From 92319e166bf1863f52f12a4b538671231b88b68d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Trupti Kini
Date: Sun, 6 Mar 2016 23:30:10 +0600
Subject: Added(A)/Deleted(D) following books  A 
 Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter10.ipynb A 
 Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter11.ipynb A 
 Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter12.ipynb A 
 Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter13.ipynb A 
 Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter14.ipynb A 
 Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter2.ipynb A 
 Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter3.ipynb A 
 Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter4.ipynb A 
 Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter5.ipynb A 
 Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter6.ipynb A 
 Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter7.ipynb A 
 Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter8.ipynb A 
 Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter9.ipynb A 
 Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/screenshots/1.png A 
 Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/screenshots/2.png A 
 Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/screenshots/3.png A 
 sample_notebooks/LalitKumar/Ch3.ipynb

---
 .../Chapter10.ipynb                                | 167 +++++
 .../Chapter11.ipynb                                | 143 +++++
 .../Chapter12.ipynb                                | 259 ++++++++
 .../Chapter13.ipynb                                | 185 ++++++
 .../Chapter14.ipynb                                | 210 +++++++
 .../Chapter2.ipynb                                 | 245 ++++++++
 .../Chapter3.ipynb                                 | 226 +++++++
 .../Chapter4.ipynb                                 | 218 +++++++
 .../Chapter5.ipynb                                 | 226 +++++++
 .../Chapter6.ipynb                                 | 246 ++++++++
 .../Chapter7.ipynb                                 | 334 ++++++++++
 .../Chapter8.ipynb                                 | 375 +++++++++++
 .../Chapter9.ipynb                                 | 242 ++++++++
 .../screenshots/1.png                              | Bin 0 -> 31224 bytes
 .../screenshots/2.png                              | Bin 0 -> 27951 bytes
 .../screenshots/3.png                              | Bin 0 -> 28110 bytes
 sample_notebooks/LalitKumar/Ch3.ipynb              | 683 +++++++++++++++++++++
 17 files changed, 3759 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter10.ipynb
 create mode 100644 Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter11.ipynb
 create mode 100644 Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter12.ipynb
 create mode 100644 Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter13.ipynb
 create mode 100644 Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter14.ipynb
 create mode 100644 Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter2.ipynb
 create mode 100644 Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter3.ipynb
 create mode 100644 Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter4.ipynb
 create mode 100644 Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter5.ipynb
 create mode 100644 Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter6.ipynb
 create mode 100644 Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter7.ipynb
 create mode 100644 Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter8.ipynb
 create mode 100644 Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter9.ipynb
 create mode 100644 Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/screenshots/1.png
 create mode 100644 Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/screenshots/2.png
 create mode 100644 Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/screenshots/3.png
 create mode 100644 sample_notebooks/LalitKumar/Ch3.ipynb

diff --git a/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter10.ipynb b/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter10.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8dbddd08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter10.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "# Chapter10 - Optical Amplifiers"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 10.1 : Page 254"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 1,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "refrative index is : 3.75\n",
+      "spectral bandwidth = 2.09 GHz\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "from math import pi, asin, sqrt\n",
+    "from __future__ import division\n",
+    "#refractive index and bandwidth\n",
+    "#given data :\n",
+    "lamda=1.55*10**-6## in m\n",
+    "del_lamda=1*10**-9## in m\n",
+    "L=320*10**-6## in m\n",
+    "n=(lamda)**2/(2*del_lamda*L)#\n",
+    "Gs=10**(5/10)## 5 dB is equivalent to 3.16\n",
+    "R1=30/100#\n",
+    "R2=R1#\n",
+    "c=3*10**8## in m/s\n",
+    "del_v=(c/(pi*n*L))*asin((1-(Gs*sqrt(R1*R2)))/(sqrt(4*Gs*sqrt(R1*R2))))#\n",
+    "print \"refrative index is : %0.2f\"%n\n",
+    "print \"spectral bandwidth = %0.2f GHz\"%(del_v*10**-9)\n",
+    "#bandwidth is calculated wrong in the textbook"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 10.2 : Page 260"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 2,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "small signal gain of EDFA = 32.91 dB\n",
+      "maximum possible achievable gain = 84.71 dB\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "from math import log10, exp\n",
+    "#small-signal gain of EDFA and maximum pssible achievable gain\n",
+    "ts=0.80##\n",
+    "sa=4.6444*10**-25##in m**2\n",
+    "n12=6*10**24##m**-3\n",
+    "se=4.644*10**-25##m**2\n",
+    "n21=0.70##\n",
+    "l=7##in meter\n",
+    "x=((sa*n12*l*(((se/sa)+1)*n21-1)))##\n",
+    "G=ts*exp(x)##\n",
+    "Gdb=10*log10(G)##\n",
+    "Gmax=exp(se*n12*l)##\n",
+    "Gmaxdb=10*log10(Gmax)##\n",
+    "print \"small signal gain of EDFA = %0.2f dB\"%Gdb\n",
+    "print \"maximum possible achievable gain = %0.2f dB\"%Gmaxdb"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 10.3 : Page 264"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 5,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "part (a)\n",
+      "output signal power for forward pumping = 4.60 micro Watt\n",
+      "part (b)\n",
+      "overall gain = 6.63 dB\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#output signal power and overall gain\n",
+    "print \"part (a)\"\n",
+    "psin=1*10**-6##in watts\n",
+    "ppin=1##in watts\n",
+    "gr=5*10**-14##mW**-1\n",
+    "ap1=60*10**-12##m**2\n",
+    "l=2000##meter\n",
+    "asdb=0.15##dB/km\n",
+    "As=3.39*10**-5##m**-1\n",
+    "apdb=0.20##db/km\n",
+    "ap=4.50*10**-5##m**-1\n",
+    "z=(1-exp(-ap*l))/ap##\n",
+    "y=(gr/ap1)##\n",
+    "y1=z*y##\n",
+    "y2=y1-(As*l)##\n",
+    "psl=psin*exp(y2)##\n",
+    "print \"output signal power for forward pumping = %0.2f micro Watt\"%(psl*10**6)\n",
+    "print \"part (b)\"\n",
+    "y1=z*y##\n",
+    "y2=y1-(As*l)##\n",
+    "psl=psin*exp(y2)##\n",
+    "gfra=psl/(psin)##\n",
+    "Gdb=10*log10(gfra)##\n",
+    "print \"overall gain = %0.2f dB\"%Gdb"
+   ]
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 2",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python2"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 2
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+   "version": "2.7.9"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter11.ipynb b/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter11.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..613347fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter11.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "# Chapter11 - Wavelength-division multiplexing"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 11.1 : Page 277"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 1,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "interaction length = 0.785 \n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "from __future__ import division\n",
+    "from math import sqrt, pi, asin\n",
+    "#interaction length \n",
+    "po=1##assume\n",
+    "p1=po/2##\n",
+    "p2=p1##\n",
+    "kl=asin(sqrt(p1))##in degree\n",
+    "print \"interaction length = %0.3f \"%kl\n",
+    "#answer is in the form of pi in the textbook"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 11.2 : Page 279"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 2,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "output port positioned at 0.7492  mm with respect to the input port will gather signals at h1=1310nm\n",
+      "output port positioned at 0.6117  mm with respect to the input port will gather signals at h1=1550nm\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#position \n",
+    "a=8.2##in micro meter\n",
+    "n1=1.45##\n",
+    "n2=1.446##\n",
+    "h1=1.31##in micro meter\n",
+    "h2=1.55##/in micro meter\n",
+    "v1=((2*pi*a*sqrt(n1**2-n2**2))/h1)##\n",
+    "v2=((2*pi*a*sqrt(n1**2-n2**2))/h2)##\n",
+    "db=2.439##\n",
+    "Del=5.5096*10**-3##\n",
+    "k1=1.0483##mm**-1##\n",
+    "k2=1.2839#/m**-1\n",
+    "l1=((pi)/(4*k1))##in mm\n",
+    "l2=((pi)/(4*k2))##in mm\n",
+    "print \"output port positioned at %0.4f\"%(l1),\" mm with respect to the input port will gather signals at h1=1310nm\"\n",
+    "print \"output port positioned at %0.4f\"%(l2),\" mm with respect to the input port will gather signals at h1=1550nm\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 11.4 : Page 286"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 3,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "required order of the arrayed waveguide, =  121.0\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "# ARRAYED GUIDE\n",
+    "#given data\n",
+    "c=3*10**8#\n",
+    "lamda_c=1.55*10**-6## in m\n",
+    "vc=c/lamda_c#\n",
+    "n=16## number of channel\n",
+    "f=100*10**9## in Hz\n",
+    "delV_FSR=n*f#\n",
+    "m=round(vc/delV_FSR)#\n",
+    "print \"required order of the arrayed waveguide, = \",m"
+   ]
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 2",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python2"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 2
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+   "version": "2.7.9"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter12.ipynb b/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter12.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e76e4fcc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter12.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,259 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "# Chapter12 - Fiber-optic communiation systems"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 12.1 : Page 299"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 1,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "maximum possible link length = 8.00 km\n",
+      "total rise time of the system in ns is 30.0\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "from __future__ import division\n",
+    "from math import sqrt, pi\n",
+    "#link length and reise time\n",
+    "af=2.5##dB/km\n",
+    "ac=0.5##dB/splice\n",
+    "nc=1##\n",
+    "lc=1##dB\n",
+    "ncc=2##\n",
+    "plx=-10##dBm\n",
+    "prx=-42##dBm\n",
+    "Ms=6##dB\n",
+    "L=((plx-prx-Ms-(lc*ncc))/(af+ac))##\n",
