From 20b4cdb283d26cd07c04b0f41f0f95d3315953c7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Trupti Kini
Date: Thu, 26 Jan 2017 23:30:31 +0600
Subject: Added(A)/Deleted(D) following books A
Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter10_ltpcAad.ipynb A
Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter11_1oQwy5p.ipynb A
Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter13_GeJp1ib.ipynb A
Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter1_bpgdjRb.ipynb A
Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter2_HqNnyxR.ipynb A
Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter3_DZeHBDv.ipynb A
Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter4_GQU4hKw.ipynb A
Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter5_KWgo7p8.ipynb A
Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter6_eRlj3AT.ipynb A
Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter7_oB2qi2Q.ipynb A
Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter8_nXYTfh3.ipynb A
Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter9_aPNsAAD.ipynb A
Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/screenshots/11_t2ZZh1d.png A
Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/screenshots/22_qzGOu9H.png A
Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/screenshots/33_Gn0dXeY.png
---
.../Chapter10_ltpcAad.ipynb | 112 +++
.../Chapter11_1oQwy5p.ipynb | 550 +++++++++++++++
.../Chapter13_GeJp1ib.ipynb | 73 ++
.../Chapter1_bpgdjRb.ipynb | 285 ++++++++
.../Chapter2_HqNnyxR.ipynb | 269 +++++++
.../Chapter3_DZeHBDv.ipynb | 674 ++++++++++++++++++
.../Chapter4_GQU4hKw.ipynb | 668 ++++++++++++++++++
.../Chapter5_KWgo7p8.ipynb | 569 +++++++++++++++
.../Chapter6_eRlj3AT.ipynb | 543 ++++++++++++++
.../Chapter7_oB2qi2Q.ipynb | 444 ++++++++++++
.../Chapter8_nXYTfh3.ipynb | 784 +++++++++++++++++++++
.../Chapter9_aPNsAAD.ipynb | 305 ++++++++
.../screenshots/11_t2ZZh1d.png | Bin 0 -> 28879 bytes
.../screenshots/22_qzGOu9H.png | Bin 0 -> 29779 bytes
.../screenshots/33_Gn0dXeY.png | Bin 0 -> 27256 bytes
15 files changed, 5276 insertions(+)
create mode 100644 Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter10_ltpcAad.ipynb
create mode 100644 Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter11_1oQwy5p.ipynb
create mode 100644 Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter13_GeJp1ib.ipynb
create mode 100644 Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter1_bpgdjRb.ipynb
create mode 100644 Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter2_HqNnyxR.ipynb
create mode 100644 Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter3_DZeHBDv.ipynb
create mode 100644 Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter4_GQU4hKw.ipynb
create mode 100644 Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter5_KWgo7p8.ipynb
create mode 100644 Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter6_eRlj3AT.ipynb
create mode 100644 Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter7_oB2qi2Q.ipynb
create mode 100644 Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter8_nXYTfh3.ipynb
create mode 100644 Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter9_aPNsAAD.ipynb
create mode 100644 Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/screenshots/11_t2ZZh1d.png
create mode 100644 Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/screenshots/22_qzGOu9H.png
create mode 100644 Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/screenshots/33_Gn0dXeY.png
diff --git a/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter10_ltpcAad.ipynb b/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter10_ltpcAad.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8d14ee64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter10_ltpcAad.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# 10: Lasers"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 1, Page number 10-20"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "band gap is 0.8 eV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "c=3*10**8; #velocity of light(m/s)\n",
+ "h=6.63*10**-34; #plank's constant(Js)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(coulomb)\n",
+ "lamda=1.55*10**-6; #wavelength(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Eg=h*c/(lamda*e); #band gap(eV) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"band gap is\",round(Eg,1),\"eV\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 2, Page number 10-20"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 5,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "wavelength is 8633 angstrom\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "c=3*10**8; #velocity of light(m/s)\n",
+ "h=6.63*10**-34; #plank's constant(Js)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(coulomb)\n",
+ "Eg=1.44*e; #band gap(eV) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "lamda=h*c*10**10/Eg; #wavelength(angstrom)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"wavelength is\",int(round(lamda)),\"angstrom\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.11"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter11_1oQwy5p.ipynb b/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter11_1oQwy5p.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..880f5085
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter11_1oQwy5p.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,550 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# 11: Fibre Optics"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 1, Page number 11-16"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 6,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "numerical aperture is 0.2965\n",
+ "acceptance angle is 17 degrees 15 minutes\n",
+ "answer in the book varies due to rounding off errors\n",
+ "critical angle is 78 degrees 26 minutes\n",
+ "fractional index change is 0.02\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "n1=1.48; #Core refractive index\n",
+ "n2=1.45; #Cladding refractive index\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "NA=math.sqrt(n1**2-n2**2); #numerical aperture\n",
+ "theta0=math.asin(NA); #acceptance angle(radian)\n",
+ "theta0=theta0*180/math.pi; #acceptance angle(degrees)\n",
+ "theta0m=60*(theta0-int(theta0)); #acceptance angle(minutes)\n",
+ "thetac=math.asin(n2/n1); #critical angle(radian)\n",
+ "thetac=thetac*180/math.pi; #critical angle(degrees)\n",
+ "thetacm=60*(thetac-int(thetac)); #critical angle(minutes)\n",
+ "delta=(n1-n2)/n1; #fractional index change\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"numerical aperture is\",round(NA,4)\n",
+ "print \"acceptance angle is\",int(theta0),\"degrees\",int(round(theta0m)),\"minutes\"\n",
+ "print \"critical angle is\",int(thetac),\"degrees\",int(thetacm),\"minutes\"\n",
+ "print \"fractional index change is\",round(delta,2)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 2, Page number 11-17"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 12,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "numerical aperture is 0.446\n",
+ "acceptance angle is 26 degrees 29 minutes\n",
+ "answer for angle in minutes given in the book varies due to rounding off errors\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "n1=1.563; #Core refractive index\n",
+ "n2=1.498; #Cladding refractive index\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "NA=math.sqrt(n1**2-n2**2); #numerical aperture\n",
+ "theta0=math.asin(NA); #acceptance angle(radian)\n",
+ "theta0=theta0*180/math.pi; #acceptance angle(degrees)\n",
+ "theta0m=60*(theta0-int(theta0)); #acceptance angle(minutes)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Resul\"\n",
+ "print \"numerical aperture is\",round(NA,3)\n",
+ "print \"acceptance angle is\",int(theta0),\"degrees\",int(theta0m),\"minutes\"\n",
+ "print \"answer for angle in minutes given in the book varies due to rounding off errors\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 3, Page number 11-17"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 14,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "fractional index change is 0.0416\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "n1=1.563; #Core refractive index\n",
+ "n2=1.498; #Cladding refractive index\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "delta=(n1-n2)/n1; #fractional index change\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"fractional index change is\",round(delta,4)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 4, Page number 11-17"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 15,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "numerical aperture is 0.3905\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "n1=1.55; #Core refractive index\n",
+ "n2=1.50; #Cladding refractive index\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "NA=math.sqrt(n1**2-n2**2); #numerical aperture\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"numerical aperture is\",round(NA,4)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 5, Page number 11-18"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 17,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Cladding refractive index is 1.496\n",
+ "Core refractive index is 1.546\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "NA=0.39; #numerical aperture\n",
+ "n1_n2=0.05; #difference in refractive indices\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "n1n2=NA**2/n1_n2; \n",
+ "n2=(n1n2-n1_n2)/2; #Cladding refractive index\n",
+ "n1=n2+n1_n2; #Core refractive index\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Cladding refractive index is\",n2\n",
+ "print \"Core refractive index is\",n1"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 6, Page number 11-18"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 18,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "numerical aperture is 0.3905\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "n1=1.55; #Core refractive index\n",
+ "n2=1.50; #Cladding refractive index\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "NA=math.sqrt(n1**2-n2**2); #numerical aperture\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"numerical aperture is\",round(NA,4)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 7, Page number 11-18"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 20,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "numerical aperture is 0.2965\n",
+ "acceptance angle is 17 degrees 15 minutes\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "n1=1.48; #Core refractive index\n",
+ "n2=1.45; #Cladding refractive index\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "NA=math.sqrt(n1**2-n2**2); #numerical aperture\n",
+ "theta0=math.asin(NA); #acceptance angle(radian)\n",
+ "theta0=theta0*180/math.pi; #acceptance angle(degrees)\n",
+ "theta0m=60*(theta0-int(theta0)); #acceptance angle(minutes)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"numerical aperture is\",round(NA,4)\n",
+ "print \"acceptance angle is\",int(theta0),\"degrees\",int(round(theta0m)),\"minutes\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 8, Page number 11-19"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 25,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "refractive index of core is 1.6583\n",
+ "refractive index of cladding is 1.625\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "NA=0.33; #numerical aperture\n",
+ "delta=0.02; #refractive index of cladding\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "x=1-delta;\n",
+ "n1=math.sqrt(NA**2/(1-x**2)); #refractive index of core \n",
+ "n2=x*n1; #refractive index of cladding\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"refractive index of core is\",round(n1,4)\n",
+ "print \"refractive index of cladding is\",round(n2,3)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 9, Page number 11-19"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 32,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "acceptance angle is 8 degrees 38 minutes 55 seconds\n",
