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+{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": "",
+ "signature": "sha256:698d37f412d89d016a22fab7149569fc8652a8ce9fa170122f874fd8734f1895"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Chapter 7: Thermodynamics Processes"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 7.1, page no. 124"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "#initialization\n",
+ "\n",
+ "P1 = 160.0 #lb/in^2\n",
+ "T1 = 100.0 #F\n",
+ "P2 = 140.0 #lb/in^2\n",
+ "T2 = 550.0 #F\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#From steam tables\n",
+ "h1 = 67.97 #B/lbm\n",
+ "h2 = 1299.3 #B/lbm\n",
+ "s1 = 0.1295 #B/lbm R\n",
+ "s2 = 1.6785 #B/lbm R\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculation\n",
+ "dh = h2-h1\n",
+ "ds = s2-s1\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "print \"Change in enthalpy = %.1f B/lbm\" %dh\n",
+ "print \"Change in entropy = %.4f B/lbm R\" %ds"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Change in enthalpy = 1231.3 B/lbm\n",
+ "Change in entropy = 1.5490 B/lbm R\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 1
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 7.2, page no. 125"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "#initialization\n",
+ "P1 = 160.0 #lb/in^2\n",
+ "T1 = 100.0 #F\n",
+ "P2 = 140.0 #lb/in^2\n",
+ "T2 = 550.0 #F\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#From steam tables\n",
+ "h1 = 67.97 \n",
+ "s1 = 0.1295\n",
+ "h2 = 1300.9\n",
+ "s2 = 1.6945\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculation\n",
+ "dh = h2-h1\n",
+ "ds = s2-s1\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "print \"Change in enthalpy = %.1f B/lbm\" %dh\n",
+ "print \"Change in entropy = %.4f B/lbm R\" %ds\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Change in enthalpy = 1232.9 B/lbm\n",
+ "Change in entropy = 1.5650 B/lbm R\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 2
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 7.3, page no. 126"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "import scipy.integrate\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#initialization\n",
+ "P1 = 30.0 #lb/in^2\n",
+ "T1 = 300+460.0 #R\n",
+ "T2 = 60 +460.0 #R\n",
+ "cp = 0.25 #B/lbm F\n",
+ "R = 53.3 #ft-lb/lbm R\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculation\n",
+ "Q = cp*(T2-T1)\n",
+ "du = (cp-R/778)*(T2-T1)\n",
+ "W = 778*(Q-du)\n",
+ "def c(T):\n",
+ " ds = cp/T\n",
+ " return ds\n",
+ "S = scipy.integrate.quadrature(c, T1, T2)[0]\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "print \"Heat flow\", Q, \" B/lbm\"\n",
+ "print \"change in internal energy\", round(du, 1), \" B/lbm\"\n",
+ "print \"the work done is \", W, \" ft-lb/lbm\" #mistake in book for calculation of W\n",
+ "print \"Change in entropy = %.3f B/lbm R\" %S"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Heat flow -60.0 B/lbm\n",
+ "change in internal energy -43.6 B/lbm\n",
+ "the work done is -12792.0 ft-lb/lbm\n",
+ "Change in entropy = -0.095 B/lbm R\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 15
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 7.4, page no. 129"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "#initialization\n",
+ "\n",
+ "T1 = 300.0 #F\n",
+ "# From steam tables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "h1 = 269.59 #B/lbm\n",
+ "h2 = 1179.7 #B/lbm\n",
+ "s1 = 0.4369 #B/lbm R\n",
+ "s2 = 1.6350 #B/lbm R\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculation\n",
+ "dh = h2-h1\n",
+ "ds = s2-s1\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "print \"Change in enthalpy = %.1f B/lbm\" %dh\n",
+ "print \"Change in entropy = %.4f B/lbm R\" %ds"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Change in enthalpy = 910.1 B/lbm\n",
+ "Change in entropy = 1.1981 B/lbm R\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 16
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 7.5, page no. 129"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#initialization\n",
+ "v = 12.8 #ft^3\n",
+ "T = 80+460.0 #R\n",
+ "P = 14.0 #lb/in^2\n",
+ "Pf = 500.0 #lb/in^2\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculation\n",