+    "TTX=12##NS\n",
+    "TRX=11##NS\n",
+    "NS1=3##NS/KM\n",
+    "NS2=1##NS/KM\n",
+    "tmat=(NS1*L)##ns\n",
+    "tint=(NS2*L)##ns\n",
+    "tsys=sqrt((TTX**2+tmat**2+tint**2+TRX**2))##ns\n",
+    "print\"maximum possible link length = %0.2f km\"% L\n",
+    "print \"total rise time of the system in ns is\",round(tsys)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 12.2: Page 305"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 2,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "part (a)\n",
+      "maximum possible link length = 4.71 km\n",
+      "part (b)\n",
+      "system bandwidth = 8.00 MHz\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "## link length and bandwidth\n",
+    "print \"part (a)\"\n",
+    "af=3##dB/km\n",
+    "ac=0.5##dB/splice\n",
+    "nc=1##\n",
+    "lc=1##dB\n",
+    "ncc=1.5##\n",
+    "plx=0##dBm\n",
+    "prx=-25##dBm\n",
+    "Ms=7##dB\n",
+    "L=((plx-prx-Ms-(lc*ncc))/(af+ac))##\n",
+    "TTX=12##NS\n",
+    "TRX=11##NS\n",
+    "NS1=3##NS/KM\n",
+    "NS2=1##NS/KM\n",
+    "tmat=(NS1*L)##ns\n",
+    "tint=(NS2*L)##ns\n",
+    "tsys=sqrt((TTX**2+tmat**2+tint**2+TRX**2))##ns\n",
+    "print \"maximum possible link length = %0.2f km\"%L\n",
+    "print \"part (b)\"\n",
+    "af=3##dB/km\n",
+    "ac=0.5##dB/splice\n",
+    "nc=1##\n",
+    "lc=1##dB\n",
+    "ncc=1.5##\n",
+    "plx=-0##dBm\n",
+    "prx=-25##dBm\n",
+    "Ms=7##dB\n",
+    "L=((plx-prx-Ms-(lc*ncc))/(af+ac))##\n",
+    "TTX=1##NS\n",
+    "TRX=5##NS\n",
+    "NS1=9##NS/KM\n",
+    "NS2=2##NS/KM\n",
+    "tf=((NS1*L)**2+(NS2*L)**2)##\n",
+    "tsys=sqrt((TTX**2+tf+TRX**2))##ns\n",
+    "df=0.35/(tsys*10**-3)##\n",
+    "print \"system bandwidth = %0.2f MHz\"%round(df)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 12.3 : Page 310"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 3,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "no. of subscribers are 38.0\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "from math import log10\n",
+    "#no. of subscribers\n",
+    "pt=1##mW\n",
+    "pn=-40##dBm\n",
+    "pn1=10**(pn/10)##\n",
+    "c=0.05##\n",
+    "d=0.11##\n",
+    "x=((pn1)/(pt*c))##\n",
+    "y=((log10(x))/(log10((1-d)*(1-c))))##\n",
+    "n=y+1##\n",
+    "print \"no. of subscribers are\",round(n)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 12.4: Page 311"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 4,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Total power, P_tot = 92.4 mW\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "# Total power\n",
+    "#given data :\n",
+    "L_eff=20## in km\n",
+    "del_lamdaC=125## in nm\n",
+    "gR=6*10**-14## m/W\n",
+    "A_eff=55*10**-12## in m**2#\n",
+    "del_lamdaS=0.8## in nm\n",
+    "N=32## number of channels\n",
+    "F=0.1##  constant\n",
+    "P_tot=(4*F*del_lamdaC*A_eff)/(gR*del_lamdaS*L_eff*(N-1))#\n",
+    "print \"Total power, P_tot = %0.1f mW\"%P_tot"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 12.5 : Page 312"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 5,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "SBS threshold power for the worst case = 8.66 mW\n",
+      "SBS threshold power for the best possible case = 17.33 mW\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#SBS threshold power\n",
+    "#given data :\n",
+    "gb=4*10**-11## in m/W\n",
+    "A_eff=55*10**-12## in m**2\n",
+    "L_eff=20## in km\n",
+    "lamda_p=1.55## micro-m\n",
+    "n=1.46## constant\n",
+    "Va=5960## for the silica fiber in m-s**-1\n",
+    "Vb=(2*n*Va)/lamda_p#\n",
+    "del_v=100*10**6## in Hz\n",
+    "del_Vb=20*10**6## in Hz\n",
+    "b1=1#\n",
+    "b2=2#\n",
+    "P_th=((21*b1*A_eff)/(gb*L_eff))*(1+(del_v/del_Vb))\n",
+    "P_th1=((21*b2*A_eff)/(gb*L_eff))*(1+(del_v/del_Vb))\n",
+    "print \"SBS threshold power for the worst case = %0.2f mW\"%P_th\n",
+    "print \"SBS threshold power for the best possible case = %0.2f mW\"%P_th1"
+   ]
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 2",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python2"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 2
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+   "version": "2.7.9"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter13.ipynb b/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter13.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6d9c9985
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter13.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "# Chapter13 - Fiber-optic sensors"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 13.1: Page 327"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 24,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "image/png": 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PiLiElE64Kpf/yqbhDyfdbPSHXHV4OQtfURaH/TrwxVx99llSELiPVCtyJ2kdlZZF0g6k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\nJOlRSXcUulUuP0lH5G11pqQ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+      "text/plain": [
+       "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7f99806ea310>"
+      ]
+     },
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "display_data"
+    },
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "image/png": 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fqDewpD7ge8A0YFNgb0mb1OnvWOBioKcPO5jV41RqNjKlnhOVtAHwAWAHYFLu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\nzEbIjaiZmdkIuRE1MzMbof8PySGnWagyTa8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=\n",
+      "text/plain": [
+       "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7f9980722d50>"
+      ]
+     },
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "display_data"
+    },
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "image/png": 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kdYBfRMTuA0w3CeiNiMm5+2hgYUQcXxjnd8DXI+LG3H0NcFREzKia11TghYj4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\nZtYEDqhmZmZN4IBqZmbWBP8ftXlamgMlDP4AAAAASUVORK5CYII=\n",
+      "text/plain": [
+       "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7f99806db610>"
+      ]
+     },
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "display_data"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#plot\n",
+    "lod=[0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 160] #in micro meter\n",
+    "slong=[1.0, 0.95, 0.92, 0.89, 0.86, 0.83, 0.80]\n",
+    "lad=[0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100] #in micro meter\n",
+    "slat=[0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0]\n",
+    "add=[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]\n",
+    "sang=[0, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, .12]\n",
+    "from numpy import arange\n",
+    "t=arange(0,201,20)\n",
+    "s1=arange(1.0,0.7,-0.03)\n",
+    "%matplotlib inline\n",
+    "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot, subplot, title, xlabel, ylabel, show\n",
+    "#subplot(131)\n",
+    "plot(t,s1)\n",
+    "title(\"Variation of Slong as a function of delta x (with deltay=fi and delta theta=fi) \")\n",
+    "xlabel(\"Longitudinal displacement delta x (micro meter)\")\n",
+    "ylabel(\"Slong (normalised)\")\n",
+    "show()\n",
+    "t1=arange(0,101,10)\n",
+    "s2=arange(1,-0.1,-0.1)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#subplot(132)\n",
+    "plot(t1,s2)##\n",
+    "title(\"Variation of Slat as a function of delta y (with deltax=fi and delta theta=fi) \")\n",
+    "xlabel(\"Lateral displacement delta y (micro meter)\")\n",
+    "ylabel(\"Slat (normalised)\")\n",
+    "show()\n",
+    "t2=arange(0,11,1)\n",
+    "s3=arange(1.0,0.7,-0.03)\n",
+    "#subplot(133)\n",
+    "plot(t2,s3)##\n",
+    "title(\"Variation of Sang as a function of delta theta (with deltax=fi and deltay=fi) \")\n",
+    "xlabel(\"Angular displacement delta theta (deg)\")\n",
+    "ylabel(\"Sang (normalised)\")\n",
+    "show()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 13.2: Page 332"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 25,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "phase change = 106.60 rad/m°C\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "from math import sqrt, pi\n",
+    "#phase change\n",
+    "#given data :\n",
+    "n=1.45## index of core\n",
+    "a=10**-5## in C**-1\n",
+    "b=5.1*10**-7## in C**-1\n",
+    "lamda=.633*10**-6## in m\n",
+    "# formula:- (1/L)*(del_fi/del_T)=((2*PI)/lamda)[(n/L)*(del_L/del_T)+(del_n/del_T)]\n",
+    "#let we assume a=del_n/del_T, b=(1/L)*(del_L/del_T), c=(1/L)*(del_fi/del_T)\n",
+    "c=((2*pi)/lamda)*((n*b)+a)#\n",
+    "print \"phase change = %0.2f rad/m°C\"%c"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 13.3: Page 335"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 26,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "phase shift, del_fi = 8.99e-05 rad\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#phase shift\n",
+    "#given data :\n",
+    "L=500## in m\n",
+    "D=0.1##in m\n",
+    "ohm=7.3*10**-5## in rad s**-1\n",
+    "lamda=0.85*10**-6## in m\n",
+    "c=3*10**8## in m/s\n",
+    "del_fi=(2*pi*L*D*ohm)/(c*lamda)#\n",
+    "print \"phase shift, del_fi = %0.2e rad\"%del_fi"
+   ]
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 2",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python2"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 2
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+   "version": "2.7.9"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter14.ipynb b/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter14.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..86ebfbec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter14.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "# Chapter14 - Laser-based systems"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 14.1 : Page 351"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 3,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "part (a)\n",
+      "energy = 1.7 J cm**-2\n",
+      "part (b)\n",
+      "threshold energy = 113.9 J cm**-2\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#energy and threshold electrical energy\n",
+    "print \"part (a)\"\n",
+    "no=1.9*10**19##cm**-3##\n",
+    "hc=6.6*10**-34##\n",
+    "v=5.45*10**14##Hz\n",
+    "av=2##\n",
+    "nv=1##\n",
+    "n2=no/2##\n",
+    "eng=((n2*hc*v)/(av*nv))## J cm**-2\n",
+    "print \"energy = %0.1f J cm**-2\"%eng\n",
+    "print \"part (b)\"\n",
+    "oe=0.50##\n",
+    "mr=0.15##\n",
+    "lr=0.20##\n",
+    "teng=eng/(oe*mr*lr)##\n",
+    "print \"threshold energy = %0.1f J cm**-2\"%teng\n",
+    "#electrical energy is calculated wrong in the textbook"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 14.3 : Page 360"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 4,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "maximum power = 157028.23 MW\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "from __future__ import division\n",
+    "from math import log, exp\n",
+    "#output power\n",
+    "h=0.6943*10**-6##\n",
+    "lm=10##in cm\n",
+    "r1=1.0##\n",
+    "r2=0.8##\n",
+    "t1=0.98##\n",
+    "As=1##cm**2##\n",
+    "Ls=2##cm\n",
+    "gth=((1/(2*lm))*log((1/(r1*r2*(t1)**8))))+(As*Ls)/lm##\n",
+    "sg=1.5*10**-20##\n",
+    "ndth=gth/sg##cm**-3##\n",
+    "nth=ndth*As*lm##atoms\n",
+    "ni=5*nth##atoms\n",
+    "ng=1.78##\n",
+    "ns=2.7##\n",
+    "lair=2##\n",
