-hf)/hfg # Quality of steam at turbine inlet\n", + "m1 = V/vf # mass of moisture collected in separator\n", + "x1 = (x2*m2)/(m1+m2) # quality of the steam\n", + "print \"\\n The quality of the steam in the pipe line is \",x1 \n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex9.11:pg-310" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 4, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 9.11\n", + "\n", + " The heat transfer during the process is 1788.19203218 MJ\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "# P = 1MPa\n", + "vf = 0.001127 # specific volume of fluid in m**3/kg\n", + "vg = 0.1944# specific volume of gas in m**3/kg\n", + "hg = 2778.1 # specific enthalpy of gas in kJ/kg\n", + "uf = 761.68 # Specific internal energy of fluid in kJ/kg\n", + "ug = 2583.6 # Specific internal energy of gas in kJ/kg\n", + "ufg = 1822 # Change in specific internal energy due to phase change in kJ/kg \n", + "# Initial anf final mass\n", + "Vif = 5 # Initial volume of water in m**3 \n", + "Viw = 5# Initial volume of gas in m**3 \n", + "Vff = 6 # Final volume of gas in m**3 \n", + "Vfw = 4 # Final volume of water in m**3 \n", + "\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 9.11\"\n", + "ms = ((Viw/vf)+(Vif/vg)) - ((Vfw/vf)+(Vff/vg)) \n", + "U1 = ((Viw*uf/vf)+(Vif*ug/vg))\n", + "Uf = ((Vfw*uf/vf)+(Vff*ug/vg))\n", + "Q = Uf-U1+(ms*hg)\n", + "print \"\\n The heat transfer during the process is \",Q/1e3 ,\" MJ\"\n", + "#The answer provided in the textbook is wrong\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex9.12:pg-311" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 5, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 9.12\n" + ] + }, + { + "ename": "NameError", + "evalue": "name 'math' is not defined", + "output_type": "error", + "traceback": [ + "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m", + "\u001b[1;31mNameError\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)", + "\u001b[1;32m\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m 14\u001b[0m \u001b[1;32mprint\u001b[0m \u001b[1;34m\"\\n Example 9.12\"\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m 15\u001b[0m \u001b[0mV1\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mm\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m*\u001b[0m\u001b[0mv1\u001b[0m \u001b[1;31m# total volume at point 1\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m---> 16\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0mVd\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m=\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mmath\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mpi\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m/\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m4\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m*\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0md\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m*\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m1e-3\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m**\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m2\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m*\u001b[0m\u001b[0ml\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m*\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m1e-3\u001b[0m \u001b[1;31m# displaced volume\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[0;32m 17\u001b[0m \u001b[0mV2\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mV1\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m+\u001b[0m\u001b[0mVd\u001b[0m \u001b[1;31m# Total volume at point 2\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m 18\u001b[0m \u001b[0mn\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mlog\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mP1\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m/\u001b[0m\u001b[0mP2\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m/\u001b[0m\u001b[0mlog\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mV2\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m/\u001b[0m\u001b[0mV1\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m \u001b[1;31m# polytropic index\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n", + "\u001b[1;31mNameError\u001b[0m: name 'math' is not defined" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "m = 0.02 # Mass of steam in Kg\n", + "d = 280 # diameter of piston in mm\n", + "l = 305 # Stroke length in mm\n", + "P1 = 0.6 # Initial pressure in MPa\n", + "P2 = 0.12 # Final pressure in MPa\n", + "# At 0.6MPa, t = 200 degree\n", + "v1 = 0.352 # Specific volume in m**3/kg\n", + "h1 = 2850.1 # Specific enthalpy in kJ/kg\n", + "vf = 0.0010476 # specific volume of fluid in m**3/kg\n", + "vfg = 1.4271 # Specific volume change due to vaporization in m**3/kg\n", + "uf = 439.3 # specific enthalpy of fluid\n", + "ug = 2512.0 # Specific enthalpy of gas\n", + "print \"\\n Example 9.12\"\n", + "V1 = m*v1 # total volume at point 1\n", + "Vd = (math.pi/4)*(d*1e-3)**2*l*1e-3 # displaced volume\n", + "V2 = V1+Vd # Total volume at point 2\n", + "n = log(P1/P2)/log(V2/V1) # polytropic index\n", + "W12 = ((P1*V1)-(P2*V2))*1e6/(n-1) # work done\n", + "print \"\\n The value of n is \",n\n", + "print \"\\n The work done by the steam is \",W12/1e3 ,\"kJ \"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "v2 = V2/m # specific volume\n", + "x2 = (v2-vf)/vfg # Steam quality\n", + "# At 0.12MPa\n", + "u2 = uf + (x2*(ug-uf)) # Internal energy \n", + "u1 = h1-(P1*1e6*v1*1e-03) # Internal energy\n", + "Q12 = m*(u2-u1)+ (W12/1e3) # Heat transfer\n", + "print \"\\n The heat transfer is \",Q12 ,\"kJ \"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex9.13:pg-312" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 6, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 9.13\n", + "\n", + " Final pressure is 3.5 bar\n", + "\n", + " Steam quality is 0.87 \n", + " Entropy change during the process is 0.4227 kJ/K\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "x1 = 1 # Steam quality in first vessel\n", + "x2 = 0.8 # Steam quality in second vessel\n", + "# at 0.2MPa\n", + "vg = 0.8857 # Specific volume of gas in m**3/kg\n", + "h1 = 2706.7 # Enthalpy in first vessel in kJ/kg\n", + "v1 = vg # Specific volume of gas in first vessel in m**3/kg\n", + "hg = h1 # Enthalpy in first vessel 1 in kJ/kg\n", + "m1 = 5 # mass in first vessel in kg\n", + "V1 = m1*v1 # Volume of first vessel in m**3\n", + "# at 0.5MPa\n", + "m2 = 10 # mass in second vessel in kg\n", + "hf = 640.23 # Enthalpy in second vessel in kJ/kg\n", + "hfg = 2108.5 # Latent heat of vaporization in kJ/kg\n", + "vf = 0.001093 # Specific volume of fluid in second vessel in m**3/kg\n", + "vfg = 0.3749 # Change in specific volume in second vessel due to evaporation of gas in m**3/kg\n", + "v2 = vf+(x2*vfg) # Specific volume of gas in second vessel\n", + "V2 = m2*v2 # Volume of second vessel in m**3\n", + "#\n", + "Vm = V1+V2 # Total volume \n", + "m = m1+m2 # Total mass\n", + "vm = Vm/m # net specific volume\n", + "u1 = h1 # Internal energy\n", + "h2 = hf+(x2*hfg) # Enthalpy calculation\n", + "u2 = h2 # Internal energy calculation\n", + "m3 = m # Net mass calculation\n", + "h3 = ((m1*u1)+(m2*u2))/m3 # Resultant enthalpy calculation\n", + "u3 = h3 # Resultant internal energy calculation\n", + "v3 = vm # resultant specific volume calculation\n", + "# From Mollier diagram\n", + "x3 = 0.870 # Steam quality \n", + "p3 = 3.5 # Pressure in MPa\n", + "s3 = 6.29 # Entropy at state 3 in kJ/kgK\n", + "s1 = 7.1271 # Entropy at state 1 in kJ/kgK\n", + "sf = 1.8607 # Entropy in liquid state in kJ/kgK\n", + "sfg = 4.9606 # Entropy change due to vaporization in kJ/kgK\n", + "s2 = sf+(x2*sfg) # Entropy calculation\n", + "E = m3*s3-((m1*s1)+(m2*s2)) # Entropy change during process\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 9.13\"\n", + "print \"\\n Final pressure is \",p3 ,\" bar\"\n", + "print \"\\n Steam quality is \",x3 ,\n", + "print \"\\n Entropy change during the process is \",E ,\" kJ/K\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex9.14:pg-314" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 7, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 9.14\n", + "\n", + " The availability of the steam before the throttle valve 1263.6894 kJ/kg\n", + "\n", + " The availability of the steam after the throttle valve 1237.5538 kJ/kg\n", + "\n", + " The availability of the steam at the turbine exhaust 601.851036792 kJ/kg\n", + "\n", + " The specific work output from the turbine is 546.253422512 kJ/kg\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "# At 6 MPa, 400 degree\n", + "h1 = 3177.2 # Enthalpy in kJ/kg\n", + "s1 = 6.5408 #Entropy in kJ/kgK\n", + "# At 20 degree\n", + "h0= 83.96 # Enthalpy in kJ/kg \n", + "s0 = 0.2966#Entropy in kJ/kgK\n", + "T0 = 20 # Surrounding temperature in degree Celsius \n", + "f1 = (h1-h0)-(T0+273)*(s1-s0) # Availability before throttling\n", + "# By interpolation at P= 5MPa, h= 3177.2\n", + "s2 = 6.63 #Entropy in kJ/kgK\n", + "h2 = h1 # Throttling\n", + "f2 = (h2-h0)-(T0+273)*(s2-s0) # Availability after throttling\n", + "df = f1-f2 # Change in availability\n", + "x3s = (s2-1.5301)/(7.1271-1.5301) #Entropy at state 3 in kJ/kgK\n", + "h3s = 504.7+(x3s*2201.9) #Enthalpy at state 3 in kJ/kg\n", + "eis = 0.82 # isentropic efficiency\n", + "h3 = h2-eis*(h1-h3s) # Enthalpy at state 3 in kJ/kgK\n", + "x3 = (h3-504.7)/2201.7 # Steam quality at state 3\n", + "s3 = 1.5301+(x3*5.597) # Entropy at state 3\n", + "f3 = (h3-h0)-(T0+273)*(s3-s0) # Availability at state 3\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 9.14\"\n", + "print \"\\n The availability of the steam before the throttle valve \",f1 ,\" kJ/kg\"\n", + "print \"\\n The availability of the steam after the throttle valve \",f2 ,\" kJ/kg\"\n", + "print \"\\n The availability of the steam at the turbine exhaust \",f3 ,\" kJ/kg\"\n", + "print \"\\n The specific work output from the turbine is \",h2-h3 ,\" kJ/kg\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex9.15:pg-316" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 8, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 9.15\n", + "\n", + " Availability of steam entering is 1057.4864 kJ/kg\n", + "\n", + " Availability of steam leaving the turbine is 656.7062 kJ/kg\n", + "\n", + " Maximum work is 741.14568 kJ/kg\n", + "\n", + " Irreversibility is 21.36505104 kJ/kg\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "# At 25 bar, 350 degree\n", + "h1 = 3125.87 # Enthalpy in kJ/kg\n", + "s1 = 6.8481# Entropy in kJ/kgK\n", + "# 30 degree\n", + "h0 = 125.79 # Enthalpy in kJ/kg\n", + "s0 = 0.4369# Entropy in kJ/kgK\n", + "# At 3 bar, 200 degree\n", + "h2 = 2865.5 # Enthalpy in kJ/kg\n", + "s2 = 7.3115 #Entropy in kJ/kgK\n", + "# At 0.2 bar 0.95 dry\n", + "hf = 251.4 # Enthalpy of liquid in kJ/kg\n", + "hfg = 2358.3 # Latent heat of vaporization in kJ/kg\n", + "sf = 0.8320 # Entropy of liquid in kJ/kgK\n", + "sg = 7.0765# Entropy of liquid in kJ/kgK\n", + "h3 = hf+0.92*hfg # Enthalpy at state 3 in kJ/kg\n", + "s3 = sf+(0.92*sg) # Entropy at state 3 in kJ/kgK\n", + "# Part (a)\n", + "T0 = 30 # Atmospheric temperature in degree Celsius\n", + "f1 = (h1-h0)-((T0+273)*(s1-s0)) # Availability at steam entering turbine\n", + "f2 = (h2-h0)-((T0+273)*(s2-s0)) # Availability at state 2\n", + "f3 = (h3-h0)-((T0+273)*(s3-s0))# Availability at state 3\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 9.15\"\n", + "print \"\\n Availability of steam entering is \",f1 ,\" kJ/kg\"\n", + "print \"\\n Availability of steam leaving the turbine is \",f2 ,\" kJ/kg\"\n", + "\n", + "# Part (b)\n", + "m2m1 = 0.25 # mass ratio\n", + "m3m1 = 0.75 # mass ratio\n", + "Wrev = f1-(m2m1*f2)-(m3m1*f3) # Maximum work\n", + "print \"\\n Maximum work is \",Wrev ,\" kJ/kg\"\n", + "\n", + "# Part (c)\n", + "w1 = 600 # mass flow at inlet of turbine in kg/h\n", + "w2 = 150 # mass flow at state 2 in turbine in kg/h\n", + "w3 = 450# mass flow at state 2 in turbine in kg/h\n", + "Q = -10 # Heat loss rate kJ/s\n", + "I = ((T0+273)*(w2*s2+w3*s3-w1*s1)-Q*3600)*103/600\n", + "print \"\\n Irreversibility is \",I/1e3 ,\" kJ/kg\"\n", + "#The answer provided in the textbook is wrong\n", + "\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex9.16:pg-317" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 9, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 9.16\n", + "\n", + " Energy of system in Part (a) is 73.2 kJ\n", + "\n", + " Energy of system in Part (b) is 197.3474 kJ\n", + "\n", + " Energy of system in Part (c) is 498.2624 kJ\n", + "\n", + " Energy of system in Part (d) is 121.8 kJ\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "# At dead state of 1 bar, 300K\n", + "u0 = 113.1 # Internal energy in kJ/kg\n", + "h0 = 113.2 # Enthalpy in kJ/kg\n", + "v0 = 0.001005 # Specific volume in m**3/kg\n", + "s0 = 0.395 # Entropy in kJ/kg\n", + "T0 = 300 # Atmospheric temperature in K\n", + "P0 = 1 # Atmospheric pressure in bar \n", + "K = h0-T0*s0\n", + "# Part (a)\n", + "# At 1bar and 90 degree Celsius \n", + "u = 376.9 # Internal energy in kJ/kg\n", + "h = 377 # Enthalpy in kJ/kg\n", + "v = 0.001035 # specific volume in m**3/kg\n", + "s = 1.193 # Entropy in kJ/kgK\n", + "m = 3 # Mass of water in kg\n", + "fi = m*(h-(T0*s)-K) #Energy of system\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 9.16\"\n", + "print \"\\n Energy of system in Part (a) is \",fi ,\" kJ\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n", + "# Part (b)\n", + "# At P = 4 Mpa, t = 500 degree\n", + "u = 3099.8# Internal energy in kJ/kg \n", + "h = 3446.3 # Enthalpy in kJ/kg \n", + "v = 0.08637 # specific volume in m**3/kg \n", + "s = 7.090 # Entropy in kJ/kgK\n", + "m = 0.2 # Mass of steam in kg \n", + "fib = m*(u+P0*100*v-T0*s-K) # Energy of system\n", + "print \"\\n Energy of system in Part (b) is \",fib ,\" kJ\"\n", + "\n", + "# Part (c) # P = 0.1 bar\n", + "m = 0.4 # Mass of wet steam in kg \n", + "x = 0.85 # Quality\n", + "u = 192+x*2245 # Internal energy \n", + "h = 192+x*2392# Enthalpy\n", + "s = 0.649+x*7.499 # Entropy\n", + "v = 0.001010+x*14.67 # specific volume\n", + "fic = m*(u+P0*100*v-T0*s-K) # Energy of system\n", + "print \"\\n Energy of system in Part (c) is \",fic ,\" kJ\"\n", + "\n", + "# Part (d) \n", + "# P = 1 Bar, t = -10 degree Celsius\n", + "m = 3 # Mass of ice in kg \n", + "h = -354.1 # Enthalpy in kJ/kg \n", + "s = -1.298 # at 1000kPa, -10 degree\n", + "fid = m*((h-h0)-T0*(s-s0)) # Energy of system\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Energy of system in Part (d) is \",fid ,\" kJ\" #The answer provided in the textbook is wrong\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex9.17:pg-318" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 10, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 9.17\n", + "\n", + " In parallel flow\n", + "\n", + " The rate of irreversibility is 10.98 kW\n", + "\n", + " The Second law efficiency is 24.275862069 percent\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " In counter flow\n", + "\n", + " The rate of irreversibility is 10.9454545455 kW\n", + "\n", + " The Second law efficiency is 32.1594684385 percent\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "# Given\n", + "th1 = 90.0 # Inlet temperature of hot water in degree Celsius\n", + "tc1 = 25.0# Inlet temperature of cold water in degree Celsius\n", + "tc2 = 50.0# Exit temperature of cold water in degree Celsius\n", + "mc = 1.0 # mass flow rate of cold water in kg/s\n", + "T0 = 300.0 # Atmospheric temperature in K\n", + "th2p = 60.0 # Temperature limit in degree Celsius for parallel flow\n", + "th2c = 35.0 # Temperature limit in degree Celsius for counter flow\n", + "mhp = (tc2-tc1)/(th1-th2p) # mass flow rate of hot water in kg/s for parallel flow\n", + "mhc = (tc2-tc1)/(th1-th2c) # mass flow rate of hot water in kg/s for counter flow\n", + "# At 300 K\n", + "h0 = 113.2 # ENthalpy in kJ/kg\n", + "s0 = 0.395 # ENtropy in kJ/kgK\n", + "T0 = 300.0 # temperature in K\n", + "# At 90 degree celsius\n", + "h1 = 376.92 # Enthalpy in kJ/kg \n", + "s1 = 1.1925 # Entropy in kJ/kgK\n", + "af1 = mhp*((h1-h0)-T0*(s1-s0)) # Availability\n", + "# Parallel Flow\n", + "# At 60 degree\n", + "h2 = 251.13 # Enthalpy in kJ/kg \n", + "s2 =0.8312 # Entropy in kJ/kgK\n", + " # At 25 degree\n", + "h3 = 104.89 # Enthalpy in kJ/kg \n", + "s3 = 0.3674 # Entropy in kJ/kgK\n", + "# At 50 degree\n", + "h4 = 209.33 # Enthalpy in kJ/kg \n", + "s4 = 0.7038 # Entropy in kJ/kgK\n", + "REG = mc*((h4-h3)-T0*(s4-s3)) # Rate of energy gain\n", + "REL = mhp*((h1-h2)-T0*(s1-s2)) # Rate of energy loss\n", + "Ia = REL-REG # Energy destruction\n", + "n2a = REG/REL # Second law efficiency\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 9.17\"\n", + "print \"\\n In parallel flow\"\n", + "print \"\\n The rate of irreversibility is \",Ia ,\" kW\"\n", + "print \"\\n The Second law efficiency is \",n2a*100 ,\" percent\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "# Counter flow\n", + "h2_ = 146.68 \n", + "sp = 0.5053 # At 35 degree\n", + "REG_b = REG # Rate of energy gain by hot water is same in both flows\n", + "REL_b = mhc*((h1-h2_)-T0*(s1-sp))\n", + "Ib = mhc*((h1-h2_)-(T0*(s1-sp))) # Energy destruction\n", + "n2b = REG_b/Ib # Second law efficiency\n", + "print \"\\n\\n In counter flow\"\n", + "print \"\\n The rate of irreversibility is \",Ib ,\" kW\"\n", + "print \"\\n The Second law efficiency is \",n2b*100 ,\" percent\"\n", + "#The answers vary due to round off error\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex9.18:pg-320" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 26, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Example 9.18\n", + "\n", + " The maximum cooling rate is 106.207042424 kW\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "m = 50.0# mass flow rate in kg/h\n", + "Th = 23.0 # Home temperature in degree Celsius\n", + "# State 1\n", + "T1 = 150.0 # Saturated vapor temperature in degree Celsius\n", + "h1 = 2746.4 # Saturated vapor enthalpy in kJ/kg\n", + "s1 = 6.8387 #Saturated vapor entropy in kJ/kgK\n", + "# State 2\n", + "h2 = 419.0 # Saturated liquid enthalpy in kJ/kg\n", + "s2 = 1.3071 #Saturated liquid entropy in kJ/kg \n", + "T0 = 45.0 # Atmospheric temperature in degree Celsius\n", + "#\n", + "b1 = h1-((T0+273)*s1) # Availability at point 1\n", + "b2 = h2-((T0+273)*s2) # Availability at point 2\n", + "Q_max = m*(b1-b2)/((T0+273)/(Th+273)-1) # maximum cooling rate\n", + "\n", + "print \"\\n Example 9.18\"\n", + "print \"\\n The maximum cooling rate is \",Q_max/3600 ,\" kW\"\n", + "\n" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.11" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/screenshots/16.11.png b/Basic_And_Applied_Thermodynamics_by_P._K._Nag/screenshots/16.11.png 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a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter1.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,111 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "# Chapter 1 , Introductory Concepts" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Example 1.4 , Page Number 23" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 1, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Equivalent voltage source is 100.0 V.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "IS = 4.0 #Current (in Ampere)\n", - "Rin = 25.0 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "Voc = IS * Rin #Voltage (in volts) \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Equivalent voltage source is \",Voc,\" V.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Example 1.5 , Page Number 23" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 2, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Current in 28 ohm resistor is 2.0 A.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "R1 = 4.0 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", - "R2 = 8.0 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", - "RS = 28.0 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", - "V1 = 40.0 #Voltage (in volts)\n", - "V2 = 40.0 #Voltage (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "Rnet = R1 + R2 + RS #Net resistance (in ohm)\n", - "Vnet = V1 + V2 #Net voltage (in volts) \n", - "I = Vnet / Rnet #Current (in Ampere)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Current in 28 ohm resistor is \",I,\" A.\"" - ] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 2", - "language": "python", - "name": "python2" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 2 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", - "version": "2.7.10" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 0 -} diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter10.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter10.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index ff782990..00000000 --- a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter10.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,934 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "#Chapter 10 , Field Effect Transistors" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 10.1 , Page Number 344" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 1, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Gate-to-source resistance : 100.0 Mega-ohm.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "VGS = 10.0 #Gate-source voltage (in volts)\n", - "IG = 0.1 * 10**-6 #Gate current (in Ampere)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "RGS = VGS/IG #Gate-to-source resistance (in ohm)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Gate-to-source resistance : \",RGS*10**-6,\"Mega-ohm.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 10.2 , Page Number 344" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 2, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "AC drain resistance of the JFET : 12.5 kilo-ohm.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "dVDS = 1.5 #Change in drain-source voltage (in volts)\n", - "dID = 120.0 * 10**-6 #Change in drain current (in Ampere)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "rd = dVDS/dID #AC drain resistance (in ohm) \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"AC drain resistance of the JFET : \",rd*10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 10.3 , Page Number 344" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 3, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Transconductance : 2000.0 micro-siemens.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "dID = 0.3 * 10**-3 #Change in drain current (in Ampere)\n", - "dVGS = 0.15 #Changein gate-to-source voltage (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "gm = dID/dVGS #Transconductance (in siemen) \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Transconductance : \",gm*10**6,\"micro-siemens.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 10.4 , Page Number 345" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 7, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "AC drain resistance : 35.0 kilo-ohm.\n", - "Transconductance : 2.8 mA/V.\n", - "Amplification factor : 98.0 .\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "dVDS = 7.0 #Change in drain-source voltage (in volts)\n", - "dID1 = 0.2 * 10**-3 #Change in drain current1 (in Ampere)\n", - "dID2 = -0.7 * 10**-3 #Change in drain current2 (in Ampere)\n", - "dVGS = -0.25 #Changein gate-to-source voltage (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "rd = dVDS/dID1 #AC drain resistance (in ohm)\n", - "gm = dID2/dVGS #Transconductance (in Ampere per volt)\n", - "u = rd*gm #Amplification factor\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"AC drain resistance : \",rd*10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", - "print \"Transconductance : \",gm*10**3,\"mA/V.\"\n", - "print \"Amplification factor : \",u,\".\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 10.5 , Page Number 345" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 9, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Transconductance : 2.22 mA/V.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "IDSS = 10.0 * 10**-3 #Drain-source saturation current (in Ampere)\n", - "Vp = -4.5 #Pinch-off voltage (in volts)\n", - "IDS = 2.5 * 10**-3 #Drain-source voltage (in volts) \n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "VGS = Vp*(1-(IDS/IDSS)**0.5) #Gate-to-source voltage (in volts)\n", - "gm = -2*IDSS/Vp*(1- VGS/Vp) #Transconductance (in Ampere per volt) \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Transconductance : \",round(gm*10**3,2),\"mA/V.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 10.6 , Page Number 345" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 11, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "VGSoff : -2.0 mV.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "gm = 10.0 * 10**-3 #Transconductance (in siemens)\n", - "IDSS = 10.0 * 10**-6 #Drain-source saturation current (in Ampere)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "VGSoff = (-2*IDSS)/gm #Gate-to-source voltage (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"VGSoff : \",VGSoff*10**3,\"mV.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 10.7 , Page Number 345" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 14, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Minimum value of VDS : -4.0 V.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "Vp = -4.0 #Pinch-off voltage (in volts)\n", - "VGS = -2.0 #Gate-source voltage (in volts)\n", - "IDSS = 10.0 * 10**-3 #Drain-source saturation current (in Ampere)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "ID = IDSS*(1 - VGS/Vp)**2 #Drain current (in Ampere)\n", - "VDSmin = Vp #Minimum drain-source voltage (in volts) \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Minimum value of VDS : \",VDSmin,\"V.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 10.8 , Page Number 346" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 20, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "ID : 3.8667 mA.\n", - "gmo : 5.8 mS.\n", - "gm : 3.867 mS.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "IDSS = 8.7 * 10**-3 #Drain-source saturation current (in Ampere)\n", - "Vp = -3.0 #Pinch-off voltage (in volts)\n", - "VGS = -1.0 #Gate-source voltage (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "ID = IDSS*(1 - VGS/Vp)**2 #Drain current (in Ampere)\n", - "gmo = -2*IDSS/Vp #Transconductance for VGS = 0 (in Ampere per volt) \n", - "gm = gmo*(1 - VGS/Vp) #Transconductance (in Ampere per volt)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"ID : \",round(ID*10**3,4),\"mA.\"\n", - "print \"gmo : \",round(gmo*10**3,1),\"mS.\"\n", - "print \"gm : \",round(gm*10**3,3),\"mS.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 10.9 , Page Number 346" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 21, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "ID : 2.1 mA.\n", - "gmo : 5.6 mS.\n", - "gm : 2.8 mS.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "IDSS = 8.4 * 10**-3 #Drain-source saturation current (in Ampere)\n", - "Vp = -3.0 #Pinch-off voltage (in volts)\n", - "VGS = -1.5 #Gate-source voltage (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "ID = IDSS*(1 - VGS/Vp)**2 #Drain current (in Ampere)\n", - "gmo = -2*IDSS/Vp #Transconductance for VGS = 0 (in Ampere per volt) \n", - "gm = gmo*(1 - VGS/Vp) #Transconductance (in Ampere per volt)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"ID : \",round(ID*10**3,4),\"mA.\"\n", - "print \"gmo : \",round(gmo*10**3,1),\"mS.\"\n", - "print \"gm : \",round(gm*10**3,3),\"mS.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 10.10 , Page Number 346" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 24, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "VGS : -1.902 V.\n", - "gm : 2.31 mS.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "Vp = -4.5 #Pinch-off voltage (in volts)\n", - "IDSS = 9.0 * 10**-3 #Drain-source saturation current (in Ampere)\n", - "IDS = 3.0 * 10**-3 #Drain-source current (in Ampere) \n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "VGS = Vp*(1-(IDS/IDSS)**0.5) #Gate-to-source voltage (in volts)\n", - "gm = -2*IDSS/Vp*(1 - VGS/Vp) #Transconductance (in Ampere per volt) \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"VGS : \",round(VGS,3),\"V.\"\n", - "print \"gm : \",round(gm*10**3,2),\"mS.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 10.11 , Page Number 349" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 26, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Drain-source voltage : 6.2 V.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "VGG = 1.5 #Gate supply voltage (in volts)\n", - "VDD = 15.0 #Drain supply voltage (in volts)\n", - "RD = 1.5 * 10**3 #Drain resistance (in ohm)\n", - "RG = 2.0 * 10**6 #Gate resistance (in ohm)\n", - "IDSS = 15.0 * 10**-3 #Drain current in saturation (in Ampere)\n", - "Vp = -4.0 #Pinch-off voltage (in volts)\n", - "VS = 0.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "VGS = -VGG #Gate-to-source voltage (in volts)\n", - "ID = IDSS*(1 - VGS/Vp)**2 #Drain current (in Ampere)\n", - "VD = VDD - ID*RD #Drain voltage (in volts)\n", - "VDS = VD - VS #Drain-to-source voltage (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Drain-source voltage : \",round(VDS,1),\"V.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 10.12 , Page Number 349" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 35, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "ID = 3.0 mA.\n", - "VDS = -7.5 V.\n", - "VD = -7.5 V.\n", - "VG = -3.0 V.\n", - "VS = 0 V.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "VGS = VGG = -3.0 #Gate-source voltage (in volts)\n", - "IDSS = 12.0 * 10**-3 #Drain current in saturation (in Ampere)\n", - "Vp = -6.0 #pinch-off voltage (in volts) \n", - "VDD = 3.0 #Drain voltage (in volts) \n", - "RD = 3.5 * 10**3 #Drain resistance (in ohm) \n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "ID = IDSS*(1 - VGS/Vp)**2 #Drain current (in Ampere)\n", - "VDS = VDD - ID*RD #Drain-source voltage (in volts)\n", - "VD = VDS #Drain voltage (in volts)\n", - "VG = VGG #Gate voltage (in volts)\n", - "VS = 0 #Source voltage (in volts) \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"ID = \",ID*10**3,\"mA.\"\n", - "print \"VDS = \",VDS,\"V.\" \n", - "print \"VD = \",VD,\"V.\" \n", - "print \"VG = \",VG,\"V.\" \n", - "print \"VS = \",VS,\"V.\" \n", - "\n", - "#Calculation error in the value of VDS and VD in the book." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 10.13 , Page Number 350" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 36, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Drain-source voltage : 18.2 V.\n", - "Gate-source voltage : -0.8 V.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "VDD = 25.0 #Drain Supply (in volts)\n", - "RD = 3.0 * 10**3 #Drain resistance (in ohm)\n", - "RS = 400.0 #Source resistance (in ohm)\n", - "ID = 2.0 * 10**-3 #Drain current (in Ampere) \n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "VDS = VDD - ID*(RD + RS) #Drain-source voltage (in volts)\n", - "VGS = -ID*RS #Gate-source voltage (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Drain-source voltage : \",VDS,\"V.\"\n", - "print \"Gate-source voltage : \",VGS,\"V.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 10.14 , Page Number 350" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 46, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "RS : 2.5 kilo-ohm.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "VDD = 25.0 #Drain voltage (in volts)\n", - "RG1 = 1.2 * 10**6 #Gate1 resistance (in ohm)\n", - "RG2 = 0.6 * 10**6 #Gate2 resistance (in ohm)\n", - "ID = 4.0 * 10**-3 #Drain current (in Ampere)\n", - "VDS = 8.0 #Drain-source voltage (in volts) \n", - "Vp = -4.0 #Pinch-off voltage (in volts) \n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "VGS = Vp*(1 - (ID/IDSS)**0.5) #Gate-source voltage (in volts)\n", - "VG = VDD*RG2/(RG1 + RG2) #Gate voltage (in volts)\n", - "RS = (VG - VGS)/ID #Source voltage (in ohm) \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"RS : \",round(RS*10**-3,1),\"kilo-ohm.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 10.15 , Page Number 350" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 52, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Drain current at operating point : 4.46 mA.\n", - "Since , value of ID at operating point is almost equal to previously computed value of Id. Therefore , FET is operated in pinch-off region.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "Vp = -2.0 #pinch-off voltage (in volts)\n", - "IDSS = 5.0 * 10**-3 #Drain current in saturation (in Ampere)\n", - "RL = 910.0 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", - "RF = 2.29 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", - "R1 = 12.0 * 10**6 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", - "R2 = 8.57 * 10**6 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n", - "VDD = 24.0 #Drain supply voltage (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "VG = VDD*R2/(R1 + R2) #Gate voltage (in volts)\n", - "ID = 4.46 * 10**-3 #Drain current (in Ampere) \n", - "VGS = VG - ID*RF #Gate-source voltage (in volts)\n", - "ID1 = (VG - VGS)/RF #Drain current at operating point (in Ampere)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Drain current at operating point : \",round(ID1*10**3,3),\"mA.\"\n", - "print \"Since , value of ID at operating point is almost equal to previously computed value of Id. Therefore , FET is operated in pinch-off region.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 10.16 , Page Number 353" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 55, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Voltage gain : -30.0 .\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "gm = 2500.0 * 10**-6 #Transconductance (in siemens)\n", - "RL = 12.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "A = -gm*RL #Voltage gain \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Voltage gain : \",A,\".\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 10.17 , Page Number 353" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 57, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "VOltage gain : -59.9 .\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "gm = 4000.0 * 10**-6 #Transconductance (in siemens)\n", - "RL = 15.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", - "RD = 10.0 * 10**6 #Drain resistance (in ohm)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "A = -gm*RD*RL/(RD + RL) #Voltage gain\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"VOltage gain : \",round(A,1),\".\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 10.18 , Page Number 353" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 62, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "RD : 5.0 kilo-ohm.\n", - "RS : 1.0 kilo-ohm.\n", - "Av : -20.0 .\n", - "Rin : 500.0 kilo-ohm.\n", - "Rout : 4.0 kilo-ohm.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "VGS = -1.0 #Gate-source voltage (in volts)\n", - "VDS = 4.0 #Drain-source voltage (in volts)\n", - "IDS = 1.0 * 10**-3 #Drain-source current (in Ampere)\n", - "gm = 5.0 * 10**-3 #Transconductance (in siemens)\n", - "RDS = 20.0 * 10**3 #Drain-source resistance (in ohm)\n", - "RG = 500.0 * 10**3 #Gate resistance (in ohm) \n", - "VDD = 10.0 #Drain supply voltage (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "RS = abs(VGS/IDS) #Source resistance (in ohm)\n", - "RD = (VDD - VDS)/IDS - RS #Drain resistance (in ohm) \n", - "Av = -gm*(RD*RDS/(RD + RDS)) #Voltage gain\n", - "Rin = RG #Input impedance (in ohm)\n", - "Rout = RD*RDS/(RD + RDS) #Output impedance (in ohm)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"RD : \",RD*10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", - "print \"RS : \",RS*10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", - "print \"Av : \",Av,\".\"\n", - "print \"Rin : \",Rin*10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", - "print \"Rout : \",Rout*10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 10.19 , Page Number 355" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 64, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Input impedance : 1.33 Mega-ohm.\n", - "Output impedance : 345.0 ohm.\n", - "Voltage gain : 0.85 .\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "RL = 25.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", - "RS = 2.5 * 10**3 #Source Resistance (in ohm)\n", - "R1 = 4.0 * 10**6 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", - "R2 = 2.0 * 10**6 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n", - "gm = 2500.0 * 10**-6 #Transconductance (in siemens)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "Zin = R1*R2/(R1 + R2) #Input impedance (in ohm)\n", - "Zout = RS*1/gm/(RS + 1/gm) #Output impedance (in ohm)\n", - "Av = gm*RS*RL/(RS + RL)/(1 + gm*(RS*RL)/(RS + RL)) #Voltage gain\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Input impedance : \",round(Zin*10**-6,2),\"Mega-ohm.\"\n", - "print \"Output impedance : \",round(Zout),\"ohm.\"\n", - "print \"Voltage gain : \",round(Av,2),\".\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 10.20 , Page Number 369" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 69, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Drain current : 1.25 mA.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "IDon = 5.0 * 10**-3 #Drain current in on state (in Ampere)\n", - "VGS = 8.0 #Gate-source voltage (in volts)\n", - "VGST = 4.0 #Gate-source T voltage (in volts)\n", - "VGS1 = 6.0 #Gate-source voltage1 (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "K = IDon/(VGS - VGST)**2 #K (in Ampere per volt-square) \n", - "ID = K*(VGS1 - VGST)**2 #Drain current (in Ampere) \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Drain current : \",round(ID*10**3,2),\"mA.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 10.21 , Page Number 369" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 83, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "VGS : 6.0 V.\n", - "ID : 0.001 A.\n", - "VDS : 9.0 V.\n", - "Av : 12.0 .\n", - "Vout : 0.96 V.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "IDon = 4.0 * 10**-3 #Drain current in on state (in Ampere)\n", - "VGS = 8.0 #Gate-source voltage (in volts)\n", - "VGST = 4.0 #Gate-source T voltage (in volts)\n", - "gm = 2000.0 * 10**-6 #Transconductance (in siemens)\n", - "VDD = 15.0 #Drain supply voltage (in volts)\n", - "RD = 6.0 * 10**3 #Drain resistance (in ohm)\n", - "RD2 = 40.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", - "RD1 = 60.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm) \n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "VGS = VDD/(RD1 + RD2)*RD2 #Gate-source voltage (in volts)\n", - "K = IDon/4**2 #K (in Ampere per volt-square)\n", - "ID = K*(VGS - VGST)**2 #Drain current (in Ampere)\n", - "VDS = VDD - ID*RD #Drain-source voltage (in volts)\n", - "Av = gm*RD #Voltage gain\n", - "Vout = Av*0.08 #Output voltage (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"VGS : \",VGS,\"V.\"\n", - "print \"ID : \",ID,\"A.\"\n", - "print \"VDS : \",abs(VDS),\"V.\"\n", - "print \"Av : \",Av,\".\"\n", - "print \"Vout : \",Vout,\"V.\"" - ] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 2", - "language": "python", - "name": "python2" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 2 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", - "version": "2.7.10" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 0 -} diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter13.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter13.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index 273bc5aa..00000000 --- a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter13.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,844 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "#Chapter 13 , Operational Amplifiers (Op-Amps)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 13.1 , Page Number 481" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 1, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "CMRR : 80.0 db.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "\n", - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "Ad = 100.0 #Differential mode gain\n", - "Acm = 0.01 #Common-mode gain\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "CMRR = Ad/Acm #CMRR\n", - "CMRR1 = 20*math.log10(CMRR) #CMRR (in db)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"CMRR : \",CMRR1,\"db.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 13.2 , Page Number 481" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 2, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Common mode gain : 10.0 .\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "Ad = 1.0 * 10**5 #Differential mode gain\n", - "CMRR = 1.0 * 10**4 #CMRR\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "Acm = Ad/CMRR #Common-mode gain\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Common mode gain : \",Acm,\".\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 13.3 , Page Number 482" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 4, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Output voltage : 2.537125 V.\n", - "Percentage error : 1.4633 %.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "V1 = 745.0 * 10**-6 #Input voltage1 (in volts)\n", - "V2 = 740.0 * 10**-6 #Input voltage2 (in volts)\n", - "Vcm = (V1 + V2)/2 #Commonn mode signal (in volts)\n", - "Vd = V1 - V2 #Differential voltage (in volts)\n", - "Ad = 5 * 10**5 #Differential voltage gain\n", - "CMRR = 1.0 * 10**4 #CMRR\n", - " \n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "Vout = Ad*Vd*(1 + 1/CMRR*Vcm/Vd) #output voltage (in volts)\n", - "error = Vout - Ad*Vd #Error voltage (in volts)\n", - "Percerror = error/Vout*100 #Percentage error\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Output voltage :\",round(Vout,6),\"V.\"\n", - "print \"Percentage error : \",round(Percerror,4),\"%.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 13.4 , Page Number 483" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 5, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Output voltage : + (or) - 5.0 V.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "A = 200000.0 #Open loop voltage gain\n", - "Vd = 25.0 * 10**-6 #Input differential voltage (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "Vout = A*Vd #output voltage (in volts) \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Output voltage : + (or) - \",Vout,\"V.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 13.5 , Page Number 486" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 6, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Rf : 27.0 kilo-ohm.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "Af = 10.0 #Voltage gain\n", - "R1 = 3.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm) \n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "Rf = (Af - 1)*R1 #Resistance (in ohm) \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Rf : \",Rf*10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 13.6 , Page Number 486" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 8, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Maximum closed loop voltage gain 51.0 .\n", - "Minimum closed loop voltage gain 1.0 .\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "R1 = 2.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm) \n", - "Rfmin = 0.0 #Resistance (in ohm) \n", - "Rfmax = 100.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm) \n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "Afmin = 1 + Rfmin/R1 #Minimum voltage gain\n", - "Afmax = 1 + Rfmax/R1 #Maximum voltage gain \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Maximum closed loop voltage gain\",Afmax,\".\"\n", - "print \"Minimum closed loop voltage gain\",Afmin,\".\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 13.7 , Page Number 488" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 10, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Voltage gain : -100.0 .\n", - "Input resistance : 5.0 kilo-ohm.\n", - "Output resistance : 0 ohm.\n", - "Output voltage : -10.0 V.\n", - "Input current : 0.02 mA.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "R1 = 5.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm) \n", - "Rf = 500.0 * 10**3 #Feedback resistance (in ohm)\n", - "Vin = 0.1 #Input voltage (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "Af = -Rf/R1 #Voltage gain\n", - "Rin = R1 #Input resistance (in ohm)\n", - "Rout = 0 #Output resistance (in ohm)\n", - "Vout = Af*Vin #Output voltage (in volts)\n", - "Iin = Vin/R1 #Input current (in Ampere)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Voltage gain : \",Af,\".\"\n", - "print \"Input resistance : \",Rin*10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", - "print \"Output resistance : \",Rout,\"ohm.\"\n", - "print \"Output voltage : \",Vout,\"V.\"\n", - "print \"Input current : \",Iin*10**3,\"mA.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 13.8 , Page Number 488" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 11, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "O/P voltage when switch is open : -2.0 V.\n", - "O/P voltage when switch is closed : -2.0 V.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "Rf = 2.0 * 10**3 #Feedback resistance when S is open (in ohm)\n", - "Vin = 1.0 #Input voltage when S is open (in volts)\n", - "R1 = 1.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", - "R2 = R3 = 1.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "Vout = -Vin*Rf/R1 #Output voltage when S is open (in volts)\n", - "Af = -(R3 + R2)/R1 #gain\n", - "Vout1 = Af*Vin #Output voltage when S is closed (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"O/P voltage when switch is open : \",Vout,\"V.\"\n", - "print \"O/P voltage when switch is closed : \",Vout1,\"V.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 13.9 , Page Number 489" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 14, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Voltage gain : -1.0 .\n", - "Current gain : 1 .\n", - "Power gain : 1.0 .\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "Rf = 1.0 * 10**6 #Feedback resistance (in ohm)\n", - "Ri = 1.0 * 10**6 #Input resistance (in ohm)\n", - "Vi = 1 #Input voltage (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "Vo = -Rf/Ri*Vi #Output voltage (in volts)\n", - "Av = Vo/Vi #Voltage gain \n", - "Ai = 1 #Current gain\n", - "Ap = abs(Av*Ai) #Power gain \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Voltage gain : \",Av,\".\"\n", - "print \"Current gain : \",Ai,\".\"\n", - "print \"Power gain : \",Ap,\".\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 13.13 , Page Number 492" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 15, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Amplifier gain when S is open : 1.0 .\n", - "Amplifier gain when S is closed : -2.0 .\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "Rf = 20.0 * 10**3 #Feedback resistance (in ohm)\n", - "R1 = 10.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "Aoffnoninv = 1 + Rf/R1 #Amplifier gain when S open and non inverted\n", - "Aoffinv = -Rf/R1 #Amplifier gain when S open and inverted\n", - "Aoff = Aoffinv + Aoffnoninv #Amplifier gain when S open\n", - "Aon = -Rf/R1 #Amplifier gain when S is closed \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Amplifier gain when S is open : \",Aoff,\".\"\n", - "print \"Amplifier gain when S is closed : \",Aon,\".\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 13.14 , Page Number 494" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 16, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "R1 : 100.0 kilo-ohm.\n", - "R3 : 10.0 kilo-ohm.\n", - "R3 : 1.0 kilo-ohm.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "Rf = 100.0 #Feedback resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "R1 = Rf #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", - "R2 = Rf/10 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n", - "R3 = Rf/100 #Resistance3 (in ohm)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"R1 : \",R1,\"kilo-ohm.\\nR3 : \",R2,\"kilo-ohm.\\nR3 : \",R3,\"kilo-ohm.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 13.15 , Page Number 494" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 22, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Output voltage : 13.0 V.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "Rf = 12.0 * 10**3 #Feedback resistance (in ohm)\n", - "R1 = 12.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", - "R2 = 2.0 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n", - "R3 = 3.0 * 10**3 #Resistance3 (in ohm)\n", - "Vi1 = 9.0 #Input voltage1 (in volts)\n", - "Vi2 = -3.0 #Input voltage2 (in volts)\n", - "Vi3 = -1.0 #Input voltage3 (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "Vout = -Rf*(Vi1/R1 + Vi2/R2 + Vi3/R3) #Output voltage (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Output voltage : \",Vout,\"V.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 13.16 , Page Number 495" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 23, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "R1 : 6.0 kilo-ohm.\n", - "R3 : 3.0 kilo-ohm.\n", - "R3 : 2.0 kilo-ohm.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "Rf = 6.0 #Feedback resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "R1 = Rf #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", - "R2 = Rf/2 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n", - "R3 = Rf/3 #Resistance3 (in ohm)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"R1 : \",R1,\"kilo-ohm.\\nR3 : \",R2,\"kilo-ohm.\\nR3 : \",R3,\"kilo-ohm.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 13.17 , Page Number 495" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 25, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Rf : 40.0 kilo-ohm.\n", - "R2 : 13.33 kilo-ohm.\n", - "R1 : 20.0 kilo-ohm.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "R3 = 10.0 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "Rf = 4*R3 #Feedback resistance (in ohm)\n", - "R2 = Rf/3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n", - "R1 = Rf/2 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Rf : \",Rf,\"kilo-ohm.\\nR2 : \",round(R2,2),\"kilo-ohm.\\nR1 : \",R1,\"kilo-ohm.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 13.18 , Page Number 495" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 26, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Output voltage : 1.0 V.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "V1 = 2.0 #Voltage1 (in volts)\n", - "V2 = -1.0 #Voltage2 (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "Vs1 = V1*(1.0/2/(1+1.0/2)) #I/P at non-inverting I/P terminal (in volts)\n", - "V1o = Vs1*(1 + 2/1) #O/P voltage1 (in volts)\n", - "Vs2 = V2*(1.0/2/(1+1.0/2)) #I/P voltage2 (in volts)\n", - "V2o = Vs2*(1 + 2/1) #O/P voltage2 (in volts)\n", - "Vout = V1o + V2o #Output voltage (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Output voltage : \",Vout,\"V.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 13.19 , Page Number 496" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 27, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Feedback resistor : 100.0 kilo-ohm.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "R = 10.0 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "Rf = 10*R #feedback resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Feedback resistor : \",Rf,\"kilo-ohm.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 13.20 , Page Number 498" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 29, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "-10.0\n", - "Output voltage : 0.0113(cos(4000*t)-1) mV.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "C = 2.0 * 10**-6 #Capacitance (in Farad)\n", - "R = 50.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm) \n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "scale_factor = -1/(C*R) #Scale factor (in second)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Output voltage : 0.0113(cos(4000*t)-1) mV.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 13.21 , Page Number 499" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 30, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Output voltage : 13.56*cos(4000*math.pi*t).\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "\n", - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "C = 2.0 * 10**-6 #Capacitance (in Farad)\n", - "R = 50.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm) \n", - "f = 2.0 * 10**3 #Frequency (in Hertz)\n", - "Vpeak = 10.0 * 10**-6 #Peak voltage (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "scale_factor = (C*R) #Scale factor (in second)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Output voltage : 13.56*cos(4000*math.pi*t).\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 13.22 , Page Number 505" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 31, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Input bias current : 8.75 micro-Ampere.\n", - "Input offset current : 2.5 micro-Ampere.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "IB1 = 10.0 * 10**-6 #Base current1 (in Ampere)\n", - "IB2 = 7.5 * 10**-6 #Base current2 (in Ampere) \n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "Iinbias = (IB1 + IB2)/2 #Input bias current (in Ampere)\n", - "Iinoffset = IB1 - IB2 #Input offset current (in Ampere) \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Input bias current : \",round(Iinbias*10**6,2),\"micro-Ampere.\"\n", - "print \"Input offset current : \",round(Iinoffset*10**6,2),\"micro-Ampere.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 13.23 , Page Number 505" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 32, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Slew rate : 5.0 V/micro-second.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "dVout = 20.0 #Output voltage (in volts)\n", - "dt = 4.0 #time (in micro-seconds) \n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "SR = dVout/dt #Slew rate (in volt per micro-second)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Slew rate : \",SR,\" V/micro-second.\"" - ] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 2", - "language": "python", - "name": "python2" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 2 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", - "version": "2.7.10" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 0 -} diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter14.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter14.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index e1196f92..00000000 --- a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter14.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,196 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "#Chapter 14 , Electronics Instruments" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 14.1 , Page Number 516" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 2, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Value of shunt resistance required for the instrument : 0.0500025 ohm.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "Im = 50.0 * 10**-6 #Full scale deflection current (in Ampere) \n", - "Rm = 1.0 * 10**3 #Instrument resistance (in ohm)\n", - "I = 1.0 #Total current to be measured (in Ampere)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "RS = Rm/(1/Im - 1) #Resistance of ammeter shunt required (in ohm)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Value of shunt resistance required for the instrument : \",round(RS,7),\"ohm.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 14.2 , Page Number 518" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 4, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Required series resistance 99900.0 ohm.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "Im = 1.0 * 10**-3 #Full scale deflection current (in Ampere) \n", - "Rm = 1.0 * 10**2 #Instrument resistance (in ohm)\n", - "V = 100.0 #Voltage to be measured (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "R = V/Im - Rm #Required series resistance (in ohm) \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Required series resistance \",R,\"ohm.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 14.3 , Page Number 528" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 8, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Resolution for full scale of range 1 V : 0.001 V.\n", - "Resolution for full scale of range 10 V : 0.01 V.\n", - "Total possible error : 0.015 V.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "num = 3.0 #Number of full digits on display\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "R = 1/10**num #Resolution\n", - "V1 = 1 * R #Resolution for full scale of range 1 V (in volts) \n", - "V10 = 10 * R #Resolution for full scale of range 10 V (in volts)\n", - "dig = 5.0 * 1/10**3 #Least significant digit\n", - "toterror = 0.5/100 * 2 + dig #total possible error (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Resolution for full scale of range 1 V :\",V1,\"V.\"\n", - "print \"Resolution for full scale of range 10 V : \",V10,\"V.\"\n", - "print \"Total possible error : \",round(toterror,3),\"V.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 14.4 , Page Number 528" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 9, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Resolution of 1 V range is 0.0001 V.\n", - "Any reading upto 4th decimal can be displayed.\n", - "Hence 0.5243 will be displayed as 0.5243.\n", - "Resolution of 10 V range is 0.001 V.\n", - "Any reading upto 3rd decimal can be displayed.\n", - "Hence 0.5243 will be displayed as 0.524 instead of 0.5243.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "num = 4.0 #Number of full digits on display\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "R = 1/10**num #Resolution\n", - "V1 = 1 * R #Resolution for full scale of range 1 V (in volts) \n", - "V10 = 10 * R #Resolution for full scale of range 10 V (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Resolution of 1 V range is \",V1,\"V.\\nAny reading upto 4th decimal can be displayed.\\nHence 0.5243 will be displayed as 0.5243.\"\n", - "print \"Resolution of 10 V range is \",V10,\"V.\\nAny reading upto 3rd decimal can be displayed.\\nHence 0.5243 will be displayed as 0.524 instead of 0.5243.\"" - ] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 2", - "language": "python", - "name": "python2" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 2 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", - "version": "2.7.10" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 0 -} diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter15.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter15.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index 242a7d17..00000000 --- a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter15.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,394 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "#Chapter 15 , Cathode Ray Oscilloscope" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 15.1 , Page Number 537" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 15, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Deflection sensitivity : 0.167 mm/V.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "l = 25.0 * 10**-3 #Length of plates (in meter)\n", - "d = 5.0 * 10**-3 #Distance between plates (in meter)\n", - "S = 0.20 #Distance between screen and centre of plates (in meter) \n", - "Va = 3000.0 #Accelerating voltage (in volts)\n", - "tracelen = 0.1 #Trace length (in meter)\n", - "y = tracelen/2 #vertical distance (in meter)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "Vd = 2*d*Va*y/(l*S) #Deflecting voltage (in volts)\n", - "Vrms = Vd/2**0.5 #RMS value of voltage (in volts)\n", - "defsen = l*S/(2*d*Va) #Deflection sensitivity (in meter per volt)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Deflection sensitivity : \",round(defsen * 10**3,3),\"mm/V.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 15.2 , Page Number 537" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 14, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Maximum velocity of electrons : 18.75 e+6 m/s.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "Va = 1000.0 #Accelerating voltage (in volts)\n", - "e = 1.6 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n", - "m = 9.1 * 10**-31 #Mass of electron (in kilogram) \n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "v = (2*Va*e/m)**0.5 #Maximum velocity of electrons (in meter per second) \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Maximum velocity of electrons : \",round(v*10**-6,2),\"e+6 m/s.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 15.3 , Page Number 538" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 11, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Applied voltage : 100.0 V.