+ "Q = -53.3*T*math.log(Pf/P)/778.0\n",
+ "v2 = 53.3*T/(144*Pf)\n",
+ "w = v/v2\n",
+ "Qdot = w*Q\n",
+ "Wdot = w*W\n",
+ "ds = Q/T\n",
+ "dsbar = ds*w\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "print \"Work required = %d ft-lb\" %Wdot\n",
+ "print \"Heat transfer = %d B\" %Qdot\n",
+ "print \"Change in entropy = %.3f B/lbm \" %dsbar\n",
+ "print \"Change in internal energy is 0 cause this is a constant temperature process\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#answers will differ due to roundin offs"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Work required = -3295227 ft-lb\n",
+ "Heat transfer = -4235 B\n",
+ "Change in entropy = -7.844 B/lbm \n",
+ "Change in internal energy is 0 cause this is a constant temperature process\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 3
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 7.6, page no. 131"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "#initialization\n",
+ "P1 = 14.7 #lb/in^2\n",
+ "P2 = 20.0 #lb/in^2\n",
+ "w = 1.0 #lbm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculation\n",
+ "# From table 3 of appendix\n",
+ "v1 = 26.8\n",
+ "h1 = 1150.4\n",
+ "s1 = 1.7566\n",
+ "u1 = h1- 144*P1*v1/778\n",
+ "print \"Internal energy 1 = %.1f B/lbm\" %u1\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# For pressure of 20 lb/in^2 , from table 2\n",
+ "v2 = 26.8\n",
+ "h2 = 1260.9\n",
+ "s2 = 1.8637\n",
+ "u2 = h2-144*P2*v2/778\n",
+ "du = u2-u1\n",
+ "ds = s2-s1\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "print \"Change in internal energy = %.1f B/lbm\" %du\n",
+ "print \"CHange in entropy = %.4f B/lbm R\" %ds"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Internal energy 1 = 1077.5 B/lbm\n",
+ "Change in internal energy = 84.2 B/lbm\n",
+ "CHange in entropy = 0.1071 B/lbm R\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 19
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 7.7, page no. 133"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "import scipy.integrate\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#initialization\n",
+ "P1 = 100.0 #lb/in^2\n",
+ "T1 = 240+460.0 #R\n",
+ "T2 = 740+460.0 #R\n",
+ "cp = 0.171 #B?lbm F\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculation\n",
+ "dq = cp*(T2-T1)\n",
+ "def s(T):\n",
+ " ds = cp/T\n",
+ " return ds\n",
+ "ds = scipy.integrate.quadrature(s, T1, T2)[0]\n",
+ "cpm = 0.247\n",
+ "cv = cpm-53.3/778\n",
+ "Q = cv*(T2-T1)\n",
+ "ds2 = cv*math.log(T2/T1)\n",
+ "v1 = 53.3*T1/(144*P1)\n",
+ "P2 = P1*(T2/T1)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# from table 6\n",
+ "h1 = 167.56\n",
+ "phi1 = 0.66321\n",
+ "u1 = h1-144*P1*v1/778.0\n",
+ "h2 = 291.30\n",
+ "phi2 = 0.79628\n",
+ "u2 = h2-144*P2*v1/778.0\n",
+ "Q3 = u2-u1\n",
+ "ds3 = phi2-phi1-53.3*math.log(P2/P1)/778.0\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Part a\"\n",
+ "print \"work is zero\"\n",
+ "print \"Heat = %.1f B/lbm\" %dq\n",
+ "print \"Change in entropy = %.4f B/lbm R\" %ds\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"part b\"\n",
+ "print \"Heat = %.1f B/lbm\" %Q\n",
+ "print \"Change in entropy = %.4f B/lbm R\" %ds2\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Part c\"\n",
+ "print \"Heat low = %.1f B/lbm\" %Q3\n",
+ "print \"Change in entropy = %.5f B/lbm R\" %ds3"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Part a\n",
+ "work is zero\n",
+ "Heat = 85.5 B/lbm\n",
+ "Change in entropy = 0.0922 B/lbm R\n",
+ "part b\n",
+ "Heat = 89.2 B/lbm\n",
+ "Change in entropy = 0.0962 B/lbm R\n",
+ "Part c\n",
+ "Heat low = 89.5 B/lbm\n",
+ "Change in entropy = 0.09614 B/lbm R\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 20
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 7.8, page no. 136"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "#initialization\n",
+ "P1 = 100.0 #lb/in^2\n",
+ "T1 = 500+460.0 #R\n",
+ "P2 = 16.0 #lb/in^2\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculation\n",
+ "# From table 4 of appendix, initial conditions are\n",
+ "ht1 = 1279.1\n",
+ "st1 = 1.7085\n",
+ "hg = 1152.0\n",
+ "sg = 1.7549\n",
+ "hfg = 969.7\n",
+ "sfg = 1.4415\n",