+    "c=3*10**10##\n",
+    "trt=((2*ng*lm)/c)+((2*ns*Ls)/c)+((2*lair)/c)##seconds\n",
+    "npmax=((ni-nth)/2)-(nth/2)*log(ni/nth)##photons\n",
+    "L=14##cm\n",
+    "at=((As*Ls)/L)+((1/(2*L))*log(1/(r1*t1**8)))##\n",
+    "aext=((1/(2*L))*log(1/r2))##\n",
+    "tp=((trt)/(1-(r1*r2*t1**8*exp(-2*As*Ls))))##seconds\n",
+    "hc=6.6*10**-34##\n",
+    "pmax=((aext/at)*hc*c*npmax)/(h*tp)##in watts\n",
+    "print \"maximum power = %0.2f MW\"%(pmax*10**-6)\n",
+    "#answer is wrong in the textbook"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 14.4 : Page 365"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 5,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "part (a)\n",
+      "pulse width,del_v = 0.67 ns\n",
+      "spatial length, Lp = 20.00 cm \n",
+      "part (b)\n",
+      "pulse width, del_v = 16.67 ps\n",
+      "spatial length, Lp = 5.00 mm\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#pulse width and spatial length \n",
+    "print \"part (a)\"\n",
+    "#given data :\n",
+    "del_v=1.5*10**9## in Hz\n",
+    "tau_p=1/del_v#\n",
+    "C=3*10**8## constant\n",
+    "print \"pulse width,del_v = %0.2f ns\"%(tau_p*10**9)\n",
+    "Lp=C*tau_p#\n",
+    "print \"spatial length, Lp = %0.2f cm \"%(Lp*10**2)\n",
+    "#spatial length is calculated wrong in the textbook\n",
+    "print \"part (b)\"\n",
+    "del_v=6*10**10## in Hz\n",
+    "tau_p=1/del_v#\n",
+    "C=3*10**8## constant\n",
+    "print \"pulse width, del_v = %0.2f ps\"%(tau_p*10**12)\n",
+    "Lp=C*tau_p*10**3#\n",
+    "print \"spatial length, Lp = %0.2f mm\"%(Lp)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 14.5 : Page 366"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 6,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "time difference is = 0.44 micro-seconds\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#time difference\n",
+    "n=1.33##\n",
+    "x=2##\n",
+    "l=50##m\n",
+    "c=3*10**8##m/s\n",
+    "dt=((n*x*l)/c)##s\n",
+    "print \"time difference is = %0.2f micro-seconds\"%(dt*10**6)"
+   ]
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 2",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python2"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 2
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+   "version": "2.7.9"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter2.ipynb b/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter2.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..37280337
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter2.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "# Chapter2 - Ray propagation in optical fiber"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 2.1 : Page 21"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 3,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "part (a)\n",
+      "numerical aperture is 0.244\n",
+      "part (b)\n",
+      "angle αm = 14.13 degree\n",
+      "angle Om = 9.37 degree\n",
+      "angle Φc = 80.63 degree\n",
+      "part (c)\n",
+      "pulse broadning per unit length = 6.76e-11 sm**-1\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "from math import degrees, asin, sqrt\n",
+    "#NA ,angles and pulse broadning\n",
+    "print \"part (a)\"\n",
+    "n1=1.5##core refrative index\n",
+    "n2=1.48##claddin refractive index\n",
+    "a=100/2##radius in micro meter\n",
+    "na=1##air refrative index\n",
+    "NA=sqrt(n1**2-n2**2)##numerical aperture\n",
+    "print \"numerical aperture is %0.3f\"%NA\n",
+    "print \"part (b)\"\n",
+    "am=(asin(NA))##\n",
+    "tm=asin(NA/n1)##\n",
+    "tc=asin(n2/n1)##\n",
+    "print \"angle αm = %0.2f degree\"%degrees(am)\n",
+    "print \"angle Om = %0.2f degree\"%degrees(tm)\n",
+    "print \"angle Φc = %0.2f degree\"%degrees(tc)\n",
+    "print \"part (c)\"\n",
+    "c=3*10**8##speed of light in m/s\n",
+    "dtl=((n1/n2)*(n1-n2)/c)##pulse broadning per unit length\n",
+    "print \"pulse broadning per unit length = %0.2e sm**-1\"%dtl"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 2.2 : Page 22"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 5,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "all other rays will suffer reflections between these two extremes of : 0  and  1650.0  m**-1\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "from math import tan\n",
+    "#minimum and maximum number of reflections\n",
+    "n1=1.5##core refrative index\n",
+    "n2=1.48##claddin refractive index\n",
+    "a=100/2##radius in micro meter\n",
+    "na=1##air refrative index\n",
+    "NA=sqrt(n1**2-n2**2)##numerical aperture\n",
+    "am=(asin(NA))##\n",
+    "tm=asin(NA/n1)##\n",
+    "tc=asin(n2/n1)##\n",
+    "L=((a*10**-6)/(tan(tm)))##length in meter\n",
+    "x=(1/(2*L))##maximum number of reflections per meter\n",
+    "print \"all other rays will suffer reflections between these two extremes of :\",(0),\" and \",round(x),\" m**-1\"\n",
+    "#answer is wrong in the textbook"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 2.3 : Page 27"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 6,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "pulse broadning = 2.45 ns km**-1\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#pulse broadning\n",
+    "h=0.85##WAVELENGTH IN MICRO METER\n",
+    "y=0.035##spectral width\n",
+    "c=0.021##constant\n",
+    "cl=3##speed of light in m/s\n",
+    "dtl=(y/cl)*c##\n",
+    "print \"pulse broadning = %0.2f ns km**-1\"%(dtl*10**4)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 2.4 : Page 27"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 7,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "part (a)\n",
+      "material dispersion = 253.20 ns when h=850nm\n",
+      "part (b)\n",
+      "material dispersion = 6.72 ns when h=1300nm\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#pulse broadning\n",
+    "print \"part (a)\"\n",
+    "h=850##WAVELENGTH IN NANO METER\n",
+    "l=80##fiber length in Km\n",
+    "dh=30##in Nano Meter\n",
+    "m1=105.5##material dispersion for h=850nm in ps/nm-Km\n",
+    "m2=2.8##material dispersion for h=1300nm in ps/nm-Km\n",
+    "t=m1*l*dh*10**-3##material dispersion in ns when h=850nm\n",
+    "print \"material dispersion = %0.2f ns when h=850nm\"%t\n",
+    "print \"part (b)\"\n",
+    "h=1300##WAVELENGTH IN NANO METER\n",
+    "l=80##fiber length in Km\n",
+    "dh=30##in Nano Meter\n",
+    "m1=105.5##material dispersion for h=850nm in ps/nm-Km\n",
+    "m2=2.8##material dispersion for h=1300nm in ps/nm-Km\n",
+    "t=m2*l*dh*10**-3##material dispersion in ns when h=850nm\n",
+    "print \"material dispersion = %0.2f ns when h=1300nm\"%t"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 2.5 : Page 28"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 9,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "part (a)\n",
+      "material dispersion = 16.88 ns when h=850nm\n",
+      "part (b)\n",
+      "material dispersion = 0.448 ns when h=1300nm\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "# pulse broadning\n",
+    "print \"part (a)\"\n",
+    "h=850##WAVELENGTH IN NANO METER\n",
+    "l=80##fiber length in Km\n",
+    "dh=2##in Nano Meter\n",
+    "m1=105.5##material dispersion for h=850nm in ps/nm-Km\n",
+    "m2=2.8##material dispersion for h=1300nm in ps/nm-Km\n",
+    "t=m1*l*dh*10**-3##material dispersion in ns when h=850nm\n",
+    "print \"material dispersion = %0.2f ns when h=850nm\"%t\n",
+    "print \"part (b)\"\n",
+    "h=1300##WAVELENGTH IN NANO METER\n",
+    "l=80##fiber length in Km\n",
+    "dh=2##in Nano Meter\n",
+    "m1=105.5##material dispersion for h=850nm in ps/nm-Km\n",
+    "m2=2.8##material dispersion for h=1300nm in ps/nm-Km\n",
+    "t=m2*l*dh*10**-3##material dispersion in ns when h=850nm\n",
+    "print \"material dispersion = %0.3f ns when h=1300nm\"%t"
+   ]
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 2",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python2"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 2
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+   "version": "2.7.9"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter3.ipynb b/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter3.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9d40ec6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter3.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,226 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "# Chapter3 - Wave propagation in planor waveguides"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 3.1 : Page 45"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 1,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "range of propagation constant is 1.10880e+07  to 1.1014e+07  m**-1\n",
+      "number of modes are 4.0\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "from math import pi, sqrt\n",
+    "#range of propagation constants and maximum no. of modes\n",
+    "n1=1.5##core refractive index\n",
+    "n2=1.49##cladding refrative index\n",
+    "t=9.83##thickness of guided layer in micro meter\n",
+    "h=0.85##wavelength in µm\n",
+    "b1=((2*pi*n1)/(h*10**-6))##phase propagation constant in m**-1\n",
+    "b2=((2*pi*n2)/(h*10**-6))##phase propagation constant in m**-1\n",
+    "m=((4*t)/h)*(sqrt(n1**2-n2**2))##number of modes\n",
+    "print \"range of propagation constant is %0.5e\"%(b1),\" to %0.4e\"%(b2),\" m**-1\"\n",
+    "print\"number of modes are\",round(m/2)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 3.2 : Page 51"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 2,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "thicknes of the slab should not be greater than 0.794  µm\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "from math import sqrt\n",
+    "#thickness\n",
+    "n1=3.6##core refractive index\n",
+    "n2=3.56##cladding refrative index\n",
+    "h=0.85##wavelength in µm\n",
+    "a=((h/(2*sqrt(n1**2-n2**2))))##thickness in µm\n",
+    "print \"thicknes of the slab should not be greater than %0.3f\"%(a),\" µm\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 3.3 : Page 52"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 3,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "part (a)\n",
+      "number of modes are :  5.0\n",
+      "part (b)\n",
+      "m \tuma(rad) \tum(m**-1) \twma(rad) \twm(m**-1) \tbm((wma/v)**2] \t\n",
+      "\n",
+      "0      1.30644         2.5845e+05        4.8263         9.5476e+05        0.93077\n",
+      "1      2.59574         5.1350e+05        4.27342         8.4538e+05        0.72974\n",
+      "2      3.83747         7.5914e+05        3.20529         6.3408e+05        0.41053\n",
+      "3      4.9063         9.7058e+05        0.963466         1.9060e+05        0.03709\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "from math import pi, sqrt\n",
+    "#no. of modes\n",
+    "print \"part (a)\"\n",
+    "n1=1.5##core refractive index\n",
+    "n2=1.48##cladding refrative index\n",
+    "t=10.11##thickness of guided layer in micro meter\n",
+    "h=1.55##wavelength in µm\n",
+    "b1=((2*pi*n1)/(h*10**-6))##phase propagation constant in m**-1\n",
+    "b2=((2*pi*n2)/(h*10**-6))##phase propagation constant in m**-1\n",
+    "m=((2*pi*t)/h)*(sqrt(n1**2-n2**2))##number of modes\n",
+    "print \"number of modes are : \",round(m/2)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "print \"part (b)\"\n",
+    "t1=10.11##thickness of guided layer in micro meter\n",