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "defsen = 0.05 * 10**-3 #Deflection Sensitivity (in meter per volt)\n", - "spotdef = 5.0 * 10**-3 #Deflection factor (in volt per meter)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "V = spotdef/defsen #Applied voltage (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Applied voltage : \",V,\"V.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 15.4 , Page Number 538" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 10, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Deflection sensitivity : 0.1667 mm/V.\n", - "Deflection factor : 6.0 V/mm.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "l = 20.0 * 10**-3 #Length of plates (in meter)\n", - "d = 5.0 * 10**-3 #Distance between plates (in meter)\n", - "S = 0.25 #Distance between screen and centre of plates (in meter) \n", - "Va = 3000.0 #Accelerating voltage (in volts) \n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "defsen = l*S/(2*d*Va) #Deflection Sensitivity (in meter per volt)\n", - "deffact = 1/defsen #Deflection factor (in volt per meter)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Deflection sensitivity : \",round(defsen*10**3,4),\"mm/V.\"\n", - "print \"Deflection factor : \",deffact*10**-3,\"V/mm.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 15.6 , Page Number 549" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 6, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Ratio of freqency of vertical and horizontal signals : 1.5 .\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "tangv = 3.0 #Positive of Y - peak to vertical line\n", - "tangh = 2.0 #Positive of X - peak to horizontal line \n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "ratio = tangv/tangh #Ratio of freq. of vertical and horizontal signals \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Ratio of freqency of vertical and horizontal signals : \",ratio,\".\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 15.7 , Page Number 549" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 5, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Frequency of vertical input : 7500.0 Hz.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "fx = 3.0 * 10**3 #Frequency of horizontal input (in Hertz)\n", - "tangv = 2.5 #Positive of Y - peak to vertical line\n", - "tangh = 1.0 #Positive of X - peak to horizontal line \n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "fy = fx*tangv/tangh #Frequency of vertical input (in Hertz)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Frequency of vertical input : \",fy,\"Hz.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 15.8 , Page Number 549" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 3, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Frequency of vertical input : 2500.0 Hz.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "fx = 1000.0 #Frequency of horizontal input (in Hertz)\n", - "tangv = 2.0 #Points of tangency to vertical line\n", - "tangh = 5.0 #Points of tangency to horizontal line \n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "fy = fx*tangh/tangv #Frequency of vertical input (in Hertz)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Frequency of vertical input : \",fy,\"Hz.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 15.9 , Page Number 549" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 2, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Mark to Space ratio : 0.25 .\n", - "Pulse frequency : 50.0 kHz.\n", - "Magnitude of pulse voltage : 0.43 V.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "div = 1.0 #One division = one cm (in cm)\n", - "mark = 0.4 #One mark (in cm)\n", - "space = 1.6 #One space (in cm)\n", - "Amp = 2.15 #Amplitude \n", - "Ampctrl = 0.2 #Signal amplitude control (in volt per division) \n", - "tbctrlset = 10.0 * 10**-6 #Time based control setting (in seconds)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "MtoS = mark/space #Mark to space ratio\n", - "T = (space + mark)*tbctrlset #Pulse time period (in seconds)\n", - "f = 1/T #Pulse frequency (in Hertz)\n", - "Vp = Amp * Ampctrl #Magnitude of pulse voltage (in volts) \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Mark to Space ratio : \",round(MtoS,2),\".\"\n", - "print \"Pulse frequency : \",(f*10**-3),\"kHz.\"\n", - "print \"Magnitude of pulse voltage : \",Vp,\"V.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 15.10 , Page Number 550" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 1, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "RMS value of ac voltage : 17.678 V.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "L = 10 #Length of trace (in cm)\n", - "S = 5 #Deflection sensitivty (in volt per cm)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "Vpktopk = L*S #Voltage peak-to-peak (in volts)\n", - "Vpeak = Vpktopk/2 #Peak value of voltage (in volts)\n", - "Vrms = Vpeak/2**0.5 #RMS of peak value (in volts) \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"RMS value of ac voltage : \",round(Vrms,3),\"V.\"\n", - "\n", - "#Slight variations due to higher precision." - ] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 2", - "language": "python", - "name": "python2" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 2 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", - "version": "2.7.10" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 0 -} diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter2.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter2.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index 45a48172..00000000 --- a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter2.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,81 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "#Chapter 2 , Energy Levels and Electron Emission" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Example 2.1 , Page Number 33 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 4, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - " Emission current is 0.0166 A.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "\n", - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "phi = 3.4 #Voltage (in electron-volt)\n", - "e = 1.6 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n", - "A = 6.0 * 10**4 #Emission constant (in Ampere per meter-square per kelvin-square)\n", - "T = 2000.0 #Temperature (in kelvin)\n", - "l = 40.0 * 10**-3 #Length (in meter)\n", - "D = 0.2 * 10**-3 #Diameter (in meter)\n", - "k = 1.38 * 10**-23 #Boltzmann constant (in meter-square kilogram per second-square per kelvin)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "b = phi * e /k #Constant \n", - "Js = A*T**2*math.exp(-b/T) #Emission current density (in Ampere per meter-square)\n", - "S = math.pi * D * l #Emitting surface (in meter-square)\n", - "I = Js * S #Emission current (in Ampere) \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Emission current is \",round(I,4),\" A.\"\n", - "\n", - "#Slight variation due to higher precision." - ] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 2", - "language": "python", - "name": "python2" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 2 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", - "version": "2.7.10" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 0 -} diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter3.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter3.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index 170ae72b..00000000 --- a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter3.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1099 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "# Chapter 3 , Semiconductor Physics" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Example 3.1 , Page Number 54" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 3, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Velocity of electron at fermi level is 859007.52 m/s.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "m = 9.107 * 10**-31 #Mass of electron (in kilogram)\n", - "E = 2.1 #Energy associated (in electon-volt)\n", - "e = 1.6 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "E = E * e #Energy associated (in Joules)\n", - "v = (2 * E / m)**0.5 #Velocity of electron (in meter per second)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Velocity of electron at fermi level is \",round(v,2),\" m/s.\"\n", - "\n", - "#Slight variation due to higher precision." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Example 3.2 , Page Number 63 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 4, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Drift velocity is 0.0003 m/s.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "J = 2.4 * 10**6 #Current Density (in Ampere per meter-square) \n", - "n = 5.0 * 10**28 #Electron density \n", - "e = 1.6 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "v = J / (e * n) #Drift velocity (in meter per second) \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Drift velocity is \",v,\" m/s.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Example 3.3 , Page Number 64" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 5, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Magnitude of current is 0.24 A.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "n = 10**24 #Electron density \n", - "e = 1.6 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n", - "v = 1.5 * 10**-2 #Drift velocity (in meter per second)\n", - "A = 1.0 * 10**-4 #Area of cross-section (in meter-square)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "I = e * n * v * A #Current (in Ampere) \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Magnitude of current is \",I,\" A.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Example 3.4 , Page Number 64" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 4, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Concentration of electrons is 4.44600943977e+16 /cm**3.\n", - "Concentration of holes is 14057550000.0 \\cm**3.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "p = 0.039 #Resistivity of doped material (in ohm-centimeter)\n", - "e = 1.602 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n", - "ue = 3600.0 #Carrier mobility (in centimeter-square per volt-second)\n", - "ni = 2.5 * 10**13 #Intrinsic concentration (in per cubic-centimeter)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "sign = 1/p #Conductivity (in per ohm-centimeter)\n", - "ND = sign /(e * ue) #Concentration of donor atoms (in per cubic-centimeter)\n", - "n = ND #Concentration of electron (per cubic-centimeter)\n", - "p = ni**2 / n #Concentration of hole (per cubic-centimeter)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Concentration of electrons is \",n,\" /cm**3.\\nConcentration of holes is \",p,\" \\cm**3.\"\n", - "\n", - "#Slight variation due to higher precision." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Example 3.5 , Page Number 64 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 9, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Resulting donor concentration is 50000000000000000 /cm**3.\n", - "Resulting mobile electron concentration is 50000000000000000 /cm**3.\n", - "Resulting hole concentration is 4205.0 /cm**3.\n", - "Conductivity of doped silicon sample is 10.413 (ohm-cm)**-1.\n", - "Resistivity is 0.096033803899 ohm-cm and Resistance is 1920.67607798 ohm.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "N = 5.0 * 10**22 #Number of silicon atoms (per cubic-centimeter)\n", - "N1 = 10**-6 #Donor impurity \n", - "ni = 1.45 * 10**10 #Intrinsic concentration (in per cubic-centimeter) \n", - "l = 0.5 #Length (in centimeter)\n", - "A = (50.0 * 10**-4)**2 #Area of cross-section (in centimeter-square)\n", - "ue = 1300.0 #Mobility of electron (in ) \n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "ND = 5 * 10**16 #Donor concentration (in per cubic-centimeter)\n", - "n = ND #Mobile electron concentration (in per cubic-centimeter)\n", - "p = ni**2 / ND #Hole concentration (in centimeter-square per volt-second)\n", - "sig = n * e * ue #Conductivity of doped silicon sample (in per ohm-cetimeter)\n", - "p1 = 1/sig #Resistivity (in ohm-centimeter)\n", - "R = p1 * l / A #Resistance (in ohm)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Resulting donor concentration is \",ND,\" /cm**3.\\nResulting mobile electron concentration is \",n,\" /cm**3.\\nResulting hole concentration is \",p,\" /cm**3.\"\n", - "print \"Conductivity of doped silicon sample is \",sig,\" (ohm-cm)**-1.\\nResistivity is \",p1,\" ohm-cm and Resistance is \",R,\" ohm.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Example 3.6 , Page Number 65 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 10, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Ratio of electron to hole concentration is 1e+12 .\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "ni = 1.4 * 10**18 #intrinsic concentration (in per cubic-centimeter)\n", - "ND = 1.4 * 10**24 #Donor concentration (in per cubic-centimeter)\n", - "n = ND #Concentration of electrons (in per cubic-centimeter)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "p = ni**2 / ND #Concentration of holes (in per cubic-centime) \n", - "ratio = n / p #Ratio of electron to hole concentration \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Ratio of electron to hole concentration is \",ratio,\".\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Example 3.7 , Page Number 65" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 12, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Relaxation time is 4.004e-14 s.\n", - "Resistivity of conductor is 1.53066222571e-08 ohm-meter.\n", - "Velocity of electrons with fermi energy is 1390706.99073 m/s.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "Ef = 5.5 #Fermi energy (in electron-volt)\n", - "ue = 7.04 * 10**-3 #Mobility of electrons (in meter-square per volt-second)\n", - "n = 5.8 * 10**28 #Concentration of electrons (in per cubic-centimeter)\n", - "e = 1.6 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n", - "m = 9.1 * 10**-31 #Mass of electron (in kilogram) \n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "tau = ue * m / e #Relaxation time (in seconds)\n", - "p = 1 / (n * e * ue) #Resistivity (in ohm-meter) \n", - "vf = (2 * Ef * e / m)**0.5 #Velocity of electron with fermi energy (in meter per second)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Relaxation time is \",tau,\" s.\\nResistivity of conductor is \",p,\"ohm-meter.\\nVelocity of electrons with fermi energy is \",vf,\" m/s.\"\n", - "\n", - "#Slight variation due to higher precision." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Example 3.8 , Page Number 68" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 14, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Conductivity is 0.0224 (ohm-cm)**-1.\n", - "Resistivity is 44.64 ohm-cm.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "ni = 2.5 * 10**13 #Intrinsic concentration (in per cubic-centimeter)\n", - "e = 1.6 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n", - "uh = 1800.0 #Mobility of holes (in per cubic-centimeter)\n", - "ue = 3800.0 #Mobility of electrons (in per cubic-centimeter)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "sigi = ni * e * (ue + uh) #Conductivity (in per ohm-centimeter)\n", - "pi = 1/sigi #Resistivity (in ohm-centimeter)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Conductivity is \",sigi,\" (ohm-cm)**-1.\\nResistivity is \",round(pi,2),\" ohm-cm.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Example 3.9 , Page Number 68 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 1, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Density of electrons is 2.29273661042e+19 /m**3.\n", - "Drift velocity of electrons is 3900.0 m/s.\n", - "Drift velocity of holes is 1900.0 m/s.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "pi = 0.47 #intrinsic resistivity (in ohm-meter)\n", - "ue = 0.39 #Electron mobility (in meter-square per volt-second)\n", - "uh = 0.19 #Hole mobility (in meter-square per volt-second)\n", - "e = 1.6 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n", - "E = 10**4 #Electric field (in volt per meter)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "sigi = 1 / pi #Conductivity (in per ohm-meter)\n", - "ni = sigi/(e * (ue + uh)) #Intrinsic concentration (in per cubic-meter)\n", - "vn = ue * E #Drift velocity of electrons (in meter per second)\n", - "vh = uh * E #Drift velocity of holes (in meter per second) \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Density of electrons is \",ni,\" /m**3.\\nDrift velocity of electrons is \",vn,\" m/s.\\nDrift velocity of holes is \",vh,\" m/s.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Example 3.10 , Page Number 69 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 2, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Conductivity of intrinsic silicon is 4.2e-06 /ohm-cm.\n", - "Conductivity of P type silicon is 72.0 ohm-cm.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "ni = 1.5 * 10**10 #Intrinsic concentration (in per cubic-centimeter)\n", - "uh = 450.0 #mobility of holes (in centimeter-square per volt-second)\n", - "ue = 1300.0 #mobility of electrons (in centimeter-square per volt-second)\n", - "NA = 10**18 #Doping level (in per cubic-centimeter)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "sigi = ni * e * (ue + uh) #Conductivity of silicon (in per ohm-centimeter)\n", - "sigp = e * NA * uh #COnductivity of P-type silicon (in per ohm-centimeter)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Conductivity of intrinsic silicon is \",sigi,\" /ohm-cm.\\nConductivity of P type silicon is \",sigp,\" ohm-cm.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Example 3.11 , Page Number 69 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 5, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Conductivity of intrinsic semiconductor is 0.0224 /ohm-cm.\n", - "Conductivity of N-type semiconductor is 2.68 /ohm-cm.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "ni = 2.5 * 10**13 #Intrinsic concentration (in per cubic-centimeter)\n", - "e = 1.6 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n", - "uh = 1800.0 #mobility of holes (in centimeter-square per volt-second)\n", - "ue = 3800.0 #mobility of electrons (in centimeter-square per volt-second)\n", - "ND = 4.41 * 10**22 * 10**-7 #Number of Germanium atoms (in per cubic-centimeter)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "sigi = ni * e * (uh + ue) #Intrinsic concentration (in per ohm-centimeter)\n", - "n = ND #Concentration of electrons (in per cubic-centimeter)\n", - "p = ni**2 / ND #Concentration of holes (in per cubic-centimeter)\n", - "sign = e * ND * ue #Conductivity of N-type germanium semiconductor (in per ohm-meter)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Conductivity of intrinsic semiconductor is \",sigi,\" /ohm-cm.\\nConductivity of N-type semiconductor is \",round(sign,2),\" /ohm-cm.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Example 3.12 , Page Number 69" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 11, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Electron drift velocity is 152.0 m/s.\n", - "Holes drift velocity is 72.0 m/s.\n", - "Intrinsic conductivity of Ge is 2.24 /ohm-m.\n", - "Total current is 5.376 mA.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "V = 10.0 #Voltage (in volts)\n", - "l = 0.025 #Length (in meter)\n", - "uh = 0.18 #mobility of holes (in meter-square per volt-second)\n", - "ue = 0.38 #mobility of electrons (in meter-square per volt-second)\n", - "ni = 2.5 * 10**19 #Intrinsic concentration (in per cubic-imeter)\n", - "a = 4.0 * 1.5 *10**-6 #Area of cross-section (in meter-square)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "E = V / l #Electric field (in volt per meter)\n", - "ve = ue * E #Drift velocity of electrons (in meter per second)\n", - "vh = uh * E #Drift velocity of holes (in meter per second)\n", - "sigi = ni * e * (ue + uh) #Conductivity of intrinsic semiconductor (in per ohm-meter)\n", - "I = sigi * E * a #Total current (in Ampere) \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Electron drift velocity is \",ve,\" m/s.\\nHoles drift velocity is \",vh,\" m/s.\\nIntrinsic conductivity of Ge is \",sigi,\" /ohm-m.\\nTotal current is \",I * 10**3,\" mA.\" " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Example 3.13 , Page Number 70 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 13, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Diffusion constant of electron is 93.0 cm**2/s.\n", - "Diffusion constant of holes is 43.9875 cm**2/s.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "ni = 2.5 * 10**13 #Intrinsic concentration (in per cubic-centimeter)\n", - "e = 1.6 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n", - "uh = 1700.0 #mobility of holes (in centimeter-square per volt-second)\n", - "ue = 3600.0 #mobility of electrons (in centimeter-square per volt-second)\n", - "k = 1.38 * 10**-23 #Boltzmann constant (in Joule per kelvin)\n", - "T = 300.0 #Temperature (in kelvin)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "De = ue * k * T / e #Diffusion constant of electrons (in centimeter-square per second)\n", - "Dh = uh * k * T / e #Diffusion constant of holes (in centimeter-square per second)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Diffusion constant of electron is \",round(De),\" cm**2/s.\\nDiffusion constant of holes is \",Dh,\" cm**2/s.\"\n", - "\n", - "#Slight variation in Dh due to higher precision." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Example 3.14 , Page Number 72" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 15, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Mobility of charge carriers is 4e-08 m**2/V-s.\n", - "Density of charge carriers is 1.73611111111e+22 /m**3.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "p = 9.0 * 10**3 #Resistivity (in ohm-meter)\n", - "RH = 3.6 * 10**-4 #Hall coefficient (in cubic-meter per Coulomb) \n", - "e = 1.6 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "sig = 1/p #Conductivity (in per ohm-meter)\n", - "P = 1/ RH #Charge density (in Coulomb per cubic meter)\n", - "n = P / e #Density of charge carriers (in per cubic-meter)\n", - "u = sig * RH #Mobility (in meter-square per volt-second)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Mobility of charge carriers is \",u,\" m**2/V-s.\\nDensity of charge carriers is \",n,\" /m**3.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Example 3.15 , Page Number 73" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 18, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "The current density in the specimen is 2482.76 A/m**2\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "E = 100.0 #Electric field (in volt per meter)\n", - "RH = 0.0145 #Hall coefficient (in cubic-meter per Coulomb)\n", - "un = 0.36 #Mobility of electrons (in meter-square per volt-second)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "n = 1/(e * RH) #Concentration (in per cubic-meter)\n", - "J = n * e * un * E #Current density (in Ampere per cubic-meter) \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"The current density in the specimen is \",round(J,2),\" A/m**2\"\n", - "\n", - "#Slight variation due to higher precision." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Example 3.16 , Page Number 73" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 20, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Hall coefficient is 0.00027 m**3/C.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "p = 9.0 * 10**-3 #Resistivity (in ohm-meter)\n", - "e = 1.6 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n", - "u = 0.03 #Mobility of carrier ion (in meter-square per volt-second)\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "sig = 1/p #Conductivity (in per ohm-meter)\n", - "RH = u / sig #Hall coefficient (in cubic-meter per Coulomb) \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Hall coefficient is \",RH,\" m**3/C.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Example 3.17 , Page Number 73" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 6, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - " Hall coefficient is 0.0003049 m**3/C.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "p = 9.0 * 10**3 #Resistivity (in ohm-meter)\n", - "e = 1.6 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n", - "n = 2.05 * 10**22 #Charge carrier density (in per cubic-meter) \n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "RH = 1/(n * e) #Hall coefficient (in cubic-meter per Coulomb) \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Hall coefficient is \",round(RH,7),\" m**3/C.\"\n", - "\n", - "#Slight variation due to higher precision." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Example 3.18 , Page Number 73" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 26, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Hall voltage is 76.0 mV.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "Ex = 5.0 * 10**2 #Applied Electric field (in volt per meter)\n", - "ue = 3800.0 * 10**-4 #Mobility of electron (in meter-square per volt-second) \n", - "Bz = 0.1 #Magnetic flux density (in Weber per meter-square) \n", - "d = 4.0 * 10**-3 #width (in meter) \n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "v = ue * Ex #Drift velocity (in meter per second)\n", - "VH = Bz * v * d #Hall voltage (in volts) \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Hall voltage is \",VH * 10**3,\" mV.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Example 3.19 , Page Number 74" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 30, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Mobility of holes is 0.075 m**2/V-s.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "p = 200.0 * 10 #Bar resistivity (in ohm-meter) \n", - "VH = 50.0 * 10**-3 #Hall voltage (in volts)\n", - "BZ = 0.1 #Magnetic flux density (in Weber per meter-square) \n", - "w = 3.0 * 10**-3 #width (in meter)\n", - "d = w #length (in meter)\n", - "I = 10.0 * 10**-6 #Current (in Ampere)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "RH = VH * w / (BZ * I) #Hall coefficient (in cubic-meter per Coulomb)\n", - "uh = RH / p #Mobility of holes (in meter-square per volt-second) \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Mobility of holes is \",uh,\" m**2/V-s.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Example 3.20 , Page Number 74" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 33, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Hall voltage is 3.0 mV.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "ND = 1.0 * 10**21 #Concentration of donor atoms (in per cubic-meter)\n", - "BZ = 0.2 #Magnetic field density (in Tesla)\n", - "J = 600.0 #Current density (in Ampere per meter-square)\n", - "n = ND #Concentration of electrons (in per cubic-meter)\n", - "d = 4.0 * 10**-3 #Length (in meter) \n", - "e = 1.6 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "VH = BZ * J * d / (n * e) #Hall voltage (in volts) \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Hall voltage is \",VH * 10**3,\" mV.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Example 3.21 , Page Number 82 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 37, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "New position of Fermi level is 0.328 eV\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "T = 300.0 #Temperature (in kelvin)\n", - "Ec_Ef = 0.3 #Energy level (in electron-volt) \n", - "T1 = 273 + 55 #New temperature (in kelvin)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "logencbyND = Ec_Ef/T #Value of loge(nc / ND)\n", - "Ec_Ef1 = T1 * logencbyND #New position of Fermi level (in electron-volt) \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"New position of Fermi level is \",Ec_Ef1,\" eV\"\n", - "\n", - "#Unit in the book should be eV instead of V." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Example 3.22 , Page Number 83" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 41, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Potential barrier is 0.19 eV.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "\n", - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "ND = NA = 8.0 * 10**14 #Concentration (in per cubic-meter)\n", - "ni = 2.0 * 10**13 #Intrinsic concentration (in per cubic-meter)\n", - "k = 8.61 * 10**-5 #Boltzmann constant (in electron-volt per kelvin)\n", - "T = 300.0 #Temperature (in kelvin)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "Vo = k * T * math.log(ND * NA/ni**2)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Potential barrier is \",round(Vo,2),\" eV.\"\n", - "\n", - "#Unit in the book should be eV instead of V." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Example 3.23 , Page Number 83" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 44, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "R1 is 250.0 ohm.\n", - "R2 is 40.0 ohm.\n", - "R3 is 10.0 Mega-ohm.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "ID1 = 2.0 * 10**-3 #Diode current1 (in Ampere)\n", - "VD1 = 0.5 #Diode voltage1 (in volts)\n", - "ID2 = 20.0 * 10**-3 #Diode current2 (in Ampere)\n", - "VD2 = 0.8 #Diode voltage2 (in volts)\n", - "ID3 = -1.0 * 10**-6 #Diode current3 (in Ampere)\n", - "VD3 = -10.0 #Diode voltage3 (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "R1 = VD1 / ID1 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", - "R2 = VD2 / ID2 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n", - "R3 = VD3 / ID3 #Resistance3 (in ohm)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"R1 is \",R1,\" ohm.\\nR2 is \",R2,\" ohm.\\nR3 is \",R3 * 10**-6,\" Mega-ohm.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Example 3.24 , Page Number 83" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 9, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Fraction of the total number of electrons in the conduction band at 300 K is 8.85 e-7 .\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "\n", - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "k = 8.61 * 10**-5 #Boltzmann constant (in electron-volt per kelvin)\n", - "T = 300.0 #Temperature (in kelvin)\n", - "EG = 0.72 #Energy band gap (in electron-volt) \n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "EF = 1.0/2 * EG #Fermi level (in electron-volt)\n", - "ncbyn = 1/(1 + math.exp((EG-EF)/(k*T))) #Ratio\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Fraction of the total number of electrons in the conduction band at 300 K is \",round(ncbyn*pow(10,7),2),\"e-7 .\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Example 3.25 , Page Number 83" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 1, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Since electron concentration 5.32 e+16 is more than hole concentration 1.33 e+16 .Therefore , Si is of n-type.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "\n", - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "Ao = 4.83 * 10**21 #Constant\n", - "T = 300.0 #Temperature (in kelvin)\n", - "EG = 1.1 #Energy level (in electron-volt)\n", - "kT = 0.026 #Product of k and T (in electron-volt)\n", - "ND = 5.0 * 10**15 #Donor concentration (in per cubic-meter) \n", - "NA = 2.0 * 10**16 #Acceptor concentration (in per cubic-meter) \n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "ni = Ao * T**1.5 * math.exp(-EG/(2*kT)) #Intrinsic concentration (in per cubic-meter)\n", - "h = ni**2 / NA #Hole concentration (in per cubic-meter)\n", - "n = ni**2 / ND #Electron concentration (in per cubic-meter)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Since electron concentration\",round(n*10**-16,2),\"e+16 is more than hole concentration \",round(h*10**-16,2),\"e+16 .Therefore , Si is of n-type.\"\n", - "\n", - "#Slight variations due to higher precision." - ] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 2", - "language": "python", - "name": "python2" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 2 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", - "version": "2.7.10" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 0 -} diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter4.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter4.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index 3a80267f..00000000 --- a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter4.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,878 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "# Chapter 4 , Junction Diode" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Example 4.1 , Page Number 103 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 3, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Current flowing through Germanium diode is 15.0 micro-A.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "\n", - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "Io = 0.15 * 10**-6 #Peak reverse biased current (in Ampere)\n", - "V = 0.12 #Voltage (in volts)\n", - "VT = 26.0 * 10**-3 #Volt-equivalent of temperature (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "I = Io * (math.exp(V/VT)-1) #Current flowing (in Ampere) \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Current flowing through Germanium diode is \",round(I * 10**6),\" micro-A.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Example 4.2 , Page Number 103 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 9, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Forward Voltage = 0.43 V.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "\n", - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "I = 10 * 10**-3 #Forward biased current (in Ampere)\n", - "Io = 2.5 * 10**-6 #Peak reverse biased current (in Ampere)\n", - "nVT = 2*26.0 * 10**-3 #Volt-equivalent of temperature (in volts)\n", - "n = 2 #For Silicon\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "V = nVT*math.log(I/Io + 1) #Forward Voltage (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Forward Voltage = \",round(V,2),\"V.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Example 4.3 , Page Number 103 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 4, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Reverse saturation current density is 0.16 micro Ampere.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "ND = 10**21 #Donor concentration (in per cubic meter)\n", - "NA = 10**22 #Acceptor concentration (in per cubic meter)\n", - "De = 3.4 * 10**-3 #Diffusion constant for electron (in meter square per second)\n", - "Dh = 1.2 * 10**-3 #Diffusion constant for holes (in meter square per second)\n", - "Le = 7.1 * 10**-4 #Diffusion length for electrons (in meter)\n", - "Lh = 3.5 * 10**-4 #Diffusion length for holes (in meter)\n", - "ni = 1.6 * 10**16 #intrinsic concentration (in per cubic-meter)\n", - "e = 1.6 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "Io_by_A = (Dh/(Lh*ND) + De/(Le*NA))*e*ni**2 #Reverse saturation current density (in Ampere per meter-square)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Reverse saturation current density is \",round(Io_by_A * 10**6,2),\"micro Ampere.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Example 4.4 , Page Number 107 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 5, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Dynamic resistance = 12.5 ohm.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "I = 2 * 10**-3 #Forward current (in Ampere)\n", - "VT = 25 * 10**-3 #Volt equivalent of temperature (in Volts)\n", - "n = 1 #eeta for the given semiconductor\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "r = n*VT/I #Dynamic resistance (in ohm) \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Dynamic resistance = \",r,\" ohm.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Example 4.5 , Page Number 107 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 11, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "A.C. resistance = 11.86 ohm.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "\n", - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "VT = 26.0 * 10**-3 #Volt equivalent of temperature (in Volts)\n", - "V = 200 * 10**-3 #Voltage (in volts)\n", - "Io = 1.0 * 10**-6 #Reverse saturation current (in Ampere)\n", - "n = 1 #For Germanium\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "r = n*VT/(Io*math.exp(V/(n*VT)))\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"A.C. resistance = \",round(r,2),\"ohm.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Example 4.6 , Page Number 108 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 8, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Current flowing through the circuit is 0.043 A.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "Vo = 0.7 #Barrier potential (in volts)\n", - "V = 5 #Voltage (in volts)\n", - "R = 100 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "I = (V-Vo)/R #Current flowing through circuit (in Ampere) \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Current flowing through the circuit is \",I,\"A.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Example 4.7 , Page Number 109" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 15, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Voltage drop across 7 ohm resistance is 13.6 V.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "Vo = 0.7 #Barrier potential (in volts)\n", - "V = 15 #Voltage (in volts)\n", - "R = 7.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm) \n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "I = (V-2*Vo)/R #Current (in Ampere)\n", - "VA = I * R #Voltage drop (in volts) \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Voltage drop across 7 ohm resistance is \",VA,\" V.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Example 4.8 , Page Number 109" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 18, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Voltage drop = 14.7 V.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "V = 15 #Voltage (in volts)\n", - "Vo = 0.3 #Voltage across parallel connection (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "VA = V - Vo #Voltage drop (in volts) \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Voltage drop = \",VA,\" V.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Example 4.9 , Page Number 110" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 36, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Current flowing is 62.5 mA.\n" - ] - }, - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 36, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - }, - { - "data": { - "image/png": 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- "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "import numpy\n", - "%matplotlib inline\n", - "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,annotate\n", - "\n", - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "VS = 10.0 #Supply voltage (in volts)\n", - "RL = 160 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "I = VS / RL #Current (in Ampere)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Current flowing is \",I * 10**3,\" mA.\"\n", - "\n", - "#Graph\n", - "\n", - "x = numpy.linspace(0,10)\n", - "plot(x,62.5 -62.5/10*x,'b')\n", - "title(\"VI Characteristics\")\n", - "xlabel(\"Diode Voltage , v in volts\")\n", - "ylabel(\"Diode Forward Current , I in A\")\n", - "annotate(\"Load Line\",xy=(5,35))" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Example 4.11 , Page Number 120" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 24, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Temperature coefficient is -0.0533 %.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "V25 = 5 #Initial voltage at 25 degree celsius (in volts)\n", - "V100 = 4.8 #Voltage at 100 degree celsius (in volts)\n", - "t1 = 25 #Temperature (in celsius)\n", - "t2 = 100 #Temperature (in celsius)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "dVZ = V100 - V25 #Change in zener voltage (in volts)\n", - "dt = t2 - t1 #Change in temperature (in celsius)\n", - "tc = dVZ/(V25*dt) #Temperature coefficient\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Temperature coefficient is \",round(tc*100,4),\"%.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Example 4.12 , Page Number 123" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 39, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Output Voltage = 8 V.\n", - "Voltage across Rs = 12 V.\n", - "Current through series resistance = 0 A.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "Vs = 12 #Source voltage (in volts)\n", - "Vout = VZ = 8 #Output voltage (in volts)\n", - "VRs = VS - Vout #Voltage across resistance in series (in volts)\n", - "RL = 10 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm) \n", - "Rs = 5 * 10**3 #Resistance in series (in ohm)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "IL = Vout/RL #Load current (in Ampere)\n", - "Is = (Vs-Vout)/Rs #Current through series resistance (in Ampere)\n", - "IZ = Is - IL #Current through zener diode (in Ampere)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Output Voltage = \",Vout,\" V.\"\n", - "print \"Voltage across Rs = \",Vs,\" V.\"\n", - "print \"Current through series resistance = \",IZ,\" A.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Example 4.13 , Page Number 123" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 43, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Maximum value of zener diode current is 9.0 mA.\n", - "Minimum value of zener diode current is 1.0 mA.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "Vout = VZ = 50 #Output voltage (in volts)\n", - "RL = 10.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", - "VSmax = 120 #Maximum voltage (in volts)\n", - "RS = 5.0 * 10**3 #Resistance in series (in ohm)\n", - "VSmin = 80 #Minimum voltage (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "IL = Vout / RL #Load current (in Ampere)\n", - "ISmax = (VSmax - Vout)/RS #Maximum series current (in Ampere)\n", - "IZmax = ISmax - IL #Maximum zener current (in Ampere)\n", - "ISmin = (VSmin - Vout)/RS #Minumum series current (in Ampere)\n", - "IZmin = ISmin - IL #Minimum zener current (in Ampere)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Maximum value of zener diode current is \",IZmax * 10**3,\" mA.\\nMinimum value of zener diode current is \",IZmin * 10**3,\" mA.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Example 4.14 , Page Number 123" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 46, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Series resistance is 192.3 ohm.\n", - "When the load current will decrease and become 10 mA, the zener current will increase and become 6 + 10 i.e. 16 mA. Thus the current through the series resistance RS will remain unchanged as 6 + 20 i.e. 26 mA. Thus voltage drop in series resistance RS will remain constant. Consequently the output voltage (Vout = VS - IS*RS) will also remain constant.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "IZK = 6 * 10**-3 #Minimum zener current (in Ampere)\n", - "ILmax = 20.0 * 10**-3 #Maximum load current (in Ampere)\n", - "VS = 20 #Source voltage (in volts)\n", - "Vout = 15 #Output voltage (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "RS = (VS - Vout)/(IZK + ILmax) #Series resistance (in ohm)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Series resistance is \",round(RS,1),\" ohm.\"\n", - "print \"When the load current will decrease and become 10 mA, the zener current will increase and become 6 + 10 i.e. 16 mA. Thus the current through the series resistance RS will remain unchanged as 6 + 20 i.e. 26 mA. Thus voltage drop in series resistance RS will remain constant. Consequently the output voltage (Vout = VS - IS*RS) will also remain constant.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Example 4.15 , Page Number 124" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 50, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "The output voltage is 50.0 V.\n", - "Voltage drop across RS is 70.0 V.\n", - "Current through zener is 9.0 mA.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "VL = VZ = 50.0 #Output voltage (in volts)\n", - "VS = 120.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n", - "RL = 10.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", - "RS = 5.0 * 10**3 #Resistance in series (in ohm)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "VRS = VS - VZ #Voltage across resistance in series (in volts)\n", - "IL = VL/RL #Load current (in Ampere)\n", - "IS = VRS / RS #Current through resistance in series (in Ampere)\n", - "IZ = IS - IL #Current through zener diode (in Ampere)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"The output voltage is \",VL,\" V.\"\n", - "print \"Voltage drop across RS is \",VRS,\" V.\"\n", - "print \"Current through zener is \",IZ * 10**3,\" mA.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Example 4.16 , Page Number 124" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 54, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "VL = 8.73 V.\n", - "IZ = 0 A.\n", - "PZ = 0.0 W.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "VS = 16.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n", - "RL = 1.2 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", - "RS = 1.0 * 10**3 #Resistance in series (in ohm)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "VL = VS * RL/(RS + RL) #Voltage across load (in volts)\n", - "IZ = 0 #Current through zener diode (in Ampere) \n", - "PZ = VZ*IZ #Power across zener diode (in Ampere)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"VL = \",round(VL,2),\" V.\"\n", - "print \"IZ = \",IZ,\" A.\"\n", - "print \"PZ = \",PZ,\" W.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Example 4.17 , Page Number 124" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 60, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "VL1 = 15.0 V.\n", - "IL1 = 47.62 \n", - "IZ1 = 0 A.\n", - "IR1 = 47.62 A.\n", - "VL2 = 3.7 V.\n", - "IL2 = 74.07 A.\n", - "IZ2 = 0 A.\n", - "IR2 = 74.07 A.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "Vin = 20 #input voltage (in volts)\n", - "RS = 220.0 #Series resistance (in ohm)\n", - "VZ = 10 #Zener voltage (in volts)\n", - "RL1 = 200 #Load resistance1 (in ohm)\n", - "RL2 = 50 #Load resistance2 (in ohm)\n", - "PZmax = 400 * 10**-3 #Power (in watt)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "VL1 = Vin*RL1/(RS + RL1) #Voltage across load1 (in volts)\n", - "IL1 =IR=Vin/(RS + RL1) #Load1 current (in Ampere)\n", - "IZ1 = 0 #Zener current 1 (in Ampere)\n", - "VL2 = Vin*RL2/(RS + RL2) #Voltage across load2 (in volts)\n", - "IL2 =IR=Vin/(RS + RL2) #Load2 current (in Ampere)\n", - "IZ2 = 0 #Zener current 2 (in Ampere)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"VL1 = \",round(V,2),\" V.\"\n", - "print \"IL1 = \",round(IL1*10**3,2),\"\"\n", - "print \"IZ1 = \",IZ1,\" A.\"\n", - "print \"IR1 = \",round(IL1*10**3,2),\" A.\"\n", - "\n", - "print \"VL2 = \",round(VL2,1),\" V.\"\n", - "print \"IL2 = \",round(IL2*10**3,2),\" A.\"\n", - "print \"IZ2 = \",IZ2,\" A.\"\n", - "print \"IR2 = \",round(IL2*10**3,2),\" A.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Example 4.18 , Page Number 125" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 61, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Voltage drop across 5 kilo-ohm resistor is 50 V.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "VS = 100 #Source voltage (in volts)\n", - "VL = VZ = 50 #Voltage across load (in volts)\n", - "V = 10.0/(10 + 5) #Voltage (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "VR = VS - VL #Voltage across resistance using KVL (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Voltage drop across 5 kilo-ohm resistor is \",VR,\" V.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Example 4.19 , Page Number 125" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 68, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Ri for minimum voltage is 25.0 ohm.\n", - "Ri for maximum voltage is 25.0 ohm.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "V = 12 #Voltage (in volts)\n", - "R = 120 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", - "VDCmin = 15 #Minimum dc voltage (in volts)\n", - "VZ = 12 #Zener voltage (in volts)\n", - "VDCmax = 19.5 #Maximum dc voltage (in volts)\n", - "IZmin = 20 * 10**-3 #Minimum current through zener (in Ampere) \n", - "IL = 100 * 10**-3 #Current through load (in Ampere)\n", - "IZmax = 200 * 10**-3 #Maximum current through zener (in Ampere)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "VSmin = VDCmin - VZ #Minimum voltage across Ri (in volts)\n", - "VSmax = VDCmax - VZ #Maximum voltage across Ri (in volts)\n", - "ISmin = IZmin + IL #Minimum current through Ri (in Ampere)\n", - "Rimin = VSmin/ISmin #Resistance Ri1 (in ohm)\n", - "ISmax = IZmax + IL #Minimum current through Ri (in Ampere)\n", - "Rimax =VSmax/ISmax #Resistance Ri2 (in ohm)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Ri for minimum voltage is \",Rimin,\" ohm.\"\n", - "print \"Ri for maximum voltage is \",Rimax,\" ohm.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Example 4.20 , Page Number 126 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 78, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Range of RL : From 250.0 ohm to 1.25 kilo-ohm.\n", - "Range of IL : From 8.0 mA to 40.0 mA.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "Vi = 50.0 #Voltage (in volts)\n", - "R = 1.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", - "VZ = 10.0 #Voltage across zener (in volts)\n", - "IZmax = 32.0 * 10**-3 #Maximum current across zener (in Ampere)\n", - "IZmin = 0.0 #Minimum current across zener (in Ampere) \n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "IR = (Vi - VZ)/R #Supply current (in Ampere)\n", - "ILmax = IR - IZmin #Maximum load current (in Ampere)\n", - "RLmin = VZ/ILmax #Minimum corresponding load resistance (in ohm)\n", - "ILmin = IR - IZmax #Minimum load current (in Ampere) \n", - "RLmax = VZ/ILmin #Maximum corresponding load resistance (in ohm) \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Range of RL : From \",RLmin,\"ohm to \",RLmax*10**-3,\" kilo-ohm.\"\n", - "print \"Range of IL : From \",ILmin* 10**3,\" mA to \",ILmax*10**3,\" mA.\"" - ] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 2", - "language": "python", - "name": "python2" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 2 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", - "version": "2.7.10" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 0 -} diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter5.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter5.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index 8ce58f25..00000000 --- a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter5.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1355 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "#Chapter 5 , Diode Applications - DC Power Supplies and Waveshaping Circuits " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Example 5.1 , Page Number 140" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 3, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Idc = 1.957 A.\n", - "Irms = 3.074 A.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "\n", - "#Variables \n", - "\n", - "VSrms = 10 #Supply voltage\n", - "VSmax = 10* 2**0.5 #Peak value of supply voltage (in volts)\n", - "RF = 0.3 #Forward resistance (in ohm)\n", - "RL = 2 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "Imax = VSmax/(RL + RF) #Peak value of current in load (in Ampere)\n", - "Idc = Imax/math.pi #DC ouput current (in Ampere)\n", - "Irms = Imax/2 #RMS value of output current (in Ampere) \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Idc = \",round(Idc,3),\" A.\"\n", - "print \"Irms = \",round(Irms,3),\" A.\"\n", - "\n", - "#Slight variation due to higher precision." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Example 5.2 , Page Number 141" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 2, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Imax = 148.156 mA.\n", - "Idc = 47.16 mA.\n", - "Irms = 74.078 mA.\n", - "PIV = 311.127 V.\n", - "Load output voltage = 94.32 V.\n", - "DC output power = 4.448 W.\n", - "AC input power = 11.524 W.\n", - "Ripple factor = 1.21 .\n", - "Transformer utilisation factor = 0.2724 .\n", - "Rectification efficiency = 38.6 %.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "\n", - "#Variables \n", - "\n", - "VSrms = 220.0 #Supply voltage\n", - "VSmax = 220.0 * 2**0.5 #Peak value of supply voltage (in volts)\n", - "RF = 100.0 #Forward resistance (in ohm)\n", - "RL = 2.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "Imax = VSmax/(RL + RF) #Maximum value of current (in Ampere)\n", - "Idc = Imax/math.pi #DC ouput current (in Ampere)\n", - "Irms = Imax/2 #RMS value of output current (in Ampere) \n", - "PIV = VSmax #Peak inverse voltage (in volts)\n", - "Vdc = Idc*RL #Load output voltage (in volts)\n", - "Pdc = Idc**2 * RL #DC output power (in watt)\n", - "Pac = Imax**2/4*(RF + RL) #AC input power (in watt)\n", - "gamma = ((Irms/Idc)**2 - 1)**.5 #Ripple factor \n", - "TUF = 0.286/(1 + RF/RL) #Transformer utilisation factor\n", - "eeta = Pdc/Pac * 100 #Rectification efficiency\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Imax = \",round(Imax * 10**3,3),\" mA.\\nIdc = \",round(Idc * 10**3,2),\" mA.\\nIrms = \",round(Irms * 10**3,3),\" mA.\"\n", - "print \"PIV = \",round(PIV,3),\" V.\"\n", - "print \"Load output voltage = \",round(Vdc,2),\" V.\"\n", - "print \"DC output power = \",round(Pdc,3),\" W.\\nAC input power = \",round(Pac,3),\" W.\"\n", - "print \"Ripple factor = \",round(gamma,2),\".\"\n", - "print \"Transformer utilisation factor = \",round(TUF,4),\".\"\n", - "print \"Rectification efficiency = \",round(eeta,1),\"%.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Example 5.3 , Page Number 141" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 13, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Percentage voltage regulation : 4.76 %.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables \n", - "\n", - "VNL = 44.0 #No load voltage (in volts)\n", - "VFL = 42.0 #Full load voltage (in volts) \n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "Reg = (VNL - VFL)/VFL * 100 #Percentage voltage regulation \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Percentage voltage regulation : \",round(Reg,2),\" %.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Example 5.4 , Page Number 141" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 1, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "DC output voltage : 4.4 V.\n", - "PIV : 17.0 V.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "\n", - "#Variables \n", - "\n", - "RF = 10 #Forward resistance (in ohm)\n", - "IL = 100 * 10**-3 #Load current (in Ampere)\n", - "VSrms = 12 #RMS value of supply voltage (in volts)\n", - "VSmax = 12 * 2**0.5 #Maximum value of supply voltage (in volts)\n", - "Idc = 0.1 #DC current (in Ampere)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "Vdc = VSmax/math.pi - Idc*RF #DC output voltage (in volts)\n", - "PIV = VSmax #Peak inverse voltage (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"DC output voltage : \",round(Vdc,1),\" V.\"\n", - "print \"PIV : \",round(PIV),\" V.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Example 5.5 , Page Number 146 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 19, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Peak value of current : 0.109 A.\n", - "Average value of current : 0.0694 A.\n", - "RMS value of current : 0.077 A.\n", - "Ripple factor : 0.483 .\n", - "Efficiency of rectifier : 73.82 %.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "\n", - "#Variables \n", - "\n", - "VSmax = 60.0 #Maximum value of supply voltage (in volts)\n", - "RF = 50.0 #Forward resistance (in ohm)\n", - "RL = 500.0 #Load resistance (in ohm) \n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "Imax = VSmax/(RL + RF) #Peak current (in Ampere)\n", - "Idc = 2*Imax/math.pi #Average current (in Ampere)\n", - "Irms = Imax/2**0.5 #RMS value of current (in Ampere)\n", - "r = ((Irms/Idc)**2 - 1)**0.5 #Ripple factor \n", - "n = 0.812/(1 + RF/RL)*100 #Efficiency of rectifier \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Peak value of current : \",round(Imax,3),\" A.\\nAverage value of current : \",round(Idc,4),\" A.\\nRMS value of current : \",round(Irms,3),\" A.\"\n", - "print \"Ripple factor : \",round(r,3),\".\"\n", - "print \"Efficiency of rectifier : \",round(n,2),\"%.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Example 5.6 , Page Number 147" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 4, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "DC output voltage : 10.8 V.\n", - "DC load current : 108.0 mA.\n", - "PIV rating required : 33.94 V.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math \n", - "\n", - "#Variables \n", - "\n", - "VSmax = 12 * 2**0.5 #Peak value of supply voltage (in volts)\n", - "RL = 100.0 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "Idc = 2*VSmax/(RL*math.pi) #Average current (in Ampere)\n", - "Vdc = Idc * RL #Average voltage (in volts)\n", - "PIV = 2*VSmax #Peak inverse voltage (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"DC output voltage : \",round(Vdc,1),\" V.\"\n", - "print \"DC load current : \",round(Idc * 10**3),\" mA.\"\n", - "print \"PIV rating required : \",round(PIV,2),\" V.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Example 5.7 , Page Number 153 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 8, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Output DC voltage : 25.46 V.\n", - "Ripple fator : 0.0149 .\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "\n", - "#Variables \n", - "\n", - "VLmax = VSmax = 40.0 #Peak value of supply voltage (in volts)\n", - "f = 50 #Frequency (in Hertz) \n", - "w = 2*math.pi*50 #Angular frequency (in rad/sec)\n", - "L = 2.0 #Inductance (in Henry)\n", - "C = 40 * 10**-6 #Capacitance (in Farad) \n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "Vdc = 2*VSmax/math.pi #Average voltage (in bolts)\n", - "r = 1/(6*2**0.5*w**2*L*C) #Ripple factor\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Output DC voltage : \",round(Vdc,2),\"V.\"\n", - "print \"Ripple fator : \",round(r,4),\".\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Example 5.8 , Page Number 161" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 9, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Peak output voltage : 14.3 V.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables \n", - "\n", - "Vo = 0.7 #Barrier potential (in volts)\n", - "Vinpeak = 15 #Peak input voltage (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "Voutpeak = Vinpeak - Vo #Peak output voltage (in volts) \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Peak output voltage : \",Voutpeak,\" V.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Example 5.9 , Page Number 161" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 11, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Output voltage (rms value) : 1.27 V.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "\n", - "#Variables \n", - "\n", - "R1 = 2.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", - "R2 = 1.0 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n", - "Vinpeak = 10 #peak input voltage (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "RL = R1*R2/(R1+R2) #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", - "Voutpeak = Vinpeak*RL/(R2+RL) #Peak voltage across load resistance (in ohm)\n", - "Vrms = Voutpeak/math.pi #RMS value of output voltage (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Output voltage (rms value) : \",round(Vrms,2),\" V.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Example 5.10 , Page Number 162 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 29, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Voutpeak : 8.0 V.\n" - ] - }, - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 29, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - }, - { - "data": { - "image/png": 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- "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "import numpy\n", - "%matplotlib inline\n", - "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim\n", - "\n", - "#Variables \n", - "\n", - "R1 = 20.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", - "R2 = 10.0 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n", - "Vinpeak = 20 #peak input voltage (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "RL = R1*R2/(R1+R2) #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", - "Voutpeak = Vinpeak*RL/(R2+RL) #Peak voltage across load resistance (in ohm)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Voutpeak : \",Voutpeak,\"V.\"\n", - "\n", - "#Graph\n", - "\n", - "x = numpy.linspace(0,math.pi,100)\n", - "y = numpy.sin(x)\n", - "plot(x,8*y,'b')\n", - "ylim(0,9)\n", - "xlim(0,math.pi)\n", - "title(\"Output Waveform\")\n", - "xlabel(\"t ->\")\n", - "ylabel(\"-Vout->\")" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Example 5.11 , Page Number 162" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 15, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Peak output voltage : 10.0 V.