+ "answer for angle in seconds given in the book varies due to rounding off errors\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "NA=0.20; #numerical aperture\n",
+ "n0=1.33; #refractive index of water\n",
+ "n2=1.59; #Cladding refractive index\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "n1=math.sqrt((NA**2)+(n2**2)); #core refractive index\n",
+ "x=math.sqrt((n1**2)-(n2**2))/n0;\n",
+ "theta0=math.asin(x); #acceptance angle(radian)\n",
+ "theta0=theta0*180/math.pi; #acceptance angle(degrees)\n",
+ "theta0m=60*(theta0-int(theta0)); #acceptance angle(minutes)\n",
+ "theta0s=60*(theta0m-int(theta0m)); #acceptance angle(seconds)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Resul\"\n",
+ "print \"acceptance angle is\",int(theta0),\"degrees\",int(theta0m),\"minutes\",int(theta0s),\"seconds\"\n",
+ "print \"answer for angle in seconds given in the book varies due to rounding off errors\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 10, Page number 11-20"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 34,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "fractional index change is 6.8966 *10**-3\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "n1=1.45; #Core refractive index\n",
+ "n2=1.44; #Cladding refractive index\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "delta=(n1-n2)/n1; #fractional index change\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"fractional index change is\",round(delta*10**3,4),\"*10**-3\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 11, Page number 11-20"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 41,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Cladding refractive index is 1.44\n",
+ "numerical aperture is 0.42\n",
+ "acceptance angle is 24 degrees 50 minutes\n",
+ "critical angle is 73 degrees 44 minutes\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "n1=1.50; #Core refractive index\n",
+ "delta=4/100; #fractional index change\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "n2=n1-(delta*n1); #Cladding refractive index\n",
+ "NA=math.sqrt(n1**2-n2**2); #numerical aperture\n",
+ "theta0=math.asin(NA); #acceptance angle(radian)\n",
+ "theta0=theta0*180/math.pi; #acceptance angle(degrees)\n",
+ "theta0m=60*(theta0-int(theta0)); #acceptance angle(minutes)\n",
+ "thetac=math.asin(n2/n1); #critical angle(radian)\n",
+ "thetac=thetac*180/math.pi; #critical angle(degrees)\n",
+ "thetacm=60*(thetac-int(thetac)); #critical angle(minutes)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Cladding refractive index is\",n2\n",
+ "print \"numerical aperture is\",NA\n",
+ "print \"acceptance angle is\",int(theta0),\"degrees\",int(round(theta0m)),\"minutes\"\n",
+ "print \"critical angle is\",int(thetac),\"degrees\",int(thetacm),\"minutes\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 12, Page number 11-21"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 42,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "numerical aperture is 0.446\n",
+ "acceptance angle is 26 degrees 29 minutes\n",
+ "answer for angle in minutes given in the book varies due to rounding off errors\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "n1=1.563; #Core refractive index\n",
+ "n2=1.498; #Cladding refractive index\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "NA=math.sqrt(n1**2-n2**2); #numerical aperture\n",
+ "theta0=math.asin(NA); #acceptance angle(radian)\n",
+ "theta0=theta0*180/math.pi; #acceptance angle(degrees)\n",
+ "theta0m=60*(theta0-int(theta0)); #acceptance angle(minutes)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"numerical aperture is\",round(NA,3)\n",
+ "print \"acceptance angle is\",int(theta0),\"degrees\",int(round(theta0m)),\"minutes\"\n",
+ "print \"answer for angle in minutes given in the book varies due to rounding off errors\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.11"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter13_GeJp1ib.ipynb b/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter13_GeJp1ib.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2b0281e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter13_GeJp1ib.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# 13: Acoustics of Buildings and Acoustic Quieting"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 1, Page number 13-14"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 4,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "reverberation time of hall without audience is 3.9 seconds\n",
+ "reverberation time of hall with audience is 1.963 seconds\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "A=92.9; #absorption(m**2)\n",
+ "V=2265; #volume(m**3)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "T1=0.161*V/A; #reverberation time of hall without audience(seconds)\n",
+ "T2=0.161*V/(A*2); #reverberation time of hall with audience(seconds)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"reverberation time of hall without audience is\",round(T1,1),\"seconds\"\n",
+ "print \"reverberation time of hall with audience is\",round(T2,3),\"seconds\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.11"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter1_bpgdjRb.ipynb b/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter1_bpgdjRb.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e57ef537
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter1_bpgdjRb.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,285 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# 1: Bonding in Solids"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 1, Page number 1-11"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 8,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "bond energy of molecule is -4.6 eV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(coulomb)\n",
+ "epsilon0=8.85*10**-12; \n",
+ "r0=236*10**-12; #equilibrium distance(m)\n",
+ "I=5.14; #ionisation energy(eV)\n",
+ "EA=-3.65; #electron affinity(eV)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "V=-(e**2)/(4*e*math.pi*epsilon0*r0); #potential(eV)\n",
+ "BE=I+EA+V; #bond energy of molecule(eV)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"bond energy of molecule is\",round(BE,1),\"eV\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 2, Page number 1-11"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 11,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "cohesive energy per atom is -3.0684 eV\n",
+ "answer given in the book is wrong\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "e=1.602*10**-19; #charge(coulomb)\n",
+ "epsilon0=8.85*10**-12; \n",
+ "r0=0.314*10**-9; #equilibrium distance(m)\n",
+ "A=1.75; #madelung constant\n",
+ "n=5.77; #born constant\n",
+ "I=4.1; #ionisation energy(eV)\n",
+ "EA=3.6; #electron affinity(eV)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "V=-A*e**2*((n-1)/n)/(4*e*math.pi*epsilon0*r0);\n",
+ "CE=round(V,4)/2; #potential energy per ion(eV)\n",
+ "x=(I-EA)/2;\n",
+ "TCE=CE+x; #cohesive energy per atom(eV)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"cohesive energy per atom is\",TCE,\"eV\"\n",
+ "print \"answer given in the book is wrong\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 3, Page number 1-12"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 14,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "cohesive energy per atom is -7.965 eV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "e=1.602*10**-19; #charge(coulomb)\n",
+ "epsilon0=8.85*10**-12; \n",
+ "r0=0.281*10**-9; #equilibrium distance(m)\n",
+ "alphaM=1.748; #madelung constant\n",
+ "n=9; #born constant\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "CE=-alphaM*e**2*((n-1)/n)/(4*e*math.pi*epsilon0*r0); #cohesive energy per molecule(eV)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"cohesive energy per atom is\",round(CE,3),\"eV\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 4, Page number 1-12"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 16,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "potential energy of system is 5.75 eV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(coulomb)\n",
+ "epsilon0=8.85*10**-12; \n",
+ "r0=2.5*10**-10; #equilibrium distance(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "PE=e**2/(4*e*math.pi*epsilon0*r0);\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"potential energy of system is\",round(PE,2),\"eV\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 5, Page number 1-13"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 18,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "cohesive energy of NaCl is -3.46 eV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration \n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(coulomb)\n",
+ "r0=0.281*10**-9; #equilibrium distance(m)\n",
+ "a=1.748*10**-28; #madelung constant(J m**2)\n",
+ "n=9; #repulsive exponent value\n",
+ "m=1;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "Ur0=-a*(1-m/n)/(e*r0**m); #cohesive energy of NaCl(eV)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"cohesive energy of NaCl is\",round(Ur0,2),\"eV\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 6, Page number 1-13"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 23,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "cohesive energy of molecule is -3.59 eV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(coulomb)\n",
+ "epsilon0=8.85*10**-12; \n",
+ "r0=0.281*10**-9; #equilibrium distance(m)\n",
+ "I=5.14; #ionisation energy(eV)\n",
+ "EA=-3.61; #electron affinity(eV)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "V=-(e**2)/(4*e*math.pi*epsilon0*r0); #potential(eV)\n",
+ "CE=I+EA+V; #cohesive energy of molecule(eV)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"cohesive energy of molecule is\",round(CE,2),\"eV\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.11"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter2_HqNnyxR.ipynb b/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter2_HqNnyxR.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1963e4c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter2_HqNnyxR.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,269 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# 2: Crystal Structures"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 1, Page number 2-16"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "free volume per unit cell is 0.007675 nm**3\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "r=0.1249; #radius(nm)\n",
+ "n=2; #number of atoms\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "a=4*r/math.sqrt(3); #unit cell edge length(nm)\n",
+ "V=a**3; #volume of unit cell(nm**3)\n",
+ "v=4*n*math.pi*r**3/3; #volume of atoms in unit cell(nm**3)\n",
+ "fv=V-v; #free volume per unit cell(nm**3)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"free volume per unit cell is\",round(fv,6),\"nm**3\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 2, Page number 2-16"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 3,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "lattice constant is 3.517 angstrom\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "N=6.02*10**26; #Avagadro Number\n",
+ "n=2;\n",
+ "rho=530; #density(kg/m**3)\n",
+ "M=6.94; #atomic weight(amu)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "a=(n*M/(rho*N))**(1/3)*10**10; #lattice constant(angstrom)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"lattice constant is\",round(a,3),\"angstrom\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 3, Page number 2-17"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 7,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "lattice constant is 2.87 angstrom\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "N=6.02*10**23; #Avagadro Number\n",
+ "n=2;\n",
+ "rho=7860; #density(kg/m**3)\n",