+    "t=t1/2#\n",
+    "h=1.55##wavelength in µm\n",
+    "b1=((2*pi*n1)/(h*10**-6))##phase propagation constant in m**-1\n",
+    "b2=((2*pi*n2)/(h*10**-6))##phase propagation constant in m**-1\n",
+    "mo=(((2*pi*t1)/h)*(sqrt(n1**2-n2**2)))/2##number of modes\n",
+    "uma0=1.30644## for m=0 from the curve\n",
+    "uma1=2.59574## for m=1 from the curve\n",
+    "uma2=3.83747## for m=2 from the curve\n",
+    "uma3=4.9063## for m=3 from the curve\n",
+    "wma0=4.8263## for m=0 from the curve\n",
+    "wma1=4.27342## for m=1 from the curve\n",
+    "wma2=3.20529## for m=2 from the curve\n",
+    "wma3=0.963466## for m=3 from the curve\n",
+    "um0=uma0/(t*10**-6)##in m**-1\n",
+    "um1=uma1/(t*10**-6)##in m**-1\n",
+    "um2=uma2/(t*10**-6)##in m**-1\n",
+    "um3=uma3/(t*10**-6)##in m**-1\n",
+    "wm0=wma0/(t*10**-6)##in m**-1\n",
+    "wm1=wma1/(t*10**-6)##in m**-1\n",
+    "wm2=wma2/(t*10**-6)##in m**-1\n",
+    "wm3=wma3/(t*10**-6)##in m**-1\n",
+    "bm0=((wm0*t*10**-6)/mo)**2##for m=0 \n",
+    "bm1=((wm1*t*10**-6)/mo)**2##for m=1\n",
+    "bm2=((wm2*t*10**-6)/mo)**2##for m=2 \n",
+    "bm3=((wm3*t*10**-6)/mo)**2##for m=3\n",
+    "m0=sqrt((bm0*(b1**2-b2**2))+b2**2)##for m=0 in m**-1\n",
+    "m1=sqrt((bm1*(b1**2-b2**2))+b2**2)##for m=1 in m**-1\n",
+    "m2=sqrt((bm2*(b1**2-b2**2))+b2**2)##for m=2 in m**-1\n",
+    "m3=sqrt((bm3*(b1**2-b2**2))+b2**2)##for m=3 in m**-1\n",
+    "params = [\"m\", \"uma(rad)\", \"um(m**-1)\", \"wma(rad)\", \"wm(m**-1)\", \"bm((wma/v)**2]\" ]\n",
+    "for x in params:\n",
+    "    print x,'\\t',\n",
+    "\n",
+    "print '\\n'\n",
+    "a = range(0,4)\n",
+    "b = [uma0, uma1, uma2, uma3]\n",
+    "c = [um0, um1, um2, um3]\n",
+    "d = [wma0, wma1, wma2, wma3]\n",
+    "e = [wm0, wm1, wm2, wm3]\n",
+    "f = [bm0, bm1, bm2, bm3]\n",
+    "from numpy import nditer\n",
+    "for k,l,m,n,o,p in nditer([a,b,c,d,e,f]) :\n",
+    "    print k,'    ',l,'        %0.4e'%m,'      ',n,'        %0.4e'%o,'       %0.5f'%p\n"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 3.4 : Page 56"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 4,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "G factor is 0.5622\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "from math import sin, cos, pi\n",
+    "#G factor\n",
+    "d=0.793##in micro meter\n",
+    "v=pi/2##point of intersection\n",
+    "ua=0.934##\n",
+    "wa=1.262##\n",
+    "Y=(wa*(1+(sin(ua*pi/180))*(cos(ua*pi/180))/ua))\n",
+    "G=(1+((cos(ua*pi/180))**2)/Y)**(-1)\n",
+    "print \"G factor is %0.4f\"%G\n",
+    "#answer is wrong in the textbook"
+   ]
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 2",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python2"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 2
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+   "version": "2.7.9"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter4.ipynb b/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter4.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8a02517e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter4.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "# Chapter4 - Wave propagation in cylindrical waveguides"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 4.1 : Page 70"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 1,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "part (a)\n",
+      "normalised frequency parameter = 3.01\n",
+      "part (b)\n",
+      "propogation constants are Bo1 = 5.911e+06  and B11 = 5.885e+06\n",
+      "part (c)\n",
+      "phase velocity are (Vp)01 = 2.06e+08   ms**-1 and (Vp)11 = 2.07e+08  ms**-1 \n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "from __future__ import division\n",
+    "from math import pi, sqrt\n",
+    "#normalised frequency,propagation constants and phase velocity\n",
+    "print \"part (a)\"\n",
+    "n1=1.46#core refrative index\n",
+    "di=7.2#core diameter \n",
+    "n=1.46#core refrative index\n",
+    "d=1#relative differnce\n",
+    "h=1.55 # in micro meter\n",
+    "v=((2*pi*(di*10**-6)/2)*n*sqrt(2*(d/100)))/(h*10**-6)#normalised frequency parameter\n",
+    "print \"normalised frequency parameter = %0.2f\"%v\n",
+    "print \"part (b)\"\n",
+    "b1=(2*pi*n1)/(h*10**-6)# in m**-1\n",
+    "n2=n1-(d/100)#cladding refrative index\n",
+    "b2=(2*pi*n2)/(h*10**-6)# in m**-1\n",
+    "bo1=0.82#\n",
+    "b11=0.18#\n",
+    "B01=(b2**2+(bo1*(b1**2-b2**2)))**(1/2)#\n",
+    "B11=(b2**2+(b11*(b1**2-b2**2)))**(1/2)#\n",
+    "print \"propogation constants are Bo1 = %0.3e\"%(B01),\" and B11 = %0.3e\"%(B11)\n",
+    "#propogation constants are  calculated wrong in the text bOOK\n",
+    "print \"part (c)\"\n",
+    "c=3*10**8# in ms**-1\n",
+    "vp1=(2*pi*c)/(h*10**-6*B01)#IN MS**-1\n",
+    "vp2=(2*pi*c)/(h*10**-6*B11)#IN MS**-1\n",
+    "print \"phase velocity are (Vp)01 = %0.2e \"%(vp1),\" ms**-1 and (Vp)11 = %0.2e\"%(vp2),\" ms**-1 \""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 4.2 : Page 73"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 2,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "power for LP01 mode is = 11 %\n",
+      "power for LP11 mode is = 35 %\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#frational power\n",
+    "p01=0.11#from the graph\n",
+    "p11=0.347#from the graph\n",
+    "print \"power for LP01 mode is = %0.f %%\"%(p01*100)\n",
+    "print \"power for LP11 mode is = %0.f %%\" %(p11*100)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 4.3 : Page 76"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 3,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Number of modes : 1974\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#Number of the modes\n",
+    "h= 0.85# Wavelenght in micrometers\n",
+    "a= 50# Core radius in micrometers\n",
+    "NA=0.17#\n",
+    "v1=(2*pi*a*NA)/h#\n",
+    "m2= round((v1**2)/2)#\n",
+    "print \"Number of modes : %d\"%m2"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 4.4 : Page 76"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 4,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "core diameter = 62 micro meter\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#core diameter\n",
+    "d=0.02#difference\n",
+    "n1=1.5#core refrative index\n",
+    "m=1000# number of modes\n",
+    "h= 1.3# Wavelenght in micrometers\n",
+    "a=((h/(pi*n1))*(m/d)**(1/2))#core diamter in micro meter\n",
+    "print \"core diameter = %0.f micro meter\"%a"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 4.5 : Page 76"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 5,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "maximum core diameter = 4.82 micro meter\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#core diameter\n",
+    "d=0.02#difference\n",
+    "a1=75#in micro meter\n",
+    "n1=1.45#core refrative index\n",
+    "m=700# number of modes\n",
+    "v=sqrt(4*m)#\n",
+    "h=((2*pi*(a1/2)*n1*sqrt(2*(d/100)))/v)#in micro meter\n",
+    "vc=2.405*sqrt(2)#for single mode fiber\n",
+    "a=((vc*h)/(pi*n1*sqrt(2*(d/100))))#core diamter in micro meter\n",
+    "print \"maximum core diameter = %0.2f micro meter\"%a"
+   ]
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 2",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python2"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 2
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+   "version": "2.7.9"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter5.ipynb b/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter5.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..34442a71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter5.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,226 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "# Chapter5 - Single mode fibers"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 5.1 : Page 86"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 1,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      " w = 4.7086 and wp = 4.6184 micro meter when wavelength is 1.30 micro meter\n",
+      " w = 5.5109 and wp = 5.3570 micro meter when wavelength is 1.55 micro meter\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "from __future__ import division\n",
+    "from math import pi, sqrt\n",
+    "#w and wp\n",
+    "n=1.46#core refractive index\n",
+    "d=0.003#differnce in core-cladding refrative index\n",
+    "a=4#core radius in micro meter\n",
+    "h1=1.30# inmicro meter\n",
+    "h2=1.55#in micro meter\n",
+    "v1=((2*pi*(a*10**-6))*n*sqrt(2*(d)))/(h1*10**-6)#normalised frequency parameter\n",
+    "v2=((2*pi*(a*10**-6))*n*sqrt(2*(d)))/(h2*10**-6)#normalised frequency parameter\n",
+    "w1=(a*10**-6)*(0.65+((1.619)/(v1)**(3/2))+(2.879/(v1)**6))#in meter\n",
+    "wp1=w1-(a*10**-6)*(0.016+((1.567)/(v1)**7))#in micro meter\n",
+    "w2=(a*10**-6)*(0.65+((1.619)/(v2)**(3/2))+(2.879/(v2)**6))#in meter\n",
+    "wp2=w2-(a*10**-6)*(0.016+((1.567)/(v2)**7))#in micro meter\n",
+    "print \" w = %0.4f\"%(w1*10**6),\"and wp = %0.4f\"%(wp1*10**6),\"micro meter when wavelength is 1.30 micro meter\"\n",
+    "print \" w = %0.4f\"%(w2*10**6),\"and wp = %0.4f\"%(wp2*10**6),\"micro meter when wavelength is 1.55 micro meter\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 5.2 : Page 88"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 2,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "part (a)\n",
+      "difference between propogation constant = 62.83 m**-1\n",
+      "part (b)\n",
+      "modal birefringence = 1e-05\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#difference between propogation constant and modal birefringence\n",
+    "print \"part (a)\"\n",
+    "bl=10#beat length in cm\n",
+    "h=1#in micro meter\n",
+    "db=((2*pi)/(bl*10**-2))#in m**-1\n",
+    "print \"difference between propogation constant = %0.2f m**-1\"%db\n",
+    "print \"part (b)\"\n",
+    "mb=db*((h*10**-6)/(2*pi))#modal birefringence\n",
+    "print \"modal birefringence = %0.e\"%mb\n",
+    "#answer is approximately equal to the answer in the book"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 5.3 : Page 93"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 3,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      " waveguide dispersion factor = -3.149 ps nm**-1 km**-1 at wavelength 1.3 micro meter\n",
+      " waveguide dispersion factor = -5.537 ps nm**-1 km**-1 at wavelength 1.55 micro meter\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#waveguide dispersion factor\n",
+    "n=1.45#core refractive index\n",
+    "d=0.003#differnce in core-cladding refrative index\n",
+    "n2=1.45*(1-d)#cladding refractive index\n",
+    "d1=8.2#core diameter in micro meter\n",
+    "a=d1/2#core radius in micro meter\n",
+    "h1=1.30# inmicro meter\n",
+    "h2=1.55#in micro meter\n",
+    "v1=(2*pi*a*n*sqrt(2*d))/h1#normalised frequency parameter\n",
+    "v2=((2*pi*(a))*n*sqrt(2*(d)))/(h2)#normalised frequency parameter\n",
+    "v1dv=0.080+0.549*(2.834-v1)**2#\n",
+    "v2dv=0.080+0.549*(2.834-v2)**2#\n",
+    "c=3*10**8# in m/s\n",
+    "dw1=-((n2*d*v1dv)/(c*h1))*10**12#waveguide dispersion factor in ps nm**-1 km**-1\n",
+    "dw2=-((n2*d*v2dv)/(c*h2))*10**12#waveguide dispersion factor in ps nm**-1 km**-1\n",
+    "print \" waveguide dispersion factor = %0.3f\"%(dw1),\"ps nm**-1 km**-1 at wavelength 1.3 micro meter\"\n",