\n" - ] - }, - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 15, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - }, - { - "data": { - "image/png": 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- "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "import numpy\n", - "%matplotlib inline\n", - "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim\n", - "\n", - "#Variables \n", - "\n", - "Vinpeak = 12.0 #Peak input voltage (in volts)\n", - "Vo = 0.7 #Barrier potential (in volts)\n", - "RS = 500 #Series resistance (in ohm)\n", - "RL = 2.5 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "Voutpeak = Vinpeak*RL/(RS+RL) #Peak output voltage (in volts) \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Peak output voltage : \",Voutpeak,\" V.\"\n", - "\n", - "#Graph\n", - "\n", - "x = numpy.linspace(0,math.pi,100)\n", - "x1 = numpy.linspace(math.pi,2*math.pi,100)\n", - "x2 = numpy.linspace(math.pi,2*math.pi,100)\n", - "x3=numpy.linspace(0,8,100)\n", - "y2 = numpy.sin(x2)\n", - "y = numpy.sin(x)\n", - "plot(x,8*y,'b')\n", - "plot(x1,-0.7+x1-x1,'b')\n", - "plot(x2,12*y2,'--')\n", - "plot(x3,0+x3-x3,'k')\n", - "ylim(-13,9)\n", - "xlim(0,2*math.pi+1)\n", - "title(\"Output Waveform\")\n", - "xlabel(\"t ->\")\n", - "ylabel(\"-Vout->\")" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Example 5.12 , Page Number 163 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 20, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "PIV of diode : 5 V.\n" - ] - }, - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 20, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - }, - { - "data": { - "image/png": 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- "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "import numpy\n", - "%matplotlib inline\n", - "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim\n", - "\n", - "#Variables \n", - "\n", - "Vi = 10 #Input voltage (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "Vo = Vi * 1.0/2 #Output voltage (in volts)\n", - "Vdc = 0.636 * Vo #DC output voltage (in volts)\n", - "PIV = 5 #Peak inverse voltage (in volts) \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"PIV of diode : \",PIV,\"V.\"\n", - "\n", - "#Graph\n", - "\n", - "x = numpy.linspace(0,math.pi,100)\n", - "y = numpy.sin(x)\n", - "x1 = numpy.linspace(math.pi,2*math.pi,100)\n", - "y1 = numpy.sin(x1)\n", - "ylim(0,8)\n", - "xlim(0,2*math.pi)\n", - "plot(x,5*(y),'b')\n", - "plot(x1,-5*(y1),'b')\n", - "plot(x,0+x-x,'k')\n", - "plot(x1,0+x1-x1,'k')\n", - "plot(x,5+x-x,'--',color='g')\n", - "plot(x1,5+x1-x1,'--',color='g')\n", - "title(\"Output Waveform\")\n", - "xlabel(\"t ->\")\n", - "ylabel(\"-Vout->\")" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Example 5.13 , Page Number 164" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 32, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "PIV rating of diode : 200 V.\n" - ] - }, - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 32, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - }, - { - "data": { - "image/png": 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- "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "import numpy\n", - "%matplotlib inline\n", - "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim,annotate\n", - "\n", - "#Variables \n", - "\n", - "Vimax = 200 #Peak input voltage (in volts)\n", - "R = 10 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", - "RL = 4 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "Iimax = Vimax/R #Peak input current (in Ampere) \n", - "VLmax = Iimax * RL #Peak voltage across load (in volts) \n", - "PIV = 200 #Peak inverse voltage (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"PIV rating of diode :\",PIV,\"V.\"\n", - "\n", - "#Graph\n", - "\n", - "x1 = numpy.linspace(0,math.pi,100)\n", - "x2 = numpy.linspace(math.pi,2*math.pi,100)\n", - "x3 = numpy.linspace(2*math.pi,3*math.pi,100)\n", - "y1 = numpy.sin(x1)\n", - "y2 = numpy.sin(x2)\n", - "y3 = numpy.sin(x3)\n", - "plot(x1,80*(y1),'b')\n", - "plot(x2,(-1)*80*(y2),'b')\n", - "plot(x3,80*(y3),'b')\n", - "plot(x1/2,80+x1-x1,'--',color='g')\n", - "xlim(0,3*math.pi)\n", - "ylim(0,200)\n", - "annotate('80 V',xy=(0.5 ,80))\n", - "title(\"Output Voltage Waveform\")\n", - "xlabel(\"t ->\")\n", - "ylabel(\"-Vout->\")" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Example 5.14 , Page Number 165 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 33, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "During positive half , Output voltage Vo = 2 V when Vi < 2 V.\n", - "Output voltage Vo = Vi when Vi > 2 V.\n", - "During negative half , Output voltage Vo = 2 V.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables \n", - "\n", - "Vo = 2 #Output voltage when Vi < 2 V (in volts)\n", - "#Vo1 = Vi #Output voltage when Vi > 2 V (in volts) \n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "Vo = 2 #Output voltage during negative half (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"During positive half , Output voltage Vo = 2 V when Vi < 2 V.\\nOutput voltage Vo = Vi when Vi > 2 V.\"\n", - "print \"During negative half , Output voltage Vo = 2 V.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Example 5.15 , Page Number 166 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 38, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "During positive half , Output voltage : 5.0 V.\n", - "During negative half , Output voltage : -10 V.\n" - ] - }, - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "(-12, 10)" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 38, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - }, - { - "data": { - "image/png": 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- "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "import numpy\n", - "%matplotlib inline\n", - "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim\n", - "\n", - "#Variables \n", - "\n", - "Vi = 10 #Input voltage (in volts)\n", - "V1 = 2.5 #Voltage (in volts)\n", - "Rnet = 3 * 10**3 #Net resistance (in ohm)\n", - "R1 = 2.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", - "R2 = 1.0 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "I = (Vi - V1)/Rnet #Current (in Ampere)\n", - "Vo = I * (R2) + 2.5 #Output voltage positive half (in volts)\n", - "Voneg = -Vi #Output voltage negative half (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"During positive half , Output voltage : \",Vo,\"V.\"\n", - "print \"During negative half , Output voltage : \",Voneg,\"V.\" \n", - "\n", - "#Graph\n", - "\n", - "x = numpy.linspace(0,9,100) \n", - "x1 = numpy.linspace(0,3,100)\n", - "x2 = numpy.linspace(3,6,100)\n", - "x3 = numpy.linspace(6,9,100)\n", - "y1 = numpy.linspace(-10,5,100)\n", - "plot(x,0+x-x,'k')\n", - "plot(x1,-10+x1-x1,'--',color='g')\n", - "plot(x1,5-x1+x1,'b')\n", - "plot(x2,-10+x2-x2,'b')\n", - "plot(x3,5+x3-x3,'b')\n", - "plot(3+y1-y1,y1,'b')\n", - "plot(6+y1-y1,y1,'b')\n", - "title(\"Output Voltage Waveform\")\n", - "xlabel(\"t ->\")\n", - "ylabel(\"-Vout->\")\n", - "xlim(0,9)\n", - "ylim(-12,10)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Example 5.16 , Page Number 166" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 39, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "During positive half , peak voltage : 12 V.\n", - "During negative half , peak voltage : -8 V.\n" - ] - }, - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 39, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - }, - { - "data": { - "image/png": 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- "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "import numpy\n", - "%matplotlib inline\n", - "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim\n", - "\n", - "#Variables \n", - "\n", - "V1 = 12 #Voltage1 (in volts)\n", - "V2 = 8 #Voltage2 (in volts) \n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "Vopos = V1 #Peak Output voltage during positive half (in volts)\n", - "Voneg = -V2 #Peak Output voltage during negative half (in volts) \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"During positive half , peak voltage : \",Vopos,\"V.\\nDuring negative half , peak voltage : \",Voneg,\"V.\"\n", - "\n", - "#Graph \n", - "\n", - "x = numpy.linspace(0,24,100)\n", - "x1 = numpy.linspace(0,2,100)\n", - "x2 = numpy.linspace(2,6,100)\n", - "x3 = numpy.linspace(6,8,100)\n", - "x4 = numpy.linspace(8,8+8.0/6,100)\n", - "x5 = numpy.linspace(8+8.0/6,12+8.0/6,100)\n", - "x6 = numpy.linspace(12+8.0/6,12+2*8.0/6,100)\n", - "x7 = numpy.linspace(12+2*8.0/6,14+2*8.0/6,100)\n", - "x8 = numpy.linspace(14+2*8.0/6,18+2*8.0/6,100)\n", - "x9 = numpy.linspace(18+2*8.0/6,20+2*8.0/6,100)\n", - "x10 = numpy.linspace(0,8+8.0/6,100)\n", - "plot(x,0+x-x,'k')\n", - "plot(x1,6*x1,'b')\n", - "plot(x2,12-x2+x2,'b')\n", - "plot(x3,12-6*(x3-6),'b')\n", - "plot(x4,-6*(x4-8),'b')\n", - "plot(x5,-8+x5-x5,'b')\n", - "plot(x6,-8+6*(x6-(12+8.0/6)))\n", - "plot(x7,6*(x7-(12+2*8.0/6)),'b')\n", - "plot(x8,12-x8+x8,'b')\n", - "plot(x9,12-6*(x9-(18+2*8.0/6)),'b')\n", - "plot(x10,-8+x10-x10,'--',color='g')\n", - "plot(x1,12+x1-x1,'--',color='g')\n", - "ylim(-20,15)\n", - "xlim(0,20+2*8.0/6)\n", - "title(\"Output Voltage Waveform\")\n", - "xlabel(\"t ->\")\n", - "ylabel(\"-Vout->\")" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Example 5.17 , Page Number 167 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 44, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Following is the output wave generated when Vinmax is changed to 60 V.\n" - ] - }, - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 44, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - }, - { - "data": { - "image/png": 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k0eZjgXHJ43HAcW2R5Y9/hP79w5dUtobFhHTJq0jzYrcg8tnS3Zclj5cBbbLUS12dWg/V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\nvMw1N+w04Mdmtp6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- "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "import numpy\n", - "%matplotlib inline\n", - "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim\n", - "\n", - "#Variables \n", - "\n", - "Vinmax1 = 25 #Peak input voltage1 (in volts)\n", - "Vinmax2 = 60 #Peak input voltage2 (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "Voutmax1 = 20 #Peak output voltage1 (in volts)\n", - "Voutmax2 = 10 #Peak output voltage2 (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Following is the output wave generated when Vinmax is changed to 60 V.\"\n", - "\n", - "#Graph\n", - "\n", - "x = numpy.linspace(0,24,100)\n", - "x1 = numpy.linspace(0,2,100)\n", - "x2 = numpy.linspace(2,6,100)\n", - "x3 = numpy.linspace(6,8,100)\n", - "x4 = numpy.linspace(8,10,100)\n", - "x5 = numpy.linspace(10,14,100)\n", - "x6 = numpy.linspace(14,16,100)\n", - "x7 = numpy.linspace(0,10,100)\n", - "plot(x,0+x-x,'k')\n", - "plot(x1,10*x1,'b')\n", - "plot(x2,20-x2+x2,'b')\n", - "plot(x3,20-10*(x3-6),'b')\n", - "plot(x4,-10*(x4-8),'b')\n", - "plot(x5,-20+x5-x5,'b')\n", - "plot(x6,-20+10*(x6-14))\n", - "plot(x7,-20+x7-x7,'--',color='g')\n", - "xlim(0,16)\n", - "ylim(-22,22)\n", - "title(\"Output Voltage Waveform\")\n", - "xlabel(\"t ->\")\n", - "ylabel(\"-Vout->\")" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Example 5.18 , Page Number 168 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 60, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Output voltage Vout = Vin/2.\n", - "Voutmax = 5.0 V.\n" - ] - }, - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 60, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - }, - { - "data": { - "image/png": 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- "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "import numpy\n", - "%matplotlib inline\n", - "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim,annotate\n", - "\n", - "#Variables \n", - "\n", - "Vinmax = 10.0 #Peak input voltage (in volts)\n", - "R1 = 5 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", - "R2 = 5 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm) \n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "Vout = Vinmax/(R1 + R2)*R2 #Output voltage (in volts) \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Output voltage Vout = Vin/2.\"\n", - "print \"Voutmax = \",Vout,'V.'\n", - "\n", - "#Graph\n", - "\n", - "x = numpy.linspace(0,12,100) \n", - "x1 = numpy.linspace(0,3,100)\n", - "x2 = numpy.linspace(3,6,100)\n", - "x3 = numpy.linspace(6,9,100)\n", - "y1 = numpy.linspace(-5,0,100)\n", - "plot(x,0+x-x,'k')\n", - "plot(x1,0-x1+x1,'b')\n", - "plot(x2,-5+x2-x2,'b')\n", - "plot(x3,0+x3-x3,'b')\n", - "plot(3+y1-y1,y1,'b')\n", - "plot(6+y1-y1,y1,'b')\n", - "plot(9+y1-y1,y1,'b')\n", - "plot(x2,-2+x2-x2,'--',color='g')\n", - "title(\"Output Voltage Waveform\")\n", - "xlabel(\"t ->\")\n", - "ylabel(\"-Vout->\")\n", - "xlim(0,9)\n", - "ylim(-6,5)\n", - "annotate('T/2',xy=(4.25,-2))" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Example 5.19 , Page Number 168 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 92, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "OUtput voltage lies in range : -8 V to +6 V.\n" - ] - }, - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 92, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - }, - { - "data": { - "image/png": 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- "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "import numpy\n", - "%matplotlib inline\n", - "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim,annotate\n", - "\n", - "#Variables \n", - "\n", - "Vinmax = 10 #Peak input voltage (in volts)\n", - "V1 = 5.3 #Voltage source1 (in volts)\n", - "V2 = 7.3 #Voltage source2 (in volts) \n", - "R = 10.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "Vomax = 6 #Peak output voltage in positive half (in volts)\n", - "Vomin = -8 #Peak output voltage in negative half (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"OUtput voltage lies in range : -8 V to +6 V.\"\n", - "\n", - "#Graph \n", - "\n", - "x = numpy.linspace(0,24,100)\n", - "x1 = numpy.linspace(0,3,100)\n", - "x2 = numpy.linspace(3,5,100)\n", - "x3 = numpy.linspace(5,7,100)\n", - "x4 = numpy.linspace(7,10,100)\n", - "x5 = numpy.linspace(10,14,100)\n", - "x6 = numpy.linspace(14,15,100)\n", - "x7 = numpy.linspace(15,16,100)\n", - "x8 = numpy.linspace(16,20,100)\n", - "x9 = numpy.linspace(0,5,100)\n", - "x10 = numpy.linspace(0,14,100)\n", - "x11 = numpy.linspace(0,15,100)\n", - "\n", - "plot(x,0+x-x,'k')\n", - "plot(x1,2*x1,'b')\n", - "plot(x2,2*x2,'--',color='b')\n", - "plot(x3,10-2*(x3-5),'--',color='b')\n", - "plot(x4,6-2*(x4-7),'b')\n", - "plot(x5,-2*(x5-10),'b')\n", - "plot(x6,-8-2*(x6-14),'--',color='b')\n", - "plot(x7,-10+2*(x7-15),'--',color='b')\n", - "plot(x8,-8+2*(x8-16),'b')\n", - "\n", - "plot(x1,6-x1+x1,'--',color='g')\n", - "plot(x2,6-x2+x2,'k')\n", - "plot(x3,6-x3+x3,'k')\n", - "plot(x6,-8-x6+x6,'k')\n", - "plot(x7,-8-x7+x7,'k')\n", - "plot(x9,10+x9-x9,'--',color='g')\n", - "plot(x10,-8+x10-x10,'--',color='g')\n", - "plot(x11,-10+x11-x11,'--',color='g')\n", - "\n", - "xlim(0,20)\n", - "ylim(-12,12)\n", - "title(\"Output Voltage Waveform\")\n", - "xlabel(\"t ->\")\n", - "ylabel(\"-Vout->\")" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Example 5.20 , Page Number 173 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 98, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Output voltage in positive half : 35 V.\n", - "Output voltage in negative half : -5 V.\n" - ] - }, - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "(-10, 40)" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 98, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - }, - { - "data": { - "image/png": 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- "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "import numpy\n", - "%matplotlib inline\n", - "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim\n", - "\n", - "#Variables \n", - "\n", - "Vin = 20 #Input voltage (in volts)\n", - "V1 = 5 #Battery voltage (in volts) \n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "Voutp = (2*Vin - V1) #Output voltage in positive half (in volts)\n", - "Voutn = 0 - V1 #Output voltage in negative half (in volts) \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Output voltage in positive half : \",Voutp,\"V.\"\n", - "print \"Output voltage in negative half :\",Voutn,\"V.\"\n", - "\n", - "#Graph\n", - "\n", - "x = numpy.linspace(0,9,100) \n", - "x1 = numpy.linspace(0,3,100)\n", - "x2 = numpy.linspace(3,6,100)\n", - "x3 = numpy.linspace(6,9,100)\n", - "y1 = numpy.linspace(-5,35,100)\n", - "plot(x,0+x-x,'k')\n", - "plot(x1,-10+x1-x1,'--',color='g')\n", - "plot(x1,35-x1+x1,'b')\n", - "plot(x2,-5+x2-x2,'b')\n", - "plot(x3,35+x3-x3,'b')\n", - "plot(3+y1-y1,y1,'b')\n", - "plot(6+y1-y1,y1,'b')\n", - "title(\"Output Voltage Waveform\")\n", - "xlabel(\"t ->\")\n", - "ylabel(\"-Vout->\")\n", - "xlim(0,9)\n", - "ylim(-10,40)" - ] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 2", - "language": "python", - "name": "python2" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 2 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", - "version": "2.7.10" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 0 -} diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter6.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter6.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index 5c00d48c..00000000 --- a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter6.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1078 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "#Chapter 6 , Bipolar Junction Trasistor" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "##Example 6.1 , Page Number 192" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 1, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Base current : 0.05 mA.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "IE = 10 * 10**-3 #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", - "IC = 9.95 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "IB = IE - IC #Base current (in Ampere)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Base current : \",IB * 10**3,\"mA.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "##Example 6.2 , Page Number 192 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 3, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Current gain (alphadc) : 0.995 .\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "IB = 0.5 * 10**-3 #Base current (in Ampere)\n", - "IC = 100.0 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "IE = IB + IC #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", - "alphadc = IC/IE #Current amplification factor\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Current amplification factor (alphadc) : \",round(alphadc,3),\".\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "##Example 6.3 , Page Number 193 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 5, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Emitter current : 2.7 mA.\n", - "Collector current : 2.65 mA.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "IB = 50 * 10**-6 #Base current (in Ampere)\n", - "ICBO = 4 * 10**-6 #Collector-to-base leakage current (in Ampere)\n", - "alphadc = 0.98 #Current amplification factor\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "IC = (alphadc*IB + ICBO)/(1-alphadc) #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", - "IE = IC + IB #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Emitter current : \",IE * 10**3,\" mA.\\nCollector current : \",IC * 10**3,\" mA.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "##Example 6.4 , Page Number 193 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 6, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Emitter current : 20.4 mA.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "IC = 20.0 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", - "beta = 50 #Current gain \n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "IB = IC/beta #Base current (in Ampere)\n", - "IE = IC + IB #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Emitter current : \",IE * 10**3,\"mA.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "##Example 6.5 , Page Number 194 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 7, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Emitter current : 1.0 mA.\n", - "Current Amplification factor : 0.98 .\n", - "Current gain factor : 49.0 .\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "IB = 20.0 * 10**-6 #Base current (in Ampere)\n", - "IC = 0.98 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "IE = IB + IC #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", - "alphadc = IC/IE #Current amplification factor\n", - "beta = IC/IB #Current gain\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Emitter current : \",IE*10**3,\"mA.\\nCurrent Amplification factor : \",alphadc,\".\\nCurrent gain factor : \",beta,\".\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "##Example 6.6 , Page Number 194 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 10, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Collector current : 1.09 mA.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "IB = 10 * 10**-6 #Base current (in Ampere)\n", - "ICBO = 1.0 * 10**-6 #Collector-to-base leakage current (in Ampere)\n", - "beta = 99 #Current amplification factor\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "IC = beta*IB + (1 + beta)*ICBO #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Collector current : \",IC*10**3,\" mA.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "##Example 6.7 , Page Number 199 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 12, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Current amplification factor : 0.9697 .\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "IC = -6.4 #Collector current (in milli-Ampere)\n", - "IE = 6.6 #Emitter current (in milli-Ampere)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "alpha = -IC/IE #Current amplification factor \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Current amplification factor : \",round(alpha,4),\".\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "##Example 6.8 , Page Number 199 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 13, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Dynamic input resistance : 40.0 ohm.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "dVEB = 200 * 10**-3 #Change in emitter voltage \n", - "dIE = 5 * 10**-3 #Change in emitter current \n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "rin = dVEB/dIE #Dynamic input resistance (in ohm) \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Dynamic input resistance : \",rin,\" ohm.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "##Example 6.9 , Page Number 199 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 14, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Base current : 30.0 micro-A.\n", - "Collector current : 1.97 mA.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "ICO = 10 * 10**-6 #Reverse saturation current (in Ampere)\n", - "IE = 2 * 10**-3 #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", - "alpha = 0.98 #Current amplification factor \n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "IC = alpha*IE + ICO #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", - "IB = IE - IC #Base current (in Ampere)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Base current : \",IB * 10**6,\" micro-A.\\nCollector current : \",IC * 10**3,\" mA.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "##Example 6.10 , Page Number 199 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 17, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Current gain : 0.979 .\n", - "Base current : 0.03 mA.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "IE = 2.0 * 10**-3 #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", - "IC = 1.97 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", - "ICBO = 12.5 * 10**-6 #Reverse saturation current (in Ampere) \n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "alpha = (IC-ICBO)/IE #Current amplification factor\n", - "IB = IE - IC #Base current (in Ampere)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Current gain : \",round(alpha,3),\".\\nBase current : \",IB * 10**3,\"mA.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "##Example 6.11 , Page Number 199 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 20, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Base current : 0.03 mA.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "RL = 4.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", - "VL = 3 #Voltage drop across load (in volts)\n", - "alpha = 0.96 #Current amplification factor\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "IC = VL/RL #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", - "IE = IC/alpha #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", - "IB = IE - IC #Base current (in Ampere)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Base current : \",round(IB * 10**3,2),\"mA.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "##Example 6.12 , Page Number 204 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 22, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Current gain in CE configuration : 99.0 .\n", - "Current gain in CB configuration : 0.988 .\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "alpha1 = 0.99 #Current gain1 in CB\n", - "beta2 = 80.0 #Current gain2 in CE \n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "beta1 = alpha1/(1-alpha1) #Current gain1 in CE \n", - "alpha2 = beta2/(1 + beta2) #Current gain2 in CB\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Current gain in CE configuration : \",beta1,\".\\nCurrent gain in CB configuration : \",round(alpha2,3),\".\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "##Example 6.13 , Page Number 204 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 23, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Base current : 20.0 micro-A.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "RL = 1.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", - "VL = 1.2 #Voltage across load (in volts)\n", - "beta = 60 #Current gain in CE \n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "IC = VL/RL #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", - "IB = IC/beta #Base current (in Ampere) \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Base current : \",IB * 10**6,\"micro-A.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "##Example 6.14 , Page Number 204 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 26, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "VCE : 9.2 V.\n", - "Base current : 41.67 micro-A.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "VCC = 10.0 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", - "VL = 0.8 #Voltage drop across load (in volts)\n", - "RL = 800 #Load resistance (in ohm) \n", - "alpha = 0.96 #Current gain in CB\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "VCE = VCC - VL #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", - "IC = VL/RL #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", - "beta = alpha/(1-alpha) #Current gain in CE \n", - "IB = IC/beta #Base current (in Ampere)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"VCE : \",VCE,\"V.\"\n", - "print \"Base current : \",round(IB * 10**6,2),\" micro-A.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "##Example 6.15 , Page Number 205 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 27, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Collector current : 11.28 mA.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "ICO = 10.0 * 10**-6 #Reverse saturation current (in Ampere)\n", - "alpha = 0.98 #Current gain in CB \n", - "IB = 0.22 * 10**-3 #Base current (in Ampere) \n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "IC = (alpha*IB + ICO)/(1-alpha) #Collector current (in Ampere) \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Collector current : \",IC * 10**3,\"mA.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "##Example 6.16 , Page Number 205 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 29, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Dynamic input resistance : 250.0 ohm.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "dVBE = 250 * 10**-3 #Change in base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", - "dIB = 1.0 * 10**-3 #Change in base current (in Ampere)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "rin = dVBE/dIB #Dynamic input resistance (in ohm) \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Dynamic input resistance : \",rin,\" ohm.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "##Example 6.17 , Page Number 205 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 31, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Dynamic output resistance : 6.25 kilo-ohm.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "dVCE = 5 #Change in collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", - "dIC = 0.8 * 10**-3 #Change in base current (in Ampere)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "rout = dVCE/dIC #Dynamic output resistance (in ohm) \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Dynamic output resistance : \",rout * 10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "##Example 6.18 , Page Number 209 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 43, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Operating point Q is ( 5.2 V , 0.6 mA.)\n" - ] - }, - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 43, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - }, - { - "data": { - "image/png": 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- "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "import numpy\n", - "%matplotlib inline\n", - "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim,annotate\n", - "\n", - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "VCC = 10.0 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", - "RC = 8.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", - "IB = 15.0 * 10**-6 #Base current (in Ampere) \n", - "beta = 40 #Current gain in CE\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "IC = VCC/RC #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", - "IC1 = beta * IB #Zero signal collector current (in Ampere)\n", - "VCE = VCC - IC1*RC #Zero signal collector-emitter voltage (in volts) \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Operating point Q is (\",VCE,\"V ,\",IC1 * 10**3,\"mA.)\"\n", - "\n", - "#Graph\n", - "\n", - "x = numpy.linspace(0,10,100)\n", - "y1 = numpy.linspace(0,0.6,100)\n", - "x1 = numpy.linspace(0,5.2,100)\n", - "plot(x,1.25-1.25/10*x,'b')\n", - "plot(x1,0.6+x1-x1,'--',color='g')\n", - "plot(5.2+y1-y1,y1,'--',color='g')\n", - "annotate('Q',xy=(5.2,0.6))\n", - "xlim(0,11)\n", - "ylim(0,1.5)\n", - "title(\"DC Load line\")\n", - "xlabel(\"-VCE in Volts->\")\n", - "ylabel(\"-IC in mA->\")" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "##Example 6.19 , Page Number 210" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 48, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Operating point is ( 6.0 V, 1.2 mA ).\n", - "Changed operating point is ( 3.0 V, 1.2 mA ).\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "IC = 1.2 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", - "RL = 5.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", - "VCC = 12.0 #Collector supply voltage (in volts) \n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "VCE = VCC - IC*RL #Zero signal collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", - "RL1 = 7.5 * 10**3 #Changed load resistance (in ohm)\n", - "VCE1 = VCC - IC*RL1 #Changed zero signal collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Operating point is (\",VCE,\"V,\",IC*10**3,\"mA ).\"\n", - "print \"Changed operating point is (\",VCE1,\"V,\",IC*10**3,\"mA ).\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "##Example 6.20 , Page Number 210 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 62, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "At cut-off point VCE : 20 V.\n", - "At saturation point IC : 6.0 mA.\n" - ] - }, - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 62, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - }, - { - "data": { - "image/png": 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- "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "import numpy\n", - "%matplotlib inline\n", - "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim\n", - "\n", - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "IC = 0 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", - "VCE = VCC = 20 #Collector supply (in volts)\n", - "RC = 3.3 * 10**3 #Resistance in collector branch (in ohm)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "VCE1 = 0 #Saturation point collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", - "IC = VCC/RC #Collector current at saturation point (in Ampere)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"At cut-off point VCE :\",VCE,\"V.\"\n", - "print \"At saturation point IC :\",round(IC * 10**3),\"mA.\"\n", - "\n", - "#Graph \n", - "\n", - "x = numpy.linspace(0,25,100)\n", - "plot(x,6-6.0/20*x,'b')\n", - "annotate('(0,6 mA)',xy=(0.5,6))\n", - "annotate('(20 V,0)',xy=(20,0.5))\n", - "xlim(0,25)\n", - "ylim(0,10)\n", - "title(\"DC Load line\")\n", - "xlabel(\"-VCE in Volts->\")\n", - "ylabel(\"-IC in mA->\")" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "##Example 6.21 , Page Number 210 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 56, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "VC for the network : -4.482 V.\n", - "VB for the network : 9.7 V.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "VCC = 0 #Collector supply (in volts) \n", - "beta = 45.0 #Current gain in CE\n", - "VBE = 0.7 #Emitter-base voltage (in volts)\n", - "VEE = 9 #Emitter supply (in volts) \n", - "RB = 100 * 10**3 #Resistance in base branch (in ohm)\n", - "RC = 1.2 * 10**3 #Resistance in collector branch (in ohm) \n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "IB = (VEE - VBE)/RB #Base current (in Ampere)\n", - "IC = beta * IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", - "VC = VCC - IC * RC #Collector voltage (in volts) \n", - "VB = VBE + VEE #Base voltage (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"VC for the network :\",VC,\"V.\"\n", - "print \"VB for the network :\",VB,\"V.\"\n", - "\n", - "#Slight variation due to higher precision." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "##Example 6.22 , Page Number 211 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 64, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "IB : 0.0167 mA.\n", - "IC : 1.96 mA.\n", - "Since, beta * IB < IC , therefore , transistor is in saturation.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "VCC = 10 #Collector supply (in volts)\n", - "VBE = 0.8 #Emitter-to-base voltage (in volts)\n", - "VCE = 0.2 #Collector-to-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", - "beta = hfe = 100 #Current gain in CE\n", - "VBB = 5 #base supply (in volts)\n", - "RB = 50 * 10**3 #Resistance in base branch (in ohm)\n", - "RE = 2 * 10**3 #Resistance in emitter branch (in ohm)\n", - "RC = 3 * 10**3 #Resistance in collector branch (in ohm)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "IB = (VBB - VBE)/(RB+(1+beta)*RE) #Base current (in Ampere)\n", - "IC = (VCC - VCE)/(RE + RC) #Collector current (in Ampere) \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"IB : \",round(IB* 10**3,4),\"mA.\"\n", - "print \"IC : \",IC* 10**3,\"mA.\"\n", - "print \"Since, beta * IB < IC , therefore , transistor is in saturation.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "##Example 6.23 , Page Number 215 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 68, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Maximum level of collector current : 4.26 mA.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "Tf = 105 #Free air temp. (in Celsius degree)\n", - "Tf1 = 80 #Temp. in excess of 25 degree celsius (in Celsius degree) \n", - "df = 2.81 #derating factor (in milli-Watt per Celsius degree) \n", - "VCE = 20 #Collector-to-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", - "Porig = 310.0 #Original maximum power dissipation (in milli-Watt) \n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "Pcmax = Porig - Tf1 * df #Derated power dissipation (in milli-watt)\n", - "ICmax = Pcmax/VCE #Device dissipation (in Ampere) \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Maximum level of collector current : \",ICmax,\" mA.\"\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation error in book." - ] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 2", - "language": "python", - "name": "python2" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 2 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", - "version": "2.7.10" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 0 -} diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter7.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter7.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index 3d02cc6c..00000000 --- a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter7.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2175 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "#Chapter 7 , Transistor Amplifiers , Biasing and Thermal Stabilization" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "##Example 7.1 , Page Number 230" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 4, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - " Maximum collector current that can be allowd during any part of the input signal is 3.0 mA.\n", - "Minimum zero signal collector current required : 1.5 mA.\n", - "Maximum base current 0.03 mA.\n", - "Signal voltage (VBE) : 0.75 V.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "VCC = 10 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", - "RC = 3.0 * 10**3 #Collector load resistance (in ohm)\n", - "Vknee = 1 #Knee voltage for silicon transistor (in volts)\n", - "beta = 100 #Current gain\n", - "ICperVBE = 4.0 * 10**-3 #Change in IC per volt change in VBE (in Ampere per volt)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "VCmax = VCC - Vknee #Maximum voltage drop across resistance RC (in volts)\n", - "ICmax = VCmax/RC #Maximum allowable collector current (in Ampere)\n", - "ICzero = ICmax/2 #Zero signal collector current (in Ampere)\n", - "IBmax = ICmax/beta #Maximum base current (in Ampere)\n", - "VBE = ICmax/ICperVBE #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Maximum collector current that can be allowd during any part of the input signal is \",ICmax* 10**3,\"mA.\"\n", - "print \"Minimum zero signal collector current required : \",ICzero*10**3,\"mA.\"\n", - "print \"Maximum base current \",IBmax*10**3,\"mA.\"\n", - "print \"Signal voltage (VBE) : \",VBE,\"V.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "##Example 7.2 , Page Number 232 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 7, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Following is the graph showing necessary details : \n" - ] - }, - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 7, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - }, - { - "data": { - "image/png": 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- "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "import numpy\n", - "%matplotlib inline\n", - "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim,annotate\n", - "\n", - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "VCC = 20 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", - "RC = 2.0 * 10**3 #Collector load ressitance (in ohm)\n", - "RE = 3.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm) \n", - "IC = 0 #Collector current at saturation point (in Ampere)\n", - "VCE1 = 0 #Collector-to-emitter voltage at cut-off point (in volts) \n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "VCE = VCC - IC*(RC + RE) #Collector-to-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", - "IC1 = VCC/(RC + RE) #Cut-off point collector current (in Ampere)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Following is the graph showing necessary details : \"\n", - "\n", - "#Graph\n", - "\n", - "x = numpy.linspace(0,20,100)\n", - "y1 = numpy.linspace(0,2,100)\n", - "x1 = numpy.linspace(0,10,100)\n", - "plot(x,4-4.0/20*x,'b')\n", - "plot(x1,2+x1-x1,'--',color='g')\n", - "plot(10+y1-y1,y1,'--',color='g')\n", - "annotate('Q - POINT',xy=(10,2))\n", - "xlim(0,30)\n", - "ylim(0,6)\n", - "title(\"DC Load line\")\n", - "xlabel(\"-VCE in Volts->\")\n", - "ylabel(\"-IC in mA->\")" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "##Example 7.3 , Page Number 237" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 8, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Q-point will be ICQ = 0.6 mA and VCEQ = 3.0 V.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "VCC = 6 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", - "VBE = 0 #Emitter-to-base voltage (in volts)\n", - "RB = 1.0 * 10**6 #base resistance (in ohm)\n", - "beta = 100 #Current gain in CE \n", - "RC = 5 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "IB = VCC/RB #Base current (in Ampere)\n", - "IC = beta*IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", - "VCE = VCC - IC*RC #Collector-to-emitter voltage (in volts) \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Q-point will be ICQ = \",IC * 10**3,\"mA and VCEQ = \",VCE,\"V.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "##Example 7.4 , Page Number 237 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 12, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Base current : 10.0 micro-A.\n", - "Collector current : 1.0 mA.\n", - "VC : 8.0 V.\n", - "VB : 0.7 V.\n", - "VCB : 7.3 V.\n", - "Operating point is ICQ : 1.0 mA and VCEQ : 8.0 V.\n", - "Stability factof : 101 .\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "VCC = 12 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", - "VBE = 0.7 #Emitter-to-base voltage (in volts)\n", - "RB = 1130.0 * 10**3 #base resistance (in ohm)\n", - "beta = 100 #Current gain in CE \n", - "RC = 4 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "IB = (VCC-VBE)/RB #Base current (in Ampere)\n", - "IC = beta * IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", - "VCE = VCC - IC*RC #Collector-to-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", - "VC = VCE #Collector voltage (in volts)\n", - "VB = VBE #Base voltage (in volts)\n", - "VCB = VC - VB #Collector-to-base voltage (in volts)\n", - "S = beta + 1 #Stability factor \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Base current : \",IB*10**6,\"micro-A.\"\n", - "print \"Collector current : \",IC * 10**3,\"mA.\"\n", - "print \"VC : \",VC,\"V.\\nVB : \",VB,\"V.\\nVCB : \",VCB,\"V.\"\n", - "print \"Operating point is ICQ : \",IC*10**3,\"mA and VCEQ : \",VC,\"V.\"\n", - "print \"Stability factof : \",S,\".\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "##Example 7.5 , Page Number 237 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 14, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Stability factor : 31.37 .\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "dIC = 1.6 * 10**-3 #Change in collector current (in Ampere)\n", - "dt = 30 #Change in temperature (in Celsius degree)\n", - "ICO = 1.7 * 10**-6 #Reverse saturation current change (in Ampere per Celsius-degree)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "dICO = dt*ICO #Change in reverse saturation current (in Ampere) \n", - "S = dIC/dICO #Stability factor \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print \"Stability factor : \",round(S,2),\".\"\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "##Example 7.6 , Page Number 237 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 17, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Base current : 28.2 micro-A.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "VBB = 10.0 #Base supply voltage (in volts)\n", - "VBE = 0.7 #Base-to-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", - "RB = 330 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "IB = (VBB - VBE)/RB #Base current (in Ampere)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Base current : \",round(IB*10**6,1),\"micro-A.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "##Example 7.7 , Page Number 238 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 24, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Cut-off point : (0, 6.06 mA).\n", - "Saturation point : ( 20 V ,0).\n" - ] - }, - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 24, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - }, - { - "data": { - "image/png": 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- "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "import numpy\n", - "%matplotlib inline\n", - "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim\n", - "\n", - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "VCC = 20 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", - "RC = 3.3 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "IC = VCC/RC #Collector current at cut-off point (in Ampere)\n", - "VCE = 0 #Collector-to-emitter voltage at cut-off point (in volts) \n", - "VCE1 = VCC #Collector-to-emitter voltage at saturation point (in volts)\n", - "IC1 = 0 #Collector current at saturation point (in Ampere)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Cut-off point : (0,\",round(IC*10**3,2),\"mA).\"\n", - "print \"Saturation point : (\",VCE1,\"V ,0).\"\n", - "\n", - "#Graph\n", - "\n", - "x = numpy.linspace(0,20,100)\n", - "plot(x,6-6.0/20*x,'b')\n", - "xlim(0,30)\n", - "ylim(0,10)\n", - "title(\"DC Load line\")\n", - "xlabel(\"-VCE in Volts->\")\n", - "ylabel(\"-IC in mA->\")" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "##Example 7.8 , Page Number 238 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 25, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Visualizing that VCE = 0.7 , we can say that transistor is just gone to saturation from active region (not well within saturation).\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "VCC = 20 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", - "RB = 1.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n", - "VBE = 0.7 #Base-to-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", - "beta = 100 #Current gain in CE\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "IB = (VCC - VBE)/RB #Base current (in Ampere)\n", - "IC = beta *IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", - "VCE = VCC - IC*RC #Collector-to-Emitter voltage (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Visualizing that VCE = 0.7 , we can say that transistor is just gone to saturation from active region (not well within saturation).\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "##Example 7.9 , Page Number 238 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 27, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Maximum value of RC for which transistor remains in saturation is 4.667 ohm.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "VCC = 10 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", - "VBB = 5 #Base supply votlage (in volts)\n", - "RB = 200 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n", - "VBEsat = 0.8 #Base-to-emitter voltage in saturation state (in volts)\n", - "VCEsat = 0.2 #Collector-to-emitter voltage in saturation state (in volts)\n", - "beta = 100 #Current gain in CE\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "IB = (VBB-VBEsat)/RB #Base current (in Ampere)\n", - "IC = beta*IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", - "RC = (VCC - VCEsat)/IC #Collector resistance (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Maximum value of RC for which transistor remains in saturation is \",round(RC*10**-3,3),\"ohm.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "##Example 7.10 , Page Number 239" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 29, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "IC : 1.98 mA.\n", - "IB : 0.02 mA.\n", - "VEE : 2.7 V.\n", - "VCC : 8.92 V.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "IE = 2.0 * 10**-3 #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", - "alpha = 0.99 #Current gain in CB\n", - "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm) \n", - "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts) \n", - "VCB = 1 #Collector-base voltage (in volts)\n", - "RC = 4.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm) \n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "IC = alpha*IE #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", - "IB = IE - IC #Base current (in Ampere) \n", - "VEE = IE*RE + VBE #Emitter supply voltage (in volts)\n", - "VCC = IC*RC + VCB #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"IC : \",IC * 10**3,\"mA.\\nIB : \",IB * 10**3,\"mA.\\nVEE : \",VEE,\"V.\\nVCC : \",VCC,\"V.\"\n", - "\n", - "#Slight variation due to higher precision in the value of VCC." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "##Example 7.11 , Page Number 239 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 6, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "IB : 5.3 micro-A and IC : 0.54 mA at 25 Celsius degree.\n", - "IB : 5.375 micro-A and IC : 0.6183 mA at 55 Celsius degree.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "VCC = 30 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", - "VBB = 6 #Base voltage (in volts)\n", - "VBE = 0.7 #Emitter-to-base voltage (in volts)\n", - "RB = 1.0 * 10**6 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n", - "beta = 100 #Current gain in CB\n", - "ICBO = 0.1 * 10**-6 #Reverse saturation current (in Ampere) \n", - "dt = 55-25 #Change in temperature (in Celsius degree)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "IB = (VBB - VBE)/RB #Base current (in Ampere)\n", - "IC = beta*IB + (beta+1)*ICBO #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", - "ICBO55 = ICBO * 2**(dt/10.0) #ICBO at 55 Celsius degree (in Ampere)\n", - "VBE55 = 0.7 - 2.5*10**-3*dt #VBE at 55 Celsius degree (in Ampere)\n", - "IB55 = (VBB - VBE55)/RB #Base current at 55 Celsius degree(in Ampere)\n", - "IC55 = beta*IB55 + (beta+1)*ICBO55 #Collector current 55 Celsius degree (in Ampere)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"IB : \",round(IB * 10**6,1),\"micro-A and IC :\",round(IC*10**3,2),\"mA at 25 Celsius degree.\"\n", - "print \"IB : \",round(IB55 * 10**6,3),\"micro-A and IC :\",round(IC55*10**3,4),\"mA at 55 Celsius degree.\"\n", - "\n", - "#Slight variation in IC55 due to higher precision." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "##Example 7.12 , Page Number 239 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 13, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Since , beta is very less than hfe , therefore it is in saturation region.\n", - "VC : -2.3365 V.\n", - "Minimum value of RB for which it operates in active region : 36.27 kilo-ohm.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "hfe = 100 #Current gain in CE\n", - "VBE = 0.8 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", - "VBB = 3.0 #Base supply voltage (in volts)\n", - "RB = 7.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n", - "RL = 500 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", - "RC = 3.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", - "VCC = 10 #Collector supply voltage (in volts) \n", - "VCE = 1 #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "# 7500IB + 500IC = 2.2 ----Eq. 1\n", - "# 500IB + 2500IC = 9.0 ----Eq. 2\n", - "IC = 2.55 #Collector current (in milli-Ampere)\n", - "IB = 0.123 #Base current (in milli-Ampere)\n", - "beta = IC/IB #Current gain in CB\n", - "VC = -VCE - (IB + IC)*RL*10**-3 #Collector voltage in saturation (in volts)\n", - "IBmax = IC/hfe #Maximum base current (in milli-Ampere)\n", - "RB = (VBB - VBE - IC*RL*10**-3 )/IBmax #Base resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Since , beta is very less than hfe , therefore it is in saturation region.\"\n", - "print \"VC :\",VC,\"V.\"\n", - "print \"Minimum value of RB for which it operates in active region : \",round(RB,2),\" kilo-ohm.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "##Example 7.13 , Page Number 242 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 16, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "R1 : 133.55 kilo-ohm.\n", - "RC : 4.06 kilo-ohm.\n", - "S : 18.65 .\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "R2 = 30.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", - "R1 = 133.55 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm) \n", - "alpha = 0.985 #Current gain in CB\n", - "VCC = 16 #Collector supply voltage (in volts) \n", - "VCE = 6 #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", - "IE = 2.0 * 10**-3 #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", - "IC = alpha*IE #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", - "IB = IE - IC #Base current (in Ampere)\n", - "beta = alpha/(1-alpha) #Current gain in CE \n", - "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", - "VBE = 0.2 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "RC = (VCC - VCE - IE*RE)/IC #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", - "Vth = R2/(R1 + R2)*VCC #Voltage across R2 (in volts)\n", - "Rth = R1*R2/(R1+R2) #Thevenin's equivalence resistance (in ohm)\n", - "S = (1+beta)/(1 + beta*RE/(Rth+RE)) #Stability factor \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"R1 : \",round(R1 * 10**-3,2),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", - "print \"RC : \",round(RC * 10**-3,2),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", - "print \"S : \",round(S,2),\".\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "##Example 7.14 , Page Number 243 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 20, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "IB : 0.04 mA.\n", - "IE : 2.04 mA.\n", - "Rth : 5.765 kilo-ohm.\n", - "Vth : 3.4826 V.\n", - "R1 : 33.1 kilo-ohm.\n", - "R2 : 6.98 kilo-ohm.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "beta = 50.0 #Current gain in CE\n", - "VBE = 0.6 #Base-emitter voltage (in\n", - "RC = 4.7 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", - "VCC = 20 #Collector supply voltage (in volts) \n", - "IC = 2.0 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", - "VCE = 8 #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", - "RE = 1.3 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", - "S = 5 #Stability factor\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "IB = IC/beta #base current (in Ampere) \n", - "IE = IB + IC #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", - "Rth = (S - 1)*RE/(1 -S/(1+beta)) #Thevenin's equivalent resistance (in ohm)\n", - "Vth = IB * Rth + VBE + IE*RE #Thevenin's equivalent voltage (in volts)\n", - "R1 = Rth * VCC/Vth #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", - "R2 = Vth * R1/(VCC - Vth) #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"IB : \",IB*10**3,\"mA.\"\n", - "print \"IE : \",IE*10**3,\"mA.\"\n", - "print \"Rth : \",round(Rth*10**-3,3),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", - "print \"Vth : \",round(Vth,4),\"V.\"\n", - "print \"R1 :\",round(R1*10**-3,1),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", - "print \"R2 : \",round(R2*10**-3,2),\"kilo-ohm.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "##Example 7.15 , Page Number 244 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 29, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "RC : 5.376 kilo-ohm.\n", - "RE : 9.75 kilo-ohm.\n", - "R1 : 248.0 kilo-ohm.\n", - "R2 : 141.0 kilo-ohm.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "dICbyIC = 10 #Percentage change in IC \n", - "VBE25max = 0.7 #Max VBE at 25 degree Celsius (in volts)\n", - "VBE25min = 0.6 #Min VBE at 25 degree Celsius (in volts)\n", - "ICO25 = 5 * 10**-9 #Reverse saturation current at 25 degree celsius (in Ampere)\n", - "ICO145 = 3 * 10**-6 #Reverse saturation current at 145 degree celsius (in Ampere)\n", - "VCC = 20 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", - "VCE = 10 #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "dIC = 5.0/100 * 0.6 #Change in collector current (in milli-Ampere)\n", - "dICO = ICO145 - ICO25 #Change in reverse saturation current (in Ampere)\n", - "S = dIC/dICO #Stability factor\n", - "dVBE = -2.5 * (145 - 25) #Change in VBE (in volts)\n", - "SV = dIC/dVBE #SV\n", - "beta = hfe = 400 #Current gain in CE\n", - "#Rth + Re = 99750.6 \n", - "#RE = 391.0/3609 * Rth\n", - "RE = 9.75 #Emitter resistance (in kilo-ohm) \n", - "Rth = 90 #Thevenin's equivalent resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", - "dIC1 = S*ICO145 + SV*dVBE #Change in collector current1 (in milli-Ampere) \n", - "IC = 0.6 + dIC1 #Collector current (in milli- Ampere) \n", - "IE = IC + IC/beta #Emitter current (in milli-Ampere)\n", - "RC = (VCC - IE*RE - VCE)/IC #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", - "VBE = 0.65 #emitter-base voltage (in volts)\n", - "Vth = IC/beta*Rth + VBE + IE*RE #Thevenin's equivalent voltage (in volts)\n", - "R1 = Rth * VCC/Vth #Resistance1 (in kilo-ohm)\n", - "R2 = Vth * R1/(VCC - Vth) #Resistance2 (in kilo-ohm)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"RC : \",round(RC,3),\" kilo-ohm.\\nRE : \",RE,\" kilo-ohm.\\nR1 : \",round(R1),\" kilo-ohm.\\nR2 : \",round(R2),\" kilo-ohm.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "##Example 7.16 , Page Number 245 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 30, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "R1 : 36.238 kilo-ohm.\n", - "RC : 2.5 kilo-ohm.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "hfe = 100 #Current gain in CE\n", - "VBE = 0.7 #Emitter-base voltage (in volts)\n", - "ICO = 0 #Reverse saturation current (in Ampere)\n", - "IC = 1.0 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", - "VCE = 2.5 #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts) \n", - "VCC = 5 #Collector supply voltage (in volts) \n", - "R2 = 10 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm) \n", - "\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "R1 = 36.238 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm) \n", - "RC = (VCC - VCE)/IC #Collector resistance (in ohm) \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"R1 : \",R1*10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\\nRC : \",RC*10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", - "\n", - "#Printing mistake in the value of RC in book." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "##Example 7.17 , Page Number 245 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 41, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "VCE : 5.0 V.\n", - "IE : 1.1 mA.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "beta = 100 #Current gain in CE\n", - "R1 = 10.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", - "R2 = 2.2 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n", - "VCC = 10 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", - "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", - "RC = 3.6 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", - "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts) \n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "RB = R1*R2/(R1+R2) #Base resistance (in ohm)\n", - "Vth = VCC*R2/(R1 + R2) #Thevenin's voltage (in volts)\n", - "IE = (Vth - VBE)/(RE - Rth/(beta + 1)) #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", - "IC = beta*1.0/(beta + 1)*IE #Collector current (in Ampere) \n", - "VCE = VCC - IC*RC - IE*RE #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts) \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "print \"VCE : \",round(VCE),\"V.\\nIE : \",round(IE*10**3,2),\"mA.\"\n", - "\n", - "#Slight varaition due to higher precision." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "##Example 7.18 , Page Number 246 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 43, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "VC : -14.25 V.\n", - "IB : -17.62 micro-A\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "beta = 200 #Current gain in CE\n", - "R1 = 82.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", - "R2 = 16.0 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n", - "VCC = -22 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", - "RE = 750 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", - "RC = 2.2 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", - "VBE = -0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts) \n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "Vth = VCC*R2/(R1 + R2) #Thevenin's equivalent voltage (in volts)\n", - "Rth = R1*R2/(R1+R2) #Thevenin's equivalent resistance (in ohm)\n", - "IB = (Vth - VBE)/(Rth +(beta+1)*RE)#Base current (in Ampere) \n", - "IC = beta * IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", - "VC = VCC - IC*RC #Output voltage (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"VC : \",round(VC,2),\"V.