+ "M=55.85; #atomic weight(amu)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "a=(n*M/(rho*N))**(1/3)*10**9; #lattice constant(angstrom)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"lattice constant is\",round(a,2),\"angstrom\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 4, Page number 2-17"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 9,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "number of atoms per m**3 is 177.3 *10**27 atoms/m**3\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "n=8; #number of atoms\n",
+ "a=0.356*10**-9; #lattice constant(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "N=n/a**3; #number of atoms per m**3\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"number of atoms per m**3 is\",round(N/10**27,1),\"*10**27 atoms/m**3\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 5, Page number 2-17"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 11,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "number of atoms per sq mm is 8.16 *10**12\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "a=3.5; #lattice constant(angstrom)\n",
+ "n=10**7; #1mm in angstrom\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "N=n**2/a**2; #number of atoms per sq mm\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"number of atoms per sq mm is\",round(N/10**12,2),\"*10**12\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 6, Page number 2-18"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 13,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "density is 5434.5 kg/m**3\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "N=6.02*10**26; #Avagadro Number\n",
+ "n=8; #number of atoms\n",
+ "a=5.62*10**-10; #lattice constant(m)\n",
+ "M=72.59; #atomic weight(amu)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "rho=n*M/(a**3*N); #density(kg/m**3)\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"density is\",round(rho,1),\"kg/m**3\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.11"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter3_DZeHBDv.ipynb b/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter3_DZeHBDv.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..69e1a5ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter3_DZeHBDv.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,674 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# 3: Crystal Planes,X-ray Diffraction and Defects in Solids"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 1, Page number 3-19"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "glancing angle is 21 degrees\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "a=0.28; #lattice spacing(nm)\n",
+ "lamda=0.071; #wavelength of X-rays(nm)\n",
+ "h=1;\n",
+ "k=1;\n",
+ "l=0;\n",
+ "n=2;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "d=a/math.sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2); \n",
+ "sintheta=n*lamda/(2*d);\n",
+ "theta=math.asin(sintheta)*180/math.pi; #glancing angle(degrees)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"glancing angle is\",int(theta),\"degrees\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 2, Page number 3-19"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "wavelength of X-rays is 0.0842 nm\n",
+ "maximum order of diffraction is 7\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "d=0.282; #lattice spacing(nm)\n",
+ "theta=(8+(35/60))*math.pi/180; #glancing angle(radian)\n",
+ "n=1; #order\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "lamda=2*d*math.sin(theta)/n; #wavelength of X-rays(nm)\n",
+ "n=2*d/lamda; #maximum order of diffraction\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"wavelength of X-rays is\",round(lamda,4),\"nm\"\n",
+ "print \"maximum order of diffraction is\",int(round(n))"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 3, Page number 3-20"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 3,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "fraction of vacancy sites is 8.466 *10**-7\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "T1=773; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "T2=1273; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "f=10**-10; #fraction of vacant sites\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "x=round(T1*math.log(f)/T2,3);\n",
+ "N=math.exp(x); #fraction of vacancy sites\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"fraction of vacancy sites is\",round(N*10**7,3),\"*10**-7\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 4, Page number 3-21"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 3,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "ratio d100:d110:d111 is 1 *math.sqrt(6) : 1 *math.sqrt(3) : 1 *math.sqrt(2)\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "h1=1;\n",
+ "k1=0;\n",
+ "l1=0; #miller indices of (100)\n",
+ "h2=1;\n",
+ "k2=1;\n",
+ "l2=0; #miller indices of (110)\n",
+ "h3=1;\n",
+ "k3=1;\n",
+ "l3=1; #miller indices of (111)\n",
+ "a=1; #assume\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "d100=a/math.sqrt(h1**2+k1**2+l1**2); #spacing(nm) \n",
+ "d110=a/math.sqrt(h2**2+k2**2+l2**2); #spacing(nm)\n",
+ "d111=a/math.sqrt(h3**2+k3**2+l3**2); #spacing(nm)\n",
+ "x=int(1/d100)**2;\n",
+ "y=int((1/d110)**2);\n",
+ "z=int(round((1/d111)**2)); #taking squares of the value of spacing since lcm function doesnt work on square root\n",
+ "\n",
+ "def lcm(y, z):\n",
+ " if y > z:\n",
+ " greater = y\n",
+ " else:\n",
+ " greater = z\n",
+ " while(True):\n",
+ " if((greater % y == 0) and (greater % z == 0)):\n",
+ " lcm = greater\n",
+ " break\n",
+ " greater += 1\n",
+ " \n",
+ " return lcm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "l=lcm(y,z);\n",
+ "l=math.sqrt(l);\n",
+ "d1=d100*l;\n",
+ "d10=d110*l;\n",
+ "d11=d111*l; #ratio d100:d110:d111\n",
+ "d1=int(d1/math.sqrt(6));\n",
+ "d10=int(round(d10/math.sqrt(3)));\n",
+ "d11=int(d11/math.sqrt(2));\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"ratio d100:d110:d111 is\",d1,\"*math.sqrt(6) :\",d10,\"*math.sqrt(3) :\",d11,\"*math.sqrt(2)\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 5, Page number 3-21"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "lattice parameter is 3.522 angstrom\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "n=1; #order\n",
+ "theta=38.2*math.pi/180; #glancing angle(radian)\n",
+ "lamda=1.54; #wavelength(angstrom)\n",
+ "h=2;\n",
+ "k=2;\n",
+ "l=0;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "a=math.sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2);\n",
+ "d=n*lamda*a/(2*math.sin(theta)); #lattice parameter(angstrom)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"lattice parameter is\",round(d,3),\"angstrom\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 6, Page number 3-22"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "maximum order of diffraction is 2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "d=1.6; #lattice spacing(angstrom)\n",
+ "theta=90*math.pi/180; #glancing angle(radian)\n",
+ "lamda=1.5; #wavelength of X-rays(angstrom)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "n=2*d*math.sin(theta)/lamda; #maximum order of diffraction \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"maximum order of diffraction is\",int(n)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 7, Page number 3-22"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 26,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "length is 0.287 *10**-9 m\n",
+ "volume of unit cell is 0.02366 *10**-27 m**3\n",
+ "answer for volume given in the book varies due to rounding off errors\n",
+ "radius of atom is 0.1243 *10**-9 m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules \n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "d=0.203*10**-9; #lattice spacing(m)\n",
+ "h=1;\n",
+ "k=1;\n",
+ "l=0; #miller indices of (110)\n",
+ "lamda=1.5; #wavelength of X-rays(angstrom)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "a=d*math.sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2); #length(m)\n",
+ "V=a**3; #volume of unit cell(m**3)\n",
+ "r=math.sqrt(3)*a/4; #radius of atom(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"length is\",round(a*10**9,3),\"*10**-9 m\"\n",
+ "print \"volume of unit cell is\",round(V*10**27,5),\"*10**-27 m**3\"\n",
+ "print \"answer for volume given in the book varies due to rounding off errors\"\n",
+ "print \"radius of atom is\",round(r*10**9,4),\"*10**-9 m\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 8, Page number 3-22"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 27,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "maximum order of diffraction is 2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "d=1.6; #lattice spacing(angstrom)\n",
+ "theta=90*math.pi/180; #glancing angle(radian)\n",
+ "lamda=1.5; #wavelength of X-rays(angstrom)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "n=2*d*math.sin(theta)/lamda; #maximum order of diffraction \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"maximum order of diffraction is\",int(n)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 9, Page number 3-23"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 34,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "glancing angle is 20 degrees 42 minutes 17 seconds\n",
+ "answer in the book is wrong\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "a=0.26; #lattice spacing(nm)\n",
+ "lamda=0.065; #wavelength of X-rays(nm)\n",
+ "h=1;\n",
+ "k=1;\n",
+ "l=0;\n",
+ "n=2;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "d=a/math.sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2); \n",
+ "sintheta=n*lamda/(2*d);\n",
+ "theta=math.asin(sintheta)*180/math.pi; #glancing angle(degrees)\n",
+ "thetad=int(theta); #glancing angle(degrees) \n",
+ "thetam=(theta-thetad)*60; #glancing angle(minutes)\n",
+ "thetas=60*(thetam-int(thetam)); #glancing angle(seconds)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"glancing angle is\",thetad,\"degrees\",int(thetam),\"minutes\",int(thetas),\"seconds\"\n",
+ "print \"answer in the book is wrong\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 10, Page number 3-23"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 36,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "cube edge of unit cell is 4.055 angstrom\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "n=1; #order\n",
+ "theta=19.2*math.pi/180; #glancing angle(radian)\n",
+ "lamda=1.54; #wavelength(angstrom)\n",
+ "h=1;\n",
+ "k=1;\n",
+ "l=1;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "d=n*lamda/(2*math.sin(theta)); #lattice parameter(angstrom)\n",
+ "a=d*math.sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2); #cube edge of unit cell(angstrom)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"cube edge of unit cell is\",round(a,3),\"angstrom\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 11, Page number 3-24"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 42,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "lattice parameter is 3.522 angstrom\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "n=1; #order\n",
+ "theta=38.2*math.pi/180; #glancing angle(radian)\n",
+ "lamda=1.54; #wavelength(angstrom)\n",
+ "h=2;\n",
+ "k=2;\n",
+ "l=0;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "d=n*lamda/(2*math.sin(theta)); #lattice parameter(angstrom)\n",
+ "a=d*math.sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2); #lattice parameter(angstrom)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"lattice parameter is\",round(a,3),\"angstrom\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 12, Page number 3-24"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 43,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "interplanar spacing for (111) is 0.208 nm\n",
+ "interplanar spacing for (321) is 0.096 nm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "a=0.36; #cube edge of unit cell(nm)\n",
+ "h1=1;\n",
+ "k1=1;\n",