+    "print \" waveguide dispersion factor = %0.3f\"%(dw2),\"ps nm**-1 km**-1 at wavelength 1.55 micro meter\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 5.4 : Page 95"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 4,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "diameter of the core = 7.10 micro meter\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#diameter of the core\n",
+    "c=3*10**8#in m/s\n",
+    "dm=6#material dispersion in ps nm**-1 km**-1\n",
+    "h=1.55#in micro meter\n",
+    "n1=1.45#core refrative index\n",
+    "d=0.005#differnce\n",
+    "n2=n1*(1-d)#cladding refrative index\n",
+    "x=((-dm/(((-n2*d)/(c*h))*10**12))-0.080)/0.549#\n",
+    "v=-(sqrt(x)-2.834)#\n",
+    "d=((v*h)/(pi*n1*sqrt(2*d)))#diameter in micro meter\n",
+    "print \"diameter of the core = %0.2f micro meter\"%d"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 5.5 : Page 100"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 5,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "splice loss = 0.20 dB when wavelength is 1.30 micro meter\n",
+      "splice loss = 0.15 dB when wavelength is 1.55 micro meter\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#splice loss\n",
+    "h1=1.30#in micro meter\n",
+    "wp1=4.6155#in micro meter\n",
+    "h2=1.55#in micro meter\n",
+    "wp2=5.355#in micro meter\n",
+    "sl1=4.34*(1/wp1)**2#splice loss in dB\n",
+    "sl2=4.34*(1/wp2)**2#splice loss in dB\n",
+    "print \"splice loss = %0.2f dB when wavelength is 1.30 micro meter\"%sl1\n",
+    "print \"splice loss = %0.2f dB when wavelength is 1.55 micro meter\"%sl2"
+   ]
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 2",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python2"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 2
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+   "version": "2.7.9"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter6.ipynb b/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter6.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..042791db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter6.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,246 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "# Chapter6 - Optical fiber cables and connections"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 6.1 : Page 119"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 1,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "refractive index = 1.59\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "from __future__ import division\n",
+    "#refractive index\n",
+    "l=0.47##in db\n",
+    "nf=10**((l/-10))##\n",
+    "from sympy import symbols, solve\n",
+    "x=symbols(\"x\")\n",
+    "p=1+-2.22*x+x**2##\n",
+    "y=solve(p,x)##\n",
+    "print \"refractive index = %0.2F\"%y[1]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 6.2 : Page 121"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 2,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "part (a)\n",
+      "insertion loss at the joint = 0.64 dB\n",
+      "part (b)\n",
+      "insertion loss at the joint = 0.286 dB\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "from math import log10, acos, pi\n",
+    "#loss\n",
+    "print \"part (a)\"\n",
+    "dya=0.1##\n",
+    "n1=1.50##refrative index\n",
+    "na=1##\n",
+    "k1=n1/n1##\n",
+    "k2=1##\n",
+    "nf=((16*(n1)**2)/((n1+1)**4))##\n",
+    "nlat=(2/(3.14))*(acos(dya/2)-(dya/2)*(1-(dya/2)**2)**(1/2))##\n",
+    "nt=nf*nlat##\n",
+    "lt=(-10*log10(nt))##in dB\n",
+    "print \"insertion loss at the joint = %0.2f dB\"%lt\n",
+    "print \"part (b)\"\n",
+    "dya=0.1##\n",
+    "n1=1.50##refrative index\n",
+    "na=1##\n",
+    "k1=n1/n1##\n",
+    "k2=1##\n",
+    "nf=((16*(n1)**2)/((n1+1)**4))##\n",
+    "nlat=(2/(pi))*(acos(dya/2)-(dya/2)*(1-(dya/2)**2)**(1/2))#\n",
+    "nt=k2*nlat##\n",
+    "lt=(-10*log10(nt))##in dB\n",
+    "print \"insertion loss at the joint = %0.3f dB\"%lt"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 6.3 : Page 122"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 3,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "total loss = 0.75 dB\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "from math import sqrt\n",
+    "#loss\n",
+    "d=100##micro meter\n",
+    "dx=0##\n",
+    "dy=3##in micro mete\n",
+    "dth=3##in degree\n",
+    "dthr=dth*(pi/180)##\n",
+    "dya=0.02##\n",
+    "n1=1.48##refrative index\n",
+    "na=1##\n",
+    "k1=n1/n1##\n",
+    "k2=1##\n",
+    "nf=((16*(n1)**2)/((n1+1)**4))##\n",
+    "nlat=(2/(pi))*(acos(dy/100)-(dy/100)*(1-(dy/100)**2)**(1/2))##\n",
+    "NA=n1*(sqrt(2*dya))##\n",
+    "nang=((1-(na*dthr)/(pi*NA)))##\n",
+    "nt=nf*nlat*nang##\n",
+    "lt=(-10*log10(nt))##in dB\n",
+    "print \"total loss = %0.2f dB\"%lt"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 6.4 : Page 124"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 4,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "total loss = 4.1260 dB\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "from scipy import log10\n",
+    "#loss\n",
+    "d1=80##micro meter\n",
+    "na1=0.25##\n",
+    "alpha1=2##\n",
+    "d2=60##in micro meter\n",
+    "na2=0.21##\n",
+    "alpha2=1.9##\n",
+    "ncd=(d2/d1)**2##\n",
+    "nna=(na2/na1)**2##\n",
+    "nalpha=((1+(2/alpha1))/(1+((2/alpha2))))##\n",
+    "nt=ncd*nna*nalpha##\n",
+    "lt=(-10*log10(nt))##in dB\n",
+    "print \"total loss = %0.4f dB\"%lt"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 6.5 : Page 125"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 5,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "total loss forward direction = 3.52 dB\n",
+      "total loss backward direction = 0.217 dB\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#loss\n",
+    "d1=60##micro meter\n",
+    "na1=0.25##\n",
+    "alpha1=2.1##\n",
+    "d2=50##in micro meter\n",
+    "na2=0.20##\n",
+    "alpha2=1.9##\n",
+    "ncd=(d2/d1)**2##\n",
+    "nna=(na2/na1)**2##\n",
+    "nalpha1=1##\n",
+    "nalpha=((1+(2/alpha1))/(1+((2/alpha2))))##\n",
+    "ncd1=1##\n",
+    "nna1=1##\n",
+    "nt=ncd*nna*nalpha1##\n",
+    "ltf=(-10*log10(nt))##in dB\n",
+    "nt1=ncd1*nna1*nalpha##\n",
+    "ltb=(-10*log10(nt1))##in dB\n",
+    "print \"total loss forward direction = %0.2f dB\"%ltf\n",
+    "print \"total loss backward direction = %0.3f dB\"%ltb"
+   ]
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 2",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python2"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 2
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+   "version": "2.7.9"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter7.ipynb b/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter7.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a97cee35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter7.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,334 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "# Chapter7 -  Optoelectronic sources"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 7.1: Page 153"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 1,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Intrinsic carrier concentration ,ni = 2.2e+12 m**-3\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "from __future__ import division\n",
+    "from math import sqrt, pi, exp\n",
+    "#Intrinsic carrier\n",
+    "#given data :\n",
+    "m=9.11*10**-31## in kg\n",
+    "k=1.38*10**-23## in JK**-1\n",
+    "h=6.626*10**-34## in Js\n",
+    "ev=1.6*10**-19## in J\n",
+    "T=300## in K\n",
+    "me=0.07*m## in kg\n",
+    "mh=0.56*m## in kg\n",
+    "Eg=1.43*ev## in J\n",
+    "ni=2*((2*pi*k*T)/h**2)**(3/2)*(me*mh)**(3/4)*exp(-Eg/(2*k*T))#\n",
+    "print \"Intrinsic carrier concentration ,ni = %0.1e m**-3\"%ni"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 7.2: Page 155"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 2,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Diffusion potential, Vd = 1.234 V\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#Diffusion potential\n",
+    "from math import log\n",
+    "#given data :\n",
+    "Na=5*10**23## in m**-3\n",
+    "Nd=5*10**21## in m**-3\n",
+    "T=300## in K\n",
+    "e=1.6*10**-19## in J\n",
+    "k=1.38*10**-23## in JK**-1\n",
+    "V=(k*T)/e#\n",
+    "ni=2.2*10**12## in m**-3\n",
+    "Vd=V*log((Na*Nd)/ni**2)#\n",
+    "print \"Diffusion potential, Vd = %0.3f V\"%Vd"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 7.3: Page 161"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 3,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Injection efficiency, eta_inj = 0.8247\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#Injection efficiency\n",
+    "#given data :\n",
+    "Na=10**23## in m**-3\n",
+    "Nd=10**21## in m**-3\n",
+    "T=300## in K\n",
+    "e=1.6*10**-19## in J\n",
+    "k=1.38*10**-23## in JK**-1\n",
+    "mue=0.85## in m**2V**-1s**-1\n",
+    "muh=0.04## in m**2V**-1s**-1\n",
+    "De=(mue*k*T)/e## in m**2s**-1\n",
+    "Dh=(muh*k*T)/e## in m**2s**-1\n",
+    "Le=1#\n",
+    "Lh=Le#\n",
+    "eta_inj=1/(1+((De/Dh)*(Lh/Le)*(Nd/Na)))#\n",
+    "print \"Injection efficiency, eta_inj = %0.4f\"%eta_inj"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 7.4: Page 171"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 4,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "part (a)\n",
+      "Internal quantum efficiency = 0.50\n",
+      "part (b)\n",
+      "External quantum efficiency = 0.0337\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#Internal and quantum efficiency\n",
+    "#given data :\n",
+    "print \"part (a)\"\n",
+    "tau_rr=1#\n",
+    "tau_nr=tau_rr#\n",
+    "eta_int=1/(1+(tau_rr/tau_nr))#\n",
+    "print \"Internal quantum efficiency = %0.2f\"%eta_int\n",
+    "print \"part (b)\"\n",
+    "ns=3.7#\n",
+    "na=1.5#\n",
+    "As=0#\n",
+    "eta_ext=eta_int*(1-As)*((2*na**3)/(ns*(ns+na)**2))#\n",
+    "print \"External quantum efficiency = %0.4f\"%eta_ext"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 7.5: Page 180"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 5,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "The number of longitudinal modes excited = 1.001e-03 nm\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#The number of longitudinal modes excited\n",
+    "#given data :\n",
+    "lamda=632.8*10**-9## in m\n",
+    "n=1#\n",
+    "L=20*10**-2## in m\n",
+    "del_lamda=((lamda)**2/(2*n*L))*10**9#\n",
+    "print \"The number of longitudinal modes excited = %0.3e nm\"%del_lamda"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 7.6: Page 183"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 6,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "part (a)\n",
+      "The reduction in threshold gain = 1.31 mm**-1\n",
+      "part (b)\n",
+      "Differential quantum efficiency =  0.42\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#The reduction and Differential quantum efficiency\n",
+    "#given data :\n",
+    "print \"part (a)\"\n",
+    "alfa_eff=1.5## in mm**-1\n",
+    "gama=0.8#\n",
+    "L=0.5## in mm\n",
+    "R1=0.35#\n",
+    "R2=R1#\n",
+    "R2a=1.0#\n",
+    "g_th1=(1/gama)*(alfa_eff+(1/(2*L))*log(1/(R1*R2)))#\n",
+    "g_th2=(1/gama)*(alfa_eff+(1/(2*L))*log(1/(R1*R2a)))#\n",
+    "del_gth=g_th1-g_th2#\n",
+    "print \"The reduction in threshold gain = %0.2f mm**-1\"%del_gth\n",
+    "print \"part (b)\"\n",
+    "eta_D=(gama*(g_th2-alfa_eff))/(g_th2)#\n",