\"\n", - "print \"IB : \",round(IB * 10**6,2),\" micro-A\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "##Example 7.19 , Page Number 246" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 44, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "IB : 0.04 mA.\n", - "IC : 2.0 mA.\n", - "VCE : 14.0 V.\n", - "VE : 2.0 V.\n", - "VB : 2.8 V.\n", - "VC : 16.0 V.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "VCC = 20 #collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", - "beta = 50 #Current gain in CE\n", - "RB = 430.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm) \n", - "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", - "RC = 2.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", - "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts) \n", - "IC = 2 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "VCE = VCC - IC*(RC+RE) #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts) \n", - "VC = VCC - RC*IC #Output voltage (in volts)\n", - "VE = VC - VCE #Emitter voltage (in volts)\n", - "IB = 0.04 * 10**-3 #Base current (in Ampere)\n", - "IE = (1+beta)*IB #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", - "VB = VCC - 430*10**3*IB #Base voltage (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"IB : \",IB*10**3,\"mA.\\nIC : \",IC*10**3,\"mA.\\nVCE : \",VCE,\"V.\\nVE : \",VE,\"V.\\nVB : \",VB,\"V.\\nVC : \",VC,\"V.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "##Example 7.20 , Page Number 246 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 52, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Operating point will be ICQ : 2.23 mA , VCEQ : 8.85 V.\n", - "Stability factor : 7.35 .\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "alpha = 0.985 #Current gain in CB\n", - "R1 = 50.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", - "R2 = 20.0 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n", - "VCC = 20 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", - "RE = 2.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", - "RC = 3.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", - "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts) \n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "Vth = VCC*R2/(R1 + R2) #Thevenin's equivalent voltage (in volts)\n", - "Rth = R1*R2/(R1+R2) #Thevenin's equivalent resistance (in ohm)\n", - "beta = alpha/(1-alpha) #Current gain in CE\n", - "IB = (Vth - VBE)/(Rth +(beta+1)*RE)#Base current (in Ampere) \n", - "IC = beta * IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", - "VCE = VCC - IC*(RE + RC) #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", - "S = (1 + beta)/(1 + beta*(RE/(Rth + RE))) #Stability factor\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Operating point will be ICQ : \",round(IC*10**3,2),\"mA , VCEQ : \",round(VCE,2),\"V.\"\n", - "print \"Stability factor : \",round(S,2),\".\"\n", - "\n", - "#Slight variation due to higher precision." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "##Example 7.21 , Page Number 247 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 53, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "R1 : 81.54 kilo-ohm.\n", - "R2 : 26.5 kilo-ohm.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "RL = 1.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm) \n", - "RE = 200 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", - "beta = 100 #Current gain in CE\n", - "VCC = 9 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", - "ICQ = 3.75 * 10**-3 #Q-point Collector current (in Ampere)\n", - "VCEQ = 4.5 #Q-point collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", - "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "IB = ICQ/beta #Base current (in Ampere)\n", - "IE = (1 + beta)*IB #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", - "Rth = 20.0 * 10**3 #Thevenin's eq. resistance (in ohm)\n", - "Vth = IB*Rth + VBE +IE*RE #Thevenin's equivalent voltage (in volts)\n", - "R1 = Rth*VCC/Vth #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", - "R2 = R1*Vth/(VCC - Vth) #Resistance2 (in ohm) \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"R1 : \",round(R1*10**-3,2),\"kilo-ohm.\\nR2 : \",round(R2*10**-3,1),\"kilo-ohm.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "##Example 7.22 , Page Number 248 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 59, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Operating point , Q will be ICQ = 1.9 mA and VCEQ = 9.9 V.\n", - "Stability factor : 8.62 .\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "VCC = 22.5 #collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", - "beta = 55 #Current gain in CE\n", - "RB = 430.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm) \n", - "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", - "RC = 5.6 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", - "VBE = 0 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts) \n", - "IC = 2 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", - "R1 = 90 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", - "R2 = 10 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm) \n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "Rth = R1*R2/(R1+R2) #Thevenin's eq. resistance (in ohm) \n", - "Vth = VCC * R2/(R1 + R2) #Thevenin's eq. voltage (in volts)\n", - "IB = (Vth - VBE)/(Rth +(beta + 1)*RE) #Base current (in Ampere)\n", - "IC = beta*IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", - "IE = (beta + 1)*IB #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", - "VCE = VCC - IC*RC - IE*RE #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", - "S = (1 + beta)/(1 + beta*RE/(Rth + RE)) #Stability factor\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Operating point , Q will be ICQ =\",round(IC*10**3,2),\"mA and VCEQ =\",VCE,\"V.\"\n", - "print \"Stability factor : \",round(S,2),\".\"\n", - "\n", - "#Slight variation due to higher precision." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "##Example 7.23 , Page Number 248" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 69, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "beta : 153.4 .\n", - "VCC : 17.6842 V.\n", - "RB : 779.0 kilo-ohm.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "RC = 2.7 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", - "RE = 0.68 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", - "IB = 20.0 * 10**-6 #Base current (in Ampere)\n", - "VCE = 7.3 #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", - "VE = 2.1 #Emitter voltage (in volts)\n", - "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "IE = VE/RE #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", - "beta = IE/IB - 1 #Current gain in CE\n", - "VCC = beta*IB*RC + VCE + IE*RE #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", - "RB = (VCC - VE)/IB #Base resistance (in ohm) \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"beta : \",round(beta,1),\".\\nVCC : \",round(VCC,4),\"V.\\nRB : \",round(RB*10**-3),\"kilo-ohm.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 7.24 , Page Number 249" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 5, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "R1 : 45.0 kilo-ohm.\n", - "R2 : 9.14 kilo-ohm.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "beta=hfe = 100.0 #Current gain in CE\n", - "VBE = .6 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", - "IC = 1.0 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", - "S = 8 #Stability factor\n", - "VCC = 10 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", - "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm) \n", - "VCE = 5 #Collector-emitter resistance (in ohm) \n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "IB = IC/beta #Base current (in Ampere)\n", - "IE = IC + IB #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", - "RC = (VCC - VCE - IE*RE)/IC #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", - "Rth = RE*(beta*S/(1+beta-S) -1) #Thevenin's resistance(in ohm)\n", - "Vth = IB*Rth + VBE + IE*RE #Thevenin's eq. voltage (in volts)\n", - "R1 = Rth*VCC/Vth #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", - "R2 = (Vth*R1)/(VCC-Vth) #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"R1 : \",round(R1*10**-3),\"kilo-ohm.\\nR2 : \",round(R2*10**-3,2),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", - "\n", - "#Slight variation due to higher precision." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 7.25 , Page Number 249" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 6, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "VCEQ : 3.2 V.\n", - "ICQ : 1.8 mA.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "beta = 100 #Current gain in CE\n", - "R1 = 2.2 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", - "R2 = 2.2 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n", - "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", - "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", - "VCC = 5 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "VA = VCC * R2/(R1 + R2) #Voltage at A (in volts)\n", - "IE = (VA - VBE)/RE #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", - "VCEQ = VCC - IE*RE #Q-point VCE (in volts)\n", - "ICQ = IE #Q-point IC (in Ampere) \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"VCEQ : \",VCEQ,\"V.\"\n", - "print \"ICQ : \",ICQ * 10**3,\"mA.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 7.26 , Page Number 250" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 15, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "VCEQ : 9.74 V.\n", - "ICQ : 1.13 mA.\n", - "IB : 11.3 micro-A.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "beta = 100 #current gain in CE \n", - "VCC = 12 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", - "R1 = 15.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", - "R2 = 2.7 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n", - "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", - "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", - "RC = 1.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "VA = VCC*R2/(R1 + R2) #Potential at A (in volts)\n", - "IE = (VA - VBE)/RE #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", - "IC = IE #Collector current (in Ampere) \n", - "VCEQ = VCC - IC*(RC + RE) #VCE at Q (in volts)\n", - "ICQ = IE #IC at Q (in volts)\n", - "IB = IC/beta #Base current (in Ampere) \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"VCEQ : \",round(VCEQ,2),\"V.\\nICQ : \",round(ICQ*10**3,2),\"mA.\"\n", - "print \"IB : \",round(IB * 10**6,1),\"micro-A.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 7.27 , Page Number 250" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 18, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Operation point : ICQ = 1.955 mA , VCQ = 6.224 V.\n", - "Stability factor : 7.54 .\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "VCC = 16 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", - "RC = 3.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", - "RE = 2.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", - "R1 = 56.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", - "R2 = 20.0 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n", - "alpha = 0.985 #Current gain in CB \n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "beta = alpha/(1-alpha) #Current gain in CE\n", - "VBE = 0.3 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", - "VB = VCC * R2/(R1 + R2) #Base voltage (in volts)\n", - "IC = (VB - VBE)/RE #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", - "VCE = VCC - IC*(RE + RC) #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", - "Rth = R1*R2/(R1 + R2) #Thevenin's eq. resistance (in ohm)\n", - "S = (1 + beta)*(1 + Rth/RE)/(1 + beta + Rth/RE) #Stability factor\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Operation point : ICQ = \",round(IC*10**3,3),\"mA , VCQ = \",round(VCE,3),\"V.\"\n", - "print \"Stability factor : \",round(S,2),\".\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 7.28 , Page Number 251" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 21, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "0.002 8.95e-05 0.0018795 3192.33838787 20000.0 8.49\n", - "R1 : 47.1 kilo-ohm.\n", - "R2 : 34.75 kilo-ohm.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "VCC = 20 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", - "RL = 4.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", - "VCE = 6.0 #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", - "IC = 2.0 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", - "beta=hfe = 20 #Current gain in CE\n", - "ICO = 10 * 10**-6 #Reverse saturation current (in Ampere)\n", - "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "IB = (IC - (1 + beta)*ICO)/beta #Base current (in Ampere)\n", - "IC = beta*IB + (1 + beta)*ICO #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", - "IE = (beta + 1)*IB #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", - "RE = (VCC - IC*RL - VCE)/IE #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", - "Rth = 20.0 * 10**3 #Thevenin's eq. resistance (in ohm)\n", - "Vth = IB*Rth + VBE + IE*RE #Thevenin's eq. voltage (in volts)\n", - "R1 = Rth*VCC/Vth #Resitance1 (in ohm)\n", - "R2 = R1*Vth/(VCC - Vth) #Resistance2 (in ohm) \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"R1 : \",round(R1*10**-3,1),\"kilo-ohm.\\nR2 : \",round(R2*10**-3,2),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", - "\n", - "#Slight variation due to higher precision." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 7.29 , Page Number 252" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 26, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Following is the graph: \n" - ] - }, - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 26, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - }, - { - "data": { - "image/png": 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- "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "import numpy\n", - "%matplotlib inline\n", - "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim,annotate\n", - "\n", - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "beta = 100\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "ICQ = 1.07 #Collector current at Q-point (in milli-Ampere)\n", - "VCQ = 5.067 #Collector-emitter voltage at Q-point (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Following is the graph: \"\n", - "\n", - "x = numpy.linspace(0,5.07,100)\n", - "y1 = numpy.linspace(0,1.07/2,100)\n", - "x1 = numpy.linspace(0,5.067/2,100)\n", - "plot(x,1.07-1.07/5.07*x,'b')\n", - "plot(x1,1.07/2+x1-x1,'--',color='g')\n", - "plot(5.067/2+y1-y1,y1,'--',color='g')\n", - "annotate('Q - POINT',xy=(5.067/2,1.07/2))\n", - "xlim(0,6)\n", - "ylim(0,1.1)\n", - "title(\"DC Load line\")\n", - "xlabel(\"-VCE in Volts->\")\n", - "ylabel(\"-IC in mA->\")" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 7.30 , Page Number 253" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 36, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Value of RB : 61.43 kilo-ohm.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "beta = 50 #current gain in CE \n", - "VCC = 12 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", - "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", - "RB = 100.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n", - "RC = 2.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "IB = (VCC - VBE)/(beta*RC + RB) #Base current (in Ampere) \n", - "IC = beta * IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", - "VCE = VCC - IC*RC #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", - "VCE1 = 5 #New collector-emitter voltage (in volts) \n", - "IC1 = (VCC - VCE1)/RC #Collector current1 (in Ampere)\n", - "IB1 = IC1/beta #Base current1 (in Ampere)\n", - "RB1 = (VCC - VBE - beta*IB1*RC)/IB1 #Base resistance1 (in ohm)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Value of RB :\",round(RB1*10**-3,2),\" kilo-ohm.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 7.31 , Page Number 254" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 41, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "0.016 0.0158415841584 0.000158415841584\n", - "Value of collector to base resistance : 25.25 kilo-ohm.\n", - "Stability factor : 21.0 .\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "beta = 100.0 #Current gain in CE\n", - "RC = 1.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", - "VCC = 20.0 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", - "VBE = 0 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", - "VCEQ = 4 #VCE at Q-point (in volts) \n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "I1C = (VCC - VCEQ)/RC #Collector current1 (in Ampere)\n", - "IC = I1C/(1+1/beta) #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", - "IB = I1C - IC #base current (in Ampere)\n", - "RB = (VCEQ + VBE)/IB #Base resistance (in ohm)\n", - "S = (1 + beta)/(1 + beta*RC/(RB + RC)) #Stability factor\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Value of collector to base resistance :\",RB*10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", - "print \"Stability factor :\",S,\".\"\n", - "\n", - "#Slight variation due to higher precision." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 7.32 , Page Number 254" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 16, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "ICQ : 2.475 mA , VCEQ : 4.95 V.\n", - "Stability factor : 25.75 .\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables \n", - "\n", - "beta = 50 #Current gain in CB\n", - "VCC = 10 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", - "RC = 2.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", - "VBE = 0 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", - "RB = 100 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm) \n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "IB = VCC/(RB + (1 + beta)*RC) #Base current (in Ampere)\n", - "IC = beta*IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", - "VCE = VCC - (IC + IB)*RC #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", - "ICQ = IC #IC at Q-point (in Ampere)\n", - "S = (1 + beta)/(1 + beta*RC/(RC + RB)) #Stability factor\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"ICQ : \",round(ICQ * 10**3,3),\"mA , VCEQ : \",round(VCE,2),\"V.\"\n", - "print \"Stability factor : \",round(S,2),\".\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 7.33 , Page Number 255" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 43, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Maximum collector current : 3.66 mA.\n", - "Minimum collector current : 2.13 mA.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "betamax = 180 #Current gain max. in CE\n", - "betamin = 60 #Current gain min. in CE\n", - "VCC = 15 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", - "RB = 250.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n", - "RC = 2.5 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm) \n", - "VBE = 0.7 #Base-collector voltage (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "#IC = (VCC - VBE)/(RC + RC/beta + RB/beta) #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", - "ICmax = (VCC - VBE)/(RC + RC/betamax + RB/betamax) #Max. collector current (in Ampere)\n", - "ICmin = (VCC - VBE)/(RC + RC/betamin + RB/betamin) #Min. collector current (in Ampere) \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Maximum collector current : \",round(ICmax*10**3,2),\"mA.\"\n", - "print \"Minimum collector current : \",round(ICmin*10**3,2),\"mA.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 7.34 , Page Number 256" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 44, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "When beta increases due to temperature , VCE will decrease.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "beta = 90 #Current gain in CE\n", - "VCC = 18 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", - "RB = 510.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n", - "RC = 2.2 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm) \n", - "RE = 1.8 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm) \n", - "VBE = 0.7 #Base-collector voltage (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "IB = VCC/(RB + (1 + beta)*(RC+RE)) #Base current (in Ampere)\n", - "IC = beta*IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", - "VCE = VCC - (IC + IB)*RC -IE*RE #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"When beta increases due to temperature , VCE will decrease.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 7.35 , Page Number 257" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 55, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Old ICQ : 1.06 mA and new ICQ : 1.2 mA.\n", - "Old VCEQ : 3.65 V and new VCEQ : 2.85 V.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "beta = 90.0 #Current gain in CE\n", - "VCC = 10 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", - "RB = 250.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n", - "RC = 4.7 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm) \n", - "RE = 1.2 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm) \n", - "VBE = 0.7 #Base-collector voltage (in volts)\n", - "beta1 = 135 #New current gain in CE\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "IC = (VCC-VBE)/((RE+RC)*(1/beta + 1) + RB/beta)#Collector current (in Ampere)\n", - "ICQ = IC #Collector current at Q-point (in Ampere)\n", - "IB = IC/beta #Base current (in Ampere)\n", - "VCE = VCC - (IC + IB)*(RC+RE) #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", - "VCEQ = VCE #Collector-emitter voltage at Q-point (in volts)\n", - "ICQ1 = (VCC-VBE)/((RE+RC)*(1/beta1 + 1) + RB/beta1) #Collector current1 at Q-point (in Ampere)\n", - "IB1 = ICQ1/beta #Base current1 (in Ampere) \n", - "VCEQ1 = VCC - (ICQ1 + IB)*(RC+RE) #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "print \"Old ICQ :\",round(ICQ*10**3,2),\"mA and new ICQ :\",round(ICQ1*10**3,3),\"mA.\"\n", - "print \"Old VCEQ :\",round(VCEQ,2),\"V and new VCEQ :\",round(VCEQ1,2),\"V.\"\n", - "\n", - "#Slight variation due to higher precision." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 7.36 , Page Number 258" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 60, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Vo : 13.9 V.\n", - "RF : 110.91 kilo-ohm.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "VCC = 15 #Collector supply voltage (in volts) \n", - "IE = 1.0 * 10**-3 #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", - "beta = 99 #Current gain in CE\n", - "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", - "R1 = 17.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", - "RC = 1.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", - "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "IB = (IE)/(beta + 1) #Base current (in Ampere)\n", - "IC = beta*IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", - "IR1 = (VBE + IE*RE)/R1 #Current through R1 (in Ampere)\n", - "IRF = IR1 + IB #Current through RF (in Ampere)\n", - "I1C = IC + IRF #Current through RC (in Ampere)\n", - "Vo = VCC - I1C*RC #Output voltage (in volts)\n", - "RF = (Vo - VBE - IE*RE)/IRF #Resistance RF (in ohm) \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Vo : \",round(Vo,1),\"V.\"\n", - "print \"RF : \",round(RF*10**-3,2),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation error in book for value of RF." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 7.37 , Page Number 258" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 65, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "R : 106.9 kilo-ohm.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "VCC = 24 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", - "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", - "RC = 10.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", - "RE = 270.0 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", - "VCE = 5 #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts) \n", - "beta = 45 #Current gain in CE\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "IE = (VCC - VCE )/(RC + RE) #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", - "IB = IE/(beta + 1) #Base current (in Ampere)\n", - "RB = (VCC - VBE - IE*(RE + RC))/IB #Base resistance (in ohm)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "print \"R : \",round(RB*10**-3,1),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", - "\n", - "#Slight variation due to higher precision." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 7.38 , Page Number 259" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 71, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Rth : 9989.0 ohm.\n", - "IB : 20.0 micro-A.\n", - "IE : 2.0 mA.\n", - "Vth : 2.9 V.\n", - "R1 : 68.4 kilo-ohm.\n", - "R2 : 11.7 kilo-ohm.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "VCC = 20 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", - "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", - "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", - "beta = 100 #Current gain in CE\n", - "IC = 2.0 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere) \n", - "S = 10 #Stability factor\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "IB = IC/beta #Base current (in Ampere)\n", - "IE = IB + IC #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", - "Rth = beta*S*RE/(1 + beta - S) - RE #Thevenin's eq. resistance (in ohm)\n", - "Vth = IB*Rth + VBE + IE*RE #Thevenin's eq. voltage (in volts) \n", - "R1 = Rth*VCC/Vth #Resitance1 (in ohm)\n", - "R2 = R1*Vth/(VCC - Vth) #Resistance2 (in ohm) \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Rth : \",round(Rth),\"ohm.\"\n", - "print \"IB : \",round(IB*10**6),\"micro-A.\"\n", - "print \"IE : \",round(IC*10**3,2),\"mA.\"\n", - "print \"Vth : \",round(Vth,1),\"V.\"\n", - "print \"R1 : \",round(R1*10**-3,1),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", - "print \"R2 : \",round(R2*10**-3,1),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", - "\n", - "#Slight variations due to higher precision." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 7.39 , Page Number 266" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 94, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Following is the graph of ac and dc load lines.\n" - ] - }, - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 94, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - }, - { - "data": { - "image/png": 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- "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - } - ], - "source": [ - "import math\n", - "import numpy\n", - "%matplotlib inline\n", - "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim,annotate\n", - "\n", - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "RC = 3.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", - "RL = 12.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", - "R1 = 16.0 * 10**3 #Resitance1 (in ohm)\n", - "R2 = 4.0 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n", - "RE = 2.0 * 10**3 #Emitter Resistance (in ohm)\n", - "VCEcutoff = VCC = 20 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "IC = VCC/(RC + RE) #Collector current(in Ampere) \n", - "VE = VCC*R2/(R1 + R2) #Voltage across R2 (in volts)\n", - "IE = VE/RE #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", - "ICQ = IE #IC at Q-point (in Ampere)\n", - "VCEQ = VCC - ICQ*(RC + RE) #VCE at Q-point (in Ampere)\n", - "Rac = RC*RL/(RC + RL) #AC resistance (in ohm)\n", - "ICsat = ICQ + VCEQ/Rac #IC saturation (in Ampere)\n", - "VCEoff = VCEQ + ICQ*Rac #VCE cut-off for ac load line (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Following is the graph of ac and dc load lines.\"\n", - "\n", - "#Graph\n", - "\n", - "x = numpy.linspace(0,20,100)\n", - "x2 = numpy.linspace(0,14.8,100)\n", - "y1 = numpy.linspace(0,2,100)\n", - "x1 = numpy.linspace(0,10,100)\n", - "plot(x,4-4/20.0*x,'b')\n", - "plot(x2,6.17-6.17/14.8*x2,'r')\n", - "plot(x1,2+x1-x1,'--',color='g')\n", - "plot(10+y1-y1,y1,'--',color='g')\n", - "annotate('Q',xy=(10,2.2))\n", - "annotate('DC load line',xy=(14,1.3))\n", - "annotate('AC load line',xy=(5.5,4))\n", - "xlim(0,20)\n", - "ylim(0,7)\n", - "title(\"DC and AC Load lines\")\n", - "xlabel(\"-VCE in Volts->\")\n", - "ylabel(\"-IC in mA->\")" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 7.40 , Page Number 268" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 95, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Input resistance : 1.667 kilo-ohm.\n", - "Current gain : 80.0 .\n", - "AC load : 4.0 kilo-ohm.\n", - "Voltage gain : 192.0 .\n", - "Power gain : 15360.0 .\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "dVBE = 0.025 #Change in VBE (in volts)\n", - "dIB = 15.0 * 10**-6 #Change in base current (in Ampere)\n", - "dIC = 1.2 * 10**-3 #Change in collector current (in Ampere)\n", - "RC = 6.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", - "RL = 12.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "Rin = dVBE/dIB #Input resistance (in ohm)\n", - "beta = dIC/dIB #Current gain in CE\n", - "Rac = RC*RL/(RC+RL) #AC load (in ohm)\n", - "Av = beta*Rac/Rin #Voltage gain \n", - "Ap = beta*beta*Rac/Rin #Power gain \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Input resistance : \",round(Rin*10**-3,3),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", - "print \"Current gain : \",beta,\".\"\n", - "print \"AC load : \",Rac*10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", - "print \"Voltage gain : \",Av,\".\"\n", - "print \"Power gain : \",Ap,\".\"" - ] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 2", - "language": "python", - "name": "python2" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 2 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", - "version": "2.7.10" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 0 -} diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter8.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter8.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index 6db881de..00000000 --- a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter8.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1134 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "#Chapter 8 , Hybrid Parameteres and Transistor Amplifiers" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "##Example 8.1 , Page Number 285" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 1, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "hie : 1.1 kilo-ohm.\n", - "hfe : 50.0 .\n", - "hre : 0.00025 .\n", - "hoe : 30.0 micro-S.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "IB1 = 20.0 *10**-6 #Base current with ac o/p shorted (in Ampere)\n", - "IC1 = 1.0 *10**-3 #Collector current with ac o/p shorted (in Ampere)\n", - "VBC1 = 22.0 * 10**-3 #Base-collector voltage with ac o/p shorted (in volts)\n", - "VCE1 = 0 #Collector-emitter voltage wwith ac o/p shorted (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "IB2 = 0 #Base current with ac i/p open-circuited (in Ampere)\n", - "VBE2 = 0.25 *10**-3 #Base-emitter voltage with ac i/p open-circuited (in volts)\n", - "IC2 = 30.0 * 10**-6 #Collector current with ac i/p open-circuited (in Ampere) \n", - "VCE2 = 1 #Collector-emitter voltage with ac i/p open-circuited (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "hie = VBC1/IB1 #hie (in ohm)\n", - "hfe = IC1/IB1 #Current gain in CE\n", - "hre = VBE2/VCE2 #hre \n", - "hoe = IC2/VCE2 #hoe (in Siemen)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"hie : \",hie*10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", - "print \"hfe : \",hfe,\".\"\n", - "print \"hre : \",hre,\".\"\n", - "print \"hoe : \",hoe * 10**6,\"micro-S.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "##Example 8.2 , Page Number 290" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 3, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "hfb : -0.98 .\n", - "hib : 16.27 ohm.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "hfe = 50.0 #hfe\n", - "hie = 0.83 * 10**3 #hie (in ohm)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "hfb = -hfe/(1 + hfe) #Current gain\n", - "hib = hie/(1 + hfe) #Input impedance (in ohm) \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"hfb : \",round(hfb,2),\".\\nhib : \",round(hib,2),\"ohm.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "##Example 8.3 , Page Number 290" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 5, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "hic : 2600.0 ohm.\n", - "hfc : -101 .\n", - "hrc : 1.0 .\n", - "hoc : 5e-06 S.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "hfe = 100 #hfe\n", - "hre = 0.02 * 10**-2 #hre\n", - "hoe = 5 * 10**-6 #hoe (in Siemens) \n", - "hic = hie = 2600.0 #hie (in ohm) \n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "hfc = -(1 + hfe) #hfc \n", - "hrc = 1 - hre #hrc\n", - "hoc = hoe #hoe (in Siemens) \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"hic :\",hic,\"ohm.\"\n", - "print \"hfc :\",hfc,\".\"\n", - "print \"hrc :\",round(hrc),\".\"\n", - "print \"hoc :\",hoc,\"S.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "##Example 8.4 , Page Number 294 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 9, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Current gain : -19.6 .\n", - "Input resistance : 1905.92 ohm.\n", - "Voltage gain : -308.5 .\n", - "Overall voltage gain : -235.0 .\n", - "Overall current gain : -4.7 .\n", - "Output conductance : 4.69846153846e-05 S.\n", - "Output resistance : 21284.0 ohm.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "hie = 2000.0 #hie (in ohm)\n", - "hre = 1.6 * 10**-4 #hre\n", - "hfe = 49 #Current gain \n", - "hoe = 50 * 10**-6 #hoe (in Ampere per volt)\n", - "RL = 30.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", - "RS = 600.0 #Source resistance (in ohm)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "Ai = - hfe/(1 + hoe*RL) #Current gain\n", - "Rin = hie - hre*hfe/(hoe + 1/RL)#Input resistance (in ohm)\n", - "Av = -hfe/((hoe + 1/RL)*Rin) #Voltage gain \n", - "Avs = Av*Rin/(Rin + RS) #Overall voltage gain \n", - "Ais = Ai*RS/(Rin + RS) #Overall current gain\n", - "Gout = hoe - hfe*hre/(hie + RS) #Output conductance (in Siemens)\n", - "Rout = 1/Gout #Output resistance (in ohm)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Current gain :\",Ai,\".\"\n", - "print \"Input resistance :\",Rin,\"ohm.\"\n", - "print \"Voltage gain :\",round(Av,1),\".\"\n", - "print \"Overall voltage gain :\",round(Avs),\".\"\n", - "print \"Overall current gain :\",round(Ais,1),\".\"\n", - "print \"Output conductance :\",Gout,\"S.\"\n", - "print \"Output resistance :\",round(Rout),\"ohm.\"\n", - "\n", - "#Slight variations due to higher precision." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "##Example 8.5 , Page Number 294 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 11, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Current gain : -48.78 .\n", - "Input resistance : 1087.8 ohm.\n", - "Voltage gain : -44.84 .\n", - "Overall voltage gain : -23.36 .\n", - "Overall current gain : -23.364 .\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "hie = 1.1 * 10**3 #hie (in ohm)\n", - "hre = 0.25 * 10**-3 #hre\n", - "hfe = 50 #Current gain\n", - "hoe = 25.0 * 10**-6 #hoe (in Siemens)\n", - "RL = 1.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", - "RS = 1.0 * 10**3 #Series resistance (in ohm) \n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "Ai = - hfe/(1 + hoe*RL) #Current gain\n", - "Rin = hie - hre*hfe/(hoe + 1/RL)#Input resistance (in ohm)\n", - "Av = -hfe/((hoe + 1/RL)*Rin) #Voltage gain \n", - "Avs = Av*Rin/(Rin + RS) #Overall voltage gain \n", - "Ais = Ai*RS/(Rin + RS) #Overall current gain\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Current gain :\",round(Ai,2),\".\"\n", - "print \"Input resistance :\",round(Rin,1),\"ohm.\"\n", - "print \"Voltage gain :\",round(Av,2),\".\"\n", - "print \"Overall voltage gain :\",round(Avs,2),\".\"\n", - "print \"Overall current gain :\",round(Ais,3),\".\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "##Example 8.6 , Page Number 295 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 13, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Current gain : -100.0 .\n", - "Input resistance : 1000.0 ohm.\n", - "Voltage gain : -200.0 .\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "hie = 1.0 * 10**3 #hie (in ohm)\n", - "hfe = 100 #Current gain\n", - "RL = 2.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", - "hre = hoe = 0 #hre \n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "Ai = - hfe/(1 + hoe*RL) #Current gain\n", - "Rin = hie - hre*hfe/(hoe + 1/RL)#Input resistance (in ohm)\n", - "Av = -hfe/((hoe + 1/RL)*Rin) #Voltage gain \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Current gain :\",round(Ai,2),\".\"\n", - "print \"Input resistance :\",round(Rin,1),\"ohm.\"\n", - "print \"Voltage gain :\",round(Av,2),\".\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "##Example 8.7 , Page Number 295 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 20, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Current gain : 0.979 .\n", - "Input resistance : 24.47 ohm.\n", - "Voltage gain : 48.02 .\n", - "Overall voltage gain : 5.24 .\n", - "Overall current gain : 0.873 .\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "RS = 200.0 #internal resistance (in ohm)\n", - "RL = 1200.0 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", - "hib = 24.0 #hib (in ohm)\n", - "hrb = 4.0 * 10**-4 #hrb\n", - "hfb = -0.98 #hfb\n", - "hob = 0.6 * 10**-6 #hob (in Ampere per volt)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "Ai = - hfb/(1 + hob*RL) #Current gain\n", - "Rin = hib + hrb*Ai*RL #Input resistance (in ohm)\n", - "Av = Ai*RL/Rin #Voltage gain \n", - "Avs = Av*Rin/(Rin + RS) #Overall voltage gain \n", - "Ais = Ai*RS/(Rin + RS) #Overall current gain\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Current gain :\",round(Ai,3),\".\"\n", - "print \"Input resistance :\",round(Rin,2),\"ohm.\"\n", - "print \"Voltage gain :\",round(Av,2),\".\"\n", - "print \"Overall voltage gain :\",round(Avs,2),\".\"\n", - "print \"Overall current gain :\",round(Ais,3),\".\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "##Example 8.8 , Page Number 296 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 29, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "hfe : 120.0 .\n", - "hoe : 2.5e-05 S.\n", - "hie : 2.5 kilo-ohm.\n", - "Current amplification factor : 0.99 .\n", - "hob : 2.06611570248e-07 .\n", - "hib : 20.83 ohm.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "IE = 1.2 * 10**-3 #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", - "beta = 120.0 #Current gain\n", - "ro = 40.0 * 10**3 #O/p resistance (in ohm)\n", - "hre = 0 #hre \n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "hfe = beta #hfe\n", - "hoe = 1/ro #hoe (in Siemen)\n", - "hie = 25.0*10**-3/IE*beta #hie (in ohm)\n", - "alpha = beta/(1 + beta) #Current gain in CB\n", - "hob = hoe/(1 + beta) #hob (in Siemen) \n", - "hib = 25 * 10**-3/IE #hib (in ohm)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"hfe :\",hfe,\".\"\n", - "print \"hoe :\",hoe,\"S.\"\n", - "print \"hie :\",hie*10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", - "print \"Current amplification factor :\",round(alpha,2),\".\"\n", - "print \"hob :\",hob,\".\"\n", - "print \"hib :\",round(hib,2),\"ohm.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "##Example 8.9 , Page Number 296 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 33, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Current gain : 99.75 .\n", - "Input resistance : 51864.074 ohm.\n", - "Voltage gain : 0.9617 .\n", - "Overall voltage gain : 0.9435 .\n", - "Overall current gain : 1.887 .\n", - "Output resistance : 29.69 ohm.\n", - "Output conductance : 0.0337 Siemen.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "hic = hie = 2.0 * 10**3 #hic (in ohm)\n", - "hfe = 100.0 #Current gain in CE\n", - "hre = 2.5 * 10**-4 #hre\n", - "hoe = 25.0 * 10**-6 #hoe (in Ampere per volt)\n", - "RS = 1.0 * 10**3 #Source resistance (in ohm)\n", - "RL = 500.0 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "hfc = -(1 + hfe) #hfc\n", - "hrc = 1 - hre #hrc\n", - "hoc = hoe #hoc (in Siemens)\n", - "Ai = -hfc/(1 + hoc*RL) #Current gain\n", - "Rin = hic - hrc*hfc/(hoc + 1/RL) #Input resistance (in ohm)\n", - "Av = -hfc/((hoc + 1/RL)*Rin) #Voltage gain\n", - "Avs = Av*Rin/(Rin + RS) #Overall voltage gain\n", - "Ais = Ai*RS/(Rin + RS) #Overall current gain\n", - "Go = hoc -(hfc*hrc/(hic + RS)) #O/P conductance (in Siemens)\n", - "Ro = 1/Go #O/P resistance (in ohm)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Current gain :\",round(Ai,2),\".\"\n", - "print \"Input resistance :\",round(Rin,3),\"ohm.\"\n", - "print \"Voltage gain :\",round(Av,4),\".\"\n", - "print \"Overall voltage gain :\",round(Avs,4),\".\"\n", - "print \"Overall current gain :\",round(Ais,3),\".\"\n", - "print \"Output resistance :\",round(Ro,2),\"ohm.\"\n", - "print \"Output conductance :\",round(Go,4),\"Siemen.\"\n", - "\n", - "#Slight variations due to higher precision." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "##Example 8.10 , Page Number 300" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 38, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Power gain : 826.0 .\n", - "EMF E : 0.29 V.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "hie = 2.0 * 10**3 #hie (in ohm)\n", - "hoe = 25.0 * 10**-6 #hoe (in Siemens)\n", - "hfe = 55.0 #Current gain in CE\n", - "Pin = 10.0 * 10**-3 #Output power (in watt)\n", - "RB = 80.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n", - "RC = 10.0 * 10**3 #Collector resitance (in ohm)\n", - "RL = 10.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", - "RS = 5.0 * 10**3 #Source resistance (in ohm) \n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "Zb = hie #Zb (in ohm)\n", - "Zin = RB #Impedance (in ohm)\n", - "ZS = RS + Zin #Imput impedance (in ohm)\n", - "Zout = RC/hoe*(1/(RC + 1/hoe)) #Output impedance (in ohm)\n", - "Rac = Zout*RL/(Zout + RL) #AC load resistance (in ohm)\n", - "Vout = -34.3*0.29 #Output voltage (in volts)\n", - "Pout = Vout**2/RL #Output power (in watt) \n", - "E = 0.29 #EMF (in volts)\n", - "Ap = Pin/0.29**2*6.95*10**3 #Power gain\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Power gain : \",round(Ap),\".\"\n", - "print \"EMF E : \",E,\"V.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "##Example 8.11 , Page Number 301 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 46, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Input impedance : 0.87 kilo-ohm.\n", - "Output impedance : 1.9 kilo-ohm\n", - "Current gain : -43.5 .\n", - "Voltage gain : -100.0 .\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "hie = 1.0 * 10**3 #hie (in ohm)\n", - "hfe = 100.0 #Current gain \n", - "R1 = 20.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", - "R2 = 10 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n", - "hoe = 25.0 * 10**-6 #hoe (in Siemens)\n", - "RC = 2* 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", - "RL = 2* 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "Zb = hie #Zb (in ohm) \n", - "Zin = Zb*R1*R2/(Zb*R1 + Zb*R2 + R1*R2) #Input impedance (in ohm)\n", - "Zout = 1/hoe*RC/(RC + 1/hoe) #Output impedance (in ohm)\n", - "Av = -(RC*RL)/(RC + RL)*hfe/hie #Voltage gain\n", - "RB = R1*R2/(R1 + R2) #Base resistance (in ohm)\n", - "Ai = -hfe*RB*RC/((RC + RL)*(RB + Zb)) #Current gain\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Input impedance : \",round(Zin * 10**-3,2),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", - "print \"Output impedance : \",round(Zout * 10**-3,1),\"kilo-ohm\"\n", - "print \"Current gain : \",round(Ai,1),\".\"\n", - "print \"Voltage gain : \",Av,\".\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "##Example 8.12 , Page Number 302 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 56, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Ai : -100.0 .\n", - "Av : -9.597 .\n", - "Avs : -4.19 .\n", - "Rin : 7.74 kilo-ohm.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "hie = 1100.0 #hie (in ohm)\n", - "hre = 0 #hre\n", - "hfe = 50.0 #Current gain \n", - "hoe = 100.0 #hoe \n", - "R1 = 100.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", - "R2 = 10.0 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (n ohm)\n", - "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", - "RL = 5.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm) \n", - "RS = 10.0 * 10**3 #Source resistance (in ohm) \n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "RB = hie + (1 + hfe)*RE #Base resistance (in ohm)\n", - "Rin = RB*R1*R2/((RB*R1 + RB*R2 + R1*R2)) #Input resistance (in ohm)\n", - "Ai = -hoe #Current gain\n", - "Av = -hoe*RL/(hie + (1 + hfe)*RE) #Voltage gain\n", - "Avs = Av * Rin/(Rin + RS) #Overall voltage gain\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Ai : \",Ai,\".\"\n", - "print \"Av : \",round(Av,3),\".\"\n", - "print \"Avs : \",round(Avs,2),\".\"\n", - "print \"Rin : \",round(Rin*10**-3,2),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", - "\n", - "#Slight variation due to higher precision." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "##Example 8.13 , Page Number 302 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 60, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Quiescent collector current : 1.0 mA.\n", - "Small signal voltage gain : -40.63 .\n", - "Maximum possible swing of collector current : 4.55 mA.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "RE = 100.0 #Emitter resistance (in ohm) \n", - "RC = 1.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", - "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", - "RB = 420.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n", - "beta = 100 #Current gain in CE\n", - "VCC = 5.0 #Collector supply voltage (in volts) \n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "IB = (VCC -VBE)/(RB + (beta + 1)*RE) #Base current (in Ampere)\n", - "ICQ = beta * IB #Q-point collector current (in Ampere)\n", - "IE = (beta + 1)*IB #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", - "r1e = 25.0*10**-3/IE #Resistance (in ohm) \n", - "Rin = RB*(beta*r1e)/(RB + beta*r1e) #Input resistance (in ohm)\n", - "Rout = RC #Output resistance (in ohm)\n", - "Av = -ICQ/IB*Rout/Rin #Small signal voltage gain \n", - "swing = VCC/(RC + RE) #Max. possible swing (in Ampere) \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Quiescent collector current : \",round(ICQ*10**3,3),\"mA.\"\n", - "print \"Small signal voltage gain : \",round(Av,2),\".\"\n", - "print \"Maximum possible swing of collector current : \",round(swing*10**3,2),\"mA.\"\n", - "\n", - "#Slight variation due to high precision." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "##Example 8.14 , Page Number 303 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 9, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "1.20603015075e-05 0.00156783919598 0.00156783919598 0.00157989949749\n", - "ICQ : 0.945 mA and VCEQ : 2.251 V.\n", - "VCE when R2 is open circuited : -8.117 V.\n", - "AV : -455.0 .\n", - "Rin : 1.0 kilo-ohm.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "beta = hfe = 130 #Current gain in CE\n", - "R1 = 510.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", - "R2 = 510.0 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (n ohm)\n", - "RE = 7.5 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", - "RC = 9.1 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", - "VCC = 18.0 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", - "VBE = 0 #Base-Emitter voltage (in volts)\n", - "hie = 1.0 * 10**3 #hie (in ohm)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "Rth = R1*R2/(R1 + R2) #Thevenin's eq. resistance (in ohm)\n", - "Vth = VCC * R2/(R1 + R2) #Thevenin's eq. voltage (in volts)\n", - "IB = (Vth - VBE)/(Rth + (beta + 1)*RE) #Base current (in Ampere)\n", - "IC = beta*IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", - "ICQ = IC #Q-point IC (in Ampere)\n", - "IE = (beta + 1)*IB #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", - "VCEQ = VCC - ICQ*RC - IE*RE #Q-point VCE (in Ampere) \n", - "\n", - "IB1 = (VCC - VBE)/(R1 + (beta + 1)*RE) #Base current1 (in Ampere)\n", - "IC1 = beta*IB1 #Collector current1 (in Ampere) \n", - "ICQ1 = IC1 #Q-point IC (in Ampere)\n", - "IE1 = (beta + 1)*IB1 #Emitter current1 (in Ampere)\n", - "VCEQ1 = VCC - ICQ1*RC - IE1*RE #Q-point VCE (in Ampere) \n", - "\n", - "Rin = (R1*R2*hie)/(R1*R2 + hie*R2 + hie*R1) #Input resistance (in ohm)\n", - "Av = -50/hie*RC #Voltage gain \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "print IB1,IC1,ICQ1,IE1\n", - "print \"ICQ : \",round(ICQ*10**3,3),\"mA and VCEQ : \",round(VCEQ,3),\"V.\"\n", - "print \"VCE when R2 is open circuited : \",round(VCEQ1,3),\"V.\"\n", - "print \"AV : \",round(Av,3),\".\"\n", - "print \"Rin : \",round(Rin*10**-3,2),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", - "\n", - "#Mistake in book for the value of hfe in calculation of Av." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "##Example 8.15 , Page Number 304 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 10, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Zin : 1.595 kilo-ohm.\n", - "Zout : 4.296 kilo-ohm.\n", - "Av : -323.125 .\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "hfe = 110 #Current gain in CE\n", - "hie = 1.6 * 10**3 #hie (in ohm)\n", - "hre = 2 * 10**-4 #hre\n", - "hoe = 20.0 * 10**-6 #hoe (in Ampere per volt) \n", - "RB = 470.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n", - "RC = 4.7 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "Zin = RB*hie/(RB + hie) #Input impedance (in ohm)\n", - "Zout = RC*1/hoe/(RC + 1/hoe) #Output impedance (in ohm)\n", - "Av = -RC*hfe/hie #Voltage gain \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Zin : \",round(Zin*10**-3,3),\" kilo-ohm.\"\n", - "print \"Zout : \",round(Zout*10**-3,3),\" kilo-ohm.\"\n", - "print \"Av : \",round(Av,3),\".\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "##Example 8.16 , Page Number 307 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 13, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Zin : 24.84 ohm.\n", - "Zout : 7.97 kilo-ohm.\n", - "Av : 134.4 .\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "hib = 25.0 #hie (in ohm)\n", - "hfb = -0.98 #Current gain in CB \n", - "hob = 0.5 * 10**-6 #hob (in Siemens) \n", - "R1 = 20.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", - "R2 = 5.0 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (n ohm)\n", - "RE = 4.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", - "RL = 6.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm) \n", - "RC = 8.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm) \n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "Zin = hib*RE/(hib + RE) #Input impedance (in ohm)\n", - "Zout = RC*1/hob/(RC + 1/hob) #Output impedance (in ohm)\n", - "Av = -(RC*RL)/(RC+RL)*hfb/hib #Voltage gain \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Zin : \",round(Zin,2),\" ohm.\"\n", - "print \"Zout : \",round(Zout*10**-3,2),\" kilo-ohm.\"\n", - "print \"Av : \",round(Av,3),\".\"\n", - "\n", - "#Slight variation due to higher precision." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "##Example 8.17 , Page Number 309 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 18, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Input impedance : 4.9 kilo-ohm.\n", - "Outpur impedance : 28.0 ohm.\n", - "Voltage gain : 1 .\n", - "Current gain : 101.0 .\n", - "Power gain : 101.0 .\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "hie = 2000.0 #hie (in ohm)\n", - "hfe = 100.0 #Current gain \n", - "R1 = 10.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", - "R2 = 10.0 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (n ohm)\n", - "RE = 5.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", - "RL = 5.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm) \n", - "RS = 1.0 * 10**3 #Source resistance (in ohm) \n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "hic = hie #hic\n", - "hfc = -(1 + hfe) #hfc\n", - "Zb = hic - hfc*(RE*RL)/(RE + RL) #ZB (in ohm)\n", - "Zin = Zb*R1*R2/(Zb*R1 + R1*R2 + Zb*R2)#Input impedance (in ohm)\n", - "Ze = -(hic + (R1*R2*RS/(R1*R2 + R2*RS + R1*RS)))/hfc #Ze (in ohm)\n", - "Zout = Ze*RE/(Ze + RE) #Output impedance (in ohm) \n", - "Av = 1 #Coltage gain\n", - "RB = R1*R2/(R1 + R2) #Base resistance (in ohm)\n", - "Ai = -hfc #Current gain\n", - "Ap = Ai #Power gain\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Input impedance : \",round(Zin * 10**-3,1),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", - "print \"Outpur impedance : \",round(Zout),\"ohm.\"\n", - "print \"Voltage gain : \",Av,\".\"\n", - "print \"Current gain : \",Ai,\".\"\n", - "print \"Power gain : \",Ap,\".\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "##Example 8.18 , Page Number 310 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 4, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Input impedance : 227.667 kilo-ohm.\n", - "Voltage gain : 0.9956 .\n", - "Current gain : 45.33 .\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "RL = 5.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm) \n", - "RS = 0.5 * 10**3 #Source resistance (in ohm) \n", - "hie = 1000.0 #hie (in ohm)\n", - "hfe = 50.0 #Current gain \n", - "hoe = 25.0 * 10**-6 #hor (in Siemens) \n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "hic = hie #hie (in ohm)\n", - "hrc = 1 #hrc\n", - "hfc = -(1 + hfe) #hfc \n", - "hoc = hoe #hoe (in Siemens)\n", - "Ai = -hfc/(1 + hoc*RL) #Current gain\n", - "Ri = hic - hrc*hfc/(hoc + 1/RL) #Input resistance (in ohm)\n", - "Av = Ai*RL/Ri #Voltage gain\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Input impedance : \",round(Ri * 10**-3,3),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", - "print \"Voltage gain : \",round(Av,4),\".\"\n", - "print \"Current gain : \",round(Ai,2),\".\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "##Example 8.19 , Page Number 310" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 10, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Input impedance : 34.254 kilo-ohm.\n", - "Outpur impedance : 21.1 ohm.\n", - "Voltage gain : 0.9789 .\n", - "Current gain : 33.53 .\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "VCC = 15.0 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", - "RB = 100.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n", - "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", - "hie = 1100.0 #hie (in ohm)\n", - "hfe = 50 #hfe\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "hic = hie #hic (in ohm)\n", - "hfc = -(1 + hfe) #hfc\n", - "Zin = (hic - hfc*RE)*RB/((hic - hfc*RE) + RB) #Input impedance (in ohm)\n", - "\n", - "Zout = RE*(-hic/hfc)/(RE - hic/hfc) #Output impedance (in ohm)\n", - "Av = -hfc*RE/(hic - hfc*RE) #Voltage gain\n", - "Ai = Av*Zin/RE #Current gain \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Input impedance : \",round(Zin * 10**-3,3),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", - "print \"Outpur impedance : \",round(Zout,1),\"ohm.\"\n", - "print \"Voltage gain : \",round(Av,4),\".\"\n", - "print \"Current gain : \",round(Ai,2),\".\"\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation mistake in the value of Zout in the book." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "collapsed": true - }, - "source": [ - "##Example 8.20 , Page Number 311 " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 13, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Zin : 1.0883 kilo-ohm.\n", - "Av : 0.99 .\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "hre = hoe = 0 #hre\n", - "hie = 1.0 * 10**3 #hie (in ohm)\n", - "hfe = 100.0 #hfe\n", - "VCC = 5.0 #Collector supply voltage (in volts) \n", - "R1 = 2.2 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", - "R2 = 2.2 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n", - "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "hic = hie #hic (in ohm)\n", - "hfc = -(1 + hfe) #hfc \n", - "hrc = 1 - hre #hrc\n", - "hoc = hoe = 0 #hoc\n", - "Zin = (hic - hfc*RE)*R1*R2/(((hic - hfc*RE)*(R1+R2))+R1*R2) #Input impedance (in ohm)\n", - "Av = -hfc*RE/(hic - hfc*RE) #Voltage gain \n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Zin : \",round(Zin*10**-3,4),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", - "print \"Av : \",round(Av,2),\".\"" - ] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 2", - "language": "python", - "name": "python2" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 2 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", - "version": "2.7.10" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 0 -} diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter9.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter9.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index d2bc7858..00000000 --- a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter9.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,122 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "#Chapter 9 , Regulated Power Supplies" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 9.1 , Page Number 328" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 3, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Breakdown voltage : 8.0 V.\n", - "Resistor R : 206.0 ohm.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "IC = IL = 1.2 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", - "Vout = 7.5 #Voltage (in volts)\n", - "VBE = 0.5 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", - "beta = 50.0 #Current gain\n", - "VCC = 15.0 #Supply voltage (in volts) \n", - "IZmin = 10.0 * 10**-3 #Minimum zener current (in Ampere) \n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "IB = IC/beta #Base current (in Ampere)\n", - "VZ = Vout + VBE #Zener diode breakdown voltage (in volts)\n", - "VR = VCC - VZ #Voltage drop in resistor R (in volts)\n", - "IR = IB + IZmin #Current through R (in AMpere) \n", - "R = VR/IR #Resistance R (in ohm)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Breakdown voltage : \",VZ,\"V.\\nResistor R : \",round(R),\"ohm.\"" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "##Example 9.2 , Page Number 328" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 4, - "metadata": { - "collapsed": false - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Breakdown voltage : 9.6 V.\n", - "Series Resistor RSE : 37.5 ohm.\n" - ] - } - ], - "source": [ - "#Variables\n", - "\n", - "Vout = 10 #Output voltage (in volts)\n", - "VBE = 0.4 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", - "IL = 100.0 * 10**-3 #Load current (in Ampere)\n", - "Vinmin = 11.25 #Min. input voltage (in volts)\n", - "Vinmax = 13.75 #Max. input voltage (in volts)\n", - "\n", - "#Calculation\n", - "\n", - "VZ = Vout - VBE #Zener breakdown voltage (in volts)\n", - "VRSE = Vinmax - Vout #Max. voltage drop in series resistor (in volts)\n", - "Imax = IL #Series resistor current (in Ampere)\n", - "RSE = VRSE/Imax #Series resistor (in ohm)\n", - "\n", - "#Result\n", - "\n", - "print \"Breakdown voltage : \",VZ,\"V.\\nSeries Resistor RSE : \",round(RSE,1),\"ohm.\"" - ] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 2", - "language": "python", - "name": "python2" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 2 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", - "version": "2.7.10" - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 0 -} diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/screenshots/Screenshot_(88).png b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/screenshots/Screenshot_(88).png deleted file mode 100644 index 90a3a1be..00000000 Binary files a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/screenshots/Screenshot_(88).png and /dev/null differ diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/screenshots/Screenshot_(89).png b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/screenshots/Screenshot_(89).png deleted file mode 100644 index 8c90457c..00000000 Binary files a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/screenshots/Screenshot_(89).png and /dev/null differ diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/screenshots/Screenshot_(90).png b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/screenshots/Screenshot_(90).png deleted file mode 100644 index a4b6a0dd..00000000 Binary files a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/screenshots/Screenshot_(90).png and /dev/null differ diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J_B_Gupta/chapter1.