+ "l1=1;\n",
+ "h2=3;\n",
+ "k2=2;\n",
+ "l2=1;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "d1=a/math.sqrt(h1**2+k1**2+l1**2); #interplanar spacing for (111)(nm)\n",
+ "d2=a/math.sqrt(h2**2+k2**2+l2**2); #interplanar spacing for (321)(nm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"interplanar spacing for (111) is\",round(d1,3),\"nm\"\n",
+ "print \"interplanar spacing for (321) is\",round(d2,3),\"nm\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 13, Page number 3-25"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 50,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "lattice spacing is 3.575 angstrom\n",
+ "glancing angle for 3rd order is 16 degrees 27.1 minutes\n",
+ "answer for minutes given in the book varies due to rounding off errors\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "theta=(5+(25/60))*math.pi/180; #glancing angle(radian)\n",
+ "lamda=0.675; #wavelength of X-rays(angstrom)\n",
+ "n1=1; #order\n",
+ "n3=3; #order \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "d=n1*lamda/(2*math.sin(theta)); #lattice spacing(angstrom)\n",
+ "d=round(d,3);\n",
+ "theta3=math.asin(n3*lamda/(2*d))*180/math.pi; #glancing angle for 3rd order(degrees)\n",
+ "theta3d=int(theta3); #glancing angle for 3rd order(degrees) \n",
+ "theta3m=(theta3-theta3d)*60; #glancing angle for 3rd order(minutes)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"lattice spacing is\",d,\"angstrom\"\n",
+ "print \"glancing angle for 3rd order is\",theta3d,\"degrees\",round(theta3m,1),\"minutes\"\n",
+ "print \"answer for minutes given in the book varies due to rounding off errors\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 14, Page number 3-25"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 60,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "glancing angle is 23 degrees 56 minutes 31 seconds\n",
+ "answer given in the book is wrong\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "d=3.04; #interplanar spacing(angstrom) \n",
+ "lamda=0.79; #wavelength of X-rays(angstrom)\n",
+ "n=3;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "sintheta=n*lamda/(2*d);\n",
+ "thetad=math.asin(sintheta)*180/math.pi; #glancing angle(degrees)\n",
+ "thetam=(theta-int(theta))*60; #glancing angle(minutes)\n",
+ "thetas=60*(thetam-int(thetam)); #glancing angle(seconds)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"glancing angle is\",int(round(thetad)),\"degrees\",int(thetam),\"minutes\",int(thetas),\"seconds\"\n",
+ "print \"answer given in the book is wrong\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.11"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter4_GQU4hKw.ipynb b/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter4_GQU4hKw.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1b0ca557
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter4_GQU4hKw.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,668 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# 4: Elements of Statistical Mechanics and Principles of Quantum Mechanics"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 1, Page number 4-41"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 6,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "average energy of oscillator is 2.948 *10**-21 joule\n",
+ "answer given in the book varies due to rounding off errors\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "new=5.6*10**12; #frequency(Hz)\n",
+ "h=6.625*10**-34; #plank constant\n",
+ "kB=1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n",
+ "T=330; #temperature(K) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "x=h*new/(kB*T); \n",
+ "E=h*new/(math.exp(x)-1); #average energy of oscillator(joule)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"average energy of oscillator is\",round(E*10**21,3),\"*10**-21 joule\"\n",
+ "print \"answer given in the book varies due to rounding off errors\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 2, Page number 4-41"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 8,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "energy density per unit wavelength is 7.13 Jm-4\n",
+ "answer given in the book is wrong\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "h=6.63*10**-34; #plank constant\n",
+ "kB=1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n",
+ "T=1500; #temperature(K) \n",
+ "c=3*10**8; #velocity of light(m/sec)\n",
+ "lamda=6000*10**-10; #wavelength(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "new=c/lamda;\n",
+ "x=h*new/(kB*T); \n",
+ "y=math.exp(x)-1; #average energy of oscillator(joule)\n",
+ "Ulamda=8*math.pi*h*new/(y*lamda**4); #energy density per unit wavelength(Jm-4)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"energy density per unit wavelength is\",round(Ulamda,2),\"Jm-4\"\n",
+ "print \"answer given in the book is wrong\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 3, Page number 4-41"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 9,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "wavelength is 0.0275 nm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(c)\n",
+ "m=9.1*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n",
+ "h=6.63*10**-34; #plank constant\n",
+ "E=2000; #energy(eV)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "lamda=h/math.sqrt(2*m*E*e); #wavelength(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"wavelength is\",round(lamda*10**9,4),\"nm\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 4, Page number 4-42"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 15,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "velocity is 438.9 *10**4 m/s\n",
+ "kinetic energy is 54.78 eV\n",
+ "answer for energy given in the book is wrong\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda=1.66*10**-10; #wavelength(m)\n",
+ "m=9.1*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(c)\n",
+ "h=6.63*10**-34; #plank constant\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "E=h**2/(2*m*e*lamda**2); #kinetic energy(eV)\n",
+ "v=h/(m*lamda); #velocity(m/s)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"velocity is\",round(v*10**-4,1),\"*10**4 m/s\"\n",
+ "print \"kinetic energy is\",round(E,2),\"eV\"\n",
+ "print \"answer for energy given in the book is wrong\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 5, Page number 4-42"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 18,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "ground state energy is 37.7377 eV\n",
+ "energy of 1st excited state is 150.95 eV\n",
+ "energy of 2nd excited state is 339.6395 eV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "L=1*10**-10; #length(m)\n",
+ "n2=2;\n",
+ "n3=3;\n",
+ "m=9.1*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(c)\n",
+ "h=6.63*10**-34; #plank constant\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "E1=h**2/(8*m*e*L**2); #ground state energy(eV)\n",
+ "E2=n2**2*E1; #energy of 1st excited state(eV)\n",
+ "E3=n3**2*E1; #energy of 2nd excited state(eV)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"ground state energy is\",round(E1,4),\"eV\"\n",
+ "print \"energy of 1st excited state is\",round(E2,2),\"eV\"\n",
+ "print \"energy of 2nd excited state is\",round(E3,4),\"eV\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 6, Page number 4-43"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 19,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "minimum energy is 2.3586 eV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "L=4*10**-10; #length(m)\n",
+ "m=9.1*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(c)\n",
+ "h=6.63*10**-34; #plank constant\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "E1=h**2/(8*m*e*L**2); #minimum energy(eV)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"minimum energy is\",round(E1,4),\"eV\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 7, Page number 4-43"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 21,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "wavelength of electron waves is 0.01 nm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "V=15*10**3; #accelerated voltage(V)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "lamda=1.227/math.sqrt(V); #wavelength of electron waves(nm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"wavelength of electron waves is\",round(lamda,2),\"nm\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 8, Page number 4-43"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 24,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "minimum energy is 150.95 eV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "L=0.05*10**-9; #length(m)\n",
+ "m=9.1*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(c)\n",
+ "h=6.63*10**-34; #plank constant\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "E1=h**2/(8*m*e*L**2); #minimum energy(eV)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"minimum energy is\",round(E1,2),\"eV\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 9, Page number 4-44"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 35,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "minimum energy is 4.2 eV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "L=3*10**-10; #length(m)\n",
+ "m=9.1*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(c)\n",
+ "h=6.63*10**-34; #plank constant\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "E1=h**2/(8*m*e*L**2); #minimum energy(eV)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"minimum energy is\",round(E1,1),\"eV\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 10, Page number 4-44"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 30,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "de broglie wavelength is 8488 nm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "me=9.1*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n",
+ "h=6.63*10**-34; #plank constant\n",
+ "mn=1.676*10**-27; #mass(kg)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "lamdan=h*10**9/math.sqrt(4*mn*me); #de broglie wavelength(nm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"de broglie wavelength is\",int(lamdan),\"nm\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 11, Page number 4-44"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 42,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "ground state energy is 9.43 eV\n",
+ "energy of 1st excited state is 37.738 eV\n",
+ "energy of 2nd excited state is 150.95 eV\n",
+ "answers for energy of 1st and 2nd states given in the book are wrong\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "L=2*10**-10; #length(m)\n",
+ "n2=2;\n",
+ "n4=4;\n",
+ "m=9.1*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(c)\n",
+ "h=6.63*10**-34; #plank constant\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "E1=h**2/(8*m*e*L**2); #minimum energy(eV)\n",
+ "E2=n2**2*E1; #energy of 1st excited state(eV)\n",
+ "E4=n4**2*E1; #energy of 2nd excited state(eV)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"ground state energy is\",round(E1,2),\"eV\"\n",
+ "print \"energy of 1st excited state is\",round(E2,3),\"eV\"\n",
+ "print \"energy of 2nd excited state is\",round(E4,2),\"eV\"\n",
+ "print \"answers for energy of 1st and 2nd states given in the book are wrong\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 12, Page number 4-45"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 44,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "spacing of crystal is 0.382 angstrom\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "n=1;\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(c)\n",
+ "m=9.1*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n",
+ "h=6.63*10**-34; #plank constant\n",
+ "V=344; #energy(eV)\n",