+    "print \"Differential quantum efficiency =  %0.2f\"%eta_D"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 7.7: Page 192"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 7,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "part (a)\n",
+      "The internal power efficiency = 0.48\n",
+      "part (b)\n",
+      "The external power efficiency = 0.012\n",
+      "part (c)\n",
+      "The overall source fiber power coupling efficiency  = 8.51e-04\n",
+      "The optical loss = 30.70 dB\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "from math import log10\n",
+    "#Internal and external power efficiency\n",
+    "#given data :\n",
+    "print \"part (a)\"\n",
+    "As=0##\n",
+    "ns=3.7## assuming that the example 7.4\n",
+    "eta_int=0.50## internal efficiency\n",
+    "V=1.5## in V\n",
+    "I=120*10**-3## in A\n",
+    "IBYe=120*10**-3## \n",
+    "Eph=1.43## in eV\n",
+    "eta_int=0.50## internal efficiency\n",
+    "fi_int=eta_int*IBYe*Eph#\n",
+    "t_power=I*V#\n",
+    "P_int=fi_int/t_power#\n",
+    "print \"The internal power efficiency = %0.2f\"%P_int\n",
+    "print \"part (b)\"\n",
+    "eta_ext=eta_int*(1-As)*2/(ns*(ns+1)**2)#\n",
+    "fi_ext=eta_ext*IBYe*Eph#\n",
+    "t_power=I*V#\n",
+    "P_ext=fi_ext/t_power#\n",
+    "print \"The external power efficiency = %0.3f\"%P_ext\n",
+    "print \"part (c)\"\n",
+    "V=1.5## in V\n",
+    "I=120*10**-3## in A\n",
+    "IBYe=120*10**-3## \n",
+    "Eph=1.43## in eV\n",
+    "n1=1.5#\n",
+    "n2=1.48#\n",
+    "na=n1#\n",
+    "eta_ext=0.0337#\n",
+    "eta_T=eta_ext*((n1**2-n2**2)/na**2)#\n",
+    "fi_T=eta_T*IBYe*Eph#\n",
+    "t_power=I*V#\n",
+    "sfpc=fi_T/t_power#\n",
+    "O_loss=-10*log10(sfpc)#\n",
+    "print \"The overall source fiber power coupling efficiency  = %0.2e\"%sfpc\n",
+    "print \"The optical loss = %0.2f dB\"%O_loss"
+   ]
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 2",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python2"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 2
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+   "version": "2.7.9"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter8.ipynb b/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter8.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..688bc50d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter8.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,375 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "# Chapter8 - Optoelectronic detectors"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 8.1 : Page 204"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 1,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false,
+    "scrolled": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "part (a)\n",
+      "The photon energy = 1.31 micro-m \n",
+      "part (b)\n",
+      "The optical power = 4.07 micro W \n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "from __future__ import division\n",
+    "#The photon energy and optical power\n",
+    "#given data :\n",
+    "print \"part (a)\"\n",
+    "h=6.626*10**-34## in Js\n",
+    "c=3*10**8## in ms**-1\n",
+    "E=1.52*10**-19## in J\n",
+    "lamda=((h*c)/E)*10**6#\n",
+    "print \"The photon energy = %0.2f micro-m \"%lamda\n",
+    "print \"part (b)\"\n",
+    "e=1.6*10**-19## in J\n",
+    "Ip=3*10**6## in A\n",
+    "E=1.52*10**-19## in J\n",
+    "eta=70/100#\n",
+    "R=(eta*e)/E#\n",
+    "P_in=(Ip/R)*10**-6#\n",
+    "print \"The optical power = %0.2f micro W \"%P_in"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 8.2 : Page 205"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 2,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "part (a)\n",
+      "The quantum efficiency, eta = 50.00 %\n",
+      "part (b)\n",
+      "Maximum possible band gap energy,Eg = 1.46 eV \n",
+      "part (c)\n",
+      "The mean output, Ip = 3.42 micro A\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#The quantum efficiency,Maximum possible band gap energy and mean output\n",
+    "#given data :\n",
+    "print \"part (a)\"\n",
+    "e=1## electron\n",
+    "p=2## photon\n",
+    "eta=(e/p)*100#\n",
+    "print \"The quantum efficiency, eta = %0.2f %%\"%eta\n",
+    "print \"part (b)\"\n",
+    "h=6.626*10**-34##in Js\n",
+    "c=3*10**8## in m s**-1\n",
+    "lamda_c=0.85*10**-6## in m\n",
+    "Eg=((h*c)/lamda_c)/1.6*10**19#\n",
+    "print \"Maximum possible band gap energy,Eg = %0.2f eV \"%Eg\n",
+    "print \"part (c)\"\n",
+    "e=1## electron\n",
+    "p=2## photon\n",
+    "eta=(e/p)#\n",
+    "e=1.6*10**-19## in J\n",
+    "h=6.626*10**-34##in Js\n",
+    "c=3*10**8## in m s**-1\n",
+    "lamda_c=0.85*10**-6## in m\n",
+    "Eg=((h*c)/lamda_c)#\n",
+    "P_in=10*10**-6## in W\n",
+    "Ip=((eta*e*P_in)/Eg)*10**6#\n",
+    "print \"The mean output, Ip = %0.2f micro A\"%Ip"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 8.3 : Page 205"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 3,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "part (a)\n",
+      "The quantum efficiency  =  0.4\n",
+      "part (b)\n",
+      "The responsivity of the diode,R = 0.29 AW**-1\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#The quantum efficiency and The responsivity of the diode\n",
+    "#given data :\n",
+    "print \"part (a)\"\n",
+    "e=2*10**10## in s**-1\n",
+    "p=5*10**10## in s**-1\n",
+    "eta=e/p#\n",
+    "print \"The quantum efficiency  = \",eta\n",
+    "print \"part (b)\"\n",
+    "e=2*10**10## in s**-1\n",
+    "p=5*10**10## in s**-1\n",
+    "eta=e/p#\n",
+    "e=1.6*10**-19## in J\n",
+    "h=6.626*10**-34##in Js\n",
+    "c=3*10**8## in m s**-1\n",
+    "lamda=0.90*10**-6## in m\n",
+    "R=(eta*e*lamda)/(h*c)#\n",
+    "print \"The responsivity of the diode,R = %0.2f AW**-1\"%R"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 8.4 : Page 210"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 4,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "The multiplication factor,M = 47.8\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#The multiplication\n",
+    "#given data :\n",
+    "eta=40/100##\n",
+    "e=1.6*10**-19## in J\n",
+    "h=6.626*10**-34##in Js\n",
+    "c=3*10**8## in m s**-1\n",
+    "lamda=1.3*10**-6## in m\n",
+    "P_in=0.3*10**-6## in W\n",
+    "I=6*10**-6## in A\n",
+    "M=(I*h*c)/(P_in*eta*e*lamda)#\n",
+    "print \"The multiplication factor,M = %0.1f\"%M"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 8.5 : Page 210"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 5,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Photon incident rate = 1.74e+07 s**-1\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#Photon rate\n",
+    "#given data :\n",
+    "e=1.6*10**-19## in J\n",
+    "M=800#\n",
+    "eta=90/100## quantum efficiency\n",
+    "I=2*10**-9## in A\n",
+    "P_rate=I/(e*eta*M)#\n",
+    "print \"Photon incident rate = %0.2e s**-1\"%P_rate"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 8.6 : Page 212"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 6,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "part (a)\n",
+      "the gain = 58.95\n",
+      "part (b)\n",
+      "The output photo-current, I = 2.313e-04 A\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "from math import pi\n",
+    "#Gain and The output photocurrent\n",
+    "#given data :\n",
+    "print \"part (a)\"\n",
+    "tf=6*10**-12## in s\n",
+    "del_f=450*10**6## in Hz\n",
+    "G=1/(2*pi*tf*del_f)#\n",
+    "print \"the gain = %0.2f\"%G\n",
+    "print \"part (b)\"\n",
+    "tf=6*10**-12## in s\n",
+    "del_f=450*10**6## in Hz\n",
+    "G=1/(2*pi*tf*del_f)#\n",
+    "eta=75/100#\n",
+    "P_in=5*10**-6## in W\n",
+    "e=1.6*10**-19## in J\n",
+    "lamda=1.3*10**-6#\n",
+    "h=6.626*10**-34##in Js\n",
+    "c=3*10**8## in m s**-1\n",
+    "I=(G*eta*P_in*e*lamda)/(h*c)#\n",
+    "print \"The output photo-current, I = %0.3e A\"%I"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 8.7 : Page 215"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 7,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "part (a)\n",
+      "rms value of shot noise current is = 1.712 nA\n",
+      "rms value of dark current is = 0.20 nA\n",
+      "rms value of thermal noise current is = 20.35 nA \n",
+      "part (b)\n",
+      "S/N ratio = 321\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "from math import sqrt\n",
+    "#rms value of shot noise ,dark noise and thermal noise current and S/N ratio\n",
+    "print \"part (a)\"\n",
+    "n=0.7##efficiency\n",
+    "e=1.6*10**-19##charge\n",
+    "h=1.3##in micro meter\n",
+    "hc=6.626*10**-34##plack constant\n",
+    "c=3*10**8##m/s\n",
+    "pin=500##nW\n",
+    "Ip=((n*e*h*10**-6*pin*10**-9)/(hc*c))##in amperes\n",
+    "df=25##Mhz\n",
+    "f1=1##\n",
+    "is2=(2*e*Ip*df*10**6*f1)##\n",
+    "Is=sqrt(is2)##in amperes\n",
+    "Id=5*10**-9##amperes\n",
+    "id2=(2*e*Id*df*10**6)##\n",
+    "Id=sqrt(id2)##in amperes\n",
+    "k=1.38*10**-23##\n",
+    "t=300##in kelvin\n",
+    "rl=1000##ohms\n",
+    "it2=((4*k*t*df*10**6)/rl)##\n",
+    "it=sqrt(it2)##in amperes\n",
+    "print \"rms value of shot noise current is = %0.3f nA\"%(Is*10**9)\n",
+    "print \"rms value of dark current is = %0.2f nA\"%(Id*10**9)\n",
+    "print \"rms value of thermal noise current is = %0.2f nA \"%(it*10**9)\n",
+    "print \"part (b)\"\n",
+    "n=0.7##efficiency\n",
+    "e=1.6*10**-19##charge\n",
+    "h=1.3##in micro meter\n",
+    "hc=6.626*10**-34##plack constant\n",
+    "c=3*10**8##m/s\n",
+    "pin=500##nW\n",
+    "Ip=((n*e*h*10**-6*pin*10**-9)/(hc*c))##in amperes\n",
+    "df=25##Mhz\n",
+    "f1=1##\n",
+    "is2=(2*e*Ip*df*10**6*f1)##\n",
+    "Is=sqrt(is2)##in amperes\n",
+    "Id=5*10**-9##amperes\n",
+    "id2=(2*e*Id*df*10**6)##\n",
+    "Id=sqrt(id2)##in amperes\n",
+    "k=1.38*10**-23##\n",
+    "t=300##in kelvin\n",
+    "rl=1000##ohms\n",
+    "it2=((4*k*t*df*10**6)/rl)##\n",
+    "it=sqrt(it2)##in amperes\n",
+    "itt2=is2+id2+it2##in A**2\n",
+    "ip2=Ip**2##\n",
+    "sn=ip2/itt2##\n",
+    "print \"S/N ratio = %d\"%sn\n",
+    "#S/N ratio is calculated wrong in the textbook"
+   ]
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 2",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python2"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 2
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+   "version": "2.7.9"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter9.ipynb b/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter9.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..535780ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter9.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "# Chapter9 - Optoelectronics modulators"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 9.1 : Page 227"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 1,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "The thickness of the a quarter wave plate,x = 0.0164 mm\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#The thickness\n",
+    "#given data :\n",
+    "lamda=589.3*10**-9## in m\n",
+    "ne=1.553#J\n",
+    "no=1.544#\n",
+    "x=(lamda/(4*(ne-no)))*10**3#\n",
+    "print \"The thickness of the a quarter wave plate,x = %0.4f mm\"%x"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 9.2 : Page 228"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 2,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "The thickness of the a quarter wave plate,x = 0.0017 mm\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#The thickness\n",