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J_B_Gupta/chapter1.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..d34682ed --- /dev/null +++ b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J_B_Gupta/chapter1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,111 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter 1 , Introductory Concepts" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1.4 , Page Number 23" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Equivalent voltage source is 100.0 V.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "IS = 4.0 #Current (in Ampere)\n", + "Rin = 25.0 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Voc = IS * Rin #Voltage (in volts) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Equivalent voltage source is \",Voc,\" V.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1.5 , Page Number 23" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Current in 28 ohm resistor is 2.0 A.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "R1 = 4.0 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "R2 = 8.0 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RS = 28.0 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "V1 = 40.0 #Voltage (in volts)\n", + "V2 = 40.0 #Voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Rnet = R1 + R2 + RS #Net resistance (in ohm)\n", + "Vnet = V1 + V2 #Net voltage (in volts) \n", + "I = Vnet / Rnet #Current (in Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Current in 28 ohm resistor is \",I,\" A.\"" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.10" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J_B_Gupta/chapter10.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J_B_Gupta/chapter10.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..ff782990 --- /dev/null +++ b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J_B_Gupta/chapter10.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,934 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "#Chapter 10 , Field Effect Transistors" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 10.1 , Page Number 344" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Gate-to-source resistance : 100.0 Mega-ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VGS = 10.0 #Gate-source voltage (in volts)\n", + "IG = 0.1 * 10**-6 #Gate current (in Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "RGS = VGS/IG #Gate-to-source resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Gate-to-source resistance : \",RGS*10**-6,\"Mega-ohm.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 10.2 , Page Number 344" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "AC drain resistance of the JFET : 12.5 kilo-ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "dVDS = 1.5 #Change in drain-source voltage (in volts)\n", + "dID = 120.0 * 10**-6 #Change in drain current (in Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "rd = dVDS/dID #AC drain resistance (in ohm) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"AC drain resistance of the JFET : \",rd*10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 10.3 , Page Number 344" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 3, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Transconductance : 2000.0 micro-siemens.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "dID = 0.3 * 10**-3 #Change in drain current (in Ampere)\n", + "dVGS = 0.15 #Changein gate-to-source voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "gm = dID/dVGS #Transconductance (in siemen) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Transconductance : \",gm*10**6,\"micro-siemens.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 10.4 , Page Number 345" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 7, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "AC drain resistance : 35.0 kilo-ohm.\n", + "Transconductance : 2.8 mA/V.\n", + "Amplification factor : 98.0 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "dVDS = 7.0 #Change in drain-source voltage (in volts)\n", + "dID1 = 0.2 * 10**-3 #Change in drain current1 (in Ampere)\n", + "dID2 = -0.7 * 10**-3 #Change in drain current2 (in Ampere)\n", + "dVGS = -0.25 #Changein gate-to-source voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "rd = dVDS/dID1 #AC drain resistance (in ohm)\n", + "gm = dID2/dVGS #Transconductance (in Ampere per volt)\n", + "u = rd*gm #Amplification factor\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"AC drain resistance : \",rd*10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", + "print \"Transconductance : \",gm*10**3,\"mA/V.\"\n", + "print \"Amplification factor : \",u,\".\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 10.5 , Page Number 345" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 9, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Transconductance : 2.22 mA/V.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "IDSS = 10.0 * 10**-3 #Drain-source saturation current (in Ampere)\n", + "Vp = -4.5 #Pinch-off voltage (in volts)\n", + "IDS = 2.5 * 10**-3 #Drain-source voltage (in volts) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "VGS = Vp*(1-(IDS/IDSS)**0.5) #Gate-to-source voltage (in volts)\n", + "gm = -2*IDSS/Vp*(1- VGS/Vp) #Transconductance (in Ampere per volt) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Transconductance : \",round(gm*10**3,2),\"mA/V.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 10.6 , Page Number 345" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 11, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "VGSoff : -2.0 mV.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "gm = 10.0 * 10**-3 #Transconductance (in siemens)\n", + "IDSS = 10.0 * 10**-6 #Drain-source saturation current (in Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "VGSoff = (-2*IDSS)/gm #Gate-to-source voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"VGSoff : \",VGSoff*10**3,\"mV.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 10.7 , Page Number 345" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 14, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Minimum value of VDS : -4.0 V.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "Vp = -4.0 #Pinch-off voltage (in volts)\n", + "VGS = -2.0 #Gate-source voltage (in volts)\n", + "IDSS = 10.0 * 10**-3 #Drain-source saturation current (in Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "ID = IDSS*(1 - VGS/Vp)**2 #Drain current (in Ampere)\n", + "VDSmin = Vp #Minimum drain-source voltage (in volts) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Minimum value of VDS : \",VDSmin,\"V.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 10.8 , Page Number 346" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 20, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "ID : 3.8667 mA.\n", + "gmo : 5.8 mS.\n", + "gm : 3.867 mS.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "IDSS = 8.7 * 10**-3 #Drain-source saturation current (in Ampere)\n", + "Vp = -3.0 #Pinch-off voltage (in volts)\n", + "VGS = -1.0 #Gate-source voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "ID = IDSS*(1 - VGS/Vp)**2 #Drain current (in Ampere)\n", + "gmo = -2*IDSS/Vp #Transconductance for VGS = 0 (in Ampere per volt) \n", + "gm = gmo*(1 - VGS/Vp) #Transconductance (in Ampere per volt)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"ID : \",round(ID*10**3,4),\"mA.\"\n", + "print \"gmo : \",round(gmo*10**3,1),\"mS.\"\n", + "print \"gm : \",round(gm*10**3,3),\"mS.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 10.9 , Page Number 346" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 21, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "ID : 2.1 mA.\n", + "gmo : 5.6 mS.\n", + "gm : 2.8 mS.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "IDSS = 8.4 * 10**-3 #Drain-source saturation current (in Ampere)\n", + "Vp = -3.0 #Pinch-off voltage (in volts)\n", + "VGS = -1.5 #Gate-source voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "ID = IDSS*(1 - VGS/Vp)**2 #Drain current (in Ampere)\n", + "gmo = -2*IDSS/Vp #Transconductance for VGS = 0 (in Ampere per volt) \n", + "gm = gmo*(1 - VGS/Vp) #Transconductance (in Ampere per volt)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"ID : \",round(ID*10**3,4),\"mA.\"\n", + "print \"gmo : \",round(gmo*10**3,1),\"mS.\"\n", + "print \"gm : \",round(gm*10**3,3),\"mS.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 10.10 , Page Number 346" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 24, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "VGS : -1.902 V.\n", + "gm : 2.31 mS.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "Vp = -4.5 #Pinch-off voltage (in volts)\n", + "IDSS = 9.0 * 10**-3 #Drain-source saturation current (in Ampere)\n", + "IDS = 3.0 * 10**-3 #Drain-source current (in Ampere) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "VGS = Vp*(1-(IDS/IDSS)**0.5) #Gate-to-source voltage (in volts)\n", + "gm = -2*IDSS/Vp*(1 - VGS/Vp) #Transconductance (in Ampere per volt) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"VGS : \",round(VGS,3),\"V.\"\n", + "print \"gm : \",round(gm*10**3,2),\"mS.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 10.11 , Page Number 349" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 26, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Drain-source voltage : 6.2 V.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VGG = 1.5 #Gate supply voltage (in volts)\n", + "VDD = 15.0 #Drain supply voltage (in volts)\n", + "RD = 1.5 * 10**3 #Drain resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RG = 2.0 * 10**6 #Gate resistance (in ohm)\n", + "IDSS = 15.0 * 10**-3 #Drain current in saturation (in Ampere)\n", + "Vp = -4.0 #Pinch-off voltage (in volts)\n", + "VS = 0.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "VGS = -VGG #Gate-to-source voltage (in volts)\n", + "ID = IDSS*(1 - VGS/Vp)**2 #Drain current (in Ampere)\n", + "VD = VDD - ID*RD #Drain voltage (in volts)\n", + "VDS = VD - VS #Drain-to-source voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Drain-source voltage : \",round(VDS,1),\"V.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 10.12 , Page Number 349" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 35, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "ID = 3.0 mA.\n", + "VDS = -7.5 V.\n", + "VD = -7.5 V.\n", + "VG = -3.0 V.\n", + "VS = 0 V.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VGS = VGG = -3.0 #Gate-source voltage (in volts)\n", + "IDSS = 12.0 * 10**-3 #Drain current in saturation (in Ampere)\n", + "Vp = -6.0 #pinch-off voltage (in volts) \n", + "VDD = 3.0 #Drain voltage (in volts) \n", + "RD = 3.5 * 10**3 #Drain resistance (in ohm) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "ID = IDSS*(1 - VGS/Vp)**2 #Drain current (in Ampere)\n", + "VDS = VDD - ID*RD #Drain-source voltage (in volts)\n", + "VD = VDS #Drain voltage (in volts)\n", + "VG = VGG #Gate voltage (in volts)\n", + "VS = 0 #Source voltage (in volts) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"ID = \",ID*10**3,\"mA.\"\n", + "print \"VDS = \",VDS,\"V.\" \n", + "print \"VD = \",VD,\"V.\" \n", + "print \"VG = \",VG,\"V.\" \n", + "print \"VS = \",VS,\"V.\" \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation error in the value of VDS and VD in the book." + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 10.13 , Page Number 350" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 36, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Drain-source voltage : 18.2 V.\n", + "Gate-source voltage : -0.8 V.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VDD = 25.0 #Drain Supply (in volts)\n", + "RD = 3.0 * 10**3 #Drain resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RS = 400.0 #Source resistance (in ohm)\n", + "ID = 2.0 * 10**-3 #Drain current (in Ampere) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "VDS = VDD - ID*(RD + RS) #Drain-source voltage (in volts)\n", + "VGS = -ID*RS #Gate-source voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Drain-source voltage : \",VDS,\"V.\"\n", + "print \"Gate-source voltage : \",VGS,\"V.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 10.14 , Page Number 350" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 46, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "RS : 2.5 kilo-ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VDD = 25.0 #Drain voltage (in volts)\n", + "RG1 = 1.2 * 10**6 #Gate1 resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RG2 = 0.6 * 10**6 #Gate2 resistance (in ohm)\n", + "ID = 4.0 * 10**-3 #Drain current (in Ampere)\n", + "VDS = 8.0 #Drain-source voltage (in volts) \n", + "Vp = -4.0 #Pinch-off voltage (in volts) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "VGS = Vp*(1 - (ID/IDSS)**0.5) #Gate-source voltage (in volts)\n", + "VG = VDD*RG2/(RG1 + RG2) #Gate voltage (in volts)\n", + "RS = (VG - VGS)/ID #Source voltage (in ohm) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"RS : \",round(RS*10**-3,1),\"kilo-ohm.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 10.15 , Page Number 350" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 52, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Drain current at operating point : 4.46 mA.\n", + "Since , value of ID at operating point is almost equal to previously computed value of Id. Therefore , FET is operated in pinch-off region.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "Vp = -2.0 #pinch-off voltage (in volts)\n", + "IDSS = 5.0 * 10**-3 #Drain current in saturation (in Ampere)\n", + "RL = 910.0 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RF = 2.29 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "R1 = 12.0 * 10**6 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", + "R2 = 8.57 * 10**6 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n", + "VDD = 24.0 #Drain supply voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "VG = VDD*R2/(R1 + R2) #Gate voltage (in volts)\n", + "ID = 4.46 * 10**-3 #Drain current (in Ampere) \n", + "VGS = VG - ID*RF #Gate-source voltage (in volts)\n", + "ID1 = (VG - VGS)/RF #Drain current at operating point (in Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Drain current at operating point : \",round(ID1*10**3,3),\"mA.\"\n", + "print \"Since , value of ID at operating point is almost equal to previously computed value of Id. Therefore , FET is operated in pinch-off region.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 10.16 , Page Number 353" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 55, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Voltage gain : -30.0 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "gm = 2500.0 * 10**-6 #Transconductance (in siemens)\n", + "RL = 12.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "A = -gm*RL #Voltage gain \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Voltage gain : \",A,\".\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 10.17 , Page Number 353" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 57, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "VOltage gain : -59.9 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "gm = 4000.0 * 10**-6 #Transconductance (in siemens)\n", + "RL = 15.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RD = 10.0 * 10**6 #Drain resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "A = -gm*RD*RL/(RD + RL) #Voltage gain\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"VOltage gain : \",round(A,1),\".\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 10.18 , Page Number 353" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 62, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "RD : 5.0 kilo-ohm.\n", + "RS : 1.0 kilo-ohm.\n", + "Av : -20.0 .\n", + "Rin : 500.0 kilo-ohm.\n", + "Rout : 4.0 kilo-ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VGS = -1.0 #Gate-source voltage (in volts)\n", + "VDS = 4.0 #Drain-source voltage (in volts)\n", + "IDS = 1.0 * 10**-3 #Drain-source current (in Ampere)\n", + "gm = 5.0 * 10**-3 #Transconductance (in siemens)\n", + "RDS = 20.0 * 10**3 #Drain-source resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RG = 500.0 * 10**3 #Gate resistance (in ohm) \n", + "VDD = 10.0 #Drain supply voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "RS = abs(VGS/IDS) #Source resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RD = (VDD - VDS)/IDS - RS #Drain resistance (in ohm) \n", + "Av = -gm*(RD*RDS/(RD + RDS)) #Voltage gain\n", + "Rin = RG #Input impedance (in ohm)\n", + "Rout = RD*RDS/(RD + RDS) #Output impedance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"RD : \",RD*10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", + "print \"RS : \",RS*10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", + "print \"Av : \",Av,\".\"\n", + "print \"Rin : \",Rin*10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", + "print \"Rout : \",Rout*10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 10.19 , Page Number 355" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 64, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Input impedance : 1.33 Mega-ohm.\n", + "Output impedance : 345.0 ohm.\n", + "Voltage gain : 0.85 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "RL = 25.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RS = 2.5 * 10**3 #Source Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "R1 = 4.0 * 10**6 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", + "R2 = 2.0 * 10**6 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n", + "gm = 2500.0 * 10**-6 #Transconductance (in siemens)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Zin = R1*R2/(R1 + R2) #Input impedance (in ohm)\n", + "Zout = RS*1/gm/(RS + 1/gm) #Output impedance (in ohm)\n", + "Av = gm*RS*RL/(RS + RL)/(1 + gm*(RS*RL)/(RS + RL)) #Voltage gain\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Input impedance : \",round(Zin*10**-6,2),\"Mega-ohm.\"\n", + "print \"Output impedance : \",round(Zout),\"ohm.\"\n", + "print \"Voltage gain : \",round(Av,2),\".\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 10.20 , Page Number 369" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 69, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Drain current : 1.25 mA.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "IDon = 5.0 * 10**-3 #Drain current in on state (in Ampere)\n", + "VGS = 8.0 #Gate-source voltage (in volts)\n", + "VGST = 4.0 #Gate-source T voltage (in volts)\n", + "VGS1 = 6.0 #Gate-source voltage1 (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "K = IDon/(VGS - VGST)**2 #K (in Ampere per volt-square) \n", + "ID = K*(VGS1 - VGST)**2 #Drain current (in Ampere) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Drain current : \",round(ID*10**3,2),\"mA.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 10.21 , Page Number 369" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 83, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "VGS : 6.0 V.\n", + "ID : 0.001 A.\n", + "VDS : 9.0 V.\n", + "Av : 12.0 .\n", + "Vout : 0.96 V.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "IDon = 4.0 * 10**-3 #Drain current in on state (in Ampere)\n", + "VGS = 8.0 #Gate-source voltage (in volts)\n", + "VGST = 4.0 #Gate-source T voltage (in volts)\n", + "gm = 2000.0 * 10**-6 #Transconductance (in siemens)\n", + "VDD = 15.0 #Drain supply voltage (in volts)\n", + "RD = 6.0 * 10**3 #Drain resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RD2 = 40.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RD1 = 60.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "VGS = VDD/(RD1 + RD2)*RD2 #Gate-source voltage (in volts)\n", + "K = IDon/4**2 #K (in Ampere per volt-square)\n", + "ID = K*(VGS - VGST)**2 #Drain current (in Ampere)\n", + "VDS = VDD - ID*RD #Drain-source voltage (in volts)\n", + "Av = gm*RD #Voltage gain\n", + "Vout = Av*0.08 #Output voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"VGS : \",VGS,\"V.\"\n", + "print \"ID : \",ID,\"A.\"\n", + "print \"VDS : \",abs(VDS),\"V.\"\n", + "print \"Av : \",Av,\".\"\n", + "print \"Vout : \",Vout,\"V.\"" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.10" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J_B_Gupta/chapter13.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J_B_Gupta/chapter13.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..273bc5aa --- /dev/null +++ b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J_B_Gupta/chapter13.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,844 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "#Chapter 13 , Operational Amplifiers (Op-Amps)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 13.1 , Page Number 481" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "CMRR : 80.0 db.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "Ad = 100.0 #Differential mode gain\n", + "Acm = 0.01 #Common-mode gain\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "CMRR = Ad/Acm #CMRR\n", + "CMRR1 = 20*math.log10(CMRR) #CMRR (in db)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"CMRR : \",CMRR1,\"db.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 13.2 , Page Number 481" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Common mode gain : 10.0 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "Ad = 1.0 * 10**5 #Differential mode gain\n", + "CMRR = 1.0 * 10**4 #CMRR\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Acm = Ad/CMRR #Common-mode gain\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Common mode gain : \",Acm,\".\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 13.3 , Page Number 482" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 4, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Output voltage : 2.537125 V.\n", + "Percentage error : 1.4633 %.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "V1 = 745.0 * 10**-6 #Input voltage1 (in volts)\n", + "V2 = 740.0 * 10**-6 #Input voltage2 (in volts)\n", + "Vcm = (V1 + V2)/2 #Commonn mode signal (in volts)\n", + "Vd = V1 - V2 #Differential voltage (in volts)\n", + "Ad = 5 * 10**5 #Differential voltage gain\n", + "CMRR = 1.0 * 10**4 #CMRR\n", + " \n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Vout = Ad*Vd*(1 + 1/CMRR*Vcm/Vd) #output voltage (in volts)\n", + "error = Vout - Ad*Vd #Error voltage (in volts)\n", + "Percerror = error/Vout*100 #Percentage error\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Output voltage :\",round(Vout,6),\"V.\"\n", + "print \"Percentage error : \",round(Percerror,4),\"%.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 13.4 , Page Number 483" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 5, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Output voltage : + (or) - 5.0 V.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "A = 200000.0 #Open loop voltage gain\n", + "Vd = 25.0 * 10**-6 #Input differential voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Vout = A*Vd #output voltage (in volts) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Output voltage : + (or) - \",Vout,\"V.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 13.5 , Page Number 486" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 6, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Rf : 27.0 kilo-ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "Af = 10.0 #Voltage gain\n", + "R1 = 3.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Rf = (Af - 1)*R1 #Resistance (in ohm) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Rf : \",Rf*10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 13.6 , Page Number 486" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 8, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Maximum closed loop voltage gain 51.0 .\n", + "Minimum closed loop voltage gain 1.0 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "R1 = 2.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm) \n", + "Rfmin = 0.0 #Resistance (in ohm) \n", + "Rfmax = 100.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Afmin = 1 + Rfmin/R1 #Minimum voltage gain\n", + "Afmax = 1 + Rfmax/R1 #Maximum voltage gain \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Maximum closed loop voltage gain\",Afmax,\".\"\n", + "print \"Minimum closed loop voltage gain\",Afmin,\".\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 13.7 , Page Number 488" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 10, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Voltage gain : -100.0 .\n", + "Input resistance : 5.0 kilo-ohm.\n", + "Output resistance : 0 ohm.\n", + "Output voltage : -10.0 V.\n", + "Input current : 0.02 mA.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "R1 = 5.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm) \n", + "Rf = 500.0 * 10**3 #Feedback resistance (in ohm)\n", + "Vin = 0.1 #Input voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Af = -Rf/R1 #Voltage gain\n", + "Rin = R1 #Input resistance (in ohm)\n", + "Rout = 0 #Output resistance (in ohm)\n", + "Vout = Af*Vin #Output voltage (in volts)\n", + "Iin = Vin/R1 #Input current (in Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Voltage gain : \",Af,\".\"\n", + "print \"Input resistance : \",Rin*10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", + "print \"Output resistance : \",Rout,\"ohm.\"\n", + "print \"Output voltage : \",Vout,\"V.\"\n", + "print \"Input current : \",Iin*10**3,\"mA.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 13.8 , Page Number 488" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 11, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "O/P voltage when switch is open : -2.0 V.\n", + "O/P voltage when switch is closed : -2.0 V.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "Rf = 2.0 * 10**3 #Feedback resistance when S is open (in ohm)\n", + "Vin = 1.0 #Input voltage when S is open (in volts)\n", + "R1 = 1.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "R2 = R3 = 1.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Vout = -Vin*Rf/R1 #Output voltage when S is open (in volts)\n", + "Af = -(R3 + R2)/R1 #gain\n", + "Vout1 = Af*Vin #Output voltage when S is closed (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"O/P voltage when switch is open : \",Vout,\"V.\"\n", + "print \"O/P voltage when switch is closed : \",Vout1,\"V.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 13.9 , Page Number 489" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 14, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Voltage gain : -1.0 .\n", + "Current gain : 1 .\n", + "Power gain : 1.0 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "Rf = 1.0 * 10**6 #Feedback resistance (in ohm)\n", + "Ri = 1.0 * 10**6 #Input resistance (in ohm)\n", + "Vi = 1 #Input voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Vo = -Rf/Ri*Vi #Output voltage (in volts)\n", + "Av = Vo/Vi #Voltage gain \n", + "Ai = 1 #Current gain\n", + "Ap = abs(Av*Ai) #Power gain \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Voltage gain : \",Av,\".\"\n", + "print \"Current gain : \",Ai,\".\"\n", + "print \"Power gain : \",Ap,\".\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 13.13 , Page Number 492" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 15, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Amplifier gain when S is open : 1.0 .\n", + "Amplifier gain when S is closed : -2.0 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "Rf = 20.0 * 10**3 #Feedback resistance (in ohm)\n", + "R1 = 10.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Aoffnoninv = 1 + Rf/R1 #Amplifier gain when S open and non inverted\n", + "Aoffinv = -Rf/R1 #Amplifier gain when S open and inverted\n", + "Aoff = Aoffinv + Aoffnoninv #Amplifier gain when S open\n", + "Aon = -Rf/R1 #Amplifier gain when S is closed \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Amplifier gain when S is open : \",Aoff,\".\"\n", + "print \"Amplifier gain when S is closed : \",Aon,\".\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 13.14 , Page Number 494" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 16, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "R1 : 100.0 kilo-ohm.\n", + "R3 : 10.0 kilo-ohm.\n", + "R3 : 1.0 kilo-ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "Rf = 100.0 #Feedback resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "R1 = Rf #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", + "R2 = Rf/10 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n", + "R3 = Rf/100 #Resistance3 (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"R1 : \",R1,\"kilo-ohm.\\nR3 : \",R2,\"kilo-ohm.\\nR3 : \",R3,\"kilo-ohm.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 13.15 , Page Number 494" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 22, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Output voltage : 13.0 V.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "Rf = 12.0 * 10**3 #Feedback resistance (in ohm)\n", + "R1 = 12.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", + "R2 = 2.0 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n", + "R3 = 3.0 * 10**3 #Resistance3 (in ohm)\n", + "Vi1 = 9.0 #Input voltage1 (in volts)\n", + "Vi2 = -3.0 #Input voltage2 (in volts)\n", + "Vi3 = -1.0 #Input voltage3 (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Vout = -Rf*(Vi1/R1 + Vi2/R2 + Vi3/R3) #Output voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Output voltage : \",Vout,\"V.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 13.16 , Page Number 495" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 23, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "R1 : 6.0 kilo-ohm.\n", + "R3 : 3.0 kilo-ohm.\n", + "R3 : 2.0 kilo-ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "Rf = 6.0 #Feedback resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "R1 = Rf #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", + "R2 = Rf/2 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n", + "R3 = Rf/3 #Resistance3 (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"R1 : \",R1,\"kilo-ohm.\\nR3 : \",R2,\"kilo-ohm.\\nR3 : \",R3,\"kilo-ohm.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 13.17 , Page Number 495" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 25, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Rf : 40.0 kilo-ohm.\n", + "R2 : 13.33 kilo-ohm.\n", + "R1 : 20.0 kilo-ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "R3 = 10.0 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Rf = 4*R3 #Feedback resistance (in ohm)\n", + "R2 = Rf/3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n", + "R1 = Rf/2 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Rf : \",Rf,\"kilo-ohm.\\nR2 : \",round(R2,2),\"kilo-ohm.\\nR1 : \",R1,\"kilo-ohm.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 13.18 , Page Number 495" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 26, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Output voltage : 1.0 V.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "V1 = 2.0 #Voltage1 (in volts)\n", + "V2 = -1.0 #Voltage2 (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Vs1 = V1*(1.0/2/(1+1.0/2)) #I/P at non-inverting I/P terminal (in volts)\n", + "V1o = Vs1*(1 + 2/1) #O/P voltage1 (in volts)\n", + "Vs2 = V2*(1.0/2/(1+1.0/2)) #I/P voltage2 (in volts)\n", + "V2o = Vs2*(1 + 2/1) #O/P voltage2 (in volts)\n", + "Vout = V1o + V2o #Output voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Output voltage : \",Vout,\"V.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 13.19 , Page Number 496" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 27, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Feedback resistor : 100.0 kilo-ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "R = 10.0 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Rf = 10*R #feedback resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Feedback resistor : \",Rf,\"kilo-ohm.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 13.20 , Page Number 498" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 29, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "-10.0\n", + "Output voltage : 0.0113(cos(4000*t)-1) mV.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "C = 2.0 * 10**-6 #Capacitance (in Farad)\n", + "R = 50.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "scale_factor = -1/(C*R) #Scale factor (in second)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Output voltage : 0.0113(cos(4000*t)-1) mV.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 13.21 , Page Number 499" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 30, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Output voltage : 13.56*cos(4000*math.pi*t).\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "C = 2.0 * 10**-6 #Capacitance (in Farad)\n", + "R = 50.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm) \n", + "f = 2.0 * 10**3 #Frequency (in Hertz)\n", + "Vpeak = 10.0 * 10**-6 #Peak voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "scale_factor = (C*R) #Scale factor (in second)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Output voltage : 13.56*cos(4000*math.pi*t).\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 13.22 , Page Number 505" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 31, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Input bias current : 8.75 micro-Ampere.\n", + "Input offset current : 2.5 micro-Ampere.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "IB1 = 10.0 * 10**-6 #Base current1 (in Ampere)\n", + "IB2 = 7.5 * 10**-6 #Base current2 (in Ampere) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Iinbias = (IB1 + IB2)/2 #Input bias current (in Ampere)\n", + "Iinoffset = IB1 - IB2 #Input offset current (in Ampere) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Input bias current : \",round(Iinbias*10**6,2),\"micro-Ampere.\"\n", + "print \"Input offset current : \",round(Iinoffset*10**6,2),\"micro-Ampere.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 13.23 , Page Number 505" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 32, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Slew rate : 5.0 V/micro-second.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "dVout = 20.0 #Output voltage (in volts)\n", + "dt = 4.0 #time (in micro-seconds) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "SR = dVout/dt #Slew rate (in volt per micro-second)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Slew rate : \",SR,\" V/micro-second.\"" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.10" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J_B_Gupta/chapter14.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J_B_Gupta/chapter14.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..e1196f92 --- /dev/null +++ b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J_B_Gupta/chapter14.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,196 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "#Chapter 14 , Electronics Instruments" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 14.1 , Page Number 516" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Value of shunt resistance required for the instrument : 0.0500025 ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "Im = 50.0 * 10**-6 #Full scale deflection current (in Ampere) \n", + "Rm = 1.0 * 10**3 #Instrument resistance (in ohm)\n", + "I = 1.0 #Total current to be measured (in Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "RS = Rm/(1/Im - 1) #Resistance of ammeter shunt required (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Value of shunt resistance required for the instrument : \",round(RS,7),\"ohm.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 14.2 , Page Number 518" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 4, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Required series resistance 99900.0 ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "Im = 1.0 * 10**-3 #Full scale deflection current (in Ampere) \n", + "Rm = 1.0 * 10**2 #Instrument resistance (in ohm)\n", + "V = 100.0 #Voltage to be measured (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "R = V/Im - Rm #Required series resistance (in ohm) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Required series resistance \",R,\"ohm.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 14.3 , Page Number 528" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 8, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Resolution for full scale of range 1 V : 0.001 V.\n", + "Resolution for full scale of range 10 V : 0.01 V.\n", + "Total possible error : 0.015 V.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "num = 3.0 #Number of full digits on display\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "R = 1/10**num #Resolution\n", + "V1 = 1 * R #Resolution for full scale of range 1 V (in volts) \n", + "V10 = 10 * R #Resolution for full scale of range 10 V (in volts)\n", + "dig = 5.0 * 1/10**3 #Least significant digit\n", + "toterror = 0.5/100 * 2 + dig #total possible error (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Resolution for full scale of range 1 V :\",V1,\"V.\"\n", + "print \"Resolution for full scale of range 10 V : \",V10,\"V.\"\n", + "print \"Total possible error : \",round(toterror,3),\"V.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 14.4 , Page Number 528" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 9, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Resolution of 1 V range is 0.0001 V.\n", + "Any reading upto 4th decimal can be displayed.\n", + "Hence 0.5243 will be displayed as 0.5243.\n", + "Resolution of 10 V range is 0.001 V.\n", + "Any reading upto 3rd decimal can be displayed.\n", + "Hence 0.5243 will be displayed as 0.524 instead of 0.5243.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "num = 4.0 #Number of full digits on display\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "R = 1/10**num #Resolution\n", + "V1 = 1 * R #Resolution for full scale of range 1 V (in volts) \n", + "V10 = 10 * R #Resolution for full scale of range 10 V (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Resolution of 1 V range is \",V1,\"V.\\nAny reading upto 4th decimal can be displayed.\\nHence 0.5243 will be displayed as 0.5243.\"\n", + "print \"Resolution of 10 V range is \",V10,\"V.\\nAny reading upto 3rd decimal can be displayed.\\nHence 0.5243 will be displayed as 0.524 instead of 0.5243.\"" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.10" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J_B_Gupta/chapter15.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J_B_Gupta/chapter15.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..242a7d17 --- /dev/null +++ b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J_B_Gupta/chapter15.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,394 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "#Chapter 15 , Cathode Ray Oscilloscope" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 15.1 , Page Number 537" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 15, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Deflection sensitivity : 0.167 mm/V.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "l = 25.0 * 10**-3 #Length of plates (in meter)\n", + "d = 5.0 * 10**-3 #Distance between plates (in meter)\n", + "S = 0.20 #Distance between screen and centre of plates (in meter) \n", + "Va = 3000.0 #Accelerating voltage (in volts)\n", + "tracelen = 0.1 #Trace length (in meter)\n", + "y = tracelen/2 #vertical distance (in meter)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Vd = 2*d*Va*y/(l*S) #Deflecting voltage (in volts)\n", + "Vrms = Vd/2**0.5 #RMS value of voltage (in volts)\n", + "defsen = l*S/(2*d*Va) #Deflection sensitivity (in meter per volt)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Deflection sensitivity : \",round(defsen * 10**3,3),\"mm/V.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 15.2 , Page Number 537" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 14, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Maximum velocity of electrons : 18.75 e+6 m/s.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "Va = 1000.0 #Accelerating voltage (in volts)\n", + "e = 1.6 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n", + "m = 9.1 * 10**-31 #Mass of electron (in kilogram) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "v = (2*Va*e/m)**0.5 #Maximum velocity of electrons (in meter per second) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Maximum velocity of electrons : \",round(v*10**-6,2),\"e+6 m/s.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 15.3 , Page Number 538" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 11, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Applied voltage : 100.0 V.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "defsen = 0.05 * 10**-3 #Deflection Sensitivity (in meter per volt)\n", + "spotdef = 5.0 * 10**-3 #Deflection factor (in volt per meter)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "V = spotdef/defsen #Applied voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Applied voltage : \",V,\"V.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 15.4 , Page Number 538" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 10, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Deflection sensitivity : 0.1667 mm/V.\n", + "Deflection factor : 6.0 V/mm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "l = 20.0 * 10**-3 #Length of plates (in meter)\n", + "d = 5.0 * 10**-3 #Distance between plates (in meter)\n", + "S = 0.25 #Distance between screen and centre of plates (in meter) \n", + "Va = 3000.0 #Accelerating voltage (in volts) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "defsen = l*S/(2*d*Va) #Deflection Sensitivity (in meter per volt)\n", + "deffact = 1/defsen #Deflection factor (in volt per meter)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Deflection sensitivity : \",round(defsen*10**3,4),\"mm/V.\"\n", + "print \"Deflection factor : \",deffact*10**-3,\"V/mm.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 15.6 , Page Number 549" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 6, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Ratio of freqency of vertical and horizontal signals : 1.5 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "tangv = 3.0 #Positive of Y - peak to vertical line\n", + "tangh = 2.0 #Positive of X - peak to horizontal line \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "ratio = tangv/tangh #Ratio of freq. of vertical and horizontal signals \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Ratio of freqency of vertical and horizontal signals : \",ratio,\".\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 15.7 , Page Number 549" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 5, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Frequency of vertical input : 7500.0 Hz.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "fx = 3.0 * 10**3 #Frequency of horizontal input (in Hertz)\n", + "tangv = 2.5 #Positive of Y - peak to vertical line\n", + "tangh = 1.0 #Positive of X - peak to horizontal line \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "fy = fx*tangv/tangh #Frequency of vertical input (in Hertz)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Frequency of vertical input : \",fy,\"Hz.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 15.8 , Page Number 549" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 3, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Frequency of vertical input : 2500.0 Hz.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "fx = 1000.0 #Frequency of horizontal input (in Hertz)\n", + "tangv = 2.0 #Points of tangency to vertical line\n", + "tangh = 5.0 #Points of tangency to horizontal line \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "fy = fx*tangh/tangv #Frequency of vertical input (in Hertz)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Frequency of vertical input : \",fy,\"Hz.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 15.9 , Page Number 549" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Mark to Space ratio : 0.25 .\n", + "Pulse frequency : 50.0 kHz.\n", + "Magnitude of pulse voltage : 0.43 V.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "div = 1.0 #One division = one cm (in cm)\n", + "mark = 0.4 #One mark (in cm)\n", + "space = 1.6 #One space (in cm)\n", + "Amp = 2.15 #Amplitude \n", + "Ampctrl = 0.2 #Signal amplitude control (in volt per division) \n", + "tbctrlset = 10.0 * 10**-6 #Time based control setting (in seconds)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "MtoS = mark/space #Mark to space ratio\n", + "T = (space + mark)*tbctrlset #Pulse time period (in seconds)\n", + "f = 1/T #Pulse frequency (in Hertz)\n", + "Vp = Amp * Ampctrl #Magnitude of pulse voltage (in volts) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Mark to Space ratio : \",round(MtoS,2),\".\"\n", + "print \"Pulse frequency : \",(f*10**-3),\"kHz.\"\n", + "print \"Magnitude of pulse voltage : \",Vp,\"V.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 15.10 , Page Number 550" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "RMS value of ac voltage : 17.678 V.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "L = 10 #Length of trace (in cm)\n", + "S = 5 #Deflection sensitivty (in volt per cm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Vpktopk = L*S #Voltage peak-to-peak (in volts)\n", + "Vpeak = Vpktopk/2 #Peak value of voltage (in volts)\n", + "Vrms = Vpeak/2**0.5 #RMS of peak value (in volts) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"RMS value of ac voltage : \",round(Vrms,3),\"V.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Slight variations due to higher precision." + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.10" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J_B_Gupta/chapter2.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J_B_Gupta/chapter2.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..45a48172 --- /dev/null +++ b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J_B_Gupta/chapter2.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,81 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "#Chapter 2 , Energy Levels and Electron Emission" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.1 , Page Number 33 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 4, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + " Emission current is 0.0166 A.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "phi = 3.4 #Voltage (in electron-volt)\n", + "e = 1.6 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n", + "A = 6.0 * 10**4 #Emission constant (in Ampere per meter-square per kelvin-square)\n", + "T = 2000.0 #Temperature (in kelvin)\n", + "l = 40.0 * 10**-3 #Length (in meter)\n", + "D = 0.2 * 10**-3 #Diameter (in meter)\n", + "k = 1.38 * 10**-23 #Boltzmann constant (in meter-square kilogram per second-square per kelvin)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "b = phi * e /k #Constant \n", + "Js = A*T**2*math.exp(-b/T) #Emission current density (in Ampere per meter-square)\n", + "S = math.pi * D * l #Emitting surface (in meter-square)\n", + "I = Js * S #Emission current (in Ampere) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Emission current is \",round(I,4),\" A.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Slight variation due to higher precision." + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.10" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J_B_Gupta/chapter3.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J_B_Gupta/chapter3.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..170ae72b --- /dev/null +++ b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J_B_Gupta/chapter3.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,1099 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter 3 , Semiconductor Physics" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.1 , Page Number 54" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 3, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Velocity of electron at fermi level is 859007.52 m/s.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "m = 9.107 * 10**-31 #Mass of electron (in kilogram)\n", + "E = 2.1 #Energy associated (in electon-volt)\n", + "e = 1.6 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "E = E * e #Energy associated (in Joules)\n", + "v = (2 * E / m)**0.5 #Velocity of electron (in meter per second)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Velocity of electron at fermi level is \",round(v,2),\" m/s.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Slight variation due to higher precision." + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.2 , Page Number 63 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 4, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Drift velocity is 0.0003 m/s.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "J = 2.4 * 10**6 #Current Density (in Ampere per meter-square) \n", + "n = 5.0 * 10**28 #Electron density \n", + "e = 1.6 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "v = J / (e * n) #Drift velocity (in meter per second) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Drift velocity is \",v,\" m/s.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.3 , Page Number 64" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 5, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Magnitude of current is 0.24 A.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "n = 10**24 #Electron density \n", + "e = 1.6 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n", + "v = 1.5 * 10**-2 #Drift velocity (in meter per second)\n", + "A = 1.0 * 10**-4 #Area of cross-section (in meter-square)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "I = e * n * v * A #Current (in Ampere) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Magnitude of current is \",I,\" A.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.4 , Page Number 64" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 4, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Concentration of electrons is 4.44600943977e+16 /cm**3.\n", + "Concentration of holes is 14057550000.0 \\cm**3.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "p = 0.039 #Resistivity of doped material (in ohm-centimeter)\n", + "e = 1.602 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n", + "ue = 3600.0 #Carrier mobility (in centimeter-square per volt-second)\n", + "ni = 2.5 * 10**13 #Intrinsic concentration (in per cubic-centimeter)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "sign = 1/p #Conductivity (in per ohm-centimeter)\n", + "ND = sign /(e * ue) #Concentration of donor atoms (in per cubic-centimeter)\n", + "n = ND #Concentration of electron (per cubic-centimeter)\n", + "p = ni**2 / n #Concentration of hole (per cubic-centimeter)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Concentration of electrons is \",n,\" /cm**3.\\nConcentration of holes is \",p,\" \\cm**3.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Slight variation due to higher precision." + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.5 , Page Number 64 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 9, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Resulting donor concentration is 50000000000000000 /cm**3.\n", + "Resulting mobile electron concentration is 50000000000000000 /cm**3.\n", + "Resulting hole concentration is 4205.0 /cm**3.\n", + "Conductivity of doped silicon sample is 10.413 (ohm-cm)**-1.\n", + "Resistivity is 0.096033803899 ohm-cm and Resistance is 1920.67607798 ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "N = 5.0 * 10**22 #Number of silicon atoms (per cubic-centimeter)\n", + "N1 = 10**-6 #Donor impurity \n", + "ni = 1.45 * 10**10 #Intrinsic concentration (in per cubic-centimeter) \n", + "l = 0.5 #Length (in centimeter)\n", + "A = (50.0 * 10**-4)**2 #Area of cross-section (in centimeter-square)\n", + "ue = 1300.0 #Mobility of electron (in ) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "ND = 5 * 10**16 #Donor concentration (in per cubic-centimeter)\n", + "n = ND #Mobile electron concentration (in per cubic-centimeter)\n", + "p = ni**2 / ND #Hole concentration (in centimeter-square per volt-second)\n", + "sig = n * e * ue #Conductivity of doped silicon sample (in per ohm-cetimeter)\n", + "p1 = 1/sig #Resistivity (in ohm-centimeter)\n", + "R = p1 * l / A #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Resulting donor concentration is \",ND,\" /cm**3.\\nResulting mobile electron concentration is \",n,\" /cm**3.\\nResulting hole concentration is \",p,\" /cm**3.\"\n", + "print \"Conductivity of doped silicon sample is \",sig,\" (ohm-cm)**-1.\\nResistivity is \",p1,\" ohm-cm and Resistance is \",R,\" ohm.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.6 , Page Number 65 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 10, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Ratio of electron to hole concentration is 1e+12 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "ni = 1.4 * 10**18 #intrinsic concentration (in per cubic-centimeter)\n", + "ND = 1.4 * 10**24 #Donor concentration (in per cubic-centimeter)\n", + "n = ND #Concentration of electrons (in per cubic-centimeter)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "p = ni**2 / ND #Concentration of holes (in per cubic-centime) \n", + "ratio = n / p #Ratio of electron to hole concentration \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Ratio of electron to hole concentration is \",ratio,\".\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.7 , Page Number 65" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 12, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Relaxation time is 4.004e-14 s.\n", + "Resistivity of conductor is 1.53066222571e-08 ohm-meter.\n", + "Velocity of electrons with fermi energy is 1390706.99073 m/s.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "Ef = 5.5 #Fermi energy (in electron-volt)\n", + "ue = 7.04 * 10**-3 #Mobility of electrons (in meter-square per volt-second)\n", + "n = 5.8 * 10**28 #Concentration of electrons (in per cubic-centimeter)\n", + "e = 1.6 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n", + "m = 9.1 * 10**-31 #Mass of electron (in kilogram) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "tau = ue * m / e #Relaxation time (in seconds)\n", + "p = 1 / (n * e * ue) #Resistivity (in ohm-meter) \n", + "vf = (2 * Ef * e / m)**0.5 #Velocity of electron with fermi energy (in meter per second)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Relaxation time is \",tau,\" s.\\nResistivity of conductor is \",p,\"ohm-meter.\\nVelocity of electrons with fermi energy is \",vf,\" m/s.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Slight variation due to higher precision." + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.8 , Page Number 68" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 14, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Conductivity is 0.0224 (ohm-cm)**-1.\n", + "Resistivity is 44.64 ohm-cm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "ni = 2.5 * 10**13 #Intrinsic concentration (in per cubic-centimeter)\n", + "e = 1.6 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n", + "uh = 1800.0 #Mobility of holes (in per cubic-centimeter)\n", + "ue = 3800.0 #Mobility of electrons (in per cubic-centimeter)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "sigi = ni * e * (ue + uh) #Conductivity (in per ohm-centimeter)\n", + "pi = 1/sigi #Resistivity (in ohm-centimeter)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Conductivity is \",sigi,\" (ohm-cm)**-1.\\nResistivity is \",round(pi,2),\" ohm-cm.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.9 , Page Number 68 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Density of electrons is 2.29273661042e+19 /m**3.\n", + "Drift velocity of electrons is 3900.0 m/s.\n", + "Drift velocity of holes is 1900.0 m/s.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "pi = 0.47 #intrinsic resistivity (in ohm-meter)\n", + "ue = 0.39 #Electron mobility (in meter-square per volt-second)\n", + "uh = 0.19 #Hole mobility (in meter-square per volt-second)\n", + "e = 1.6 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n", + "E = 10**4 #Electric field (in volt per meter)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "sigi = 1 / pi #Conductivity (in per ohm-meter)\n", + "ni = sigi/(e * (ue + uh)) #Intrinsic concentration (in per cubic-meter)\n", + "vn = ue * E #Drift velocity of electrons (in meter per second)\n", + "vh = uh * E #Drift velocity of holes (in meter per second) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Density of electrons is \",ni,\" /m**3.\\nDrift velocity of electrons is \",vn,\" m/s.\\nDrift velocity of holes is \",vh,\" m/s.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.10 , Page Number 69 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Conductivity of intrinsic silicon is 4.2e-06 /ohm-cm.\n", + "Conductivity of P type silicon is 72.0 ohm-cm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "ni = 1.5 * 10**10 #Intrinsic concentration (in per cubic-centimeter)\n", + "uh = 450.0 #mobility of holes (in centimeter-square per volt-second)\n", + "ue = 1300.0 #mobility of electrons (in centimeter-square per volt-second)\n", + "NA = 10**18 #Doping level (in per cubic-centimeter)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "sigi = ni * e * (ue + uh) #Conductivity of silicon (in per ohm-centimeter)\n", + "sigp = e * NA * uh #COnductivity of P-type silicon (in per ohm-centimeter)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Conductivity of intrinsic silicon is \",sigi,\" /ohm-cm.\\nConductivity of P type silicon is \",sigp,\" ohm-cm.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.11 , Page Number 69 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 5, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Conductivity of intrinsic semiconductor is 0.0224 /ohm-cm.\n", + "Conductivity of N-type semiconductor is 2.68 /ohm-cm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "ni = 2.5 * 10**13 #Intrinsic concentration (in per cubic-centimeter)\n", + "e = 1.6 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n", + "uh = 1800.0 #mobility of holes (in centimeter-square per volt-second)\n", + "ue = 3800.0 #mobility of electrons (in centimeter-square per volt-second)\n", + "ND = 4.41 * 10**22 * 10**-7 #Number of Germanium atoms (in per cubic-centimeter)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "sigi = ni * e * (uh + ue) #Intrinsic concentration (in per ohm-centimeter)\n", + "n = ND #Concentration of electrons (in per cubic-centimeter)\n", + "p = ni**2 / ND #Concentration of holes (in per cubic-centimeter)\n", + "sign = e * ND * ue #Conductivity of N-type germanium semiconductor (in per ohm-meter)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Conductivity of intrinsic semiconductor is \",sigi,\" /ohm-cm.\\nConductivity of N-type semiconductor is \",round(sign,2),\" /ohm-cm.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.12 , Page Number 69" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 11, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Electron drift velocity is 152.0 m/s.\n", + "Holes drift velocity is 72.0 m/s.\n", + "Intrinsic conductivity of Ge is 2.24 /ohm-m.\n", + "Total current is 5.376 mA.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "V = 10.0 #Voltage (in volts)\n", + "l = 0.025 #Length (in meter)\n", + "uh = 0.18 #mobility of holes (in meter-square per volt-second)\n", + "ue = 0.38 #mobility of electrons (in meter-square per volt-second)\n", + "ni = 2.5 * 10**19 #Intrinsic concentration (in per cubic-imeter)\n", + "a = 4.0 * 1.5 *10**-6 #Area of cross-section (in meter-square)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "E = V / l #Electric field (in volt per meter)\n", + "ve = ue * E #Drift velocity of electrons (in meter per second)\n", + "vh = uh * E #Drift velocity of holes (in meter per second)\n", + "sigi = ni * e * (ue + uh) #Conductivity of intrinsic semiconductor (in per ohm-meter)\n", + "I = sigi * E * a #Total current (in Ampere) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Electron drift velocity is \",ve,\" m/s.\\nHoles drift velocity is \",vh,\" m/s.\\nIntrinsic conductivity of Ge is \",sigi,\" /ohm-m.\\nTotal current is \",I * 10**3,\" mA.\" " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.13 , Page Number 70 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 13, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Diffusion constant of electron is 93.0 cm**2/s.\n", + "Diffusion constant of holes is 43.9875 cm**2/s.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "ni = 2.5 * 10**13 #Intrinsic concentration (in per cubic-centimeter)\n", + "e = 1.6 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n", + "uh = 1700.0 #mobility of holes (in centimeter-square per volt-second)\n", + "ue = 3600.0 #mobility of electrons (in centimeter-square per volt-second)\n", + "k = 1.38 * 10**-23 #Boltzmann constant (in Joule per kelvin)\n", + "T = 300.0 #Temperature (in kelvin)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "De = ue * k * T / e #Diffusion constant of electrons (in centimeter-square per second)\n", + "Dh = uh * k * T / e #Diffusion constant of holes (in centimeter-square per second)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Diffusion constant of electron is \",round(De),\" cm**2/s.