+ "theta=60*math.pi/180; #angle(radian)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "d=h*10**10/(2*math.sin(theta)*math.sqrt(2*m*V*e)); #spacing of crystal(angstrom)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"spacing of crystal is\",round(d,3),\"angstrom\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 13, Page number 4-45"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 47,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "ground state energy is 37.696 eV\n",
+ "energy of 2nd excited state is 339.27 eV\n",
+ "energy required to pump an electron is 301.57 eV\n",
+ "answer given in the book is wrong\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "L=1*10**-10; #length(m)\n",
+ "n3=3;\n",
+ "m=9.11*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(c)\n",
+ "h=6.63*10**-34; #plank constant\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "E1=h**2/(8*m*e*L**2); #ground state energy(eV)\n",
+ "E3=n3**2*E1; #energy of 2nd excited state(eV)\n",
+ "E=E3-E1; #energy required to pump an electron(eV) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"ground state energy is\",round(E1,3),\"eV\"\n",
+ "print \"energy of 2nd excited state is\",round(E3,2),\"eV\"\n",
+ "print \"energy required to pump an electron is\",round(E,2),\"eV\"\n",
+ "print \"answer given in the book is wrong\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 14, Page number 4-46"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 48,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "minimum energy is 9.43 eV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "L=2*10**-10; #length(m)\n",
+ "m=9.1*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(c)\n",
+ "h=6.63*10**-34; #plank constant\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "E1=h**2/(8*m*e*L**2); #minimum energy(eV)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"minimum energy is\",round(E1,2),\"eV\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 15, Page number 4-46"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 52,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "wavelength of electron waves is 0.31 angstrom\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "V=1600; #accelerated voltage(V)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "lamda=1.227*10/math.sqrt(V); #wavelength of electron waves(angstrom)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"wavelength of electron waves is\",round(lamda,2),\"angstrom\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.11"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter5_KWgo7p8.ipynb b/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter5_KWgo7p8.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cf59e53f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter5_KWgo7p8.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,569 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# 5: Electron Theory of Metals"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 1, Page number 5-27"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 3,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "temperature is 1259.93 K\n",
+ "answer given in the book is wrong\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "E_EF=0.5; #fermi energy(eV)\n",
+ "FE=1/100; #probability\n",
+ "Kb=1.381*10**-23; #boltzmann constant(J/k)\n",
+ "x=6.24*10**18; \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "KB=Kb*x;\n",
+ "y=E_EF/KB;\n",
+ "T=y/math.log(1/FE); #temperature(K)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"temperature is\",round(T,2),\"K\"\n",
+ "print \"answer given in the book is wrong\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 2, Page number 5-28"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 4,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "total number of free electrons is 8.3954 *10**28 electrons/m**3\n",
+ "answer in the book varies due to rounding off errors\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "e=1.602*10**-19; #charge(c)\n",
+ "m=9.11*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n",
+ "h=6.63*10**-34; #plancks constant(Js)\n",
+ "Ef=7*e; #fermi energy(J)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "x=Ef*8*m/h**2;\n",
+ "n23=x/((3/math.pi)**(2/3));\n",
+ "n=n23**(3/2); #total number of free electrons(electrons/m**3)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"total number of free electrons is\",round(n/10**28,4),\"*10**28 electrons/m**3\"\n",
+ "print \"answer in the book varies due to rounding off errors\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 3, Page number 5-28"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 8,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "relaxation time is 39.742 *10**-15 s\n",
+ "answer in the book varies due to rounding off errors\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "rho=1.54*10**-8; #resistivity(ohm m)\n",
+ "n=5.8*10**28; #number of electrons\n",
+ "e=1.602*10**-19; #charge(c)\n",
+ "m=9.11*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "tow=m/(n*e**2*rho); #relaxation time(s)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"relaxation time is\",round(tow*10**15,3),\"*10**-15 s\"\n",
+ "print \"answer in the book varies due to rounding off errors\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 4, Page number 5-29"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 10,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "relaxation time is 3.82 *10**-14 s\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "rho=1.43*10**-8; #resistivity(ohm m)\n",
+ "n=6.5*10**28; #number of electrons\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(c)\n",
+ "m=9.1*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "tow=m/(n*e**2*rho); #relaxation time(s)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"relaxation time is\",round(tow*10**14,2),\"*10**-14 s\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 5, Page number 5-29"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 17,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "number of conduction electrons is 1.8088 *10**29 /m**3\n",
+ "mobility is 0.00128 m**2/Vs\n",
+ "drift velocity is 2.3 *10**-4 m/s\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "D=2.7*10**3; #density(kg/m**3)\n",
+ "rho=2.7*10**-8; #resistivity(ohm m)\n",
+ "w=26.98; #atomic weight\n",
+ "Na=6.025*10**26; #avagadro number\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(c)\n",
+ "L=5; #length(m)\n",
+ "R=0.06; #resistance(ohm)\n",
+ "I=15; #current(A)\n",
+ "n=3; #number of electrons\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "N=n*D*Na/w; #number of conduction electrons(/m**3)\n",
+ "mew=1/(rho*N*e); #mobility(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "vd=I*R/(L*rho*N*e); #drift velocity(m/s)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"number of conduction electrons is\",round(N/10**29,4),\"*10**29 /m**3\"\n",
+ "print \"mobility is\",round(mew,5),\"m**2/Vs\"\n",
+ "print \"drift velocity is\",round(vd*10**4,1),\"*10**-4 m/s\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 6, Page number 5-30"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 21,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "mobility is 0.00427 m**2/Vs\n",
+ "answer given in the book is wrong\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "D=8.92*10**3; #density(kg/m**3)\n",
+ "rho=1.73*10**-8; #resistivity(ohm m)\n",
+ "W=63.5; #atomic weight\n",
+ "Na=6.02*10**26; #avagadro number\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(c)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "n=D*Na/W;\n",
+ "mew=1/(rho*n*e); #mobility(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"mobility is\",round(mew,5),\"m**2/Vs\"\n",
+ "print \"answer given in the book is wrong\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 7, Page number 5-31"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 22,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "mobility is 0.00428 m**2/Vs\n",
+ "answer given in the book is wrong\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "D=8.95*10**3; #density(kg/m**3)\n",
+ "rho=1.721*10**-8; #resistivity(ohm m)\n",
+ "W=63.54; #atomic weight\n",
+ "Na=6.025*10**26; #avagadro number\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(c)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "n=D*Na/W;\n",
+ "mew=1/(rho*n*e); #mobility(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"mobility is\",round(mew,5),\"m**2/Vs\"\n",
+ "print \"answer given in the book is wrong\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 8, Page number 5-31"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 25,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "relaxation time is 3.64 *10**-14 s\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "rho=1.50*10**-8; #resistivity(ohm m)\n",
+ "n=6.5*10**28; #conduction electrons(per m**3)\n",
+ "e=1.602*10**-19; #charge(c)\n",
+ "m=9.11*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "tow=m/(n*e**2*rho); #relaxation time(sec)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"relaxation time is\",round(tow*10**14,2),\"*10**-14 s\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 9, Page number 5-32"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 30,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "relaxation time is 3.97 *10**-14 s\n",
+ "drift velocity is 0.7 m/s\n",
+ "mobility is 0.7 *10**-2 m**2/Vs\n",
+ "thermal velocity is 1.17 *10**5 m/s\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "m=9.11*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n",
+ "rho=1.54*10**-8; #resistivity(ohm m)\n",
+ "e=1.602*10**-19; #charge(c)\n",
+ "E=10**2; #electric field(V/m)\n",
+ "n=5.8*10**28; #number of electrons\n",
+ "Kb=1.381*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n",
+ "T=300; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "tow=m/(n*e**2*rho); #relaxation time(s)\n",
+ "vd=e*E*tow/m; #drift velocity(m/s)\n",
+ "mew=vd/E; #mobility(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "Vth=math.sqrt(3*Kb*T/m); #thermal velocity(m/s)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"relaxation time is\",round(tow*10**14,2),\"*10**-14 s\"\n",
+ "print \"drift velocity is\",round(vd,1),\"m/s\"\n",
+ "print \"mobility is\",round(mew*10**2,1),\"*10**-2 m**2/Vs\"\n",
+ "print \"thermal velocity is\",round(Vth/10**5,2),\"*10**5 m/s\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 10, Page number 5-32"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 32,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "fermi velocity is 1.39 *10**6 m/s\n",
+ "mean free path is 5.52 *10**-8 m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "m=9.11*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n",
+ "e=1.602*10**-19; #charge(c)\n",
+ "E=5.5; #fermi energy(V/m)\n",
+ "tow=3.97*10**-14; #relaxation time(s)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Vf=math.sqrt(2*E*e/m); #fermi velocity(m/s)\n",
+ "lamda=Vf*tow; #mean free path(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"fermi velocity is\",round(Vf/10**6,2),\"*10**6 m/s\"\n",
+ "print \"mean free path is\",round(lamda*10**8,2),\"*10**-8 m\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 11, Page number 5-33"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "electronic concentration is 5.863 *10**28 per m**3\n",
+ "fermi energy is 8.83 *10**-19 J\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "n=1; #number of electrons\n",
+ "NA=6.025*10**26; #avagadro number\n",
+ "D=10500; #density(kg/m**3)\n",
+ "M=107.9; #atomic weight(kg)\n",
+ "m=9.11*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n",
+ "h=6.63*10**-34; #plancks constant(Js)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "n=n*NA*D/M; #electronic concentration(per m**3)\n",
+ "x=(3*n/math.pi)**(2/3);\n",
+ "Ef=h**2*x/(8*m); #fermi energy(J)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"electronic concentration is\",round(n/10**28,3),\"*10**28 per m**3\"\n",