+    "#given data :\n",
+    "lamda=589.3*10**-9## in m\n",
+    "ne=1.486#\n",
+    "no=1.658#\n",
+    "x=(lamda/(2*(no-ne)))*10**3#\n",
+    "print \"The thickness of the a quarter wave plate,x = %0.4f mm\"%x"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 9.3: Page 234"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 3,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "change in refrative index = 1.032\n",
+      "net phase shift = 2.065 \n",
+      "Vpi = 7.61 kV\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "from __future__ import division\n",
+    "from math import pi\n",
+    "#change in refractive index ,net phase shiftand Vpi\n",
+    "v=5##kV\n",
+    "l=1##cm\n",
+    "ez=(v*10**3)/(l*10**-2)##in V/m\n",
+    "no=1.51##\n",
+    "r63=10.5*10**-12##m/V\n",
+    "dn=((1/2)*no**3*r63*ez)##\n",
+    "h=550##nm\n",
+    "dfi=((2*pi*dn*l*10**-2)/(h*10**-9))##\n",
+    "fi=2*dfi##\n",
+    "vpi=((h*10**-9)/(2*no**3*r63))*10**-3##kV\n",
+    "print \"change in refrative index = %0.3f\"%dfi\n",
+    "print \"net phase shift = %0.3f \"%fi\n",
+    "print \"Vpi = %0.2f kV\"%vpi\n",
+    "#refractive index and phase shift is in the form of pi in the textbook"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 9.4: Page 237"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 4,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "part (a)\n",
+      "phase differnce = 1.371e+04\n",
+      "part (b)\n",
+      "additional phase differnce = 1.246\n",
+      "part (c)\n",
+      "Vpi = 504.25 V\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "from __future__ import division\n",
+    "#phase difference,additional phase difference and Vpi\n",
+    "print \"part (a)\"\n",
+    "h=550##nm\n",
+    "l=3##cm\n",
+    "no=1.51##\n",
+    "ne=1.47##\n",
+    "dfi=((2*pi*l*10**-2*(no-ne))/(h*10**-9))##\n",
+    "print \"phase differnce = %0.3e\"%dfi\n",
+    "#phase difference is in the form of pi in the textbook\n",
+    "print \"part (b)\"\n",
+    "no=1.51##\n",
+    "r63=26.4*10**-12##m/V\n",
+    "V=200##\n",
+    "d=0.25##cm\n",
+    "dfi=((pi*r63*no**3*(V)*(l*10**-2))/(h*10**-9*d*10**-2))##\n",
+    "print \"additional phase differnce = %0.3f\"%dfi\n",
+    "#additional phase difference is in the form of pi in the textbook\n",
+    "print \"part (c)\"\n",
+    "r63=26.4*10**-12##m/V\n",
+    "V=200##\n",
+    "d=0.25##cm\n",
+    "dfi=((pi*r63*no**3*(V)*(l*10**-2))/(h*10**-9*d*10**-2))##\n",
+    "vpi=((h*10**-9)/(no**3*r63))*(d/l)##V\n",
+    "print \"Vpi = %0.2f V\"%vpi"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 9.5 : Page 239"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 5,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "part (a)\n",
+      "angle = 0.09 degree\n",
+      "part (b)\n",
+      "The relative intensity = 0.246\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "from __future__ import division\n",
+    "from math import asin,degrees\n",
+    "#angle and relative intensity\n",
+    "#given data :\n",
+    "print \"part (a)\"\n",
+    "m=1#\n",
+    "l=633*10**-9## in m\n",
+    "f=5*10**6## in Hz\n",
+    "v=1500##in m/s\n",
+    "n=1.33## for water\n",
+    "A=v/f#\n",
+    "theta=asin((l/(n*A)))#\n",
+    "print \"angle = %0.2f degree\"%degrees(theta)\n",
+    "print \"part (b)\"\n",
+    "del_n=10**-5#\n",
+    "L=1*10**-2## in m\n",
+    "lamda=633*10**-9## in m\n",
+    "eta=(pi**2*del_n**2*L**2)/lamda**2#\n",
+    "print \"The relative intensity = %0.3f\"%eta"
+   ]
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 2",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python2"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 2
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+   "version": "2.7.9"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/screenshots/1.png b/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/screenshots/1.png
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diff --git a/sample_notebooks/LalitKumar/Ch3.ipynb b/sample_notebooks/LalitKumar/Ch3.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9c58334b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sample_notebooks/LalitKumar/Ch3.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,683 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "# Ch-3 Electron Ballistics"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 3.1 : Page 225"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 6,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Speed of the electron, v =sqrt(2*q*V/m) = 4.19e+07 m/s\n",
+      "The kinetic energy = q x V = 5000 eV\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "from math import sqrt\n",
+    "q=1.6*10**-19 #charge of electron\n",
+    "V=5000 #potential difference\n",
+    "m=9.1*10**-31 #mass of electron\n",
+    "v=sqrt(2*q*V/m) #speed of electron\n",
+    "print \"Speed of the electron, v =sqrt(2*q*V/m) = %0.2e m/s\"% v\n",
+    "ke=(q*V)/(1.6*10**-9) #kinetic energyin eV\n",
+    "x1=ke*10**10\n",
+    "print \"The kinetic energy = q x V = %0.f eV\"%x1"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 3.2 Page 225"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 8,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Mass of the charged particle = 1000 times the mass of an electron = 9.10e-28 kg\n",
+      "The charge of the partical = 1.6*10**-19 C\n",
+      "Therefore, The velocity, v = sqrt(2*q*V/me) = 5.93e+05 m/s\n",
+      "Kinetic energy = q x V = 1000.00 eV\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "me=1000*9.1*10**-31\n",
+    "print \"Mass of the charged particle = 1000 times the mass of an electron = %0.2e kg\"%me\n",
+    "print \"The charge of the partical = 1.6*10**-19 C\"\n",
+    "q=1.6*10**-19 #charge of the particle\n",
+    "V=1000 #potential difference\n",
+    "format(8)\n",
+    "v=sqrt(2*q*V/me)\n",
+    "print \"Therefore, The velocity, v = sqrt(2*q*V/me) = %0.2e m/s\"%v\n",
+    "ke=(q*V)/(1.6*10**-19)  # in eV\n",
+    "print \"Kinetic energy = q x V = %0.2f eV\"%ke"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 3.3 : Page 226"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 17,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Therefore, E = V / d = 5.83e+04 \n",
+      "    ax = qE / m = 1.03e+16 m/s**2\n",
+      "We know that,\n",
+      "       x = vox*t + 0.5*a*t**2\n",
+      "      vx = vox + ax*t\n",
+      "(i) Consider x = 3*10**-3 m\n",
+      "3*10**-3 = 3*10**6*t + 5.13*10**15*t**2\n",
+      "Solving this equation,\n",
+      "t = 5.26e-10 seconds \n",
+      "vx = 8.40e+06 m/s \n",
+      "(ii) Consider x = 6*10**-6 m\n",
+      "t**2+(5.85*10**-10)*t-(1.17*10**-18) = 0\n",
+      "Solving this equation,\n",
+      "t = 8.28e-10 seconds \n",
+      "vx = 1.15e+07 m/s\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "d=6*10**-3\n",
+    "q=1.6*10**-19\n",
+    "m=9.1*10**-31\n",
+    "vax=3*10**6\n",
+    "E=350/d\n",
+    "print \"Therefore, E = V / d = %0.2e \"%E\n",
+    "ax=q*E/m\n",
+    "print \"    ax = qE / m = %0.2e m/s**2\"%ax\n",
+    "print \"We know that,\"\n",
+    "print \"       x = vox*t + 0.5*a*t**2\"\n",
+    "print \"      vx = vox + ax*t\"\n",
+    "print \"(i) Consider x = 3*10**-3 m\"\n",
+    "print \"3*10**-3 = 3*10**6*t + 5.13*10**15*t**2\"\n",
+    "print \"Solving this equation,\"\n",
+    "from sympy import symbols, solve\n",
+    "t=symbols('t')\n",
+    "p1=(5.13*10**15)*t**2+(3*10**6)*t-3*10**-3\n",
+    "t1=solve(p1,t)\n",
+    "ans1=t1[1]\n",
+    "print \"t = %0.2e seconds \"%ans1\n",
+    "vx=(3*10**6)+((1.026*10**16)*(5.264*10**-10))\n",
+    "print \"vx = %0.2e m/s \"%vx\n",
+    "print \"(ii) Consider x = 6*10**-6 m\"\n",
+    "print \"t**2+(5.85*10**-10)*t-(1.17*10**-18) = 0\"\n",
+    "print \"Solving this equation,\"\n",
+    "t=symbols('t')\n",
+    "p2=t**2+(5.85*10**-10)*t-1.17*10**-18\n",
+    "t2=solve(p2, t)\n",
+    "ans2=t2[1]\n",
+    "print \"t = %0.2e seconds \"%ans2\n",
+    "vx1=(3*10**6)+((8.28*10**-10)*(1.026*10**16))\n",
+    "print \"vx = %0.2e m/s\"%vx1"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 3.4 : Page 227"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 21,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "(i)The electron starts from rest at plate A, therefore, the initial velocity is zero. The velocity of electron on reaching plate B is\n",
+      "v = sqrt(2*q*V/m) = 8.39e+06 m/s\n",
+      "(ii)Time taken by the electron to travel from plate A to plate B can be calculated from the average velocity of the electron in transit.The average velocity is,\n",
+      "vaverage = (Initial velocity + Final velocity) / 2 = 4.19e+06 m/s\n",
+      "Therefore, time taken for travel is,\n",
+      "Time = Separation between the plates / Average velocity = 7.16e-10 seconds\n",
+      "(iii)Kinetic energy of the electron on reaching the plate B is\n",
+      "Kinetic energy = q V = 3.20e-17 Joules\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "V=200\n",
+    "m=9.1*10**-31\n",
+    "format(8)\n",
+    "v=sqrt(2*q*V/m)\n",
+    "print \"(i)The electron starts from rest at plate A, therefore, the initial velocity is zero. The velocity of electron on reaching plate B is\"\n",
+    "print \"v = sqrt(2*q*V/m) = %0.2e m/s\"%v\n",
+    "iv=0 #initial velocity\n",
+    "fv=8.38*10**6 #final velocity\n",
+    "va=(iv+fv)/2 #average velocity of electron in transit\n",
+    "print \"(ii)Time taken by the electron to travel from plate A to plate B can be calculated from the average velocity of the electron in transit.The average velocity is,\"\n",
+    "print \"vaverage = (Initial velocity + Final velocity) / 2 = %0.2e m/s\"%va\n",
+    "sp=3*10**-3 #separation between the plates\n",
+    "time=sp/va\n",
+    "print \"Therefore, time taken for travel is,\"\n",
+    "print \"Time = Separation between the plates / Average velocity = %0.2e seconds\"%time\n",
+    "ke=q*V\n",
+    "print \"(iii)Kinetic energy of the electron on reaching the plate B is\"\n",
+    "print \"Kinetic energy = q V = %0.2e Joules\"%ke"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 3.5 : Page 228"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 22,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "The speed acquired by electron due to the applied voltage is\n",
+      "v = sqrt(vinitial**2+(2*q*V/m)) = 1.03e+07 m/s\n",
+      "The average velocity,\n",
+      "vaverage = (vinitial + vfinal) / 2 = 5.66e+06  m/s\n",
+      "Therefore, time for travel = seperation between plates / vaverage = 1.41e-09 seconds\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "vinitial=1*10**6\n",
+    "q=1.6*10**-19\n",
+    "V=300\n",
+    "m=9.1*10**-31\n",
+    "vfinal=10.33*10**6\n",
+    "sp=8*10**-3 #separation between plates\n",
+    "v=sqrt(vinitial**2+(2*q*V/m))\n",
+    "print \"The speed acquired by electron due to the applied voltage is\"\n",
+    "print \"v = sqrt(vinitial**2+(2*q*V/m)) = %0.2e m/s\"%v\n",
+    "va=(vinitial+vfinal)/2\n",
+    "print \"The average velocity,\"\n",
+    "print \"vaverage = (vinitial + vfinal) / 2 = %0.2e  m/s\"%va\n",
+    "time=sp/va\n",
+    "print \"Therefore, time for travel = seperation between plates / vaverage = %0.2e seconds\"%time"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 3.6 : Page 229"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 24,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "The electric field intensity,\n",