\\nDiffusion constant of holes is \",Dh,\" cm**2/s.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Slight variation in Dh due to higher precision." + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.14 , Page Number 72" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 15, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Mobility of charge carriers is 4e-08 m**2/V-s.\n", + "Density of charge carriers is 1.73611111111e+22 /m**3.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "p = 9.0 * 10**3 #Resistivity (in ohm-meter)\n", + "RH = 3.6 * 10**-4 #Hall coefficient (in cubic-meter per Coulomb) \n", + "e = 1.6 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "sig = 1/p #Conductivity (in per ohm-meter)\n", + "P = 1/ RH #Charge density (in Coulomb per cubic meter)\n", + "n = P / e #Density of charge carriers (in per cubic-meter)\n", + "u = sig * RH #Mobility (in meter-square per volt-second)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Mobility of charge carriers is \",u,\" m**2/V-s.\\nDensity of charge carriers is \",n,\" /m**3.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.15 , Page Number 73" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 18, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "The current density in the specimen is 2482.76 A/m**2\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "E = 100.0 #Electric field (in volt per meter)\n", + "RH = 0.0145 #Hall coefficient (in cubic-meter per Coulomb)\n", + "un = 0.36 #Mobility of electrons (in meter-square per volt-second)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "n = 1/(e * RH) #Concentration (in per cubic-meter)\n", + "J = n * e * un * E #Current density (in Ampere per cubic-meter) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"The current density in the specimen is \",round(J,2),\" A/m**2\"\n", + "\n", + "#Slight variation due to higher precision." + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.16 , Page Number 73" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 20, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Hall coefficient is 0.00027 m**3/C.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "p = 9.0 * 10**-3 #Resistivity (in ohm-meter)\n", + "e = 1.6 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n", + "u = 0.03 #Mobility of carrier ion (in meter-square per volt-second)\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "sig = 1/p #Conductivity (in per ohm-meter)\n", + "RH = u / sig #Hall coefficient (in cubic-meter per Coulomb) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Hall coefficient is \",RH,\" m**3/C.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.17 , Page Number 73" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 6, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + " Hall coefficient is 0.0003049 m**3/C.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "p = 9.0 * 10**3 #Resistivity (in ohm-meter)\n", + "e = 1.6 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n", + "n = 2.05 * 10**22 #Charge carrier density (in per cubic-meter) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "RH = 1/(n * e) #Hall coefficient (in cubic-meter per Coulomb) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Hall coefficient is \",round(RH,7),\" m**3/C.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Slight variation due to higher precision." + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.18 , Page Number 73" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 26, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Hall voltage is 76.0 mV.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "Ex = 5.0 * 10**2 #Applied Electric field (in volt per meter)\n", + "ue = 3800.0 * 10**-4 #Mobility of electron (in meter-square per volt-second) \n", + "Bz = 0.1 #Magnetic flux density (in Weber per meter-square) \n", + "d = 4.0 * 10**-3 #width (in meter) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "v = ue * Ex #Drift velocity (in meter per second)\n", + "VH = Bz * v * d #Hall voltage (in volts) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Hall voltage is \",VH * 10**3,\" mV.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.19 , Page Number 74" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 30, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Mobility of holes is 0.075 m**2/V-s.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "p = 200.0 * 10 #Bar resistivity (in ohm-meter) \n", + "VH = 50.0 * 10**-3 #Hall voltage (in volts)\n", + "BZ = 0.1 #Magnetic flux density (in Weber per meter-square) \n", + "w = 3.0 * 10**-3 #width (in meter)\n", + "d = w #length (in meter)\n", + "I = 10.0 * 10**-6 #Current (in Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "RH = VH * w / (BZ * I) #Hall coefficient (in cubic-meter per Coulomb)\n", + "uh = RH / p #Mobility of holes (in meter-square per volt-second) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Mobility of holes is \",uh,\" m**2/V-s.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.20 , Page Number 74" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 33, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Hall voltage is 3.0 mV.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "ND = 1.0 * 10**21 #Concentration of donor atoms (in per cubic-meter)\n", + "BZ = 0.2 #Magnetic field density (in Tesla)\n", + "J = 600.0 #Current density (in Ampere per meter-square)\n", + "n = ND #Concentration of electrons (in per cubic-meter)\n", + "d = 4.0 * 10**-3 #Length (in meter) \n", + "e = 1.6 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "VH = BZ * J * d / (n * e) #Hall voltage (in volts) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Hall voltage is \",VH * 10**3,\" mV.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.21 , Page Number 82 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 37, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "New position of Fermi level is 0.328 eV\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "T = 300.0 #Temperature (in kelvin)\n", + "Ec_Ef = 0.3 #Energy level (in electron-volt) \n", + "T1 = 273 + 55 #New temperature (in kelvin)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "logencbyND = Ec_Ef/T #Value of loge(nc / ND)\n", + "Ec_Ef1 = T1 * logencbyND #New position of Fermi level (in electron-volt) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"New position of Fermi level is \",Ec_Ef1,\" eV\"\n", + "\n", + "#Unit in the book should be eV instead of V." + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.22 , Page Number 83" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 41, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Potential barrier is 0.19 eV.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "ND = NA = 8.0 * 10**14 #Concentration (in per cubic-meter)\n", + "ni = 2.0 * 10**13 #Intrinsic concentration (in per cubic-meter)\n", + "k = 8.61 * 10**-5 #Boltzmann constant (in electron-volt per kelvin)\n", + "T = 300.0 #Temperature (in kelvin)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Vo = k * T * math.log(ND * NA/ni**2)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Potential barrier is \",round(Vo,2),\" eV.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Unit in the book should be eV instead of V." + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.23 , Page Number 83" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 44, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "R1 is 250.0 ohm.\n", + "R2 is 40.0 ohm.\n", + "R3 is 10.0 Mega-ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "ID1 = 2.0 * 10**-3 #Diode current1 (in Ampere)\n", + "VD1 = 0.5 #Diode voltage1 (in volts)\n", + "ID2 = 20.0 * 10**-3 #Diode current2 (in Ampere)\n", + "VD2 = 0.8 #Diode voltage2 (in volts)\n", + "ID3 = -1.0 * 10**-6 #Diode current3 (in Ampere)\n", + "VD3 = -10.0 #Diode voltage3 (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "R1 = VD1 / ID1 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", + "R2 = VD2 / ID2 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n", + "R3 = VD3 / ID3 #Resistance3 (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"R1 is \",R1,\" ohm.\\nR2 is \",R2,\" ohm.\\nR3 is \",R3 * 10**-6,\" Mega-ohm.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.24 , Page Number 83" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 9, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Fraction of the total number of electrons in the conduction band at 300 K is 8.85 e-7 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "k = 8.61 * 10**-5 #Boltzmann constant (in electron-volt per kelvin)\n", + "T = 300.0 #Temperature (in kelvin)\n", + "EG = 0.72 #Energy band gap (in electron-volt) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "EF = 1.0/2 * EG #Fermi level (in electron-volt)\n", + "ncbyn = 1/(1 + math.exp((EG-EF)/(k*T))) #Ratio\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Fraction of the total number of electrons in the conduction band at 300 K is \",round(ncbyn*pow(10,7),2),\"e-7 .\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.25 , Page Number 83" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Since electron concentration 5.32 e+16 is more than hole concentration 1.33 e+16 .Therefore , Si is of n-type.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "Ao = 4.83 * 10**21 #Constant\n", + "T = 300.0 #Temperature (in kelvin)\n", + "EG = 1.1 #Energy level (in electron-volt)\n", + "kT = 0.026 #Product of k and T (in electron-volt)\n", + "ND = 5.0 * 10**15 #Donor concentration (in per cubic-meter) \n", + "NA = 2.0 * 10**16 #Acceptor concentration (in per cubic-meter) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "ni = Ao * T**1.5 * math.exp(-EG/(2*kT)) #Intrinsic concentration (in per cubic-meter)\n", + "h = ni**2 / NA #Hole concentration (in per cubic-meter)\n", + "n = ni**2 / ND #Electron concentration (in per cubic-meter)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Since electron concentration\",round(n*10**-16,2),\"e+16 is more than hole concentration \",round(h*10**-16,2),\"e+16 .Therefore , Si is of n-type.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Slight variations due to higher precision." + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.10" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J_B_Gupta/chapter4.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J_B_Gupta/chapter4.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..3a80267f --- /dev/null +++ b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J_B_Gupta/chapter4.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,878 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter 4 , Junction Diode" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.1 , Page Number 103 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 3, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Current flowing through Germanium diode is 15.0 micro-A.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "Io = 0.15 * 10**-6 #Peak reverse biased current (in Ampere)\n", + "V = 0.12 #Voltage (in volts)\n", + "VT = 26.0 * 10**-3 #Volt-equivalent of temperature (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "I = Io * (math.exp(V/VT)-1) #Current flowing (in Ampere) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Current flowing through Germanium diode is \",round(I * 10**6),\" micro-A.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.2 , Page Number 103 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 9, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Forward Voltage = 0.43 V.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "I = 10 * 10**-3 #Forward biased current (in Ampere)\n", + "Io = 2.5 * 10**-6 #Peak reverse biased current (in Ampere)\n", + "nVT = 2*26.0 * 10**-3 #Volt-equivalent of temperature (in volts)\n", + "n = 2 #For Silicon\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "V = nVT*math.log(I/Io + 1) #Forward Voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Forward Voltage = \",round(V,2),\"V.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.3 , Page Number 103 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 4, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Reverse saturation current density is 0.16 micro Ampere.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "ND = 10**21 #Donor concentration (in per cubic meter)\n", + "NA = 10**22 #Acceptor concentration (in per cubic meter)\n", + "De = 3.4 * 10**-3 #Diffusion constant for electron (in meter square per second)\n", + "Dh = 1.2 * 10**-3 #Diffusion constant for holes (in meter square per second)\n", + "Le = 7.1 * 10**-4 #Diffusion length for electrons (in meter)\n", + "Lh = 3.5 * 10**-4 #Diffusion length for holes (in meter)\n", + "ni = 1.6 * 10**16 #intrinsic concentration (in per cubic-meter)\n", + "e = 1.6 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Io_by_A = (Dh/(Lh*ND) + De/(Le*NA))*e*ni**2 #Reverse saturation current density (in Ampere per meter-square)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Reverse saturation current density is \",round(Io_by_A * 10**6,2),\"micro Ampere.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.4 , Page Number 107 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 5, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Dynamic resistance = 12.5 ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "I = 2 * 10**-3 #Forward current (in Ampere)\n", + "VT = 25 * 10**-3 #Volt equivalent of temperature (in Volts)\n", + "n = 1 #eeta for the given semiconductor\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "r = n*VT/I #Dynamic resistance (in ohm) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Dynamic resistance = \",r,\" ohm.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.5 , Page Number 107 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 11, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "A.C. resistance = 11.86 ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VT = 26.0 * 10**-3 #Volt equivalent of temperature (in Volts)\n", + "V = 200 * 10**-3 #Voltage (in volts)\n", + "Io = 1.0 * 10**-6 #Reverse saturation current (in Ampere)\n", + "n = 1 #For Germanium\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "r = n*VT/(Io*math.exp(V/(n*VT)))\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"A.C. resistance = \",round(r,2),\"ohm.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.6 , Page Number 108 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 8, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Current flowing through the circuit is 0.043 A.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "Vo = 0.7 #Barrier potential (in volts)\n", + "V = 5 #Voltage (in volts)\n", + "R = 100 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "I = (V-Vo)/R #Current flowing through circuit (in Ampere) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Current flowing through the circuit is \",I,\"A.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.7 , Page Number 109" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 15, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Voltage drop across 7 ohm resistance is 13.6 V.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "Vo = 0.7 #Barrier potential (in volts)\n", + "V = 15 #Voltage (in volts)\n", + "R = 7.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "I = (V-2*Vo)/R #Current (in Ampere)\n", + "VA = I * R #Voltage drop (in volts) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Voltage drop across 7 ohm resistance is \",VA,\" V.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.8 , Page Number 109" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 18, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Voltage drop = 14.7 V.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "V = 15 #Voltage (in volts)\n", + "Vo = 0.3 #Voltage across parallel connection (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "VA = V - Vo #Voltage drop (in volts) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Voltage drop = \",VA,\" V.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.9 , Page Number 110" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 36, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Current flowing is 62.5 mA.\n" + ] + }, + { + "data": { + "text/plain": [ + "" + ] + }, + "execution_count": 36, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "execute_result" + }, + { + "data": { + "image/png": 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+ "text/plain": [ + "" + ] + }, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "display_data" + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "import numpy\n", + "%matplotlib inline\n", + "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,annotate\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VS = 10.0 #Supply voltage (in volts)\n", + "RL = 160 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "I = VS / RL #Current (in Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Current flowing is \",I * 10**3,\" mA.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Graph\n", + "\n", + "x = numpy.linspace(0,10)\n", + "plot(x,62.5 -62.5/10*x,'b')\n", + "title(\"VI Characteristics\")\n", + "xlabel(\"Diode Voltage , v in volts\")\n", + "ylabel(\"Diode Forward Current , I in A\")\n", + "annotate(\"Load Line\",xy=(5,35))" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.11 , Page Number 120" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 24, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Temperature coefficient is -0.0533 %.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "V25 = 5 #Initial voltage at 25 degree celsius (in volts)\n", + "V100 = 4.8 #Voltage at 100 degree celsius (in volts)\n", + "t1 = 25 #Temperature (in celsius)\n", + "t2 = 100 #Temperature (in celsius)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "dVZ = V100 - V25 #Change in zener voltage (in volts)\n", + "dt = t2 - t1 #Change in temperature (in celsius)\n", + "tc = dVZ/(V25*dt) #Temperature coefficient\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Temperature coefficient is \",round(tc*100,4),\"%.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.12 , Page Number 123" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 39, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Output Voltage = 8 V.\n", + "Voltage across Rs = 12 V.\n", + "Current through series resistance = 0 A.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "Vs = 12 #Source voltage (in volts)\n", + "Vout = VZ = 8 #Output voltage (in volts)\n", + "VRs = VS - Vout #Voltage across resistance in series (in volts)\n", + "RL = 10 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm) \n", + "Rs = 5 * 10**3 #Resistance in series (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "IL = Vout/RL #Load current (in Ampere)\n", + "Is = (Vs-Vout)/Rs #Current through series resistance (in Ampere)\n", + "IZ = Is - IL #Current through zener diode (in Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Output Voltage = \",Vout,\" V.\"\n", + "print \"Voltage across Rs = \",Vs,\" V.\"\n", + "print \"Current through series resistance = \",IZ,\" A.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.13 , Page Number 123" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 43, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Maximum value of zener diode current is 9.0 mA.\n", + "Minimum value of zener diode current is 1.0 mA.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "Vout = VZ = 50 #Output voltage (in volts)\n", + "RL = 10.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", + "VSmax = 120 #Maximum voltage (in volts)\n", + "RS = 5.0 * 10**3 #Resistance in series (in ohm)\n", + "VSmin = 80 #Minimum voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "IL = Vout / RL #Load current (in Ampere)\n", + "ISmax = (VSmax - Vout)/RS #Maximum series current (in Ampere)\n", + "IZmax = ISmax - IL #Maximum zener current (in Ampere)\n", + "ISmin = (VSmin - Vout)/RS #Minumum series current (in Ampere)\n", + "IZmin = ISmin - IL #Minimum zener current (in Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Maximum value of zener diode current is \",IZmax * 10**3,\" mA.\\nMinimum value of zener diode current is \",IZmin * 10**3,\" mA.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.14 , Page Number 123" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 46, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Series resistance is 192.3 ohm.\n", + "When the load current will decrease and become 10 mA, the zener current will increase and become 6 + 10 i.e. 16 mA. Thus the current through the series resistance RS will remain unchanged as 6 + 20 i.e. 26 mA. Thus voltage drop in series resistance RS will remain constant. Consequently the output voltage (Vout = VS - IS*RS) will also remain constant.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "IZK = 6 * 10**-3 #Minimum zener current (in Ampere)\n", + "ILmax = 20.0 * 10**-3 #Maximum load current (in Ampere)\n", + "VS = 20 #Source voltage (in volts)\n", + "Vout = 15 #Output voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "RS = (VS - Vout)/(IZK + ILmax) #Series resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Series resistance is \",round(RS,1),\" ohm.\"\n", + "print \"When the load current will decrease and become 10 mA, the zener current will increase and become 6 + 10 i.e. 16 mA. Thus the current through the series resistance RS will remain unchanged as 6 + 20 i.e. 26 mA. Thus voltage drop in series resistance RS will remain constant. Consequently the output voltage (Vout = VS - IS*RS) will also remain constant.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.15 , Page Number 124" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 50, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "The output voltage is 50.0 V.\n", + "Voltage drop across RS is 70.0 V.\n", + "Current through zener is 9.0 mA.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VL = VZ = 50.0 #Output voltage (in volts)\n", + "VS = 120.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n", + "RL = 10.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RS = 5.0 * 10**3 #Resistance in series (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "VRS = VS - VZ #Voltage across resistance in series (in volts)\n", + "IL = VL/RL #Load current (in Ampere)\n", + "IS = VRS / RS #Current through resistance in series (in Ampere)\n", + "IZ = IS - IL #Current through zener diode (in Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"The output voltage is \",VL,\" V.\"\n", + "print \"Voltage drop across RS is \",VRS,\" V.\"\n", + "print \"Current through zener is \",IZ * 10**3,\" mA.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.16 , Page Number 124" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 54, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "VL = 8.73 V.\n", + "IZ = 0 A.\n", + "PZ = 0.0 W.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VS = 16.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n", + "RL = 1.2 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RS = 1.0 * 10**3 #Resistance in series (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "VL = VS * RL/(RS + RL) #Voltage across load (in volts)\n", + "IZ = 0 #Current through zener diode (in Ampere) \n", + "PZ = VZ*IZ #Power across zener diode (in Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"VL = \",round(VL,2),\" V.\"\n", + "print \"IZ = \",IZ,\" A.\"\n", + "print \"PZ = \",PZ,\" W.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.17 , Page Number 124" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 60, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "VL1 = 15.0 V.\n", + "IL1 = 47.62 \n", + "IZ1 = 0 A.\n", + "IR1 = 47.62 A.\n", + "VL2 = 3.7 V.\n", + "IL2 = 74.07 A.\n", + "IZ2 = 0 A.\n", + "IR2 = 74.07 A.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "Vin = 20 #input voltage (in volts)\n", + "RS = 220.0 #Series resistance (in ohm)\n", + "VZ = 10 #Zener voltage (in volts)\n", + "RL1 = 200 #Load resistance1 (in ohm)\n", + "RL2 = 50 #Load resistance2 (in ohm)\n", + "PZmax = 400 * 10**-3 #Power (in watt)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "VL1 = Vin*RL1/(RS + RL1) #Voltage across load1 (in volts)\n", + "IL1 =IR=Vin/(RS + RL1) #Load1 current (in Ampere)\n", + "IZ1 = 0 #Zener current 1 (in Ampere)\n", + "VL2 = Vin*RL2/(RS + RL2) #Voltage across load2 (in volts)\n", + "IL2 =IR=Vin/(RS + RL2) #Load2 current (in Ampere)\n", + "IZ2 = 0 #Zener current 2 (in Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"VL1 = \",round(V,2),\" V.\"\n", + "print \"IL1 = \",round(IL1*10**3,2),\"\"\n", + "print \"IZ1 = \",IZ1,\" A.\"\n", + "print \"IR1 = \",round(IL1*10**3,2),\" A.\"\n", + "\n", + "print \"VL2 = \",round(VL2,1),\" V.\"\n", + "print \"IL2 = \",round(IL2*10**3,2),\" A.\"\n", + "print \"IZ2 = \",IZ2,\" A.\"\n", + "print \"IR2 = \",round(IL2*10**3,2),\" A.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.18 , Page Number 125" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 61, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Voltage drop across 5 kilo-ohm resistor is 50 V.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VS = 100 #Source voltage (in volts)\n", + "VL = VZ = 50 #Voltage across load (in volts)\n", + "V = 10.0/(10 + 5) #Voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "VR = VS - VL #Voltage across resistance using KVL (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Voltage drop across 5 kilo-ohm resistor is \",VR,\" V.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.19 , Page Number 125" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 68, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Ri for minimum voltage is 25.0 ohm.\n", + "Ri for maximum voltage is 25.0 ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "V = 12 #Voltage (in volts)\n", + "R = 120 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "VDCmin = 15 #Minimum dc voltage (in volts)\n", + "VZ = 12 #Zener voltage (in volts)\n", + "VDCmax = 19.5 #Maximum dc voltage (in volts)\n", + "IZmin = 20 * 10**-3 #Minimum current through zener (in Ampere) \n", + "IL = 100 * 10**-3 #Current through load (in Ampere)\n", + "IZmax = 200 * 10**-3 #Maximum current through zener (in Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "VSmin = VDCmin - VZ #Minimum voltage across Ri (in volts)\n", + "VSmax = VDCmax - VZ #Maximum voltage across Ri (in volts)\n", + "ISmin = IZmin + IL #Minimum current through Ri (in Ampere)\n", + "Rimin = VSmin/ISmin #Resistance Ri1 (in ohm)\n", + "ISmax = IZmax + IL #Minimum current through Ri (in Ampere)\n", + "Rimax =VSmax/ISmax #Resistance Ri2 (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Ri for minimum voltage is \",Rimin,\" ohm.\"\n", + "print \"Ri for maximum voltage is \",Rimax,\" ohm.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.20 , Page Number 126 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 78, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Range of RL : From 250.0 ohm to 1.25 kilo-ohm.\n", + "Range of IL : From 8.0 mA to 40.0 mA.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "Vi = 50.0 #Voltage (in volts)\n", + "R = 1.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "VZ = 10.0 #Voltage across zener (in volts)\n", + "IZmax = 32.0 * 10**-3 #Maximum current across zener (in Ampere)\n", + "IZmin = 0.0 #Minimum current across zener (in Ampere) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "IR = (Vi - VZ)/R #Supply current (in Ampere)\n", + "ILmax = IR - IZmin #Maximum load current (in Ampere)\n", + "RLmin = VZ/ILmax #Minimum corresponding load resistance (in ohm)\n", + "ILmin = IR - IZmax #Minimum load current (in Ampere) \n", + "RLmax = VZ/ILmin #Maximum corresponding load resistance (in ohm) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Range of RL : From \",RLmin,\"ohm to \",RLmax*10**-3,\" kilo-ohm.\"\n", + "print \"Range of IL : From \",ILmin* 10**3,\" mA to \",ILmax*10**3,\" mA.\"" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.10" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J_B_Gupta/chapter5.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J_B_Gupta/chapter5.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..8ce58f25 --- /dev/null +++ b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J_B_Gupta/chapter5.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,1355 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "#Chapter 5 , Diode Applications - DC Power Supplies and Waveshaping Circuits " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.1 , Page Number 140" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 3, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Idc = 1.957 A.\n", + "Irms = 3.074 A.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables \n", + "\n", + "VSrms = 10 #Supply voltage\n", + "VSmax = 10* 2**0.5 #Peak value of supply voltage (in volts)\n", + "RF = 0.3 #Forward resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RL = 2 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Imax = VSmax/(RL + RF) #Peak value of current in load (in Ampere)\n", + "Idc = Imax/math.pi #DC ouput current (in Ampere)\n", + "Irms = Imax/2 #RMS value of output current (in Ampere) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Idc = \",round(Idc,3),\" A.\"\n", + "print \"Irms = \",round(Irms,3),\" A.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Slight variation due to higher precision." + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.2 , Page Number 141" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Imax = 148.156 mA.\n", + "Idc = 47.16 mA.\n", + "Irms = 74.078 mA.\n", + "PIV = 311.127 V.\n", + "Load output voltage = 94.32 V.\n", + "DC output power = 4.448 W.\n", + "AC input power = 11.524 W.\n", + "Ripple factor = 1.21 .\n", + "Transformer utilisation factor = 0.2724 .\n", + "Rectification efficiency = 38.6 %.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables \n", + "\n", + "VSrms = 220.0 #Supply voltage\n", + "VSmax = 220.0 * 2**0.5 #Peak value of supply voltage (in volts)\n", + "RF = 100.0 #Forward resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RL = 2.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Imax = VSmax/(RL + RF) #Maximum value of current (in Ampere)\n", + "Idc = Imax/math.pi #DC ouput current (in Ampere)\n", + "Irms = Imax/2 #RMS value of output current (in Ampere) \n", + "PIV = VSmax #Peak inverse voltage (in volts)\n", + "Vdc = Idc*RL #Load output voltage (in volts)\n", + "Pdc = Idc**2 * RL #DC output power (in watt)\n", + "Pac = Imax**2/4*(RF + RL) #AC input power (in watt)\n", + "gamma = ((Irms/Idc)**2 - 1)**.5 #Ripple factor \n", + "TUF = 0.286/(1 + RF/RL) #Transformer utilisation factor\n", + "eeta = Pdc/Pac * 100 #Rectification efficiency\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Imax = \",round(Imax * 10**3,3),\" mA.\\nIdc = \",round(Idc * 10**3,2),\" mA.\\nIrms = \",round(Irms * 10**3,3),\" mA.\"\n", + "print \"PIV = \",round(PIV,3),\" V.\"\n", + "print \"Load output voltage = \",round(Vdc,2),\" V.\"\n", + "print \"DC output power = \",round(Pdc,3),\" W.\\nAC input power = \",round(Pac,3),\" W.\"\n", + "print \"Ripple factor = \",round(gamma,2),\".\"\n", + "print \"Transformer utilisation factor = \",round(TUF,4),\".\"\n", + "print \"Rectification efficiency = \",round(eeta,1),\"%.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.3 , Page Number 141" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 13, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Percentage voltage regulation : 4.76 %.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables \n", + "\n", + "VNL = 44.0 #No load voltage (in volts)\n", + "VFL = 42.0 #Full load voltage (in volts) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Reg = (VNL - VFL)/VFL * 100 #Percentage voltage regulation \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Percentage voltage regulation : \",round(Reg,2),\" %.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.4 , Page Number 141" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "DC output voltage : 4.4 V.\n", + "PIV : 17.0 V.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables \n", + "\n", + "RF = 10 #Forward resistance (in ohm)\n", + "IL = 100 * 10**-3 #Load current (in Ampere)\n", + "VSrms = 12 #RMS value of supply voltage (in volts)\n", + "VSmax = 12 * 2**0.5 #Maximum value of supply voltage (in volts)\n", + "Idc = 0.1 #DC current (in Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Vdc = VSmax/math.pi - Idc*RF #DC output voltage (in volts)\n", + "PIV = VSmax #Peak inverse voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"DC output voltage : \",round(Vdc,1),\" V.\"\n", + "print \"PIV : \",round(PIV),\" V.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.5 , Page Number 146 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 19, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Peak value of current : 0.109 A.\n", + "Average value of current : 0.0694 A.\n", + "RMS value of current : 0.077 A.\n", + "Ripple factor : 0.483 .\n", + "Efficiency of rectifier : 73.82 %.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables \n", + "\n", + "VSmax = 60.0 #Maximum value of supply voltage (in volts)\n", + "RF = 50.0 #Forward resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RL = 500.0 #Load resistance (in ohm) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Imax = VSmax/(RL + RF) #Peak current (in Ampere)\n", + "Idc = 2*Imax/math.pi #Average current (in Ampere)\n", + "Irms = Imax/2**0.5 #RMS value of current (in Ampere)\n", + "r = ((Irms/Idc)**2 - 1)**0.5 #Ripple factor \n", + "n = 0.812/(1 + RF/RL)*100 #Efficiency of rectifier \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Peak value of current : \",round(Imax,3),\" A.\\nAverage value of current : \",round(Idc,4),\" A.\\nRMS value of current : \",round(Irms,3),\" A.\"\n", + "print \"Ripple factor : \",round(r,3),\".\"\n", + "print \"Efficiency of rectifier : \",round(n,2),\"%.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.6 , Page Number 147" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 4, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "DC output voltage : 10.8 V.\n", + "DC load current : 108.0 mA.\n", + "PIV rating required : 33.94 V.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "#Variables \n", + "\n", + "VSmax = 12 * 2**0.5 #Peak value of supply voltage (in volts)\n", + "RL = 100.0 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Idc = 2*VSmax/(RL*math.pi) #Average current (in Ampere)\n", + "Vdc = Idc * RL #Average voltage (in volts)\n", + "PIV = 2*VSmax #Peak inverse voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"DC output voltage : \",round(Vdc,1),\" V.\"\n", + "print \"DC load current : \",round(Idc * 10**3),\" mA.\"\n", + "print \"PIV rating required : \",round(PIV,2),\" V.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.7 , Page Number 153 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 8, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Output DC voltage : 25.46 V.\n", + "Ripple fator : 0.0149 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables \n", + "\n", + "VLmax = VSmax = 40.0 #Peak value of supply voltage (in volts)\n", + "f = 50 #Frequency (in Hertz) \n", + "w = 2*math.pi*50 #Angular frequency (in rad/sec)\n", + "L = 2.0 #Inductance (in Henry)\n", + "C = 40 * 10**-6 #Capacitance (in Farad) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Vdc = 2*VSmax/math.pi #Average voltage (in bolts)\n", + "r = 1/(6*2**0.5*w**2*L*C) #Ripple factor\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Output DC voltage : \",round(Vdc,2),\"V.\"\n", + "print \"Ripple fator : \",round(r,4),\".\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.8 , Page Number 161" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 9, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Peak output voltage : 14.3 V.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables \n", + "\n", + "Vo = 0.7 #Barrier potential (in volts)\n", + "Vinpeak = 15 #Peak input voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Voutpeak = Vinpeak - Vo #Peak output voltage (in volts) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Peak output voltage : \",Voutpeak,\" V.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.9 , Page Number 161" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 11, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Output voltage (rms value) : 1.27 V.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables \n", + "\n", + "R1 = 2.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", + "R2 = 1.0 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n", + "Vinpeak = 10 #peak input voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "RL = R1*R2/(R1+R2) #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", + "Voutpeak = Vinpeak*RL/(R2+RL) #Peak voltage across load resistance (in ohm)\n", + "Vrms = Voutpeak/math.pi #RMS value of output voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Output voltage (rms value) : \",round(Vrms,2),\" V.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.10 , Page Number 162 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 29, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Voutpeak : 8.0 V.\n" + ] + }, + { + "data": { + "text/plain": [ + "" + ] + }, + "execution_count": 29, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "execute_result" + }, + { + "data": { + "image/png": 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+ "text/plain": [ + "" + ] + }, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "display_data" + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "import numpy\n", + "%matplotlib inline\n", + "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim\n", + "\n", + "#Variables \n", + "\n", + "R1 = 20.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", + "R2 = 10.0 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n", + "Vinpeak = 20 #peak input voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "RL = R1*R2/(R1+R2) #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", + "Voutpeak = Vinpeak*RL/(R2+RL) #Peak voltage across load resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Voutpeak : \",Voutpeak,\"V.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Graph\n", + "\n", + "x = numpy.linspace(0,math.pi,100)\n", + "y = numpy.sin(x)\n", + "plot(x,8*y,'b')\n", + "ylim(0,9)\n", + "xlim(0,math.pi)\n", + "title(\"Output Waveform\")\n", + "xlabel(\"t ->\")\n", + "ylabel(\"-Vout->\")" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.11 , Page Number 162" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 15, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Peak output voltage : 10.0 V.\n" + ] + }, + { + "data": { + "text/plain": [ + "" + ] + }, + "execution_count": 15, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "execute_result" + }, + { + "data": { + "image/png": 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+ "text/plain": [ + "" + ] + }, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "display_data" + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "import numpy\n", + "%matplotlib inline\n", + "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim\n", + "\n", + "#Variables \n", + "\n", + "Vinpeak = 12.0 #Peak input voltage (in volts)\n", + "Vo = 0.7 #Barrier potential (in volts)\n", + "RS = 500 #Series resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RL = 2.5 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Voutpeak = Vinpeak*RL/(RS+RL) #Peak output voltage (in volts) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Peak output voltage : \",Voutpeak,\" V.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Graph\n", + "\n", + "x = numpy.linspace(0,math.pi,100)\n", + "x1 = numpy.linspace(math.pi,2*math.pi,100)\n", + "x2 = numpy.linspace(math.pi,2*math.pi,100)\n", + "x3=numpy.linspace(0,8,100)\n", + "y2 = numpy.sin(x2)\n", + "y = numpy.sin(x)\n", + "plot(x,8*y,'b')\n", + "plot(x1,-0.7+x1-x1,'b')\n", + "plot(x2,12*y2,'--')\n", + "plot(x3,0+x3-x3,'k')\n", + "ylim(-13,9)\n", + "xlim(0,2*math.pi+1)\n", + "title(\"Output Waveform\")\n", + "xlabel(\"t ->\")\n", + "ylabel(\"-Vout->\")" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.12 , Page Number 163 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 20, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "PIV of diode : 5 V.\n" + ] + }, + { + "data": { + "text/plain": [ + "" + ] + }, + "execution_count": 20, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "execute_result" + }, + { + "data": { + "image/png": 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+ "text/plain": [ + "" + ] + }, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "display_data" + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "import numpy\n", + "%matplotlib inline\n", + "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim\n", + "\n", + "#Variables \n", + "\n", + "Vi = 10 #Input voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Vo = Vi * 1.0/2 #Output voltage (in volts)\n", + "Vdc = 0.636 * Vo #DC output voltage (in volts)\n", + "PIV = 5 #Peak inverse voltage (in volts) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"PIV of diode : \",PIV,\"V.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Graph\n", + "\n", + "x = numpy.linspace(0,math.pi,100)\n", + "y = numpy.sin(x)\n", + "x1 = numpy.linspace(math.pi,2*math.pi,100)\n", + "y1 = numpy.sin(x1)\n", + "ylim(0,8)\n", + "xlim(0,2*math.pi)\n", + "plot(x,5*(y),'b')\n", + "plot(x1,-5*(y1),'b')\n", + "plot(x,0+x-x,'k')\n", + "plot(x1,0+x1-x1,'k')\n", + "plot(x,5+x-x,'--',color='g')\n", + "plot(x1,5+x1-x1,'--',color='g')\n", + "title(\"Output Waveform\")\n", + "xlabel(\"t ->\")\n", + "ylabel(\"-Vout->\")" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.13 , Page Number 164" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 32, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "PIV rating of diode : 200 V.\n" + ] + }, + { + "data": { + "text/plain": [ + "" + ] + }, + "execution_count": 32, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "execute_result" + }, + { + "data": { + "image/png": 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+ "text/plain": [ + "" + ] + }, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "display_data" + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "import numpy\n", + "%matplotlib inline\n", + "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim,annotate\n", + "\n", + "#Variables \n", + "\n", + "Vimax = 200 #Peak input voltage (in volts)\n", + "R = 10 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RL = 4 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Iimax = Vimax/R #Peak input current (in Ampere) \n", + "VLmax = Iimax * RL #Peak voltage across load (in volts) \n", + "PIV = 200 #Peak inverse voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"PIV rating of diode :\",PIV,\"V.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Graph\n", + "\n", + "x1 = numpy.linspace(0,math.pi,100)\n", + "x2 = numpy.linspace(math.pi,2*math.pi,100)\n", + "x3 = numpy.linspace(2*math.pi,3*math.pi,100)\n", + "y1 = numpy.sin(x1)\n", + "y2 = numpy.sin(x2)\n", + "y3 = numpy.sin(x3)\n", + "plot(x1,80*(y1),'b')\n", + "plot(x2,(-1)*80*(y2),'b')\n", + "plot(x3,80*(y3),'b')\n", + "plot(x1/2,80+x1-x1,'--',color='g')\n", + "xlim(0,3*math.pi)\n", + "ylim(0,200)\n", + "annotate('80 V',xy=(0.5 ,80))\n", + "title(\"Output Voltage Waveform\")\n", + "xlabel(\"t ->\")\n", + "ylabel(\"-Vout->\")" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.14 , Page Number 165 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 33, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "During positive half , Output voltage Vo = 2 V when Vi < 2 V.\n", + "Output voltage Vo = Vi when Vi > 2 V.\n", + "During negative half , Output voltage Vo = 2 V.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables \n", + "\n", + "Vo = 2 #Output voltage when Vi < 2 V (in volts)\n", + "#Vo1 = Vi #Output voltage when Vi > 2 V (in volts) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Vo = 2 #Output voltage during negative half (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"During positive half , Output voltage Vo = 2 V when Vi < 2 V.\\nOutput voltage Vo = Vi when Vi > 2 V.\"\n", + "print \"During negative half , Output voltage Vo = 2 V.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.15 , Page Number 166 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 38, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "During positive half , Output voltage : 5.0 V.\n", + "During negative half , Output voltage : -10 V.\n" + ] + }, + { + "data": { + "text/plain": [ + "(-12, 10)" + ] + }, + "execution_count": 38, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "execute_result" + }, + { + "data": { + "image/png": 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+ "text/plain": [ + "" + ] + }, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "display_data" + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "import numpy\n", + "%matplotlib inline\n", + "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim\n", + "\n", + "#Variables \n", + "\n", + "Vi = 10 #Input voltage (in volts)\n", + "V1 = 2.5 #Voltage (in volts)\n", + "Rnet = 3 * 10**3 #Net resistance (in ohm)\n", + "R1 = 2.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", + "R2 = 1.0 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "I = (Vi - V1)/Rnet #Current (in Ampere)\n", + "Vo = I * (R2) + 2.5 #Output voltage positive half (in volts)\n", + "Voneg = -Vi #Output voltage negative half (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"During positive half , Output voltage : \",Vo,\"V.\"\n", + "print \"During negative half , Output voltage : \",Voneg,\"V.\" \n", + "\n", + "#Graph\n", + "\n", + "x = numpy.linspace(0,9,100) \n", + "x1 = numpy.linspace(0,3,100)\n", + "x2 = numpy.linspace(3,6,100)\n", + "x3 = numpy.linspace(6,9,100)\n", + "y1 = numpy.linspace(-10,5,100)\n", + "plot(x,0+x-x,'k')\n", + "plot(x1,-10+x1-x1,'--',color='g')\n", + "plot(x1,5-x1+x1,'b')\n", + "plot(x2,-10+x2-x2,'b')\n", + "plot(x3,5+x3-x3,'b')\n", + "plot(3+y1-y1,y1,'b')\n", + "plot(6+y1-y1,y1,'b')\n", + "title(\"Output Voltage Waveform\")\n", + "xlabel(\"t ->\")\n", + "ylabel(\"-Vout->\")\n", + "xlim(0,9)\n", + "ylim(-12,10)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.16 , Page Number 166" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 39, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "During positive half , peak voltage : 12 V.\n", + "During negative half , peak voltage : -8 V.\n" + ] + }, + { + "data": { + "text/plain": [ + "" + ] + }, + "execution_count": 39, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "execute_result" + }, + { + "data": { + "image/png": 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+ "text/plain": [ + "" + ] + }, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "display_data" + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "import numpy\n", + "%matplotlib inline\n", + "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim\n", + "\n", + "#Variables \n", + "\n", + "V1 = 12 #Voltage1 (in volts)\n", + "V2 = 8 #Voltage2 (in volts) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Vopos = V1 #Peak Output voltage during positive half (in volts)\n", + "Voneg = -V2 #Peak Output voltage during negative half (in volts) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"During positive half , peak voltage : \",Vopos,\"V.\\nDuring negative half , peak voltage : \",Voneg,\"V.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Graph \n", + "\n", + "x = numpy.linspace(0,24,100)\n", + "x1 = numpy.linspace(0,2,100)\n", + "x2 = numpy.linspace(2,6,100)\n", + "x3 = numpy.linspace(6,8,100)\n", + "x4 = numpy.linspace(8,8+8.0/6,100)\n", + "x5 = numpy.linspace(8+8.0/6,12+8.0/6,100)\n", + "x6 = numpy.linspace(12+8.0/6,12+2*8.0/6,100)\n", + "x7 = numpy.linspace(12+2*8.0/6,14+2*8.0/6,100)\n", + "x8 = numpy.linspace(14+2*8.0/6,18+2*8.0/6,100)\n", + "x9 = numpy.linspace(18+2*8.0/6,20+2*8.0/6,100)\n", + "x10 = numpy.linspace(0,8+8.0/6,100)\n", + "plot(x,0+x-x,'k')\n", + "plot(x1,6*x1,'b')\n", + "plot(x2,12-x2+x2,'b')\n", + "plot(x3,12-6*(x3-6),'b')\n", + "plot(x4,-6*(x4-8),'b')\n", + "plot(x5,-8+x5-x5,'b')\n", + "plot(x6,-8+6*(x6-(12+8.0/6)))\n", + "plot(x7,6*(x7-(12+2*8.0/6)),'b')\n", + "plot(x8,12-x8+x8,'b')\n", + "plot(x9,12-6*(x9-(18+2*8.0/6)),'b')\n", + "plot(x10,-8+x10-x10,'--',color='g')\n", + "plot(x1,12+x1-x1,'--',color='g')\n", + "ylim(-20,15)\n", + "xlim(0,20+2*8.0/6)\n", + "title(\"Output Voltage Waveform\")\n", + "xlabel(\"t ->\")\n", + "ylabel(\"-Vout->\")" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.17 , Page Number 167 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 44, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Following is the output wave generated when Vinmax is changed to 60 V.\n" + ] + }, + { + "data": { + "text/plain": [ + "" + ] + }, + "execution_count": 44, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "execute_result" + }, + { + "data": { + "image/png": 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k0eZjgXHJ43HAcW2R5Y9/hP79w5dUtobFhHTJq0jzYrcg8tnS3Zclj5cBbbLUS12dWg/V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\nvMw1N+w04Mdmtp6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+ "text/plain": [ + "" + ] + }, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "display_data" + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "import numpy\n", + "%matplotlib inline\n", + "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim\n", + "\n", + "#Variables \n", + "\n", + "Vinmax1 = 25 #Peak input voltage1 (in volts)\n", + "Vinmax2 = 60 #Peak input voltage2 (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Voutmax1 = 20 #Peak output voltage1 (in volts)\n", + "Voutmax2 = 10 #Peak output voltage2 (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Following is the output wave generated when Vinmax is changed to 60 V.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Graph\n", + "\n", + "x = numpy.linspace(0,24,100)\n", + "x1 = numpy.linspace(0,2,100)\n", + "x2 = numpy.linspace(2,6,100)\n", + "x3 = numpy.linspace(6,8,100)\n", + "x4 = numpy.linspace(8,10,100)\n", + "x5 = numpy.linspace(10,14,100)\n", + "x6 = numpy.linspace(14,16,100)\n", + "x7 = numpy.linspace(0,10,100)\n", + "plot(x,0+x-x,'k')\n", + "plot(x1,10*x1,'b')\n", + "plot(x2,20-x2+x2,'b')\n", + "plot(x3,20-10*(x3-6),'b')\n", + "plot(x4,-10*(x4-8),'b')\n", + "plot(x5,-20+x5-x5,'b')\n", + "plot(x6,-20+10*(x6-14))\n", + "plot(x7,-20+x7-x7,'--',color='g')\n", + "xlim(0,16)\n", + "ylim(-22,22)\n", + "title(\"Output Voltage Waveform\")\n", + "xlabel(\"t ->\")\n", + "ylabel(\"-Vout->\")" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.18 , Page Number 168 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 60, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Output voltage Vout = Vin/2.\n", + "Voutmax = 5.0 V.\n" + ] + }, + { + "data": { + "text/plain": [ + "" + ] + }, + "execution_count": 60, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "execute_result" + }, + { + "data": { + "image/png": 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+ "text/plain": [ + "" + ] + }, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "display_data" + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "import numpy\n", + "%matplotlib inline\n", + "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim,annotate\n", + "\n", + "#Variables \n", + "\n", + "Vinmax = 10.0 #Peak input voltage (in volts)\n", + "R1 = 5 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", + "R2 = 5 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Vout = Vinmax/(R1 + R2)*R2 #Output voltage (in volts) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Output voltage Vout = Vin/2.\"\n", + "print \"Voutmax = \",Vout,'V.'\n", + "\n", + "#Graph\n", + "\n", + "x = numpy.linspace(0,12,100) \n", + "x1 = numpy.linspace(0,3,100)\n", + "x2 = numpy.linspace(3,6,100)\n", + "x3 = numpy.linspace(6,9,100)\n", + "y1 = numpy.linspace(-5,0,100)\n", + "plot(x,0+x-x,'k')\n", + "plot(x1,0-x1+x1,'b')\n", + "plot(x2,-5+x2-x2,'b')\n", + "plot(x3,0+x3-x3,'b')\n", + "plot(3+y1-y1,y1,'b')\n", + "plot(6+y1-y1,y1,'b')\n", + "plot(9+y1-y1,y1,'b')\n", + "plot(x2,-2+x2-x2,'--',color='g')\n", + "title(\"Output Voltage Waveform\")\n", + "xlabel(\"t ->\")\n", + "ylabel(\"-Vout->\")\n", + "xlim(0,9)\n", + "ylim(-6,5)\n", + "annotate('T/2',xy=(4.25,-2))" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.19 , Page Number 168 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 92, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "OUtput voltage lies in range : -8 V to +6 V.\n" + ] + }, + { + "data": { + "text/plain": [ + "" + ] + }, + "execution_count": 92, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "execute_result" + }, + { + "data": { + "image/png": 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+ "text/plain": [ + "" + ] + }, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "display_data" + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "import numpy\n", + "%matplotlib inline\n", + "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim,annotate\n", + "\n", + "#Variables \n", + "\n", + "Vinmax = 10 #Peak input voltage (in volts)\n", + "V1 = 5.3 #Voltage source1 (in volts)\n", + "V2 = 7.3 #Voltage source2 (in volts) \n", + "R = 10.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Vomax = 6 #Peak output voltage in positive half (in volts)\n", + "Vomin = -8 #Peak output voltage in negative half (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"OUtput voltage lies in range : -8 V to +6 V.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Graph \n", + "\n", + "x = numpy.linspace(0,24,100)\n", + "x1 = numpy.linspace(0,3,100)\n", + "x2 = numpy.linspace(3,5,100)\n", + "x3 = numpy.linspace(5,7,100)\n", + "x4 = numpy.linspace(7,10,100)\n", + "x5 = numpy.linspace(10,14,100)\n", + "x6 = numpy.linspace(14,15,100)\n", + "x7 = numpy.linspace(15,16,100)\n", + "x8 = numpy.linspace(16,20,100)\n", + "x9 = numpy.linspace(0,5,100)\n", + "x10 = numpy.linspace(0,14,100)\n", + "x11 = numpy.linspace(0,15,100)\n", + "\n", + "plot(x,0+x-x,'k')\n", + "plot(x1,2*x1,'b')\n", + "plot(x2,2*x2,'--',color='b')\n", + "plot(x3,10-2*(x3-5),'--',color='b')\n", + "plot(x4,6-2*(x4-7),'b')\n", + "plot(x5,-2*(x5-10),'b')\n", + "plot(x6,-8-2*(x6-14),'--',color='b')\n", + "plot(x7,-10+2*(x7-15),'--',color='b')\n", + "plot(x8,-8+2*(x8-16),'b')\n", + "\n", + "plot(x1,6-x1+x1,'--',color='g')\n", + "plot(x2,6-x2+x2,'k')\n", + "plot(x3,6-x3+x3,'k')\n", + "plot(x6,-8-x6+x6,'k')\n", + "plot(x7,-8-x7+x7,'k')\n", + "plot(x9,10+x9-x9,'--',color='g')\n", + "plot(x10,-8+x10-x10,'--',color='g')\n", + "plot(x11,-10+x11-x11,'--',color='g')\n", + "\n", + "xlim(0,20)\n", + "ylim(-12,12)\n", + "title(\"Output Voltage Waveform\")\n", + "xlabel(\"t ->\")\n", + "ylabel(\"-Vout->\")" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.20 , Page Number 173 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 98, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Output voltage in positive half : 35 V.\n", + "Output voltage in negative half : -5 V.\n" + ] + }, + { + "data": { + "text/plain": [ + "(-10, 40)" + ] + }, + "execution_count": 98, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "execute_result" + }, + { + "data": { + "image/png": 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+ "text/plain": [ + "" + ] + }, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "display_data" + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "import numpy\n", + "%matplotlib inline\n", + "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim\n", + "\n", + "#Variables \n", + "\n", + "Vin = 20 #Input voltage (in volts)\n", + "V1 = 5 #Battery voltage (in volts) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Voutp = (2*Vin - V1) #Output voltage in positive half (in volts)\n", + "Voutn = 0 - V1 #Output voltage in negative half (in volts) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Output voltage in positive half : \",Voutp,\"V.\"\n", + "print \"Output voltage in negative half :\",Voutn,\"V.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Graph\n", + "\n", + "x = numpy.linspace(0,9,100) \n", + "x1 = numpy.linspace(0,3,100)\n", + "x2 = numpy.linspace(3,6,100)\n", + "x3 = numpy.linspace(6,9,100)\n", + "y1 = numpy.linspace(-5,35,100)\n", + "plot(x,0+x-x,'k')\n", + "plot(x1,-10+x1-x1,'--',color='g')\n", + "plot(x1,35-x1+x1,'b')\n", + "plot(x2,-5+x2-x2,'b')\n", + "plot(x3,35+x3-x3,'b')\n", + "plot(3+y1-y1,y1,'b')\n", + "plot(6+y1-y1,y1,'b')\n", + "title(\"Output Voltage Waveform\")\n", + "xlabel(\"t ->\")\n", + "ylabel(\"-Vout->\")\n", + "xlim(0,9)\n", + "ylim(-10,40)" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.10" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J_B_Gupta/chapter6.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J_B_Gupta/chapter6.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..5c00d48c --- /dev/null +++ b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J_B_Gupta/chapter6.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,1078 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "#Chapter 6 , Bipolar Junction Trasistor" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "##Example 6.1 , Page Number 192" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Base current : 0.05 mA.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "IE = 10 * 10**-3 #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", + "IC = 9.95 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "IB = IE - IC #Base current (in Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Base current : \",IB * 10**3,\"mA.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "##Example 6.2 , Page Number 192 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 3, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Current gain (alphadc) : 0.995 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "IB = 0.5 * 10**-3 #Base current (in Ampere)\n", + "IC = 100.0 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "IE = IB + IC #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", + "alphadc = IC/IE #Current amplification factor\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Current amplification factor (alphadc) : \",round(alphadc,3),\".\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "##Example 6.3 , Page Number 193 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 5, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Emitter current : 2.7 mA.\n", + "Collector current : 2.65 mA.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "IB = 50 * 10**-6 #Base current (in Ampere)\n", + "ICBO = 4 * 10**-6 #Collector-to-base leakage current (in Ampere)\n", + "alphadc = 0.98 #Current amplification factor\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "IC = (alphadc*IB + ICBO)/(1-alphadc) #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", + "IE = IC + IB #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Emitter current : \",IE * 10**3,\" mA.\\nCollector current : \",IC * 10**3,\" mA.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "##Example 6.4 , Page Number 193 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 6, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Emitter current : 20.4 mA.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "IC = 20.0 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", + "beta = 50 #Current gain \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "IB = IC/beta #Base current (in Ampere)\n", + "IE = IC + IB #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Emitter current : \",IE * 10**3,\"mA.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "##Example 6.5 , Page Number 194 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 7, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Emitter current : 1.0 mA.\n", + "Current Amplification factor : 0.98 .\n", + "Current gain factor : 49.0 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "IB = 20.0 * 10**-6 #Base current (in Ampere)\n", + "IC = 0.98 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "IE = IB + IC #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", + "alphadc = IC/IE #Current amplification factor\n", + "beta = IC/IB #Current gain\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Emitter current : \",IE*10**3,\"mA.\\nCurrent Amplification factor : \",alphadc,\".\\nCurrent gain factor : \",beta,\".\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "##Example 6.6 , Page Number 194 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 10, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Collector current : 1.09 mA.