+ "print \"fermi energy is\",round(Ef*10**19,2),\"*10**-19 J\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 12, Page number 5-33"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 4,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "current density is 1 *10**7 amp/m**2\n",
+ "drift velocity is 0.7391 *10**-3 m/s\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "D=8.92*10**3; #density(kg/m**3)\n",
+ "w=63.5; #atomic weight\n",
+ "Na=6.02*10**26; #avagadro number\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(c)\n",
+ "I=100; #current(A)\n",
+ "A=10*10**-6; #area(m**2)\n",
+ "n=1;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "J=I/A; #current density(amp/m**2)\n",
+ "n=n*Na*D/w;\n",
+ "vd=J/(n*e); #drift velocity(m/s)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"current density is\",int(J/10**7),\"*10**7 amp/m**2\"\n",
+ "print \"drift velocity is\",round(vd*10**3,4),\"*10**-3 m/s\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.11"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter6_eRlj3AT.ipynb b/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter6_eRlj3AT.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8666cfc4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter6_eRlj3AT.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,543 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# 6: Dielectric Properties"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 1, Page number 6-23"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "dielectric constant is 1.339\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "alpha_e=10**-40; #polarisability(Fm**2)\n",
+ "N=3*10**28; #density of atoms\n",
+ "epsilon0=8.85*10**-12; \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "epsilonr=(N*alpha_e/epsilon0)+1; #dielectric constant\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"dielectric constant is\",round(epsilonr,3)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 2, Page number 6-24"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 5,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "capacitance is 8.85e-12 F\n",
+ "charge on plates is 8.85e-10 C\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "A=100*10**-4; #area(m**2)\n",
+ "epsilon0=8.85*10**-12; \n",
+ "d=1*10**-2; #seperation(m)\n",
+ "V=100; #potential(V)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "C=A*epsilon0/d; #capacitance(PF)\n",
+ "Q=C*V; #charge on plates(C)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"capacitance is\",C,\"F\"\n",
+ "print \"charge on plates is\",Q,\"C\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 3, Page number 6-24"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 7,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "polarisability is 2.242e-41 Fm**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "epsilonr=1.0000684; #dielectric constant\n",
+ "N=2.7*10**25; #number of atoms\n",
+ "epsilon0=8.85*10**-12; \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "alpha_e=epsilon0*(epsilonr-1)/N; #polarisability(Fm**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"polarisability is\",alpha_e,\"Fm**2\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 4, Page number 6-24"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 10,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "voltage is 39.73 V\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "A=650*10**-6; #area(m**2)\n",
+ "epsilon0=8.85*10**-12; \n",
+ "d=4*10**-3; #seperation(m)\n",
+ "Q=2*10**-10; #charge(C)\n",
+ "epsilonr=3.5; #dielectric constant\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation \n",
+ "V=Q*d/(epsilon0*epsilonr*A); #voltage(V)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"voltage is\",round(V,2),\"V\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 5, Page number 6-25"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 13,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "polarisation is 212.4 *10**-9 C-m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "epsilonr=5; #relative permittivity\n",
+ "V=12; #potential(V)\n",
+ "d=2*10**-3; #separation(m) \n",
+ "epsilon0=8.85*10**-12; \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "P=epsilon0*(epsilonr-1)*V/d; #polarisation(C-m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"polarisation is\",P*10**9,\"*10**-9 C-m\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 6, Page number 6-25"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 16,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "electronic polarisability is 3.29 *10**-40 Fm**2\n",
+ "answer in the book varies due to rounding off errors\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "epsilonr=3.75; #relative dielectric constant\n",
+ "gama=1/3; #internal field constant\n",
+ "D=2050; #density(kg/m**3)\n",
+ "M=32; #atomic weight(amu)\n",
+ "Na=6.02*10**26; #avagadro number\n",
+ "epsilon0=8.85*10**-12; \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "N=Na*D/M; #number of atoms per m**3\n",
+ "x=(epsilonr-1)/(epsilonr+2);\n",
+ "alpha_e=x*3*epsilon0/N; #electronic polarisability(F-m**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"electronic polarisability is\",round(alpha_e*10**40,2),\"*10**-40 Fm**2\"\n",
+ "print \"answer in the book varies due to rounding off errors\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 7, Page number 6-26"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 18,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "orientational polarisation is 1.0298 *10**-11 C-m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(coulomb)\n",
+ "x=0.25*10**-9; #separation(m)\n",
+ "E=5*10**5; #intensity of electric field(V/m)\n",
+ "T=300; #temperature(K) \n",
+ "KB=1.381*10**-23; #boltzmann constant(J/K)\n",
+ "N=1.6*10**20; #avagadro number\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Pd=N*(e*x)**2*E/(3*KB*T); #orientational polarisation(C-m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"orientational polarisation is\",round(Pd*10**11,4),\"*10**-11 C-m\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 8, Page number 6-26"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ " polarisability is 2.242e-41 Fm**2\n",
+ "radius of electron cloud is 5.864 *10**-11 m\n",
+ "answer for radius given in the book varies due to rounding off errors\n",
+ "displacement is 0.7 *10**-16 m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "epsilonr=1.0000684; #dielectric constant\n",
+ "N=2.7*10**25; #number of atoms\n",
+ "epsilon0=8.85*10**-12; \n",
+ "E=10**6; #electric field(V/m)\n",
+ "Z=2;\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(coulomb)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "alphae=epsilon0*(epsilonr-1)/N; #polarisability(Fm**2)\n",
+ "r=(alphae/(4*math.pi*epsilon0))**(1/3); #radius of electron cloud(m)\n",
+ "d=alphae*E/(Z*e); #displacement(m) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"polarisability is\",alphae,\"Fm**2\"\n",
+ "print \"radius of electron cloud is\",round(r*10**11,3),\"*10**-11 m\"\n",
+ "print \"answer for radius given in the book varies due to rounding off errors\"\n",
+ "print \"displacement is\",round(d*10**16,1),\"*10**-16 m\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 9, Page number 6-27"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 25,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "voltage across plates is 53.8 V\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "A=750*10**-6; #area(m**2)\n",
+ "epsilon0=8.85*10**-12; \n",
+ "epsilonr=3.5; #dielectric constant\n",
+ "d=5*10**-3; #seperation(m)\n",
+ "Q=2.5*10**-10; #charge on plates(C)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "V=Q*d/(epsilon0*epsilonr*A); #voltage across plates(V)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"voltage across plates is\",round(V,1),\"V\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 10, Page number 6-27"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 33,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "dipole moment per unit electric field is 8.9 *10**-40 F-m**2\n",
+ "polarisation is 26.7 *10**-15 C-m\n",
+ "dielectric constant is 1.00302\n",
+ "polarisability is 8.9 *10**-40 Fm**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "N=3*10**25; #number of atoms\n",
+ "epsilon0=8.85*10**-12; \n",
+ "r=0.2*10**-9; #radius(m) \n",
+ "E=1; #field\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "p=4*math.pi*epsilon0*r**3; #dipole moment per unit electric field(F-m**2)\n",
+ "P=N*p; #polarisation(C-m)\n",
+ "epsilonr=1+(4*math.pi*r**3*N/E); #dielectric constant\n",
+ "alphae=epsilon0*(epsilonr-1)/N; #polarisability(Fm**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"dipole moment per unit electric field is\",round(p*10**40,1),\"*10**-40 F-m**2\"\n",
+ "print \"polarisation is\",round(P*10**15,1),\"*10**-15 C-m\"\n",
+ "print \"dielectric constant is\",round(epsilonr,5)\n",
+ "print \"polarisability is\",round(alphae*10**40,1),\"*10**-40 Fm**2\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 11, Page number 6-28"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 35,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "polarisability is 1.426 *10**-40 F-m**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "N=2.7*10**25; #number of atoms\n",
+ "epsilon0=8.85*10**-12; \n",
+ "epsilonr=1.000435; #dielectric constant\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "alphae=epsilon0*(epsilonr-1)/N; #polarisability(Fm**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"polarisability is\",round(alphae*10**40,3),\"*10**-40 F-m**2\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 12, Page number 6-28"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 36,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "polarisability is 6.785 *10**-40 F-m**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "epsilon0=8.85*10**-12; \n",
+ "epsilonr=4; #dielectric constant\n",
+ "NA=6.02*10**26; #avagadro number\n",
+ "D=2.08*10**3; #density(kg/m**3)\n",
+ "M=32; #atomic weight(kg)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "N=NA*D/M; #number of atoms\n",
+ "alphae=epsilon0*(epsilonr-1)/N; #polarisability(Fm**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"polarisability is\",round(alphae*10**40,3),\"*10**-40 F-m**2\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.11"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter7_oB2qi2Q.ipynb b/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter7_oB2qi2Q.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..73c69a71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter7_oB2qi2Q.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,444 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# 7: Magnetic Properties"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 1, Page number 7-22"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 3,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "magnetic flux density is 0.628 wb/m**2\n",
+ "magnetic moment is -2.0 A/m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "chi=-0.4*10**-5; #magnetic susceptibility\n",
+ "H=5*10**5; #magnetic field intensity(amp/m)\n",
+ "mew0=4*math.pi*10**-7;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "B=mew0*H*(1+chi); #magnetic flux density(wb/m**2)\n",
+ "M=chi*H; #magnetic moment(A/m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"magnetic flux density is\",round(B,3),\"wb/m**2\"\n",
+ "print \"magnetic moment is\",M,\"A/m\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 2, Page number 7-22"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 10,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "magnetisation is -0.25 *10**-2 A/m\n",
+ "magnetic flux density is 1.257 *10**-3 wb/m**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "chi=-0.25*10**-5; #magnetic susceptibility\n",
+ "H=1000; #magnetic field intensity(amp/m)\n",
+ "mew0=4*math.pi*10**-7;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "M=chi*H; #magnetisation(A/m)\n",