+      "E = -5t / d*10*-9 = -5t / 10**-9*1*10**-2 = 5*10**11*t (for 0 < t < t1)\n",
+      "  = 0     (for t1 < t < infinity)\n",
+      "(i) The position of the electron after 1ns,\n",
+      "     d(um) = (5*10**11)*(1.76*10**11)*((1*10**-9)**3/6) = 14.67 um\n",
+      "(ii) The rest of the distance to be covered by the electron = 0.8cm - 14.7 um = 0.80\n",
+      "Since, the potential difference drops to zero volt, after 1ns, the electron will travel the distance of 0.799 cm with a constant velocity of\n",
+      "vx = (5*10**11)*(q/m)*(t**2/2) = 4.40e+04 m/s\n",
+      "Therefore, the time t2 = d / vx = 1.81e-07 seconds\n",
+      "The total time of transit of electron from cathode to anode = 1.82e-07 seconds\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "d=(5*10**11*1.76*10**11)*(((1*10**-9)**3)/6)\n",
+    "x1=d*10**6\n",
+    "print \"The electric field intensity,\"\n",
+    "print \"E = -5t / d*10*-9 = -5t / 10**-9*1*10**-2 = 5*10**11*t (for 0 < t < t1)\"\n",
+    "print \"  = 0     (for t1 < t < infinity)\"\n",
+    "print \"(i) The position of the electron after 1ns,\"\n",
+    "print \"     d(um) = (5*10**11)*(1.76*10**11)*((1*10**-9)**3/6) = %0.2f um\"%x1\n",
+    "x2=0.8-(d*10**2)\n",
+    "print \"(ii) The rest of the distance to be covered by the electron = 0.8cm - 14.7 um = %0.2f\"%x2\n",
+    "print \"Since, the potential difference drops to zero volt, after 1ns, the electron will travel the distance of 0.799 cm with a constant velocity of\"\n",
+    "vx=(5*10**11*1.76*10**11)*(((1*10**-9)**2)/2)\n",
+    "print \"vx = (5*10**11)*(q/m)*(t**2/2) = %0.2e m/s\"%vx\n",
+    "x3=(x2/vx)*10**-2\n",
+    "print \"Therefore, the time t2 = d / vx = %0.2e seconds\"%x3\n",
+    "x4=(1*10**-9)+x3\n",
+    "print \"The total time of transit of electron from cathode to anode = %0.2e seconds\"%x4"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 3.7 : Page 230"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 27,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "The velocity of the electron is = sqrt(2qVa/m) = 3.75e+06 m/s\n",
+      "The time taken for one revolution is T = 2*pi*m / B*q = 3.93e-11 seconds\n",
+      "The pitch = T*v*cos(theta) = 1.28e-04 meters\n",
+      "Thus, the electron has travelled = 1.28e-04 meters\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "from math import pi\n",
+    "q=1.6*10**-19\n",
+    "Va=40\n",
+    "m=9.1*10**-31\n",
+    "B=0.91\n",
+    "ve=sqrt(2*q*Va/m)\n",
+    "print \"The velocity of the electron is = sqrt(2qVa/m) = %0.2e m/s\"%ve\n",
+    "tt=(2*pi*m)/(B*q)\n",
+    "print \"The time taken for one revolution is T = 2*pi*m / B*q = %0.2e seconds\"%tt\n",
+    "p=tt*ve*(sqrt(3)/2) #cos(30)=sqrt(3)/2\n",
+    "print \"The pitch = T*v*cos(theta) = %0.2e meters\"%p\n",
+    "print \"Thus, the electron has travelled = %0.2e meters\"%p"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 3.8 : Page 231"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 30,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "(i) The velocity of the charged particle before entering the field is,\n",
+      "v = sqrt(2aV/m) * sqrt(2(3q)V/2m) = sqrt(6qV/2m) = 5.14e+06 m/s\n",
+      "(ii) The radius of the helical path is\n",
+      "r = Mvsine(theta) / QB = 2mvsine(theta) / 3qB = 0.41 mm\n",
+      "(iii) Time for one revolution,\n",
+      "T = 2*pi*M / B*Q = 2*pi*(2m) / B(3q) = 1.19e-09 seconds\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "from math import radians as rdn, sin\n",
+    "radians=rdn(25)\n",
+    "q=1.6*10**-19\n",
+    "m=9.1*10**-31\n",
+    "V=50\n",
+    "Q=3*q\n",
+    "M=2*m\n",
+    "v=sqrt(2*Q*V/M)\n",
+    "print \"(i) The velocity of the charged particle before entering the field is,\"\n",
+    "print \"v = sqrt(2aV/m) * sqrt(2(3q)V/2m) = sqrt(6qV/2m) = %0.2e m/s\"%v\n",
+    "B=0.02\n",
+    "r=(M*v*sin(radians))/(Q*B)\n",
+    "r1=r*10**3\n",
+    "print \"(ii) The radius of the helical path is\"\n",
+    "print \"r = Mvsine(theta) / QB = 2mvsine(theta) / 3qB = %0.2f mm\"%r1\n",
+    "T=(2*pi*M)/(B*Q)\n",
+    "print \"(iii) Time for one revolution,\"\n",
+    "print \"T = 2*pi*M / B*Q = 2*pi*(2m) / B(3q) = %0.2e seconds\"%T"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 3.9 : Page 232"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 32,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Given,     T = 35.5/B *10**-12 s, B = 0.01 Wb/m**3, Va = 900V\n",
+      "Therefore, T = 3.55*10**-9 s\n",
+      "Velocity,  v(m/s) = sqrt(2qVa/m) = 1.78e+07 m/s\n",
+      "Radius,  r(mm) = mv/qB = v/(q/m)B = 10.11 mm\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "print \"Given,     T = 35.5/B *10**-12 s, B = 0.01 Wb/m**3, Va = 900V\"\n",
+    "print \"Therefore, T = 3.55*10**-9 s\"\n",
+    "T = 3.55*10**-9\n",
+    "Va=900\n",
+    "v=sqrt(2*(1.76*10**11)*900)\n",
+    "print \"Velocity,  v(m/s) = sqrt(2qVa/m) = %0.2e m/s\"%v\n",
+    "r=(17.799*10**6)/(0.01*1.76*10**11)\n",
+    "x1=r*10**3\n",
+    "print \"Radius,  r(mm) = mv/qB = v/(q/m)B = %0.2f mm\"%x1"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 3.10 : Page 232"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 33,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "(i) The velocity of the electron, v = 1.45e+07 m/s\n",
+      "(ii) ma = qE\n",
+      "Thus, acceleration, a(m/s)= qE / m = (q/m)(Vd/d) = 4.40e+14 m/s\n",
+      "(iii) The deflection on the screen, D(cm)= ILVd / 2Vad = 1.46 cm\n",
+      "(iv) Deflection sensitivity(cm/V)= D / Vd = 0.07 cm/V\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "Va=600\n",
+    "l=3.5\n",
+    "d=0.8\n",
+    "L=20\n",
+    "Vd=20\n",
+    "format(9)\n",
+    "q=1.6*10**-19\n",
+    "m=9.1*10**-31\n",
+    "v=sqrt(2*q*Va/m)\n",
+    "print \"(i) The velocity of the electron, v = %0.2e m/s\"%v\n",
+    "a=(q/m)*(Vd/d)\n",
+    "a1=a*10**2\n",
+    "print \"(ii) ma = qE\"\n",
+    "print \"Thus, acceleration, a(m/s)= qE / m = (q/m)(Vd/d) = %0.2e m/s\"%a1\n",
+    "D=(l*L*Vd)/(2*Va*d)\n",
+    "print\"(iii) The deflection on the screen, D(cm)= ILVd / 2Vad = %0.2f cm\"% D\n",
+    "Ds=D/Vd\n",
+    "print  \"(iv) Deflection sensitivity(cm/V)= D / Vd = %0.2f cm/V\"%Ds"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 3.11 : Page 233"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 34,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "(i) The velocity of the beam, v = sqrt(2qVa / m) = 1.68e+07 m/s\n",
+      "(ii) The deflection of the beam, D = lLVd / 2dVa\n",
+      "Therefore, the voltage that must be applied to the plates, Vd = 20.00 V\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "q=1.6*10**-19\n",
+    "m=9.1*10**-31\n",
+    "Va=800\n",
+    "l=2\n",
+    "d=0.5\n",
+    "L=20\n",
+    "D=1\n",
+    "v=sqrt(2*q*Va/m)\n",
+    "print \"(i) The velocity of the beam, v = sqrt(2qVa / m) = %0.2e m/s\"%v\n",
+    "Vd=(D*2*d*Va)/(l*L)\n",
+    "print \"(ii) The deflection of the beam, D = lLVd / 2dVa\"\n",
+    "print \"Therefore, the voltage that must be applied to the plates, Vd = %0.2f V\"%Vd"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 3.12 : Page 234"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 50,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "(i) Velocity of beam, v = sqrt(2qVa/m) = 1.88e+07 m/s\n",
+      "(ii) Deflection sensitivity = D/Vd\n",
+      "where  D = l*L*Vd / 2*Va*d = 0.01 cm\n",
+      "Therefore, the deflection sensitivity = 4.00e-04 cm/V\n",
+      "(iii) To find the angle of deflection, theta :\n",
+      "  tan(theta) = D/L-l\n",
+      "Therefore,  theta = tan**-1(D/L-l) = 0.032 degrees\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "from __future__ import division\n",
+    "from math import degrees, atan\n",
+    "v=sqrt((2*(1.6*10**-19)*1000)/(9.1*10**-31))\n",
+    "print \"(i) Velocity of beam, v = sqrt(2qVa/m) = %0.2e m/s\"%v\n",
+    "D=((2*10**-2)*(20*10**-2)*25)/(2*1000*(0.5*10**-2))\n",
+    "print \"(ii) Deflection sensitivity = D/Vd\"\n",
+    "print \"where  D = l*L*Vd / 2*Va*d = %0.2f cm\"%D\n",
+    "ds=D/25\n",
+    "print \"Therefore, the deflection sensitivity = %0.2e cm/V\"%ds\n",
+    "theta=degrees(atan(1/1800))\n",
+    "print \"(iii) To find the angle of deflection, theta :\"\n",
+    "print \"  tan(theta) = D/L-l\"\n",
+    "print \"Therefore,  theta = tan**-1(D/L-l) = %0.3f degrees\"%theta"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 3.13 : Page 235"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 52,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "The electron starts moving in the +y direction, but, since acceleration is along the -y direction, its velocity isreduced to zero at time t=t''\n",
+      "v0y = v0 * cos(theta) = 1.50e+05 m/s\n",
+      "ay = qE / m = 1.60e+14 m/s**2\n",
+      "t'' = v0y / ay = 0.94 ns\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "from math import cos\n",
+    "v0=3*10**5\n",
+    "E=910\n",
+    "theta=60\n",
+    "m=9.109*10**-31\n",
+    "q=1.6*10**-19\n",
+    "print \"The electron starts moving in the +y direction, but, since acceleration is along the -y direction, its velocity isreduced to zero at time t=t''\"\n",
+    "v0y=v0*cos(theta*pi/180)\n",
+    "print \"v0y = v0 * cos(theta) = %0.2e m/s\"%v0y\n",
+    "ay=(q*E)/m\n",
+    "print \"ay = qE / m = %0.2e m/s**2\"%ay\n",
+    "tdash=v0y/ay\n",
+    "x1=tdash*10**9\n",
+    "print \"t'' = v0y / ay = %0.2f ns\"%x1"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 3.14 : Page 235"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 43,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "The deflection of the spot,\n",
+      "D = (IBL/sqrt(Va))*sqrt(q/2m) = 0.42 cm\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "D=(((2*10**-2)*(1*10**-4)*(20*10**-2))/sqrt(800))*sqrt((1.6*10**-19)/(2*9.1*10**-31))\n",
+    "x1=D*10**2\n",
+    "print \"The deflection of the spot,\"\n",
+    "print \"D = (IBL/sqrt(Va))*sqrt(q/2m) = %0.2f cm\"%x1"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 3.15 : Page 236"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 44,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "The magnetostatic deflection, D = (IBL/sqrt(Va))*sqrt(q/2m)\n",
+      "The electrostatic deflection, D = lLVd / 2dVa\n",
+      "For returning the beam back to the centre, the electrostatic deflection and the magnetostatic deflection must be equal, i.e.,\n",
+      "(IBL/sqrt(Va))*sqrt(q/2m) = lLVd / 2dVa\n",
+      "Therefore,\n",
+      "Vd = dB*sqrt(2*Va*q/m) = 33.55 V\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "print \"The magnetostatic deflection, D = (IBL/sqrt(Va))*sqrt(q/2m)\"\n",
+    "print \"The electrostatic deflection, D = lLVd / 2dVa\"\n",
+    "print \"For returning the beam back to the centre, the electrostatic deflection and the magnetostatic deflection must be equal, i.e.,\"\n",
+    "print \"(IBL/sqrt(Va))*sqrt(q/2m) = lLVd / 2dVa\"\n",
+    "print \"Therefore,\"\n",
+    "Vd=(1*10**-2*2*10**-4)*sqrt((2*800*1.6*10**-19)/(9.1*10**-31))\n",
+    "print \"Vd = dB*sqrt(2*Va*q/m) = %0.2f V\"%Vd"
+   ]
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 2",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python2"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 2
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+   "version": "2.7.9"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
-- 
cgit