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "IB = 10 * 10**-6 #Base current (in Ampere)\n", + "ICBO = 1.0 * 10**-6 #Collector-to-base leakage current (in Ampere)\n", + "beta = 99 #Current amplification factor\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "IC = beta*IB + (1 + beta)*ICBO #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Collector current : \",IC*10**3,\" mA.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "##Example 6.7 , Page Number 199 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 12, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Current amplification factor : 0.9697 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "IC = -6.4 #Collector current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "IE = 6.6 #Emitter current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "alpha = -IC/IE #Current amplification factor \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Current amplification factor : \",round(alpha,4),\".\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "##Example 6.8 , Page Number 199 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 13, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Dynamic input resistance : 40.0 ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "dVEB = 200 * 10**-3 #Change in emitter voltage \n", + "dIE = 5 * 10**-3 #Change in emitter current \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "rin = dVEB/dIE #Dynamic input resistance (in ohm) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Dynamic input resistance : \",rin,\" ohm.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "##Example 6.9 , Page Number 199 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 14, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Base current : 30.0 micro-A.\n", + "Collector current : 1.97 mA.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "ICO = 10 * 10**-6 #Reverse saturation current (in Ampere)\n", + "IE = 2 * 10**-3 #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", + "alpha = 0.98 #Current amplification factor \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "IC = alpha*IE + ICO #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", + "IB = IE - IC #Base current (in Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Base current : \",IB * 10**6,\" micro-A.\\nCollector current : \",IC * 10**3,\" mA.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "##Example 6.10 , Page Number 199 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 17, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Current gain : 0.979 .\n", + "Base current : 0.03 mA.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "IE = 2.0 * 10**-3 #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", + "IC = 1.97 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", + "ICBO = 12.5 * 10**-6 #Reverse saturation current (in Ampere) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "alpha = (IC-ICBO)/IE #Current amplification factor\n", + "IB = IE - IC #Base current (in Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Current gain : \",round(alpha,3),\".\\nBase current : \",IB * 10**3,\"mA.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "##Example 6.11 , Page Number 199 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 20, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Base current : 0.03 mA.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "RL = 4.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", + "VL = 3 #Voltage drop across load (in volts)\n", + "alpha = 0.96 #Current amplification factor\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "IC = VL/RL #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", + "IE = IC/alpha #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", + "IB = IE - IC #Base current (in Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Base current : \",round(IB * 10**3,2),\"mA.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "##Example 6.12 , Page Number 204 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 22, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Current gain in CE configuration : 99.0 .\n", + "Current gain in CB configuration : 0.988 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "alpha1 = 0.99 #Current gain1 in CB\n", + "beta2 = 80.0 #Current gain2 in CE \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "beta1 = alpha1/(1-alpha1) #Current gain1 in CE \n", + "alpha2 = beta2/(1 + beta2) #Current gain2 in CB\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Current gain in CE configuration : \",beta1,\".\\nCurrent gain in CB configuration : \",round(alpha2,3),\".\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "##Example 6.13 , Page Number 204 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 23, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Base current : 20.0 micro-A.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "RL = 1.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", + "VL = 1.2 #Voltage across load (in volts)\n", + "beta = 60 #Current gain in CE \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "IC = VL/RL #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", + "IB = IC/beta #Base current (in Ampere) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Base current : \",IB * 10**6,\"micro-A.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "##Example 6.14 , Page Number 204 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 26, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "VCE : 9.2 V.\n", + "Base current : 41.67 micro-A.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VCC = 10.0 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", + "VL = 0.8 #Voltage drop across load (in volts)\n", + "RL = 800 #Load resistance (in ohm) \n", + "alpha = 0.96 #Current gain in CB\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "VCE = VCC - VL #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", + "IC = VL/RL #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", + "beta = alpha/(1-alpha) #Current gain in CE \n", + "IB = IC/beta #Base current (in Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"VCE : \",VCE,\"V.\"\n", + "print \"Base current : \",round(IB * 10**6,2),\" micro-A.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "##Example 6.15 , Page Number 205 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 27, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Collector current : 11.28 mA.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "ICO = 10.0 * 10**-6 #Reverse saturation current (in Ampere)\n", + "alpha = 0.98 #Current gain in CB \n", + "IB = 0.22 * 10**-3 #Base current (in Ampere) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "IC = (alpha*IB + ICO)/(1-alpha) #Collector current (in Ampere) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Collector current : \",IC * 10**3,\"mA.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "##Example 6.16 , Page Number 205 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 29, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Dynamic input resistance : 250.0 ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "dVBE = 250 * 10**-3 #Change in base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", + "dIB = 1.0 * 10**-3 #Change in base current (in Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "rin = dVBE/dIB #Dynamic input resistance (in ohm) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Dynamic input resistance : \",rin,\" ohm.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "##Example 6.17 , Page Number 205 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 31, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Dynamic output resistance : 6.25 kilo-ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "dVCE = 5 #Change in collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", + "dIC = 0.8 * 10**-3 #Change in base current (in Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "rout = dVCE/dIC #Dynamic output resistance (in ohm) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Dynamic output resistance : \",rout * 10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "##Example 6.18 , Page Number 209 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 43, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Operating point Q is ( 5.2 V , 0.6 mA.)\n" + ] + }, + { + "data": { + "text/plain": [ + "" + ] + }, + "execution_count": 43, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "execute_result" + }, + { + "data": { + "image/png": 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+ "text/plain": [ + "" + ] + }, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "display_data" + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "import numpy\n", + "%matplotlib inline\n", + "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim,annotate\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VCC = 10.0 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", + "RC = 8.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", + "IB = 15.0 * 10**-6 #Base current (in Ampere) \n", + "beta = 40 #Current gain in CE\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "IC = VCC/RC #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", + "IC1 = beta * IB #Zero signal collector current (in Ampere)\n", + "VCE = VCC - IC1*RC #Zero signal collector-emitter voltage (in volts) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Operating point Q is (\",VCE,\"V ,\",IC1 * 10**3,\"mA.)\"\n", + "\n", + "#Graph\n", + "\n", + "x = numpy.linspace(0,10,100)\n", + "y1 = numpy.linspace(0,0.6,100)\n", + "x1 = numpy.linspace(0,5.2,100)\n", + "plot(x,1.25-1.25/10*x,'b')\n", + "plot(x1,0.6+x1-x1,'--',color='g')\n", + "plot(5.2+y1-y1,y1,'--',color='g')\n", + "annotate('Q',xy=(5.2,0.6))\n", + "xlim(0,11)\n", + "ylim(0,1.5)\n", + "title(\"DC Load line\")\n", + "xlabel(\"-VCE in Volts->\")\n", + "ylabel(\"-IC in mA->\")" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "##Example 6.19 , Page Number 210" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 48, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Operating point is ( 6.0 V, 1.2 mA ).\n", + "Changed operating point is ( 3.0 V, 1.2 mA ).\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "IC = 1.2 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", + "RL = 5.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", + "VCC = 12.0 #Collector supply voltage (in volts) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "VCE = VCC - IC*RL #Zero signal collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", + "RL1 = 7.5 * 10**3 #Changed load resistance (in ohm)\n", + "VCE1 = VCC - IC*RL1 #Changed zero signal collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Operating point is (\",VCE,\"V,\",IC*10**3,\"mA ).\"\n", + "print \"Changed operating point is (\",VCE1,\"V,\",IC*10**3,\"mA ).\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "##Example 6.20 , Page Number 210 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 62, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "At cut-off point VCE : 20 V.\n", + "At saturation point IC : 6.0 mA.\n" + ] + }, + { + "data": { + "text/plain": [ + "" + ] + }, + "execution_count": 62, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "execute_result" + }, + { + "data": { + "image/png": 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+ "text/plain": [ + "" + ] + }, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "display_data" + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "import numpy\n", + "%matplotlib inline\n", + "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "IC = 0 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", + "VCE = VCC = 20 #Collector supply (in volts)\n", + "RC = 3.3 * 10**3 #Resistance in collector branch (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "VCE1 = 0 #Saturation point collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", + "IC = VCC/RC #Collector current at saturation point (in Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"At cut-off point VCE :\",VCE,\"V.\"\n", + "print \"At saturation point IC :\",round(IC * 10**3),\"mA.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Graph \n", + "\n", + "x = numpy.linspace(0,25,100)\n", + "plot(x,6-6.0/20*x,'b')\n", + "annotate('(0,6 mA)',xy=(0.5,6))\n", + "annotate('(20 V,0)',xy=(20,0.5))\n", + "xlim(0,25)\n", + "ylim(0,10)\n", + "title(\"DC Load line\")\n", + "xlabel(\"-VCE in Volts->\")\n", + "ylabel(\"-IC in mA->\")" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "##Example 6.21 , Page Number 210 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 56, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "VC for the network : -4.482 V.\n", + "VB for the network : 9.7 V.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VCC = 0 #Collector supply (in volts) \n", + "beta = 45.0 #Current gain in CE\n", + "VBE = 0.7 #Emitter-base voltage (in volts)\n", + "VEE = 9 #Emitter supply (in volts) \n", + "RB = 100 * 10**3 #Resistance in base branch (in ohm)\n", + "RC = 1.2 * 10**3 #Resistance in collector branch (in ohm) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "IB = (VEE - VBE)/RB #Base current (in Ampere)\n", + "IC = beta * IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", + "VC = VCC - IC * RC #Collector voltage (in volts) \n", + "VB = VBE + VEE #Base voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"VC for the network :\",VC,\"V.\"\n", + "print \"VB for the network :\",VB,\"V.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Slight variation due to higher precision." + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "##Example 6.22 , Page Number 211 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 64, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "IB : 0.0167 mA.\n", + "IC : 1.96 mA.\n", + "Since, beta * IB < IC , therefore , transistor is in saturation.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VCC = 10 #Collector supply (in volts)\n", + "VBE = 0.8 #Emitter-to-base voltage (in volts)\n", + "VCE = 0.2 #Collector-to-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", + "beta = hfe = 100 #Current gain in CE\n", + "VBB = 5 #base supply (in volts)\n", + "RB = 50 * 10**3 #Resistance in base branch (in ohm)\n", + "RE = 2 * 10**3 #Resistance in emitter branch (in ohm)\n", + "RC = 3 * 10**3 #Resistance in collector branch (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "IB = (VBB - VBE)/(RB+(1+beta)*RE) #Base current (in Ampere)\n", + "IC = (VCC - VCE)/(RE + RC) #Collector current (in Ampere) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"IB : \",round(IB* 10**3,4),\"mA.\"\n", + "print \"IC : \",IC* 10**3,\"mA.\"\n", + "print \"Since, beta * IB < IC , therefore , transistor is in saturation.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "##Example 6.23 , Page Number 215 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 68, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Maximum level of collector current : 4.26 mA.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "Tf = 105 #Free air temp. (in Celsius degree)\n", + "Tf1 = 80 #Temp. in excess of 25 degree celsius (in Celsius degree) \n", + "df = 2.81 #derating factor (in milli-Watt per Celsius degree) \n", + "VCE = 20 #Collector-to-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", + "Porig = 310.0 #Original maximum power dissipation (in milli-Watt) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Pcmax = Porig - Tf1 * df #Derated power dissipation (in milli-watt)\n", + "ICmax = Pcmax/VCE #Device dissipation (in Ampere) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Maximum level of collector current : \",ICmax,\" mA.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation error in book." + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.10" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J_B_Gupta/chapter7.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J_B_Gupta/chapter7.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..3d02cc6c --- /dev/null +++ b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J_B_Gupta/chapter7.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,2175 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "#Chapter 7 , Transistor Amplifiers , Biasing and Thermal Stabilization" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "##Example 7.1 , Page Number 230" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 4, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + " Maximum collector current that can be allowd during any part of the input signal is 3.0 mA.\n", + "Minimum zero signal collector current required : 1.5 mA.\n", + "Maximum base current 0.03 mA.\n", + "Signal voltage (VBE) : 0.75 V.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VCC = 10 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", + "RC = 3.0 * 10**3 #Collector load resistance (in ohm)\n", + "Vknee = 1 #Knee voltage for silicon transistor (in volts)\n", + "beta = 100 #Current gain\n", + "ICperVBE = 4.0 * 10**-3 #Change in IC per volt change in VBE (in Ampere per volt)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "VCmax = VCC - Vknee #Maximum voltage drop across resistance RC (in volts)\n", + "ICmax = VCmax/RC #Maximum allowable collector current (in Ampere)\n", + "ICzero = ICmax/2 #Zero signal collector current (in Ampere)\n", + "IBmax = ICmax/beta #Maximum base current (in Ampere)\n", + "VBE = ICmax/ICperVBE #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Maximum collector current that can be allowd during any part of the input signal is \",ICmax* 10**3,\"mA.\"\n", + "print \"Minimum zero signal collector current required : \",ICzero*10**3,\"mA.\"\n", + "print \"Maximum base current \",IBmax*10**3,\"mA.\"\n", + "print \"Signal voltage (VBE) : \",VBE,\"V.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "##Example 7.2 , Page Number 232 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 7, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Following is the graph showing necessary details : \n" + ] + }, + { + "data": { + "text/plain": [ + "" + ] + }, + "execution_count": 7, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "execute_result" + }, + { + "data": { + "image/png": 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+ "text/plain": [ + "" + ] + }, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "display_data" + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "import numpy\n", + "%matplotlib inline\n", + "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim,annotate\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VCC = 20 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", + "RC = 2.0 * 10**3 #Collector load ressitance (in ohm)\n", + "RE = 3.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm) \n", + "IC = 0 #Collector current at saturation point (in Ampere)\n", + "VCE1 = 0 #Collector-to-emitter voltage at cut-off point (in volts) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "VCE = VCC - IC*(RC + RE) #Collector-to-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", + "IC1 = VCC/(RC + RE) #Cut-off point collector current (in Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Following is the graph showing necessary details : \"\n", + "\n", + "#Graph\n", + "\n", + "x = numpy.linspace(0,20,100)\n", + "y1 = numpy.linspace(0,2,100)\n", + "x1 = numpy.linspace(0,10,100)\n", + "plot(x,4-4.0/20*x,'b')\n", + "plot(x1,2+x1-x1,'--',color='g')\n", + "plot(10+y1-y1,y1,'--',color='g')\n", + "annotate('Q - POINT',xy=(10,2))\n", + "xlim(0,30)\n", + "ylim(0,6)\n", + "title(\"DC Load line\")\n", + "xlabel(\"-VCE in Volts->\")\n", + "ylabel(\"-IC in mA->\")" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "##Example 7.3 , Page Number 237" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 8, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Q-point will be ICQ = 0.6 mA and VCEQ = 3.0 V.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VCC = 6 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", + "VBE = 0 #Emitter-to-base voltage (in volts)\n", + "RB = 1.0 * 10**6 #base resistance (in ohm)\n", + "beta = 100 #Current gain in CE \n", + "RC = 5 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "IB = VCC/RB #Base current (in Ampere)\n", + "IC = beta*IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", + "VCE = VCC - IC*RC #Collector-to-emitter voltage (in volts) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Q-point will be ICQ = \",IC * 10**3,\"mA and VCEQ = \",VCE,\"V.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "##Example 7.4 , Page Number 237 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 12, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Base current : 10.0 micro-A.\n", + "Collector current : 1.0 mA.\n", + "VC : 8.0 V.\n", + "VB : 0.7 V.\n", + "VCB : 7.3 V.\n", + "Operating point is ICQ : 1.0 mA and VCEQ : 8.0 V.\n", + "Stability factof : 101 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VCC = 12 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", + "VBE = 0.7 #Emitter-to-base voltage (in volts)\n", + "RB = 1130.0 * 10**3 #base resistance (in ohm)\n", + "beta = 100 #Current gain in CE \n", + "RC = 4 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "IB = (VCC-VBE)/RB #Base current (in Ampere)\n", + "IC = beta * IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", + "VCE = VCC - IC*RC #Collector-to-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", + "VC = VCE #Collector voltage (in volts)\n", + "VB = VBE #Base voltage (in volts)\n", + "VCB = VC - VB #Collector-to-base voltage (in volts)\n", + "S = beta + 1 #Stability factor \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Base current : \",IB*10**6,\"micro-A.\"\n", + "print \"Collector current : \",IC * 10**3,\"mA.\"\n", + "print \"VC : \",VC,\"V.\\nVB : \",VB,\"V.\\nVCB : \",VCB,\"V.\"\n", + "print \"Operating point is ICQ : \",IC*10**3,\"mA and VCEQ : \",VC,\"V.\"\n", + "print \"Stability factof : \",S,\".\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "##Example 7.5 , Page Number 237 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 14, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Stability factor : 31.37 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "dIC = 1.6 * 10**-3 #Change in collector current (in Ampere)\n", + "dt = 30 #Change in temperature (in Celsius degree)\n", + "ICO = 1.7 * 10**-6 #Reverse saturation current change (in Ampere per Celsius-degree)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "dICO = dt*ICO #Change in reverse saturation current (in Ampere) \n", + "S = dIC/dICO #Stability factor \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"Stability factor : \",round(S,2),\".\"\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "##Example 7.6 , Page Number 237 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 17, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Base current : 28.2 micro-A.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VBB = 10.0 #Base supply voltage (in volts)\n", + "VBE = 0.7 #Base-to-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", + "RB = 330 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "IB = (VBB - VBE)/RB #Base current (in Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Base current : \",round(IB*10**6,1),\"micro-A.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "##Example 7.7 , Page Number 238 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 24, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Cut-off point : (0, 6.06 mA).\n", + "Saturation point : ( 20 V ,0).\n" + ] + }, + { + "data": { + "text/plain": [ + "" + ] + }, + "execution_count": 24, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "execute_result" + }, + { + "data": { + "image/png": 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+ "text/plain": [ + "" + ] + }, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "display_data" + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "import numpy\n", + "%matplotlib inline\n", + "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VCC = 20 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", + "RC = 3.3 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "IC = VCC/RC #Collector current at cut-off point (in Ampere)\n", + "VCE = 0 #Collector-to-emitter voltage at cut-off point (in volts) \n", + "VCE1 = VCC #Collector-to-emitter voltage at saturation point (in volts)\n", + "IC1 = 0 #Collector current at saturation point (in Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Cut-off point : (0,\",round(IC*10**3,2),\"mA).\"\n", + "print \"Saturation point : (\",VCE1,\"V ,0).\"\n", + "\n", + "#Graph\n", + "\n", + "x = numpy.linspace(0,20,100)\n", + "plot(x,6-6.0/20*x,'b')\n", + "xlim(0,30)\n", + "ylim(0,10)\n", + "title(\"DC Load line\")\n", + "xlabel(\"-VCE in Volts->\")\n", + "ylabel(\"-IC in mA->\")" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "##Example 7.8 , Page Number 238 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 25, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Visualizing that VCE = 0.7 , we can say that transistor is just gone to saturation from active region (not well within saturation).\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VCC = 20 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", + "RB = 1.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n", + "VBE = 0.7 #Base-to-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", + "beta = 100 #Current gain in CE\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "IB = (VCC - VBE)/RB #Base current (in Ampere)\n", + "IC = beta *IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", + "VCE = VCC - IC*RC #Collector-to-Emitter voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Visualizing that VCE = 0.7 , we can say that transistor is just gone to saturation from active region (not well within saturation).\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "##Example 7.9 , Page Number 238 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 27, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Maximum value of RC for which transistor remains in saturation is 4.667 ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VCC = 10 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", + "VBB = 5 #Base supply votlage (in volts)\n", + "RB = 200 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n", + "VBEsat = 0.8 #Base-to-emitter voltage in saturation state (in volts)\n", + "VCEsat = 0.2 #Collector-to-emitter voltage in saturation state (in volts)\n", + "beta = 100 #Current gain in CE\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "IB = (VBB-VBEsat)/RB #Base current (in Ampere)\n", + "IC = beta*IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", + "RC = (VCC - VCEsat)/IC #Collector resistance (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Maximum value of RC for which transistor remains in saturation is \",round(RC*10**-3,3),\"ohm.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "##Example 7.10 , Page Number 239" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 29, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "IC : 1.98 mA.\n", + "IB : 0.02 mA.\n", + "VEE : 2.7 V.\n", + "VCC : 8.92 V.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "IE = 2.0 * 10**-3 #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", + "alpha = 0.99 #Current gain in CB\n", + "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm) \n", + "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts) \n", + "VCB = 1 #Collector-base voltage (in volts)\n", + "RC = 4.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "IC = alpha*IE #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", + "IB = IE - IC #Base current (in Ampere) \n", + "VEE = IE*RE + VBE #Emitter supply voltage (in volts)\n", + "VCC = IC*RC + VCB #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"IC : \",IC * 10**3,\"mA.\\nIB : \",IB * 10**3,\"mA.\\nVEE : \",VEE,\"V.\\nVCC : \",VCC,\"V.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Slight variation due to higher precision in the value of VCC." + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "##Example 7.11 , Page Number 239 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 6, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "IB : 5.3 micro-A and IC : 0.54 mA at 25 Celsius degree.\n", + "IB : 5.375 micro-A and IC : 0.6183 mA at 55 Celsius degree.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VCC = 30 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", + "VBB = 6 #Base voltage (in volts)\n", + "VBE = 0.7 #Emitter-to-base voltage (in volts)\n", + "RB = 1.0 * 10**6 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n", + "beta = 100 #Current gain in CB\n", + "ICBO = 0.1 * 10**-6 #Reverse saturation current (in Ampere) \n", + "dt = 55-25 #Change in temperature (in Celsius degree)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "IB = (VBB - VBE)/RB #Base current (in Ampere)\n", + "IC = beta*IB + (beta+1)*ICBO #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", + "ICBO55 = ICBO * 2**(dt/10.0) #ICBO at 55 Celsius degree (in Ampere)\n", + "VBE55 = 0.7 - 2.5*10**-3*dt #VBE at 55 Celsius degree (in Ampere)\n", + "IB55 = (VBB - VBE55)/RB #Base current at 55 Celsius degree(in Ampere)\n", + "IC55 = beta*IB55 + (beta+1)*ICBO55 #Collector current 55 Celsius degree (in Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"IB : \",round(IB * 10**6,1),\"micro-A and IC :\",round(IC*10**3,2),\"mA at 25 Celsius degree.\"\n", + "print \"IB : \",round(IB55 * 10**6,3),\"micro-A and IC :\",round(IC55*10**3,4),\"mA at 55 Celsius degree.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Slight variation in IC55 due to higher precision." + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "##Example 7.12 , Page Number 239 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 13, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Since , beta is very less than hfe , therefore it is in saturation region.\n", + "VC : -2.3365 V.\n", + "Minimum value of RB for which it operates in active region : 36.27 kilo-ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "hfe = 100 #Current gain in CE\n", + "VBE = 0.8 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", + "VBB = 3.0 #Base supply voltage (in volts)\n", + "RB = 7.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RL = 500 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RC = 3.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", + "VCC = 10 #Collector supply voltage (in volts) \n", + "VCE = 1 #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "# 7500IB + 500IC = 2.2 ----Eq. 1\n", + "# 500IB + 2500IC = 9.0 ----Eq. 2\n", + "IC = 2.55 #Collector current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "IB = 0.123 #Base current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "beta = IC/IB #Current gain in CB\n", + "VC = -VCE - (IB + IC)*RL*10**-3 #Collector voltage in saturation (in volts)\n", + "IBmax = IC/hfe #Maximum base current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "RB = (VBB - VBE - IC*RL*10**-3 )/IBmax #Base resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Since , beta is very less than hfe , therefore it is in saturation region.\"\n", + "print \"VC :\",VC,\"V.\"\n", + "print \"Minimum value of RB for which it operates in active region : \",round(RB,2),\" kilo-ohm.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "##Example 7.13 , Page Number 242 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 16, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "R1 : 133.55 kilo-ohm.\n", + "RC : 4.06 kilo-ohm.\n", + "S : 18.65 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "R2 = 30.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "R1 = 133.55 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm) \n", + "alpha = 0.985 #Current gain in CB\n", + "VCC = 16 #Collector supply voltage (in volts) \n", + "VCE = 6 #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", + "IE = 2.0 * 10**-3 #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", + "IC = alpha*IE #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", + "IB = IE - IC #Base current (in Ampere)\n", + "beta = alpha/(1-alpha) #Current gain in CE \n", + "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", + "VBE = 0.2 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "RC = (VCC - VCE - IE*RE)/IC #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", + "Vth = R2/(R1 + R2)*VCC #Voltage across R2 (in volts)\n", + "Rth = R1*R2/(R1+R2) #Thevenin's equivalence resistance (in ohm)\n", + "S = (1+beta)/(1 + beta*RE/(Rth+RE)) #Stability factor \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"R1 : \",round(R1 * 10**-3,2),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", + "print \"RC : \",round(RC * 10**-3,2),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", + "print \"S : \",round(S,2),\".\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "##Example 7.14 , Page Number 243 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 20, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "IB : 0.04 mA.\n", + "IE : 2.04 mA.\n", + "Rth : 5.765 kilo-ohm.\n", + "Vth : 3.4826 V.\n", + "R1 : 33.1 kilo-ohm.\n", + "R2 : 6.98 kilo-ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "beta = 50.0 #Current gain in CE\n", + "VBE = 0.6 #Base-emitter voltage (in\n", + "RC = 4.7 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", + "VCC = 20 #Collector supply voltage (in volts) \n", + "IC = 2.0 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", + "VCE = 8 #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", + "RE = 1.3 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", + "S = 5 #Stability factor\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "IB = IC/beta #base current (in Ampere) \n", + "IE = IB + IC #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", + "Rth = (S - 1)*RE/(1 -S/(1+beta)) #Thevenin's equivalent resistance (in ohm)\n", + "Vth = IB * Rth + VBE + IE*RE #Thevenin's equivalent voltage (in volts)\n", + "R1 = Rth * VCC/Vth #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", + "R2 = Vth * R1/(VCC - Vth) #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"IB : \",IB*10**3,\"mA.\"\n", + "print \"IE : \",IE*10**3,\"mA.\"\n", + "print \"Rth : \",round(Rth*10**-3,3),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", + "print \"Vth : \",round(Vth,4),\"V.\"\n", + "print \"R1 :\",round(R1*10**-3,1),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", + "print \"R2 : \",round(R2*10**-3,2),\"kilo-ohm.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "##Example 7.15 , Page Number 244 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 29, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "RC : 5.376 kilo-ohm.\n", + "RE : 9.75 kilo-ohm.\n", + "R1 : 248.0 kilo-ohm.\n", + "R2 : 141.0 kilo-ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "dICbyIC = 10 #Percentage change in IC \n", + "VBE25max = 0.7 #Max VBE at 25 degree Celsius (in volts)\n", + "VBE25min = 0.6 #Min VBE at 25 degree Celsius (in volts)\n", + "ICO25 = 5 * 10**-9 #Reverse saturation current at 25 degree celsius (in Ampere)\n", + "ICO145 = 3 * 10**-6 #Reverse saturation current at 145 degree celsius (in Ampere)\n", + "VCC = 20 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", + "VCE = 10 #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "dIC = 5.0/100 * 0.6 #Change in collector current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "dICO = ICO145 - ICO25 #Change in reverse saturation current (in Ampere)\n", + "S = dIC/dICO #Stability factor\n", + "dVBE = -2.5 * (145 - 25) #Change in VBE (in volts)\n", + "SV = dIC/dVBE #SV\n", + "beta = hfe = 400 #Current gain in CE\n", + "#Rth + Re = 99750.6 \n", + "#RE = 391.0/3609 * Rth\n", + "RE = 9.75 #Emitter resistance (in kilo-ohm) \n", + "Rth = 90 #Thevenin's equivalent resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "dIC1 = S*ICO145 + SV*dVBE #Change in collector current1 (in milli-Ampere) \n", + "IC = 0.6 + dIC1 #Collector current (in milli- Ampere) \n", + "IE = IC + IC/beta #Emitter current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "RC = (VCC - IE*RE - VCE)/IC #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", + "VBE = 0.65 #emitter-base voltage (in volts)\n", + "Vth = IC/beta*Rth + VBE + IE*RE #Thevenin's equivalent voltage (in volts)\n", + "R1 = Rth * VCC/Vth #Resistance1 (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "R2 = Vth * R1/(VCC - Vth) #Resistance2 (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"RC : \",round(RC,3),\" kilo-ohm.\\nRE : \",RE,\" kilo-ohm.\\nR1 : \",round(R1),\" kilo-ohm.\\nR2 : \",round(R2),\" kilo-ohm.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "##Example 7.16 , Page Number 245 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 30, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "R1 : 36.238 kilo-ohm.\n", + "RC : 2.5 kilo-ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "hfe = 100 #Current gain in CE\n", + "VBE = 0.7 #Emitter-base voltage (in volts)\n", + "ICO = 0 #Reverse saturation current (in Ampere)\n", + "IC = 1.0 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", + "VCE = 2.5 #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts) \n", + "VCC = 5 #Collector supply voltage (in volts) \n", + "R2 = 10 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm) \n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "R1 = 36.238 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm) \n", + "RC = (VCC - VCE)/IC #Collector resistance (in ohm) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"R1 : \",R1*10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\\nRC : \",RC*10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Printing mistake in the value of RC in book." + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "##Example 7.17 , Page Number 245 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 41, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "VCE : 5.0 V.\n", + "IE : 1.1 mA.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "beta = 100 #Current gain in CE\n", + "R1 = 10.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", + "R2 = 2.2 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n", + "VCC = 10 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", + "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RC = 3.6 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", + "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "RB = R1*R2/(R1+R2) #Base resistance (in ohm)\n", + "Vth = VCC*R2/(R1 + R2) #Thevenin's voltage (in volts)\n", + "IE = (Vth - VBE)/(RE - Rth/(beta + 1)) #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", + "IC = beta*1.0/(beta + 1)*IE #Collector current (in Ampere) \n", + "VCE = VCC - IC*RC - IE*RE #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "print \"VCE : \",round(VCE),\"V.\\nIE : \",round(IE*10**3,2),\"mA.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Slight varaition due to higher precision." + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "##Example 7.18 , Page Number 246 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 43, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "VC : -14.25 V.\n", + "IB : -17.62 micro-A\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "beta = 200 #Current gain in CE\n", + "R1 = 82.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", + "R2 = 16.0 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n", + "VCC = -22 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", + "RE = 750 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RC = 2.2 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", + "VBE = -0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Vth = VCC*R2/(R1 + R2) #Thevenin's equivalent voltage (in volts)\n", + "Rth = R1*R2/(R1+R2) #Thevenin's equivalent resistance (in ohm)\n", + "IB = (Vth - VBE)/(Rth +(beta+1)*RE)#Base current (in Ampere) \n", + "IC = beta * IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", + "VC = VCC - IC*RC #Output voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"VC : \",round(VC,2),\"V.\"\n", + "print \"IB : \",round(IB * 10**6,2),\" micro-A\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "##Example 7.19 , Page Number 246" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 44, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "IB : 0.04 mA.\n", + "IC : 2.0 mA.\n", + "VCE : 14.0 V.\n", + "VE : 2.0 V.\n", + "VB : 2.8 V.\n", + "VC : 16.0 V.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VCC = 20 #collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", + "beta = 50 #Current gain in CE\n", + "RB = 430.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm) \n", + "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RC = 2.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", + "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts) \n", + "IC = 2 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "VCE = VCC - IC*(RC+RE) #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts) \n", + "VC = VCC - RC*IC #Output voltage (in volts)\n", + "VE = VC - VCE #Emitter voltage (in volts)\n", + "IB = 0.04 * 10**-3 #Base current (in Ampere)\n", + "IE = (1+beta)*IB #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", + "VB = VCC - 430*10**3*IB #Base voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"IB : \",IB*10**3,\"mA.\\nIC : \",IC*10**3,\"mA.\\nVCE : \",VCE,\"V.\\nVE : \",VE,\"V.\\nVB : \",VB,\"V.\\nVC : \",VC,\"V.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "##Example 7.20 , Page Number 246 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 52, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Operating point will be ICQ : 2.23 mA , VCEQ : 8.85 V.\n", + "Stability factor : 7.35 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "alpha = 0.985 #Current gain in CB\n", + "R1 = 50.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", + "R2 = 20.0 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n", + "VCC = 20 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", + "RE = 2.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RC = 3.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", + "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Vth = VCC*R2/(R1 + R2) #Thevenin's equivalent voltage (in volts)\n", + "Rth = R1*R2/(R1+R2) #Thevenin's equivalent resistance (in ohm)\n", + "beta = alpha/(1-alpha) #Current gain in CE\n", + "IB = (Vth - VBE)/(Rth +(beta+1)*RE)#Base current (in Ampere) \n", + "IC = beta * IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", + "VCE = VCC - IC*(RE + RC) #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", + "S = (1 + beta)/(1 + beta*(RE/(Rth + RE))) #Stability factor\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Operating point will be ICQ : \",round(IC*10**3,2),\"mA , VCEQ : \",round(VCE,2),\"V.\"\n", + "print \"Stability factor : \",round(S,2),\".\"\n", + "\n", + "#Slight variation due to higher precision." + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "##Example 7.21 , Page Number 247 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 53, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "R1 : 81.54 kilo-ohm.\n", + "R2 : 26.5 kilo-ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "RL = 1.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm) \n", + "RE = 200 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", + "beta = 100 #Current gain in CE\n", + "VCC = 9 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", + "ICQ = 3.75 * 10**-3 #Q-point Collector current (in Ampere)\n", + "VCEQ = 4.5 #Q-point collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", + "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "IB = ICQ/beta #Base current (in Ampere)\n", + "IE = (1 + beta)*IB #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", + "Rth = 20.0 * 10**3 #Thevenin's eq. resistance (in ohm)\n", + "Vth = IB*Rth + VBE +IE*RE #Thevenin's equivalent voltage (in volts)\n", + "R1 = Rth*VCC/Vth #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", + "R2 = R1*Vth/(VCC - Vth) #Resistance2 (in ohm) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"R1 : \",round(R1*10**-3,2),\"kilo-ohm.\\nR2 : \",round(R2*10**-3,1),\"kilo-ohm.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "##Example 7.22 , Page Number 248 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 59, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Operating point , Q will be ICQ = 1.9 mA and VCEQ = 9.9 V.\n", + "Stability factor : 8.62 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VCC = 22.5 #collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", + "beta = 55 #Current gain in CE\n", + "RB = 430.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm) \n", + "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RC = 5.6 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", + "VBE = 0 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts) \n", + "IC = 2 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", + "R1 = 90 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", + "R2 = 10 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Rth = R1*R2/(R1+R2) #Thevenin's eq. resistance (in ohm) \n", + "Vth = VCC * R2/(R1 + R2) #Thevenin's eq. voltage (in volts)\n", + "IB = (Vth - VBE)/(Rth +(beta + 1)*RE) #Base current (in Ampere)\n", + "IC = beta*IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", + "IE = (beta + 1)*IB #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", + "VCE = VCC - IC*RC - IE*RE #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", + "S = (1 + beta)/(1 + beta*RE/(Rth + RE)) #Stability factor\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Operating point , Q will be ICQ =\",round(IC*10**3,2),\"mA and VCEQ =\",VCE,\"V.\"\n", + "print \"Stability factor : \",round(S,2),\".\"\n", + "\n", + "#Slight variation due to higher precision." + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "##Example 7.23 , Page Number 248" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 69, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "beta : 153.4 .\n", + "VCC : 17.6842 V.\n", + "RB : 779.0 kilo-ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "RC = 2.7 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RE = 0.68 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", + "IB = 20.0 * 10**-6 #Base current (in Ampere)\n", + "VCE = 7.3 #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", + "VE = 2.1 #Emitter voltage (in volts)\n", + "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "IE = VE/RE #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", + "beta = IE/IB - 1 #Current gain in CE\n", + "VCC = beta*IB*RC + VCE + IE*RE #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", + "RB = (VCC - VE)/IB #Base resistance (in ohm) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"beta : \",round(beta,1),\".\\nVCC : \",round(VCC,4),\"V.\\nRB : \",round(RB*10**-3),\"kilo-ohm.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 7.24 , Page Number 249" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 5, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "R1 : 45.0 kilo-ohm.\n", + "R2 : 9.14 kilo-ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "beta=hfe = 100.0 #Current gain in CE\n", + "VBE = .6 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", + "IC = 1.0 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", + "S = 8 #Stability factor\n", + "VCC = 10 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", + "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm) \n", + "VCE = 5 #Collector-emitter resistance (in ohm) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "IB = IC/beta #Base current (in Ampere)\n", + "IE = IC + IB #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", + "RC = (VCC - VCE - IE*RE)/IC #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", + "Rth = RE*(beta*S/(1+beta-S) -1) #Thevenin's resistance(in ohm)\n", + "Vth = IB*Rth + VBE + IE*RE #Thevenin's eq. voltage (in volts)\n", + "R1 = Rth*VCC/Vth #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", + "R2 = (Vth*R1)/(VCC-Vth) #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"R1 : \",round(R1*10**-3),\"kilo-ohm.\\nR2 : \",round(R2*10**-3,2),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Slight variation due to higher precision." + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 7.25 , Page Number 249" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 6, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "VCEQ : 3.2 V.\n", + "ICQ : 1.8 mA.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "beta = 100 #Current gain in CE\n", + "R1 = 2.2 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", + "R2 = 2.2 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n", + "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", + "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", + "VCC = 5 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "VA = VCC * R2/(R1 + R2) #Voltage at A (in volts)\n", + "IE = (VA - VBE)/RE #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", + "VCEQ = VCC - IE*RE #Q-point VCE (in volts)\n", + "ICQ = IE #Q-point IC (in Ampere) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"VCEQ : \",VCEQ,\"V.\"\n", + "print \"ICQ : \",ICQ * 10**3,\"mA.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 7.26 , Page Number 250" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 15, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "VCEQ : 9.74 V.\n", + "ICQ : 1.13 mA.\n", + "IB : 11.3 micro-A.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "beta = 100 #current gain in CE \n", + "VCC = 12 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", + "R1 = 15.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", + "R2 = 2.7 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n", + "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", + "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RC = 1.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "VA = VCC*R2/(R1 + R2) #Potential at A (in volts)\n", + "IE = (VA - VBE)/RE #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", + "IC = IE #Collector current (in Ampere) \n", + "VCEQ = VCC - IC*(RC + RE) #VCE at Q (in volts)\n", + "ICQ = IE #IC at Q (in volts)\n", + "IB = IC/beta #Base current (in Ampere) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"VCEQ : \",round(VCEQ,2),\"V.\\nICQ : \",round(ICQ*10**3,2),\"mA.\"\n", + "print \"IB : \",round(IB * 10**6,1),\"micro-A.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 7.27 , Page Number 250" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 18, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Operation point : ICQ = 1.955 mA , VCQ = 6.224 V.\n", + "Stability factor : 7.54 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VCC = 16 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", + "RC = 3.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RE = 2.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", + "R1 = 56.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", + "R2 = 20.0 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n", + "alpha = 0.985 #Current gain in CB \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "beta = alpha/(1-alpha) #Current gain in CE\n", + "VBE = 0.3 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", + "VB = VCC * R2/(R1 + R2) #Base voltage (in volts)\n", + "IC = (VB - VBE)/RE #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", + "VCE = VCC - IC*(RE + RC) #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", + "Rth = R1*R2/(R1 + R2) #Thevenin's eq. resistance (in ohm)\n", + "S = (1 + beta)*(1 + Rth/RE)/(1 + beta + Rth/RE) #Stability factor\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Operation point : ICQ = \",round(IC*10**3,3),\"mA , VCQ = \",round(VCE,3),\"V.\"\n", + "print \"Stability factor : \",round(S,2),\".\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 7.28 , Page Number 251" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 21, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "0.002 8.95e-05 0.0018795 3192.33838787 20000.0 8.49\n", + "R1 : 47.1 kilo-ohm.\n", + "R2 : 34.75 kilo-ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VCC = 20 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", + "RL = 4.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", + "VCE = 6.0 #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", + "IC = 2.0 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", + "beta=hfe = 20 #Current gain in CE\n", + "ICO = 10 * 10**-6 #Reverse saturation current (in Ampere)\n", + "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "IB = (IC - (1 + beta)*ICO)/beta #Base current (in Ampere)\n", + "IC = beta*IB + (1 + beta)*ICO #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", + "IE = (beta + 1)*IB #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", + "RE = (VCC - IC*RL - VCE)/IE #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", + "Rth = 20.0 * 10**3 #Thevenin's eq. resistance (in ohm)\n", + "Vth = IB*Rth + VBE + IE*RE #Thevenin's eq. voltage (in volts)\n", + "R1 = Rth*VCC/Vth #Resitance1 (in ohm)\n", + "R2 = R1*Vth/(VCC - Vth) #Resistance2 (in ohm) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"R1 : \",round(R1*10**-3,1),\"kilo-ohm.\\nR2 : \",round(R2*10**-3,2),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Slight variation due to higher precision." + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 7.29 , Page Number 252" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 26, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Following is the graph: \n" + ] + }, + { + "data": { + "text/plain": [ + "" + ] + }, + "execution_count": 26, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "execute_result" + }, + { + "data": { + "image/png": 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+ "text/plain": [ + "" + ] + }, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "display_data" + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "import numpy\n", + "%matplotlib inline\n", + "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim,annotate\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "beta = 100\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "ICQ = 1.07 #Collector current at Q-point (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "VCQ = 5.067 #Collector-emitter voltage at Q-point (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Following is the graph: \"\n", + "\n", + "x = numpy.linspace(0,5.07,100)\n", + "y1 = numpy.linspace(0,1.07/2,100)\n", + "x1 = numpy.linspace(0,5.067/2,100)\n", + "plot(x,1.07-1.07/5.07*x,'b')\n", + "plot(x1,1.07/2+x1-x1,'--',color='g')\n", + "plot(5.067/2+y1-y1,y1,'--',color='g')\n", + "annotate('Q - POINT',xy=(5.067/2,1.07/2))\n", + "xlim(0,6)\n", + "ylim(0,1.1)\n", + "title(\"DC Load line\")\n", + "xlabel(\"-VCE in Volts->\")\n", + "ylabel(\"-IC in mA->\")" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 7.30 , Page Number 253" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 36, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Value of RB : 61.43 kilo-ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "beta = 50 #current gain in CE \n", + "VCC = 12 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", + "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", + "RB = 100.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RC = 2.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "IB = (VCC - VBE)/(beta*RC + RB) #Base current (in Ampere) \n", + "IC = beta * IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", + "VCE = VCC - IC*RC #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", + "VCE1 = 5 #New collector-emitter voltage (in volts) \n", + "IC1 = (VCC - VCE1)/RC #Collector current1 (in Ampere)\n", + "IB1 = IC1/beta #Base current1 (in Ampere)\n", + "RB1 = (VCC - VBE - beta*IB1*RC)/IB1 #Base resistance1 (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Value of RB :\",round(RB1*10**-3,2),\" kilo-ohm.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 7.31 , Page Number 254" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 41, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "0.016 0.0158415841584 0.000158415841584\n", + "Value of collector to base resistance : 25.25 kilo-ohm.\n", + "Stability factor : 21.0 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "beta = 100.0 #Current gain in CE\n", + "RC = 1.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", + "VCC = 20.0 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", + "VBE = 0 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", + "VCEQ = 4 #VCE at Q-point (in volts) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "I1C = (VCC - VCEQ)/RC #Collector current1 (in Ampere)\n", + "IC = I1C/(1+1/beta) #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", + "IB = I1C - IC #base current (in Ampere)\n", + "RB = (VCEQ + VBE)/IB #Base resistance (in ohm)\n", + "S = (1 + beta)/(1 + beta*RC/(RB + RC)) #Stability factor\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Value of collector to base resistance :\",RB*10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", + "print \"Stability factor :\",S,\".\"\n", + "\n", + "#Slight variation due to higher precision." + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 7.32 , Page Number 254" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 16, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "ICQ : 2.475 mA , VCEQ : 4.95 V.\n", + "Stability factor : 25.75 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables \n", + "\n", + "beta = 50 #Current gain in CB\n", + "VCC = 10 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", + "RC = 2.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", + "VBE = 0 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", + "RB = 100 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "IB = VCC/(RB + (1 + beta)*RC) #Base current (in Ampere)\n", + "IC = beta*IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", + "VCE = VCC - (IC + IB)*RC #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", + "ICQ = IC #IC at Q-point (in Ampere)\n", + "S = (1 + beta)/(1 + beta*RC/(RC + RB)) #Stability factor\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"ICQ : \",round(ICQ * 10**3,3),\"mA , VCEQ : \",round(VCE,2),\"V.\"\n", + "print \"Stability factor : \",round(S,2),\".\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 7.33 , Page Number 255" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 43, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Maximum collector current : 3.66 mA.\n", + "Minimum collector current : 2.13 mA.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "betamax = 180 #Current gain max. in CE\n", + "betamin = 60 #Current gain min. in CE\n", + "VCC = 15 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", + "RB = 250.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RC = 2.5 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm) \n", + "VBE = 0.7 #Base-collector voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "#IC = (VCC - VBE)/(RC + RC/beta + RB/beta) #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", + "ICmax = (VCC - VBE)/(RC + RC/betamax + RB/betamax) #Max. collector current (in Ampere)\n", + "ICmin = (VCC - VBE)/(RC + RC/betamin + RB/betamin) #Min. collector current (in Ampere) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Maximum collector current : \",round(ICmax*10**3,2),\"mA.\"\n", + "print \"Minimum collector current : \",round(ICmin*10**3,2),\"mA.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 7.34 , Page Number 256" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 44, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "When beta increases due to temperature , VCE will decrease.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "beta = 90 #Current gain in CE\n", + "VCC = 18 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", + "RB = 510.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RC = 2.2 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm) \n", + "RE = 1.8 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm) \n", + "VBE = 0.7 #Base-collector voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "IB = VCC/(RB + (1 + beta)*(RC+RE)) #Base current (in Ampere)\n", + "IC = beta*IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", + "VCE = VCC - (IC + IB)*RC -IE*RE #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"When beta increases due to temperature , VCE will decrease.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 7.35 , Page Number 257" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 55, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Old ICQ : 1.06 mA and new ICQ : 1.2 mA.\n", + "Old VCEQ : 3.65 V and new VCEQ : 2.85 V.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "beta = 90.0 #Current gain in CE\n", + "VCC = 10 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", + "RB = 250.