+ "st1 = 1.7085\n",
+ "Xdash = (sg-st1)/sfg\n",
+ "ht2 = hg-(Xdash)*hfg\n",
+ "hdiff = ht1-ht2\n",
+ "W = hdiff*778\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "print \"Change in entropy is zero\"\n",
+ "print \"heat trasnfer is zero since adiabatic\"\n",
+ "print \"Work done = %d ft-lb/lbm\" %W\n",
+ "print \"Change in enthalpy = %.1f B/lbm\" %hdiff"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Change in entropy is zero\n",
+ "heat trasnfer is zero since adiabatic\n",
+ "Work done = 123167 ft-lb/lbm\n",
+ "Change in enthalpy = 158.3 B/lbm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 21
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 7.9, page no. 137"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "#initialization\n",
+ "g = 1.4\n",
+ "cv = 0.171 #B/lbm \n",
+ "P1 = 14.7 #lb/in^2\n",
+ "P2 = 100 #lb/in^2\n",
+ "T1 = 60+460 #R\n",
+ "w = 1 #lbm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculation\n",
+ "Tratio = (P2/P1)**((g-1)/g)\n",
+ "T2 = T1*Tratio\n",
+ "WbyJ = cv*(T1-T2)\n",
+ "W = WbyJ*778.0\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "print \"Work done = %.1f B/lbm\" %W\n",
+ "print \"CHange in internal energy = %d ft-lb/lbm\" %WbyJ\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#difference in answers due to rounding offs"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Work done = -50463.5 B/lbm\n",
+ "CHange in internal energy = -64 ft-lb/lbm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 24
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 7.10, page no. 137"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#initialization\n",
+ "P1 = 25.0 #lb/in^2\n",
+ "T1 = 840+460.0 #R\n",
+ "P2 = 14.7 #lb/in^2\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculation\n",
+ "# from table 6 of appendix\n",
+ "ht1 = 316.94\n",
+ "Prt1 = 32.39\n",
+ "Pratio = P1/P2\n",
+ "Pr2 = Prt1/Pratio\n",
+ "h2 = 272.4\n",
+ "V2 = math.sqrt(2*32.2*778.0*(ht1-h2))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "print \"Nozzle exit velocity = %d ft/sec\" %V2\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#difference in the answers is due to internal rounding off in Python."
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Nozzle exit velocity = 1493 ft/sec\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 2
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 7.11, page no. 139"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "#initialization\n",
+ "P1 = 100.0 #lb/in^2\n",
+ "P2 = 16.0 #lb/in^2\n",
+ "T1 = 500+460.0 #R\n",
+ "eta = 0.996\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculation\n",
+ "# from appendix table 4\n",
+ "ht1 = 1279.1\n",
+ "st1 = 1.7085\n",
+ "hg = 1152\n",
+ "sg = 1.7549\n",
+ "hfg = 969.7\n",
+ "sfg = 1.4415\n",
+ "ht2 = hg-(1-eta)*hfg\n",
+ "st2 = sg-(1-eta)*sfg\n",
+ "WbyJ = ht1-ht2\n",
+ "W = WbyJ*778\n",
+ "ds = st2-st1\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "print \"Work done = %d ft-lb/lbm\" %W #difference due to rounding off\n",
+ "print \"Change in enrtropy = %.4f B/lbm R\" %ds"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Work done = 101901 ft-lb/lbm\n",
+ "Change in enrtropy = 0.0406 B/lbm R\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 26
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 7.12, page no. 140"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#initialization\n",
+ "P1 = 14.7 #lb/in^2\n",
+ "T1 = 60+460.0 #R\n",
+ "P2 = 100.0 #lb/in^2\n",
+ "T2 = 470+460.0 #R\n",
+ "cv = 0.171 #B/lbm F\n",
+ "cp = 0.24 #B/lbm F\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculation\n",
+ "WbyJ=cv*(T1-T2)\n",
+ "W=778*WbyJ\n",
+ "ds=cp*math.log(T2/T1) - 53.3*math.log(P2/P1)/778.0\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "print \"Work done = %d ft-lb/lbm\" %W\n",
+ "print \"Change in entropy = %.4f B/lbm R\" %ds"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Work done = -54545 ft-lb/lbm\n",
+ "Change in entropy = 0.0082 B/lbm R\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 12
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+} \ No newline at end of file
generated by cgit (git 2.34.1) at 2025-03-11 06:26:03 +0000