+ "B=mew0*(H+M); #magnetic flux density(wb/m**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"magnetisation is\",M*10**2,\"*10**-2 A/m\"\n",
+ "print \"magnetic flux density is\",round(B*10**3,3),\"*10**-3 wb/m**2\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 3, Page number 7-23"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 12,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "magnetisation is 3500 A/m\n",
+ "magnetic flux density is 4.71 *10**-3 wb/m**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "mewr=15; #relative permeability\n",
+ "H=250; #magnetic field intensity(amp/m)\n",
+ "mew0=4*math.pi*10**-7;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "M=H*(mewr-1); #magnetisation(A/m)\n",
+ "B=mew0*(H+M); #magnetic flux density(wb/m**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"magnetisation is\",M,\"A/m\"\n",
+ "print \"magnetic flux density is\",round(B*10**3,2),\"*10**-3 wb/m**2\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 4, Page number 7-23"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 15,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "magnetisation is -0.42 A/m\n",
+ "magnetic flux density is 1.2561 *10**-3 wb/m**2\n",
+ "answer for flux density in the book varies due to rounding off errors\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "chi=-0.42*10**-3; #magnetic susceptibility\n",
+ "H=1000; #magnetic field intensity(amp/m)\n",
+ "mew0=4*math.pi*10**-7;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "M=chi*H; #magnetisation(A/m)\n",
+ "B=mew0*(H+M); #magnetic flux density(wb/m**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"magnetisation is\",M,\"A/m\"\n",
+ "print \"magnetic flux density is\",round(B*10**3,4),\"*10**-3 wb/m**2\"\n",
+ "print \"answer for flux density in the book varies due to rounding off errors\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 5, Page number 7-23"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 17,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "magnetic moment is 3.93 *10**-3 A-m**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "d=0.1; #diameter(m)\n",
+ "i=0.5; #current(ampere)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "r=d/2; #radius of atom(m)\n",
+ "mew=i*math.pi*r**2; #magnetic moment(A-m**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"magnetic moment is\",round(mew*10**3,2),\"*10**-3 A-m**2\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 6, Page number 7-23"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 25,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "magnetising force is 201.4 A/m\n",
+ "relative permeability is 17.38\n",
+ "answers given in the book are wrong\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "mew0=4*math.pi*10**-7;\n",
+ "B=0.0044; #magnetic flux density(wb/m**2)\n",
+ "M=3300; #magnetisation(A/m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "H=(B/mew0)-M; #magnetising force(amp/m)\n",
+ "mewr=1+(M/H); #relative permeability\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"magnetising force is\",round(H,1),\"A/m\"\n",
+ "print \"relative permeability is\",round(mewr,2)\n",
+ "print \"answers given in the book are wrong\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 7, Page number 7-24"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 28,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "change in magnetic moment is 5.705 *10**-29 A-m**2\n",
+ "answer given in the book is wrong\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "r=0.52*10**-10; #radius(m)\n",
+ "B=3; #magnetic induction(web/m**2)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(c)\n",
+ "m=9.1*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "d_mew=e**2*r**2*B/(4*m); #change in magnetic moment(Am**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"change in magnetic moment is\",round(d_mew*10**29,3),\"*10**-29 A-m**2\"\n",
+ "print \"answer given in the book is wrong\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 8, Page number 7-24"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 30,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "change in magnetic moment is 3.936 *10**-29 A-m**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "r=5.29*10**-11; #radius(m)\n",
+ "B=2; #magnetic induction(web/m**2)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(c)\n",
+ "m=9.1*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "d_mew=e**2*r**2*B/(4*m); #change in magnetic moment(Am**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"change in magnetic moment is\",round(d_mew*10**29,3),\"*10**-29 A-m**2\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 9, Page number 7-24"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 32,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "ssusceptibility at 300K is 3.267 *10**-4\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "chi1=2.8*10**-4; #susceptibility\n",
+ "T1=350; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "T2=300; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "chi2=(chi1*T1)/T2; #susceptibility at 300K\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"susceptibility at 300K is\",round(chi2*10**4,3),\"*10**-4\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 10, Page number 7-25"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 34,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "relative permeability of iron is 2153.85\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "B0=6.5*10**-4; #magnetic field(Tesla)\n",
+ "B=1.4; #magnetic field(Tesla)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "mewr=B/B0; #relative permeability of iron\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"relative permeability of iron is\",round(mewr,2)"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.11"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter8_nXYTfh3.ipynb b/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter8_nXYTfh3.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2069ff01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter8_nXYTfh3.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,784 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# 8: Semiconductors and Physics of Semiconductor Devices"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 1, Page number 8-55"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ " resistivity is 0.41667 ohm m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(c)\n",
+ "ni=2.5*10**19; #particle density(per m**3)\n",
+ "mew_n=0.40; #electron mobility(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "mew_p=0.20; #hole mobility(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "rhoi=1/(ni*e*(mew_n+mew_p)); #resistivity(ohm m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"resistivity is\",round(rhoi,5),\"ohm m\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 2, Page number 8-56"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 4,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "number of donor atoms is 8.333 *10**19 per m**3\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(c)\n",
+ "mew_n=0.3; #electron mobility(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "rho=0.25; #resistivity(ohm m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "n=1/(rho*e*mew_n); #number of donor atoms per m**3\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"number of donor atoms is\",round(n/10**19,3),\"*10**19 per m**3\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 3, Page number 8-56"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 7,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "diffusion coefficient is 54.34 *10**-4 m**2/s\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(c)\n",
+ "mewn=0.21; #electron mobility(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "T=300; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "KB=1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Dn=mewn*KB*T/e; #diffusion coefficient(m**2/sec)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"diffusion coefficient is\",round(Dn*10**4,2),\"*10**-4 m**2/s\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 4, Page number 8-56"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 9,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "hole concentration is 19.4 *10**21 m-3\n",
+ "hole mobility is 0.03788 m**2/Vs\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(c)\n",
+ "RH=3.22*10**-4; #hall coefficient(m**3C-1)\n",
+ "rho=8.5*10**-3; #resistivity(ohm m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "p=1/(RH*e); #hole concentration(m-3)\n",
+ "mewp=RH/rho; #hole mobility(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"hole concentration is\",round(p/10**21,1),\"*10**21 m-3\"\n",
+ "print \"hole mobility is\",round(mewp,5),\"m**2/Vs\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 5, Page number 8-57"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 11,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "intrinsic concentration is 556.25 *10**16 per m**3\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(c)\n",
+ "mew_e=0.36; #electron mobility(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "mew_h=0.17; #hole mobility(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "rhoi=2.12; #resistivity(ohm m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "ni=1/(rhoi*e*(mew_e+mew_h)); #intrinsic concentration(per m**3)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"intrinsic concentration is\",round(ni/10**16,2),\"*10**16 per m**3\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 6, Page number 8-57"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 14,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "resistivity is 0.449 ohm m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(c)\n",
+ "mew_e=0.39; #electron mobility(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "mew_h=0.19; #hole mobility(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "ni=2.4*10**19; #intrinsic concentration(per m**3)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "rhoi=1/(ni*e*(mew_e+mew_h)); #resistivity(ohm m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"resistivity is\",round(rhoi,3),\"ohm m\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 7, Page number 8-57"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 18,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "hole concentration is 2.25 *10**9 per m**3\n",
+ "conductivity is 2.16 *10**3 per ohm m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "ni=1.5*10**16; #charge carriers(per m**3)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(c)\n",
+ "mew_e=0.135; #electron mobility(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "mew_h=0.048; #hole mobility(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "N=10**23; #number of atoms(per m**3)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "sigma=ni*e*(mew_e+mew_h); \n",
+ "p=ni**2/N; #hole concentration(per m**3) \n",
+ "sigman=N*e*mew_e; #conductivity(per ohm m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"hole concentration is\",p/10**9,\"*10**9 per m**3\"\n",
+ "print \"conductivity is\",sigman/10**3,\"*10**3 per ohm m\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 8, Page number 8-58"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 21,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "hole concentration is 1.7 *10**22 m-3\n",
+ "hole mobility is 4.099 *10**-2 m**2/Vs\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(c)\n",
+ "RH=3.66*10**-4; #hall coefficient(m**3C-1)\n",
+ "rho=8.93*10**-3; #resistivity(ohm m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "p=1/(RH*e); #hole concentration(m-3)\n",
+ "mew=RH/rho; #hole mobility(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"hole concentration is\",round(p/10**22,1),\"*10**22 m-3\"\n",