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RC = 4.7 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm) \n", + "RE = 1.2 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm) \n", + "VBE = 0.7 #Base-collector voltage (in volts)\n", + "beta1 = 135 #New current gain in CE\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "IC = (VCC-VBE)/((RE+RC)*(1/beta + 1) + RB/beta)#Collector current (in Ampere)\n", + "ICQ = IC #Collector current at Q-point (in Ampere)\n", + "IB = IC/beta #Base current (in Ampere)\n", + "VCE = VCC - (IC + IB)*(RC+RE) #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", + "VCEQ = VCE #Collector-emitter voltage at Q-point (in volts)\n", + "ICQ1 = (VCC-VBE)/((RE+RC)*(1/beta1 + 1) + RB/beta1) #Collector current1 at Q-point (in Ampere)\n", + "IB1 = ICQ1/beta #Base current1 (in Ampere) \n", + "VCEQ1 = VCC - (ICQ1 + IB)*(RC+RE) #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "print \"Old ICQ :\",round(ICQ*10**3,2),\"mA and new ICQ :\",round(ICQ1*10**3,3),\"mA.\"\n", + "print \"Old VCEQ :\",round(VCEQ,2),\"V and new VCEQ :\",round(VCEQ1,2),\"V.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Slight variation due to higher precision." + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 7.36 , Page Number 258" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 60, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Vo : 13.9 V.\n", + "RF : 110.91 kilo-ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VCC = 15 #Collector supply voltage (in volts) \n", + "IE = 1.0 * 10**-3 #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", + "beta = 99 #Current gain in CE\n", + "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", + "R1 = 17.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", + "RC = 1.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "IB = (IE)/(beta + 1) #Base current (in Ampere)\n", + "IC = beta*IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", + "IR1 = (VBE + IE*RE)/R1 #Current through R1 (in Ampere)\n", + "IRF = IR1 + IB #Current through RF (in Ampere)\n", + "I1C = IC + IRF #Current through RC (in Ampere)\n", + "Vo = VCC - I1C*RC #Output voltage (in volts)\n", + "RF = (Vo - VBE - IE*RE)/IRF #Resistance RF (in ohm) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Vo : \",round(Vo,1),\"V.\"\n", + "print \"RF : \",round(RF*10**-3,2),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation error in book for value of RF." + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 7.37 , Page Number 258" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 65, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "R : 106.9 kilo-ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VCC = 24 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", + "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", + "RC = 10.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RE = 270.0 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", + "VCE = 5 #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts) \n", + "beta = 45 #Current gain in CE\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "IE = (VCC - VCE )/(RC + RE) #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", + "IB = IE/(beta + 1) #Base current (in Ampere)\n", + "RB = (VCC - VBE - IE*(RE + RC))/IB #Base resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "print \"R : \",round(RB*10**-3,1),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Slight variation due to higher precision." + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 7.38 , Page Number 259" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 71, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Rth : 9989.0 ohm.\n", + "IB : 20.0 micro-A.\n", + "IE : 2.0 mA.\n", + "Vth : 2.9 V.\n", + "R1 : 68.4 kilo-ohm.\n", + "R2 : 11.7 kilo-ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VCC = 20 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", + "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", + "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", + "beta = 100 #Current gain in CE\n", + "IC = 2.0 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere) \n", + "S = 10 #Stability factor\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "IB = IC/beta #Base current (in Ampere)\n", + "IE = IB + IC #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", + "Rth = beta*S*RE/(1 + beta - S) - RE #Thevenin's eq. resistance (in ohm)\n", + "Vth = IB*Rth + VBE + IE*RE #Thevenin's eq. voltage (in volts) \n", + "R1 = Rth*VCC/Vth #Resitance1 (in ohm)\n", + "R2 = R1*Vth/(VCC - Vth) #Resistance2 (in ohm) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Rth : \",round(Rth),\"ohm.\"\n", + "print \"IB : \",round(IB*10**6),\"micro-A.\"\n", + "print \"IE : \",round(IC*10**3,2),\"mA.\"\n", + "print \"Vth : \",round(Vth,1),\"V.\"\n", + "print \"R1 : \",round(R1*10**-3,1),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", + "print \"R2 : \",round(R2*10**-3,1),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Slight variations due to higher precision." + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 7.39 , Page Number 266" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 94, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Following is the graph of ac and dc load lines.\n" + ] + }, + { + "data": { + "text/plain": [ + "" + ] + }, + "execution_count": 94, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "execute_result" + }, + { + "data": { + "image/png": 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+ "text/plain": [ + "" + ] + }, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "display_data" + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "import numpy\n", + "%matplotlib inline\n", + "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim,annotate\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "RC = 3.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RL = 12.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", + "R1 = 16.0 * 10**3 #Resitance1 (in ohm)\n", + "R2 = 4.0 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n", + "RE = 2.0 * 10**3 #Emitter Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "VCEcutoff = VCC = 20 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "IC = VCC/(RC + RE) #Collector current(in Ampere) \n", + "VE = VCC*R2/(R1 + R2) #Voltage across R2 (in volts)\n", + "IE = VE/RE #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", + "ICQ = IE #IC at Q-point (in Ampere)\n", + "VCEQ = VCC - ICQ*(RC + RE) #VCE at Q-point (in Ampere)\n", + "Rac = RC*RL/(RC + RL) #AC resistance (in ohm)\n", + "ICsat = ICQ + VCEQ/Rac #IC saturation (in Ampere)\n", + "VCEoff = VCEQ + ICQ*Rac #VCE cut-off for ac load line (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Following is the graph of ac and dc load lines.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Graph\n", + "\n", + "x = numpy.linspace(0,20,100)\n", + "x2 = numpy.linspace(0,14.8,100)\n", + "y1 = numpy.linspace(0,2,100)\n", + "x1 = numpy.linspace(0,10,100)\n", + "plot(x,4-4/20.0*x,'b')\n", + "plot(x2,6.17-6.17/14.8*x2,'r')\n", + "plot(x1,2+x1-x1,'--',color='g')\n", + "plot(10+y1-y1,y1,'--',color='g')\n", + "annotate('Q',xy=(10,2.2))\n", + "annotate('DC load line',xy=(14,1.3))\n", + "annotate('AC load line',xy=(5.5,4))\n", + "xlim(0,20)\n", + "ylim(0,7)\n", + "title(\"DC and AC Load lines\")\n", + "xlabel(\"-VCE in Volts->\")\n", + "ylabel(\"-IC in mA->\")" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 7.40 , Page Number 268" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 95, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Input resistance : 1.667 kilo-ohm.\n", + "Current gain : 80.0 .\n", + "AC load : 4.0 kilo-ohm.\n", + "Voltage gain : 192.0 .\n", + "Power gain : 15360.0 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "dVBE = 0.025 #Change in VBE (in volts)\n", + "dIB = 15.0 * 10**-6 #Change in base current (in Ampere)\n", + "dIC = 1.2 * 10**-3 #Change in collector current (in Ampere)\n", + "RC = 6.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RL = 12.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Rin = dVBE/dIB #Input resistance (in ohm)\n", + "beta = dIC/dIB #Current gain in CE\n", + "Rac = RC*RL/(RC+RL) #AC load (in ohm)\n", + "Av = beta*Rac/Rin #Voltage gain \n", + "Ap = beta*beta*Rac/Rin #Power gain \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Input resistance : \",round(Rin*10**-3,3),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", + "print \"Current gain : \",beta,\".\"\n", + "print \"AC load : \",Rac*10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", + "print \"Voltage gain : \",Av,\".\"\n", + "print \"Power gain : \",Ap,\".\"" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.10" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J_B_Gupta/chapter8.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J_B_Gupta/chapter8.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..6db881de --- /dev/null +++ b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J_B_Gupta/chapter8.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,1134 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "#Chapter 8 , Hybrid Parameteres and Transistor Amplifiers" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "##Example 8.1 , Page Number 285" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "hie : 1.1 kilo-ohm.\n", + "hfe : 50.0 .\n", + "hre : 0.00025 .\n", + "hoe : 30.0 micro-S.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "IB1 = 20.0 *10**-6 #Base current with ac o/p shorted (in Ampere)\n", + "IC1 = 1.0 *10**-3 #Collector current with ac o/p shorted (in Ampere)\n", + "VBC1 = 22.0 * 10**-3 #Base-collector voltage with ac o/p shorted (in volts)\n", + "VCE1 = 0 #Collector-emitter voltage wwith ac o/p shorted (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "IB2 = 0 #Base current with ac i/p open-circuited (in Ampere)\n", + "VBE2 = 0.25 *10**-3 #Base-emitter voltage with ac i/p open-circuited (in volts)\n", + "IC2 = 30.0 * 10**-6 #Collector current with ac i/p open-circuited (in Ampere) \n", + "VCE2 = 1 #Collector-emitter voltage with ac i/p open-circuited (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "hie = VBC1/IB1 #hie (in ohm)\n", + "hfe = IC1/IB1 #Current gain in CE\n", + "hre = VBE2/VCE2 #hre \n", + "hoe = IC2/VCE2 #hoe (in Siemen)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"hie : \",hie*10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", + "print \"hfe : \",hfe,\".\"\n", + "print \"hre : \",hre,\".\"\n", + "print \"hoe : \",hoe * 10**6,\"micro-S.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "##Example 8.2 , Page Number 290" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 3, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "hfb : -0.98 .\n", + "hib : 16.27 ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "hfe = 50.0 #hfe\n", + "hie = 0.83 * 10**3 #hie (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "hfb = -hfe/(1 + hfe) #Current gain\n", + "hib = hie/(1 + hfe) #Input impedance (in ohm) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"hfb : \",round(hfb,2),\".\\nhib : \",round(hib,2),\"ohm.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "##Example 8.3 , Page Number 290" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 5, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "hic : 2600.0 ohm.\n", + "hfc : -101 .\n", + "hrc : 1.0 .\n", + "hoc : 5e-06 S.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "hfe = 100 #hfe\n", + "hre = 0.02 * 10**-2 #hre\n", + "hoe = 5 * 10**-6 #hoe (in Siemens) \n", + "hic = hie = 2600.0 #hie (in ohm) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "hfc = -(1 + hfe) #hfc \n", + "hrc = 1 - hre #hrc\n", + "hoc = hoe #hoe (in Siemens) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"hic :\",hic,\"ohm.\"\n", + "print \"hfc :\",hfc,\".\"\n", + "print \"hrc :\",round(hrc),\".\"\n", + "print \"hoc :\",hoc,\"S.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "##Example 8.4 , Page Number 294 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 9, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Current gain : -19.6 .\n", + "Input resistance : 1905.92 ohm.\n", + "Voltage gain : -308.5 .\n", + "Overall voltage gain : -235.0 .\n", + "Overall current gain : -4.7 .\n", + "Output conductance : 4.69846153846e-05 S.\n", + "Output resistance : 21284.0 ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "hie = 2000.0 #hie (in ohm)\n", + "hre = 1.6 * 10**-4 #hre\n", + "hfe = 49 #Current gain \n", + "hoe = 50 * 10**-6 #hoe (in Ampere per volt)\n", + "RL = 30.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RS = 600.0 #Source resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Ai = - hfe/(1 + hoe*RL) #Current gain\n", + "Rin = hie - hre*hfe/(hoe + 1/RL)#Input resistance (in ohm)\n", + "Av = -hfe/((hoe + 1/RL)*Rin) #Voltage gain \n", + "Avs = Av*Rin/(Rin + RS) #Overall voltage gain \n", + "Ais = Ai*RS/(Rin + RS) #Overall current gain\n", + "Gout = hoe - hfe*hre/(hie + RS) #Output conductance (in Siemens)\n", + "Rout = 1/Gout #Output resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Current gain :\",Ai,\".\"\n", + "print \"Input resistance :\",Rin,\"ohm.\"\n", + "print \"Voltage gain :\",round(Av,1),\".\"\n", + "print \"Overall voltage gain :\",round(Avs),\".\"\n", + "print \"Overall current gain :\",round(Ais,1),\".\"\n", + "print \"Output conductance :\",Gout,\"S.\"\n", + "print \"Output resistance :\",round(Rout),\"ohm.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Slight variations due to higher precision." + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "##Example 8.5 , Page Number 294 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 11, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Current gain : -48.78 .\n", + "Input resistance : 1087.8 ohm.\n", + "Voltage gain : -44.84 .\n", + "Overall voltage gain : -23.36 .\n", + "Overall current gain : -23.364 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "hie = 1.1 * 10**3 #hie (in ohm)\n", + "hre = 0.25 * 10**-3 #hre\n", + "hfe = 50 #Current gain\n", + "hoe = 25.0 * 10**-6 #hoe (in Siemens)\n", + "RL = 1.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RS = 1.0 * 10**3 #Series resistance (in ohm) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Ai = - hfe/(1 + hoe*RL) #Current gain\n", + "Rin = hie - hre*hfe/(hoe + 1/RL)#Input resistance (in ohm)\n", + "Av = -hfe/((hoe + 1/RL)*Rin) #Voltage gain \n", + "Avs = Av*Rin/(Rin + RS) #Overall voltage gain \n", + "Ais = Ai*RS/(Rin + RS) #Overall current gain\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Current gain :\",round(Ai,2),\".\"\n", + "print \"Input resistance :\",round(Rin,1),\"ohm.\"\n", + "print \"Voltage gain :\",round(Av,2),\".\"\n", + "print \"Overall voltage gain :\",round(Avs,2),\".\"\n", + "print \"Overall current gain :\",round(Ais,3),\".\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "##Example 8.6 , Page Number 295 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 13, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Current gain : -100.0 .\n", + "Input resistance : 1000.0 ohm.\n", + "Voltage gain : -200.0 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "hie = 1.0 * 10**3 #hie (in ohm)\n", + "hfe = 100 #Current gain\n", + "RL = 2.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", + "hre = hoe = 0 #hre \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Ai = - hfe/(1 + hoe*RL) #Current gain\n", + "Rin = hie - hre*hfe/(hoe + 1/RL)#Input resistance (in ohm)\n", + "Av = -hfe/((hoe + 1/RL)*Rin) #Voltage gain \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Current gain :\",round(Ai,2),\".\"\n", + "print \"Input resistance :\",round(Rin,1),\"ohm.\"\n", + "print \"Voltage gain :\",round(Av,2),\".\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "##Example 8.7 , Page Number 295 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 20, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Current gain : 0.979 .\n", + "Input resistance : 24.47 ohm.\n", + "Voltage gain : 48.02 .\n", + "Overall voltage gain : 5.24 .\n", + "Overall current gain : 0.873 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "RS = 200.0 #internal resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RL = 1200.0 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", + "hib = 24.0 #hib (in ohm)\n", + "hrb = 4.0 * 10**-4 #hrb\n", + "hfb = -0.98 #hfb\n", + "hob = 0.6 * 10**-6 #hob (in Ampere per volt)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Ai = - hfb/(1 + hob*RL) #Current gain\n", + "Rin = hib + hrb*Ai*RL #Input resistance (in ohm)\n", + "Av = Ai*RL/Rin #Voltage gain \n", + "Avs = Av*Rin/(Rin + RS) #Overall voltage gain \n", + "Ais = Ai*RS/(Rin + RS) #Overall current gain\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Current gain :\",round(Ai,3),\".\"\n", + "print \"Input resistance :\",round(Rin,2),\"ohm.\"\n", + "print \"Voltage gain :\",round(Av,2),\".\"\n", + "print \"Overall voltage gain :\",round(Avs,2),\".\"\n", + "print \"Overall current gain :\",round(Ais,3),\".\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "##Example 8.8 , Page Number 296 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 29, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "hfe : 120.0 .\n", + "hoe : 2.5e-05 S.\n", + "hie : 2.5 kilo-ohm.\n", + "Current amplification factor : 0.99 .\n", + "hob : 2.06611570248e-07 .\n", + "hib : 20.83 ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "IE = 1.2 * 10**-3 #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", + "beta = 120.0 #Current gain\n", + "ro = 40.0 * 10**3 #O/p resistance (in ohm)\n", + "hre = 0 #hre \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "hfe = beta #hfe\n", + "hoe = 1/ro #hoe (in Siemen)\n", + "hie = 25.0*10**-3/IE*beta #hie (in ohm)\n", + "alpha = beta/(1 + beta) #Current gain in CB\n", + "hob = hoe/(1 + beta) #hob (in Siemen) \n", + "hib = 25 * 10**-3/IE #hib (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"hfe :\",hfe,\".\"\n", + "print \"hoe :\",hoe,\"S.\"\n", + "print \"hie :\",hie*10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", + "print \"Current amplification factor :\",round(alpha,2),\".\"\n", + "print \"hob :\",hob,\".\"\n", + "print \"hib :\",round(hib,2),\"ohm.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "##Example 8.9 , Page Number 296 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 33, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Current gain : 99.75 .\n", + "Input resistance : 51864.074 ohm.\n", + "Voltage gain : 0.9617 .\n", + "Overall voltage gain : 0.9435 .\n", + "Overall current gain : 1.887 .\n", + "Output resistance : 29.69 ohm.\n", + "Output conductance : 0.0337 Siemen.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "hic = hie = 2.0 * 10**3 #hic (in ohm)\n", + "hfe = 100.0 #Current gain in CE\n", + "hre = 2.5 * 10**-4 #hre\n", + "hoe = 25.0 * 10**-6 #hoe (in Ampere per volt)\n", + "RS = 1.0 * 10**3 #Source resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RL = 500.0 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "hfc = -(1 + hfe) #hfc\n", + "hrc = 1 - hre #hrc\n", + "hoc = hoe #hoc (in Siemens)\n", + "Ai = -hfc/(1 + hoc*RL) #Current gain\n", + "Rin = hic - hrc*hfc/(hoc + 1/RL) #Input resistance (in ohm)\n", + "Av = -hfc/((hoc + 1/RL)*Rin) #Voltage gain\n", + "Avs = Av*Rin/(Rin + RS) #Overall voltage gain\n", + "Ais = Ai*RS/(Rin + RS) #Overall current gain\n", + "Go = hoc -(hfc*hrc/(hic + RS)) #O/P conductance (in Siemens)\n", + "Ro = 1/Go #O/P resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Current gain :\",round(Ai,2),\".\"\n", + "print \"Input resistance :\",round(Rin,3),\"ohm.\"\n", + "print \"Voltage gain :\",round(Av,4),\".\"\n", + "print \"Overall voltage gain :\",round(Avs,4),\".\"\n", + "print \"Overall current gain :\",round(Ais,3),\".\"\n", + "print \"Output resistance :\",round(Ro,2),\"ohm.\"\n", + "print \"Output conductance :\",round(Go,4),\"Siemen.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Slight variations due to higher precision." + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "##Example 8.10 , Page Number 300" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 38, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Power gain : 826.0 .\n", + "EMF E : 0.29 V.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "hie = 2.0 * 10**3 #hie (in ohm)\n", + "hoe = 25.0 * 10**-6 #hoe (in Siemens)\n", + "hfe = 55.0 #Current gain in CE\n", + "Pin = 10.0 * 10**-3 #Output power (in watt)\n", + "RB = 80.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RC = 10.0 * 10**3 #Collector resitance (in ohm)\n", + "RL = 10.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RS = 5.0 * 10**3 #Source resistance (in ohm) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Zb = hie #Zb (in ohm)\n", + "Zin = RB #Impedance (in ohm)\n", + "ZS = RS + Zin #Imput impedance (in ohm)\n", + "Zout = RC/hoe*(1/(RC + 1/hoe)) #Output impedance (in ohm)\n", + "Rac = Zout*RL/(Zout + RL) #AC load resistance (in ohm)\n", + "Vout = -34.3*0.29 #Output voltage (in volts)\n", + "Pout = Vout**2/RL #Output power (in watt) \n", + "E = 0.29 #EMF (in volts)\n", + "Ap = Pin/0.29**2*6.95*10**3 #Power gain\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Power gain : \",round(Ap),\".\"\n", + "print \"EMF E : \",E,\"V.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "##Example 8.11 , Page Number 301 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 46, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Input impedance : 0.87 kilo-ohm.\n", + "Output impedance : 1.9 kilo-ohm\n", + "Current gain : -43.5 .\n", + "Voltage gain : -100.0 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "hie = 1.0 * 10**3 #hie (in ohm)\n", + "hfe = 100.0 #Current gain \n", + "R1 = 20.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", + "R2 = 10 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n", + "hoe = 25.0 * 10**-6 #hoe (in Siemens)\n", + "RC = 2* 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RL = 2* 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Zb = hie #Zb (in ohm) \n", + "Zin = Zb*R1*R2/(Zb*R1 + Zb*R2 + R1*R2) #Input impedance (in ohm)\n", + "Zout = 1/hoe*RC/(RC + 1/hoe) #Output impedance (in ohm)\n", + "Av = -(RC*RL)/(RC + RL)*hfe/hie #Voltage gain\n", + "RB = R1*R2/(R1 + R2) #Base resistance (in ohm)\n", + "Ai = -hfe*RB*RC/((RC + RL)*(RB + Zb)) #Current gain\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Input impedance : \",round(Zin * 10**-3,2),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", + "print \"Output impedance : \",round(Zout * 10**-3,1),\"kilo-ohm\"\n", + "print \"Current gain : \",round(Ai,1),\".\"\n", + "print \"Voltage gain : \",Av,\".\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "##Example 8.12 , Page Number 302 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 56, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Ai : -100.0 .\n", + "Av : -9.597 .\n", + "Avs : -4.19 .\n", + "Rin : 7.74 kilo-ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "hie = 1100.0 #hie (in ohm)\n", + "hre = 0 #hre\n", + "hfe = 50.0 #Current gain \n", + "hoe = 100.0 #hoe \n", + "R1 = 100.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", + "R2 = 10.0 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (n ohm)\n", + "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RL = 5.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm) \n", + "RS = 10.0 * 10**3 #Source resistance (in ohm) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "RB = hie + (1 + hfe)*RE #Base resistance (in ohm)\n", + "Rin = RB*R1*R2/((RB*R1 + RB*R2 + R1*R2)) #Input resistance (in ohm)\n", + "Ai = -hoe #Current gain\n", + "Av = -hoe*RL/(hie + (1 + hfe)*RE) #Voltage gain\n", + "Avs = Av * Rin/(Rin + RS) #Overall voltage gain\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Ai : \",Ai,\".\"\n", + "print \"Av : \",round(Av,3),\".\"\n", + "print \"Avs : \",round(Avs,2),\".\"\n", + "print \"Rin : \",round(Rin*10**-3,2),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Slight variation due to higher precision." + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "##Example 8.13 , Page Number 302 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 60, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Quiescent collector current : 1.0 mA.\n", + "Small signal voltage gain : -40.63 .\n", + "Maximum possible swing of collector current : 4.55 mA.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "RE = 100.0 #Emitter resistance (in ohm) \n", + "RC = 1.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", + "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", + "RB = 420.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n", + "beta = 100 #Current gain in CE\n", + "VCC = 5.0 #Collector supply voltage (in volts) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "IB = (VCC -VBE)/(RB + (beta + 1)*RE) #Base current (in Ampere)\n", + "ICQ = beta * IB #Q-point collector current (in Ampere)\n", + "IE = (beta + 1)*IB #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", + "r1e = 25.0*10**-3/IE #Resistance (in ohm) \n", + "Rin = RB*(beta*r1e)/(RB + beta*r1e) #Input resistance (in ohm)\n", + "Rout = RC #Output resistance (in ohm)\n", + "Av = -ICQ/IB*Rout/Rin #Small signal voltage gain \n", + "swing = VCC/(RC + RE) #Max. possible swing (in Ampere) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Quiescent collector current : \",round(ICQ*10**3,3),\"mA.\"\n", + "print \"Small signal voltage gain : \",round(Av,2),\".\"\n", + "print \"Maximum possible swing of collector current : \",round(swing*10**3,2),\"mA.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Slight variation due to high precision." + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "##Example 8.14 , Page Number 303 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 9, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "1.20603015075e-05 0.00156783919598 0.00156783919598 0.00157989949749\n", + "ICQ : 0.945 mA and VCEQ : 2.251 V.\n", + "VCE when R2 is open circuited : -8.117 V.\n", + "AV : -455.0 .\n", + "Rin : 1.0 kilo-ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "beta = hfe = 130 #Current gain in CE\n", + "R1 = 510.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", + "R2 = 510.0 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (n ohm)\n", + "RE = 7.5 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RC = 9.1 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", + "VCC = 18.0 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", + "VBE = 0 #Base-Emitter voltage (in volts)\n", + "hie = 1.0 * 10**3 #hie (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Rth = R1*R2/(R1 + R2) #Thevenin's eq. resistance (in ohm)\n", + "Vth = VCC * R2/(R1 + R2) #Thevenin's eq. voltage (in volts)\n", + "IB = (Vth - VBE)/(Rth + (beta + 1)*RE) #Base current (in Ampere)\n", + "IC = beta*IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", + "ICQ = IC #Q-point IC (in Ampere)\n", + "IE = (beta + 1)*IB #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", + "VCEQ = VCC - ICQ*RC - IE*RE #Q-point VCE (in Ampere) \n", + "\n", + "IB1 = (VCC - VBE)/(R1 + (beta + 1)*RE) #Base current1 (in Ampere)\n", + "IC1 = beta*IB1 #Collector current1 (in Ampere) \n", + "ICQ1 = IC1 #Q-point IC (in Ampere)\n", + "IE1 = (beta + 1)*IB1 #Emitter current1 (in Ampere)\n", + "VCEQ1 = VCC - ICQ1*RC - IE1*RE #Q-point VCE (in Ampere) \n", + "\n", + "Rin = (R1*R2*hie)/(R1*R2 + hie*R2 + hie*R1) #Input resistance (in ohm)\n", + "Av = -50/hie*RC #Voltage gain \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print IB1,IC1,ICQ1,IE1\n", + "print \"ICQ : \",round(ICQ*10**3,3),\"mA and VCEQ : \",round(VCEQ,3),\"V.\"\n", + "print \"VCE when R2 is open circuited : \",round(VCEQ1,3),\"V.\"\n", + "print \"AV : \",round(Av,3),\".\"\n", + "print \"Rin : \",round(Rin*10**-3,2),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Mistake in book for the value of hfe in calculation of Av." + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "##Example 8.15 , Page Number 304 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 10, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Zin : 1.595 kilo-ohm.\n", + "Zout : 4.296 kilo-ohm.\n", + "Av : -323.125 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "hfe = 110 #Current gain in CE\n", + "hie = 1.6 * 10**3 #hie (in ohm)\n", + "hre = 2 * 10**-4 #hre\n", + "hoe = 20.0 * 10**-6 #hoe (in Ampere per volt) \n", + "RB = 470.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RC = 4.7 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Zin = RB*hie/(RB + hie) #Input impedance (in ohm)\n", + "Zout = RC*1/hoe/(RC + 1/hoe) #Output impedance (in ohm)\n", + "Av = -RC*hfe/hie #Voltage gain \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Zin : \",round(Zin*10**-3,3),\" kilo-ohm.\"\n", + "print \"Zout : \",round(Zout*10**-3,3),\" kilo-ohm.\"\n", + "print \"Av : \",round(Av,3),\".\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "##Example 8.16 , Page Number 307 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 13, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Zin : 24.84 ohm.\n", + "Zout : 7.97 kilo-ohm.\n", + "Av : 134.4 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "hib = 25.0 #hie (in ohm)\n", + "hfb = -0.98 #Current gain in CB \n", + "hob = 0.5 * 10**-6 #hob (in Siemens) \n", + "R1 = 20.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", + "R2 = 5.0 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (n ohm)\n", + "RE = 4.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RL = 6.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm) \n", + "RC = 8.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Zin = hib*RE/(hib + RE) #Input impedance (in ohm)\n", + "Zout = RC*1/hob/(RC + 1/hob) #Output impedance (in ohm)\n", + "Av = -(RC*RL)/(RC+RL)*hfb/hib #Voltage gain \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Zin : \",round(Zin,2),\" ohm.\"\n", + "print \"Zout : \",round(Zout*10**-3,2),\" kilo-ohm.\"\n", + "print \"Av : \",round(Av,3),\".\"\n", + "\n", + "#Slight variation due to higher precision." + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "##Example 8.17 , Page Number 309 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 18, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Input impedance : 4.9 kilo-ohm.\n", + "Outpur impedance : 28.0 ohm.\n", + "Voltage gain : 1 .\n", + "Current gain : 101.0 .\n", + "Power gain : 101.0 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "hie = 2000.0 #hie (in ohm)\n", + "hfe = 100.0 #Current gain \n", + "R1 = 10.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", + "R2 = 10.0 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (n ohm)\n", + "RE = 5.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RL = 5.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm) \n", + "RS = 1.0 * 10**3 #Source resistance (in ohm) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "hic = hie #hic\n", + "hfc = -(1 + hfe) #hfc\n", + "Zb = hic - hfc*(RE*RL)/(RE + RL) #ZB (in ohm)\n", + "Zin = Zb*R1*R2/(Zb*R1 + R1*R2 + Zb*R2)#Input impedance (in ohm)\n", + "Ze = -(hic + (R1*R2*RS/(R1*R2 + R2*RS + R1*RS)))/hfc #Ze (in ohm)\n", + "Zout = Ze*RE/(Ze + RE) #Output impedance (in ohm) \n", + "Av = 1 #Coltage gain\n", + "RB = R1*R2/(R1 + R2) #Base resistance (in ohm)\n", + "Ai = -hfc #Current gain\n", + "Ap = Ai #Power gain\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Input impedance : \",round(Zin * 10**-3,1),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", + "print \"Outpur impedance : \",round(Zout),\"ohm.\"\n", + "print \"Voltage gain : \",Av,\".\"\n", + "print \"Current gain : \",Ai,\".\"\n", + "print \"Power gain : \",Ap,\".\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "##Example 8.18 , Page Number 310 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 4, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Input impedance : 227.667 kilo-ohm.\n", + "Voltage gain : 0.9956 .\n", + "Current gain : 45.33 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "RL = 5.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm) \n", + "RS = 0.5 * 10**3 #Source resistance (in ohm) \n", + "hie = 1000.0 #hie (in ohm)\n", + "hfe = 50.0 #Current gain \n", + "hoe = 25.0 * 10**-6 #hor (in Siemens) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "hic = hie #hie (in ohm)\n", + "hrc = 1 #hrc\n", + "hfc = -(1 + hfe) #hfc \n", + "hoc = hoe #hoe (in Siemens)\n", + "Ai = -hfc/(1 + hoc*RL) #Current gain\n", + "Ri = hic - hrc*hfc/(hoc + 1/RL) #Input resistance (in ohm)\n", + "Av = Ai*RL/Ri #Voltage gain\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Input impedance : \",round(Ri * 10**-3,3),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", + "print \"Voltage gain : \",round(Av,4),\".\"\n", + "print \"Current gain : \",round(Ai,2),\".\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "##Example 8.19 , Page Number 310" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 10, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Input impedance : 34.254 kilo-ohm.\n", + "Outpur impedance : 21.1 ohm.\n", + "Voltage gain : 0.9789 .\n", + "Current gain : 33.53 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VCC = 15.0 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n", + "RB = 100.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", + "hie = 1100.0 #hie (in ohm)\n", + "hfe = 50 #hfe\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "hic = hie #hic (in ohm)\n", + "hfc = -(1 + hfe) #hfc\n", + "Zin = (hic - hfc*RE)*RB/((hic - hfc*RE) + RB) #Input impedance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "Zout = RE*(-hic/hfc)/(RE - hic/hfc) #Output impedance (in ohm)\n", + "Av = -hfc*RE/(hic - hfc*RE) #Voltage gain\n", + "Ai = Av*Zin/RE #Current gain \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Input impedance : \",round(Zin * 10**-3,3),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", + "print \"Outpur impedance : \",round(Zout,1),\"ohm.\"\n", + "print \"Voltage gain : \",round(Av,4),\".\"\n", + "print \"Current gain : \",round(Ai,2),\".\"\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation mistake in the value of Zout in the book." + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "##Example 8.20 , Page Number 311 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 13, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Zin : 1.0883 kilo-ohm.\n", + "Av : 0.99 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "hre = hoe = 0 #hre\n", + "hie = 1.0 * 10**3 #hie (in ohm)\n", + "hfe = 100.0 #hfe\n", + "VCC = 5.0 #Collector supply voltage (in volts) \n", + "R1 = 2.2 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", + "R2 = 2.2 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n", + "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "hic = hie #hic (in ohm)\n", + "hfc = -(1 + hfe) #hfc \n", + "hrc = 1 - hre #hrc\n", + "hoc = hoe = 0 #hoc\n", + "Zin = (hic - hfc*RE)*R1*R2/(((hic - hfc*RE)*(R1+R2))+R1*R2) #Input impedance (in ohm)\n", + "Av = -hfc*RE/(hic - hfc*RE) #Voltage gain \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Zin : \",round(Zin*10**-3,4),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n", + "print \"Av : \",round(Av,2),\".\"" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.10" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J_B_Gupta/chapter9.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J_B_Gupta/chapter9.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..d2bc7858 --- /dev/null +++ b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J_B_Gupta/chapter9.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,122 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "#Chapter 9 , Regulated Power Supplies" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 9.1 , Page Number 328" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 3, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Breakdown voltage : 8.0 V.\n", + "Resistor R : 206.0 ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "IC = IL = 1.2 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", + "Vout = 7.5 #Voltage (in volts)\n", + "VBE = 0.5 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", + "beta = 50.0 #Current gain\n", + "VCC = 15.0 #Supply voltage (in volts) \n", + "IZmin = 10.0 * 10**-3 #Minimum zener current (in Ampere) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "IB = IC/beta #Base current (in Ampere)\n", + "VZ = Vout + VBE #Zener diode breakdown voltage (in volts)\n", + "VR = VCC - VZ #Voltage drop in resistor R (in volts)\n", + "IR = IB + IZmin #Current through R (in AMpere) \n", + "R = VR/IR #Resistance R (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Breakdown voltage : \",VZ,\"V.\\nResistor R : \",round(R),\"ohm.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "##Example 9.2 , Page Number 328" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 4, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Breakdown voltage : 9.6 V.\n", + "Series Resistor RSE : 37.5 ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "Vout = 10 #Output voltage (in volts)\n", + "VBE = 0.4 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", + "IL = 100.0 * 10**-3 #Load current (in Ampere)\n", + "Vinmin = 11.25 #Min. input voltage (in volts)\n", + "Vinmax = 13.75 #Max. input voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "VZ = Vout - VBE #Zener breakdown voltage (in volts)\n", + "VRSE = Vinmax - Vout #Max. voltage drop in series resistor (in volts)\n", + "Imax = IL #Series resistor current (in Ampere)\n", + "RSE = VRSE/Imax #Series resistor (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Breakdown voltage : \",VZ,\"V.\\nSeries Resistor RSE : \",round(RSE,1),\"ohm.\"" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.10" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J_B_Gupta/screenshots/Screenshot_(88).png b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J_B_Gupta/screenshots/Screenshot_(88).png new file mode 100755 index 00000000..90a3a1be Binary files /dev/null and b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J_B_Gupta/screenshots/Screenshot_(88).png differ diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J_B_Gupta/screenshots/Screenshot_(89).png b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J_B_Gupta/screenshots/Screenshot_(89).png new file mode 100755 index 00000000..8c90457c Binary files /dev/null and b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J_B_Gupta/screenshots/Screenshot_(89).png differ diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J_B_Gupta/screenshots/Screenshot_(90).png b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J_B_Gupta/screenshots/Screenshot_(90).png new file mode 100755 index 00000000..a4b6a0dd Binary 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a/Electronic_Communication_by_D._Roddy/Chapter4_Noise_1.ipynb b/Electronic_Communication_by_D._Roddy/Chapter4_Noise_1.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Electronic_Communication_by_D._Roddy/Chapter5_Tuned_Small_Signal_Amplifiers,_Mixers_and_Active_Filters_1.ipynb b/Electronic_Communication_by_D._Roddy/Chapter5_Tuned_Small_Signal_Amplifiers,_Mixers_and_Active_Filters_1.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Electronic_Communication_by_D._Roddy/Chapter6_Oscillators_1.ipynb b/Electronic_Communication_by_D._Roddy/Chapter6_Oscillators_1.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Electronic_Communication_by_D._Roddy/Chapter7_Receivers_1.ipynb b/Electronic_Communication_by_D._Roddy/Chapter7_Receivers_1.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Electronic_Communication_by_D._Roddy/Chapter8_Amplitude_Modulation_1.ipynb b/Electronic_Communication_by_D._Roddy/Chapter8_Amplitude_Modulation_1.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Electronic_Communication_by_D._Roddy/Chapter9_Single_Sideband_Modulation_1.ipynb b/Electronic_Communication_by_D._Roddy/Chapter9_Single_Sideband_Modulation_1.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Electronic_Communication_by_D._Roddy/README.txt b/Electronic_Communication_by_D._Roddy/README.txt old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Electronic_Communication_by_D._Roddy/screenshots/1.PNG b/Electronic_Communication_by_D._Roddy/screenshots/1.PNG old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Electronic_Communication_by_D._Roddy/screenshots/12.PNG b/Electronic_Communication_by_D._Roddy/screenshots/12.PNG old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Electronic_Communication_by_D._Roddy/screenshots/9.PNG b/Electronic_Communication_by_D._Roddy/screenshots/9.PNG old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Electronics_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Salivahanan,_N._S._Kumar_And_A._Vallavaraj/Ch10_1.ipynb b/Electronics_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Salivahanan,_N._S._Kumar_And_A._Vallavaraj/Ch10_1.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Electronics_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Salivahanan,_N._S._Kumar_And_A._Vallavaraj/Ch11_1.ipynb b/Electronics_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Salivahanan,_N._S._Kumar_And_A._Vallavaraj/Ch11_1.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Electronics_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Salivahanan,_N._S._Kumar_And_A._Vallavaraj/Ch12_1.ipynb b/Electronics_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Salivahanan,_N._S._Kumar_And_A._Vallavaraj/Ch12_1.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Electronics_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Salivahanan,_N._S._Kumar_And_A._Vallavaraj/Ch14_1.ipynb b/Electronics_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Salivahanan,_N._S._Kumar_And_A._Vallavaraj/Ch14_1.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Electronics_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Salivahanan,_N._S._Kumar_And_A._Vallavaraj/Ch15_1.ipynb 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b/Electronics_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Salivahanan,_N._S._Kumar_And_A._Vallavaraj/Ch1_1.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Electronics_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Salivahanan,_N._S._Kumar_And_A._Vallavaraj/Ch20_1.ipynb b/Electronics_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Salivahanan,_N._S._Kumar_And_A._Vallavaraj/Ch20_1.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Electronics_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Salivahanan,_N._S._Kumar_And_A._Vallavaraj/Ch21_1.ipynb b/Electronics_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Salivahanan,_N._S._Kumar_And_A._Vallavaraj/Ch21_1.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Electronics_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Salivahanan,_N._S._Kumar_And_A._Vallavaraj/Ch24_1.ipynb b/Electronics_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Salivahanan,_N._S._Kumar_And_A._Vallavaraj/Ch24_1.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Electronics_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Salivahanan,_N._S._Kumar_And_A._Vallavaraj/Ch3_1.ipynb b/Electronics_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Salivahanan,_N._S._Kumar_And_A._Vallavaraj/Ch3_1.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Electronics_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Salivahanan,_N._S._Kumar_And_A._Vallavaraj/Ch4_1.ipynb b/Electronics_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Salivahanan,_N._S._Kumar_And_A._Vallavaraj/Ch4_1.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Electronics_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Salivahanan,_N._S._Kumar_And_A._Vallavaraj/Ch5_1.ipynb b/Electronics_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Salivahanan,_N._S._Kumar_And_A._Vallavaraj/Ch5_1.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Electronics_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Salivahanan,_N._S._Kumar_And_A._Vallavaraj/Ch6_1.ipynb b/Electronics_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Salivahanan,_N._S._Kumar_And_A._Vallavaraj/Ch6_1.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Electronics_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Salivahanan,_N._S._Kumar_And_A._Vallavaraj/Ch7_1.ipynb b/Electronics_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Salivahanan,_N._S._Kumar_And_A._Vallavaraj/Ch7_1.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Electronics_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Salivahanan,_N._S._Kumar_And_A._Vallavaraj/Ch8_1.ipynb b/Electronics_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Salivahanan,_N._S._Kumar_And_A._Vallavaraj/Ch8_1.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Electronics_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Salivahanan,_N._S._Kumar_And_A._Vallavaraj/Ch9_1.ipynb b/Electronics_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Salivahanan,_N._S._Kumar_And_A._Vallavaraj/Ch9_1.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Electronics_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Salivahanan,_N._S._Kumar_And_A._Vallavaraj/README.txt b/Electronics_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Salivahanan,_N._S._Kumar_And_A._Vallavaraj/README.txt old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Electronics_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Salivahanan,_N._S._Kumar_And_A._Vallavaraj/screenshots/OpV_ch16_1.png 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b/Elements_of_electrical_science_by_Mukopadhyay,_Pant/Chapter2_1.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Elements_of_electrical_science_by_Mukopadhyay,_Pant/Chapter3.ipynb b/Elements_of_electrical_science_by_Mukopadhyay,_Pant/Chapter3.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Elements_of_electrical_science_by_Mukopadhyay,_Pant/Chapter3_1.ipynb b/Elements_of_electrical_science_by_Mukopadhyay,_Pant/Chapter3_1.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Elements_of_electrical_science_by_Mukopadhyay,_Pant/Chapter4.ipynb b/Elements_of_electrical_science_by_Mukopadhyay,_Pant/Chapter4.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Elements_of_electrical_science_by_Mukopadhyay,_Pant/Chapter4_1.ipynb b/Elements_of_electrical_science_by_Mukopadhyay,_Pant/Chapter4_1.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Elements_of_electrical_science_by_Mukopadhyay,_Pant/Chapter5.ipynb b/Elements_of_electrical_science_by_Mukopadhyay,_Pant/Chapter5.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Elements_of_electrical_science_by_Mukopadhyay,_Pant/Chapter5_1.ipynb b/Elements_of_electrical_science_by_Mukopadhyay,_Pant/Chapter5_1.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Elements_of_electrical_science_by_Mukopadhyay,_Pant/Chapter6.ipynb b/Elements_of_electrical_science_by_Mukopadhyay,_Pant/Chapter6.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Elements_of_electrical_science_by_Mukopadhyay,_Pant/Chapter6_1.ipynb b/Elements_of_electrical_science_by_Mukopadhyay,_Pant/Chapter6_1.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Elements_of_electrical_science_by_Mukopadhyay,_Pant/Chapter7.ipynb b/Elements_of_electrical_science_by_Mukopadhyay,_Pant/Chapter7.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Elements_of_electrical_science_by_Mukopadhyay,_Pant/Chapter7_1.ipynb b/Elements_of_electrical_science_by_Mukopadhyay,_Pant/Chapter7_1.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Elements_of_electrical_science_by_Mukopadhyay,_Pant/README.txt b/Elements_of_electrical_science_by_Mukopadhyay,_Pant/README.txt new file mode 100755 index 00000000..63dae00d --- /dev/null +++ b/Elements_of_electrical_science_by_Mukopadhyay,_Pant/README.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +Contributed By: Sai Kumar Madem +Course: btech +College/Institute/Organization: Honeywell +Department/Designation: Electrical Engineering +Book Title: Elements of electrical science +Author: Mukopadhyay, Pant +Publisher: Nem chand, Delhi +Year of publication: 1997 +Isbn: 978-8185240657 +Edition: 2 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Elements_of_electrical_science_by_Mukopadhyay,_Pant/screenshots/chapter2.png b/Elements_of_electrical_science_by_Mukopadhyay,_Pant/screenshots/chapter2.png old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Elements_of_electrical_science_by_Mukopadhyay,_Pant/screenshots/chapter2_1.png b/Elements_of_electrical_science_by_Mukopadhyay,_Pant/screenshots/chapter2_1.png old mode 100644 new 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a/Power_Electronics_Principles_&_Applications_by_J_M_Jacob/Chapter1_1.ipynb b/Power_Electronics_Principles_&_Applications_by_J_M_Jacob/Chapter1_1.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Power_Electronics_Principles_&_Applications_by_J_M_Jacob/Chapter2.ipynb b/Power_Electronics_Principles_&_Applications_by_J_M_Jacob/Chapter2.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Power_Electronics_Principles_&_Applications_by_J_M_Jacob/Chapter2_1.ipynb b/Power_Electronics_Principles_&_Applications_by_J_M_Jacob/Chapter2_1.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Power_Electronics_Principles_&_Applications_by_J_M_Jacob/Chapter3.ipynb b/Power_Electronics_Principles_&_Applications_by_J_M_Jacob/Chapter3.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Power_Electronics_Principles_&_Applications_by_J_M_Jacob/Chapter3_1.ipynb b/Power_Electronics_Principles_&_Applications_by_J_M_Jacob/Chapter3_1.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git 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a/Power_Electronics_Principles_&_Applications_by_J_M_Jacob/Chapter6_1.ipynb b/Power_Electronics_Principles_&_Applications_by_J_M_Jacob/Chapter6_1.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Power_Electronics_Principles_&_Applications_by_J_M_Jacob/Chapter7.ipynb b/Power_Electronics_Principles_&_Applications_by_J_M_Jacob/Chapter7.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Power_Electronics_Principles_&_Applications_by_J_M_Jacob/Chapter7_1.ipynb b/Power_Electronics_Principles_&_Applications_by_J_M_Jacob/Chapter7_1.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Power_Electronics_Principles_&_Applications_by_J_M_Jacob/Chapter8.ipynb b/Power_Electronics_Principles_&_Applications_by_J_M_Jacob/Chapter8.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Power_Electronics_Principles_&_Applications_by_J_M_Jacob/Chapter8_1.ipynb b/Power_Electronics_Principles_&_Applications_by_J_M_Jacob/Chapter8_1.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Power_Electronics_Principles_&_Applications_by_J_M_Jacob/Chapter9.ipynb b/Power_Electronics_Principles_&_Applications_by_J_M_Jacob/Chapter9.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Power_Electronics_Principles_&_Applications_by_J_M_Jacob/Chapter9_1.ipynb b/Power_Electronics_Principles_&_Applications_by_J_M_Jacob/Chapter9_1.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Power_Electronics_Principles_&_Applications_by_J_M_Jacob/screenshots/1.png b/Power_Electronics_Principles_&_Applications_by_J_M_Jacob/screenshots/1.png old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Power_Electronics_Principles_&_Applications_by_J_M_Jacob/screenshots/1_1.png b/Power_Electronics_Principles_&_Applications_by_J_M_Jacob/screenshots/1_1.png old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Power_Electronics_Principles_&_Applications_by_J_M_Jacob/screenshots/2.png b/Power_Electronics_Principles_&_Applications_by_J_M_Jacob/screenshots/2.png old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git 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--git a/Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/chapter10_3.ipynb b/Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/chapter10_3.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/chapter10_4.ipynb b/Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/chapter10_4.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/chapter10_5.ipynb b/Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/chapter10_5.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/chapter11_1.ipynb b/Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/chapter11_1.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/chapter11_2.ipynb b/Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/chapter11_2.ipynb old mode 100644 new 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b/Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/chapter13_2.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/chapter13_3.ipynb b/Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/chapter13_3.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/chapter13_4.ipynb b/Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/chapter13_4.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/chapter13_5.ipynb b/Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/chapter13_5.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/chapter14_1.ipynb b/Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/chapter14_1.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/chapter14_2.ipynb b/Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/chapter14_2.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/chapter14_3.ipynb b/Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/chapter14_3.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/chapter14_4.ipynb b/Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/chapter14_4.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/chapter14_5.ipynb b/Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/chapter14_5.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/chapter15_1.ipynb b/Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/chapter15_1.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 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a/Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/chapter21_5.ipynb b/Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/chapter21_5.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/chapter22_1.ipynb b/Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/chapter22_1.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/chapter22_2.ipynb b/Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/chapter22_2.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/chapter22_3.ipynb b/Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/chapter22_3.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/chapter22_4.ipynb b/Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/chapter22_4.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 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a/Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/screenshots/chapter8_dc_load_line_1.png b/Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/screenshots/chapter8_dc_load_line_1.png old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/screenshots/chapter8_dc_load_line_2.png b/Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/screenshots/chapter8_dc_load_line_2.png old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/screenshots/chapter8_dc_load_line_3.png b/Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/screenshots/chapter8_dc_load_line_3.png old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/screenshots/chapter8_dc_load_line_4.png b/Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/screenshots/chapter8_dc_load_line_4.png old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/screenshots/chapter8_dc_load_line_5.png b/Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/screenshots/chapter8_dc_load_line_5.png old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Principles_of_Mass_Transfer_and_Separation_Process_by_Binay_K._Dutta/Chapter2.ipynb b/Principles_of_Mass_Transfer_and_Separation_Process_by_Binay_K._Dutta/Chapter2.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Principles_of_Mass_Transfer_and_Separation_Process_by_Binay_K._Dutta/Chapter3.ipynb b/Principles_of_Mass_Transfer_and_Separation_Process_by_Binay_K._Dutta/Chapter3.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Principles_of_Mass_Transfer_and_Separation_Process_by_Binay_K._Dutta/Chapter4.ipynb b/Principles_of_Mass_Transfer_and_Separation_Process_by_Binay_K._Dutta/Chapter4.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Principles_of_Mass_Transfer_and_Separation_Process_by_Binay_K._Dutta/Chapter5.ipynb b/Principles_of_Mass_Transfer_and_Separation_Process_by_Binay_K._Dutta/Chapter5.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Principles_of_Mass_Transfer_and_Separation_Process_by_Binay_K._Dutta/screenshots/chapter2_Molecular_Diffusion_example_2.3_plot.png b/Principles_of_Mass_Transfer_and_Separation_Process_by_Binay_K._Dutta/screenshots/chapter2_Molecular_Diffusion_example_2.3_plot.png old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Principles_of_Mass_Transfer_and_Separation_Process_by_Binay_K._Dutta/screenshots/chapter2_Molecular_Diffusion_example_2.4_plot.png b/Principles_of_Mass_Transfer_and_Separation_Process_by_Binay_K._Dutta/screenshots/chapter2_Molecular_Diffusion_example_2.4_plot.png old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Principles_of_Mass_Transfer_and_Separation_Process_by_Binay_K._Dutta/screenshots/chapter4_Interphase_Mass_Transfer_example_4.5_plot.png b/Principles_of_Mass_Transfer_and_Separation_Process_by_Binay_K._Dutta/screenshots/chapter4_Interphase_Mass_Transfer_example_4.5_plot.png old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Principles_of_Physics_by_F.J.Bueche/Chapter1.ipynb b/Principles_of_Physics_by_F.J.Bueche/Chapter1.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Principles_of_Physics_by_F.J.Bueche/Chapter10.ipynb b/Principles_of_Physics_by_F.J.Bueche/Chapter10.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Principles_of_Physics_by_F.J.Bueche/Chapter10_1.ipynb b/Principles_of_Physics_by_F.J.Bueche/Chapter10_1.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Principles_of_Physics_by_F.J.Bueche/Chapter10_2.ipynb b/Principles_of_Physics_by_F.J.Bueche/Chapter10_2.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Principles_of_Physics_by_F.J.Bueche/Chapter11.ipynb b/Principles_of_Physics_by_F.J.Bueche/Chapter11.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Principles_of_Physics_by_F.J.Bueche/Chapter11_1.ipynb 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--git a/Principles_of_Physics_by_F.J.Bueche/Chapter6_1.ipynb b/Principles_of_Physics_by_F.J.Bueche/Chapter6_1.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Principles_of_Physics_by_F.J.Bueche/Chapter6_2.ipynb b/Principles_of_Physics_by_F.J.Bueche/Chapter6_2.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Principles_of_Physics_by_F.J.Bueche/Chapter7.ipynb b/Principles_of_Physics_by_F.J.Bueche/Chapter7.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 index 0925e948..2c6e6eeb --- a/Principles_of_Physics_by_F.J.Bueche/Chapter7.ipynb +++ b/Principles_of_Physics_by_F.J.Bueche/Chapter7.ipynb @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ "level": 1, "metadata": {}, "source": [ - "Chapter07: Motion in a Cirlce" + "Chapter07: Motion in a Circle" ] }, { @@ -430,4 +430,4 @@ "metadata": {} } ] -} \ No newline at end of file +} diff --git a/Principles_of_Physics_by_F.J.Bueche/Chapter7_1.ipynb b/Principles_of_Physics_by_F.J.Bueche/Chapter7_1.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Principles_of_Physics_by_F.J.Bueche/Chapter7_2.ipynb b/Principles_of_Physics_by_F.J.Bueche/Chapter7_2.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 index 85cf36f7..7e7a5ab7 --- a/Principles_of_Physics_by_F.J.Bueche/Chapter7_2.ipynb +++ b/Principles_of_Physics_by_F.J.Bueche/Chapter7_2.ipynb @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ - "# Chapter07: Motion in a Cirlce" + "# Chapter07: Motion in a Circle" ] }, { diff --git a/Principles_of_Physics_by_F.J.Bueche/Chapter8.ipynb b/Principles_of_Physics_by_F.J.Bueche/Chapter8.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Principles_of_Physics_by_F.J.Bueche/Chapter8_1.ipynb b/Principles_of_Physics_by_F.J.Bueche/Chapter8_1.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Principles_of_Physics_by_F.J.Bueche/Chapter9.ipynb b/Principles_of_Physics_by_F.J.Bueche/Chapter9.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Principles_of_Physics_by_F.J.Bueche/Chapter9_1.ipynb b/Principles_of_Physics_by_F.J.Bueche/Chapter9_1.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Principles_of_Physics_by_F.J.Bueche/Chapter9_2.ipynb b/Principles_of_Physics_by_F.J.Bueche/Chapter9_2.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/Principles_of_Physics_by_F.J.Bueche/README.txt b/Principles_of_Physics_by_F.J.Bueche/README.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..29071ea6 --- /dev/null +++ b/Principles_of_Physics_by_F.J.Bueche/README.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +Contributed By: Panshul Raghav +Course: btech +College/Institute/Organization: JSS Academy of Technical Education , noida +Department/Designation: Mechanical Engineering +Book Title: Principles of Physics +Author: F.J.Bueche +Publisher: McGraw-Hill Inc.,US +Year of publication: 1994 +Isbn: 0070088179 +Edition: 1 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Principles_of_Physics_by_F.J.Bueche/chapter12.ipynb b/Principles_of_Physics_by_F.J.Bueche/chapter12.ipynb old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git 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