+ "print \"hole mobility is\",round(mew*10**2,3),\"*10**-2 m**2/Vs\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 9, Page number 8-58"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 24,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "conductivity is 4.32 *10**-4 per ohm m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(c)\n",
+ "ni=1.5*10**16; #particle density(per m**3)\n",
+ "mew_e=0.13; #electron mobility(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "mew_h=0.05; #hole mobility(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "sigma=ni*e*(mew_e+mew_h); #conductivity(per ohm m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"conductivity is\",sigma*10**4,\"*10**-4 per ohm m\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 10, Page number 8-58"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 26,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "conductivity is 11.2 per ohm m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(c)\n",
+ "ni=1.5*10**16; #particle density(per m**3)\n",
+ "mew_e=0.14; #electron mobility(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "mew_h=0.05; #hole mobility(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "D=2.33*10**3; #density(kg/m**3)\n",
+ "A=28.09; #atomic weight(kg)\n",
+ "NA=6.025*10**26; #avagadro number \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "N=NA*D/A; #number of atoms\n",
+ "n=N/10**8; #electron concentration(per m**3)\n",
+ "p=ni**2/n; #hole concentration(per m**3)\n",
+ "sigma=e*((n*mew_e)+(p*mew_h)); #conductivity(per ohm m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"conductivity is\",round(sigma,1),\"per ohm m\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 11, Page number 8-59"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 28,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "resistivity is 4.13 *10**-4 per ohm m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(c)\n",
+ "ni=2.5*10**19; #particle density(per m**3)\n",
+ "mew_e=0.36; #electron mobility(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "mew_h=0.18; #hole mobility(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "N=4.2*10**28; #number of atoms\n",
+ "A=28.09; #atomic weight(kg)\n",
+ "NA=6.025*10**26; #avagadro number \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "n=N/10**6; #electron concentration(per m**3)\n",
+ "p=ni**2/n; #hole concentration(per m**3)\n",
+ "rhoi=1/(e*((n*mew_e)+(p*mew_h))); #resistivity(per ohm m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"resistivity is\",round(rhoi*10**4,2),\"*10**-4 per ohm m\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 12, Page number 8-60"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 31,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "hole concentration is 1.2 *10**9 m-3\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "np=2.4*10**9; #carrier concentration(m-3)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "p=np/2; #hole concentration(m-3)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"hole concentration is\",p/10**9,\"*10**9 m-3\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 13, Page number 8-60"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 34,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "density of donor atoms is 8.92 *10**19 electron/m**3\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "rho=0.2; #resistivity(ohm m)\n",
+ "e=1.602*10**-19; #charge(c)\n",
+ "mewn=0.35; #mobility of charge carriers(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "n=1/(rho*mewn*e); #density of donor atoms(electrons/m**3)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"density of donor atoms is\",round(n/10**19,2),\"*10**19 electron/m**3\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 14, Page number 8-60"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 36,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "energy gap is 0.573 eV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "KB=1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n",
+ "e=1.602*10**-19; #charge(c)\n",
+ "rho1=5;\n",
+ "rho2=2.5;\n",
+ "T1=300; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "T2=320; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Eg=2*KB*math.log(rho1/rho2)/((1/T1)-(1/T2)); #energy gap(J)\n",
+ "Eg=Eg/e; #energy gap(eV) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"energy gap is\",round(Eg,3),\"eV\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 15, Page number 8-61"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 37,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "diffusion coefficient is 4.92 *10**-3 m**2/sec\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(c)\n",
+ "mew_e=0.19; #electron mobility(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "T=300; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "KB=1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Dn=mew_e*KB*T/e; #diffusion coefficient(m**2/sec)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"diffusion coefficient is\",round(Dn*10**3,2),\"*10**-3 m**2/sec\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 16, Page number 8-61"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 39,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "energy gap is 1.04 eV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "KB=1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n",
+ "e=1.602*10**-19; #charge(c)\n",
+ "rho1=4.5;\n",
+ "rho2=2.0;\n",
+ "T1=293; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "T2=305; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Eg=2*KB*math.log(rho1/rho2)/((1/T1)-(1/T2)); #energy gap(J)\n",
+ "Eg=Eg/e; #energy gap(eV) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"energy gap is\",round(Eg,2),\"eV\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 17, Page number 8-62"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 43,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "peak current is 37.8 mA\n",
+ "peak output voltage is 18.9 V\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "Vm=20; #voltage(V)\n",
+ "RL=500; #load resistance(ohm)\n",
+ "rf=10; #forward resistance(ohm)\n",
+ "VB=0.7; #bias voltage(V) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Im=(Vm-VB)*10**3/(rf+RL); #peak current(mA)\n",
+ "Vo=Im*RL/10**3; #peak output voltage(V)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"peak current is\",round(Im,1),\"mA\"\n",
+ "print \"peak output voltage is\",round(Vo,1),\"V\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 18, Page number 8-62"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 48,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "peak current is 0.2828 A\n",
+ "average DC current is 0.18 A\n",
+ "dc voltage is 180 V\n",
+ "ripple factor is 87.178 V\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "Vrms=200; #voltage(V)\n",
+ "RL=1000; #load resistance(ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Im=Vrms*math.sqrt(2)/RL; #peak current(A)\n",
+ "Idc=2*Im/math.pi; #average DC current(A)\n",
+ "Vdc=int(Idc*RL); #dc voltage(V)\n",
+ "x=(Vrms/Vdc)**2;\n",
+ "gama=math.sqrt(x-1)*Vdc; #ripple factor(V)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"peak current is\",round(Im,4),\"A\"\n",
+ "print \"average DC current is\",round(Idc,2),\"A\"\n",
+ "print \"dc voltage is\",Vdc,\"V\"\n",
+ "print \"ripple factor is\",round(gama,3),\"V\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.11"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter9_aPNsAAD.ipynb b/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter9_aPNsAAD.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4f07646f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter9_aPNsAAD.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,305 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# 9: Superconductivity"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 1, Page number 9-22"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "transition temperature is 11.3 K\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "Hc=1*10**5; #critical magnetic field(A/m)\n",
+ "T=8; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "H0=2*10**5; #critical magnetic field(A/m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Tc=T/math.sqrt(1-(Hc/H0)); #transition temperature(K)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"transition temperature is\",round(Tc,1),\"K\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 2, Page number 9-22"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 4,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "frequency is 4.1 *10**9 Hz\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(c)\n",
+ "h=6.626*10**-34; #plank constant\n",
+ "V=8.5*10**-6; #voltage(V)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "new=2*e*V/h; #frequency(Hz)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"frequency is\",round(new/10**9,1),\"*10**9 Hz\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 3, Page number 9-22"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 7,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "critical field is 0.02166 Tesla\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "T=2; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "Tc=3.7; #critical temperature(K)\n",
+ "H0=0.0306; #critical magnetic field(A/m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Hc=H0*(1-(T/Tc)**2); #critical field(Tesla)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"critical field is\",round(Hc,5),\"Tesla\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 4, Page number 9-23"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 11,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "maximum critical temperature is 7.2 K\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "Hc=200*10**3; #critical magnetic field(A/m)\n",
+ "Tc=12; #critical temperature(K)\n",
+ "H0=250*10**3; #critical magnetic field(A/m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "T=Tc*math.sqrt(1-(Hc/H0)**2); #maximum critical temperature(K)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"maximum critical temperature is\",T,\"K\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 5, Page number 9-23"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 14,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "critical field is 0.0163 Tesla\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "T=2.5; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "Tc=3.7; #critical temperature(K)\n",
+ "H0=0.03; #critical magnetic field(A/m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Hc=H0*(1-(T/Tc)**2); #critical field(Tesla)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"critical field is\",round(Hc,4),\"Tesla\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 6, Page number 9-23"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 16,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "frequency is 313.96 *10**9 Hz\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(c)\n",
+ "h=6.625*10**-34; #plank constant\n",
+ "V=650*10**-6; #voltage(V)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "new=2*e*V/h; #frequency(Hz)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"frequency is\",round(new/10**9,2),\"*10**9 Hz\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 7, Page number 9-24"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 18,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "critical field is 3.365 *10**3 A/m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "T=5; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "Tc=7.2; #critical temperature(K)\n",
+ "H0=6.5*10**3; #critical magnetic field(A/m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Hc=H0*(1-(T/Tc)**2); #critical field(A/m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"critical field is\",round(Hc/10**3,3),\"*10**3 A/m\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.11"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
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--
cgit