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diff --git a/Thermodynamics_by_B._l._Singhal/ch5.ipynb b/Thermodynamics_by_B._l._Singhal/ch5.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..a7688b21 --- /dev/null +++ b/Thermodynamics_by_B._l._Singhal/ch5.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,685 @@ +{ + "metadata": { + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:3ebf775cd37f8da59364495c7787c49c7b13cef5f433a38d770b6bcb86676939" + }, + "nbformat": 3, + "nbformat_minor": 0, + "worksheets": [ + { + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Chapter 5 : Properties of Steam" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 5.1 Page No : 6" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "# Variables : \n", + "deltaQ = 1000.;\t\t\t#KJ\n", + "T = 1073.;\t\t\t#Kelvin\n", + "T0 = 20.+273;\t\t\t#Kelvin\n", + "\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "deltaS = deltaQ/T;\t\t\t#KJ/K\n", + "A = deltaQ-T0*deltaS;\t\t\t#KJ\n", + "print \"Available energy in KJ : %.2f\"%A\n", + "\n", + "UA = T0*deltaS;\t\t\t#KJ\n", + "print \"Unavailable energy in KJ : %.2f\"%UA\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Available energy in KJ : 726.93\n", + "Unavailable energy in KJ : 273.07\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 1 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 5.2 Page No : 6" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables :\n", + "m = 2.;\t\t\t#Kg\n", + "T1 = 300.+273;\t\t\t#Kelvin\n", + "T2 = 150.+273;\t\t\t#Kelvin\n", + "T0 = 20.+273;\t\t\t#Kelvin\n", + "Cp = 0.45;\t\t\t#KJ/KgK\n", + "\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "deltaQ = m*Cp*(T1-T2);\t\t\t#KJ\n", + "deltaS = m*Cp*math.log(T1/T2);\t\t\t#KJ/K\n", + "A = deltaQ-T0*deltaS;\t\t\t#KJ\n", + "print \"Reversible work or Available energy in KJ : %.2f\"%A\n", + "\n", + "UA = T0*deltaS;\t\t\t#KJ\n", + "print \"Irreversibility in KJ : %.2f\"%UA\n", + "#Irreversibilty is not calculated in the book and asked in the question.\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Reversible work or Available energy in KJ : 54.96\n", + "Irreversibility in KJ : 80.04\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 2 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 5.3 Page No : 6" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables :\n", + "m = 5.;\t\t\t#Kg\n", + "p = 1.;\t\t\t#bar\n", + "T0 = 20.+273;\t\t\t#Kelvin\n", + "T1 = 23.+273;\t\t\t#Kelvin\n", + "T2 = 227.+273;\t\t\t#Kelvin\n", + "Cp = 1.005;\t\t\t#J/KgK\n", + "\n", + "# Calculations\n", + "deltaS = Cp*math.log(T1/T2);\t\t\t#KJ/KgK\n", + "deltaQ = Cp*(T2-T1);\t\t\t#KJ\n", + "A = m*(deltaQ+T0*deltaS);\t\t\t#KJ\n", + "\n", + "# Results\n", + "print \"Increase in availability due to heating in KJ : %.2f\"%A\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Increase in availability due to heating in KJ : 253.24\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 3 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 5.4 Page No : 7" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables :\n", + "Q1 = 400.;\t\t\t#KJ\n", + "T1 = 1227.+273;\t\t\t#Kelvin\n", + "T2 = 27.+273;\t\t\t#Kelvin\n", + "\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "A = Q1-T2*Q1/T1;\t\t\t#KJ\n", + "print \"Availability of the system in KJ : \",A\n", + "\n", + "UA = Q1-A;\t\t\t#KJ\n", + "print \"Unavailable energy in KJ : \",UA\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Availability of the system in KJ : 320.0\n", + "Unavailable energy in KJ : 80.0\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 4 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 5.5 Page No : 7" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables :\n", + "P = 1.;\t\t\t#KW or KJ/s\n", + "Q = 6.;\t\t\t#MJ/hr\n", + "Q = Q*1000./3600;\t\t\t#KJ/s\n", + "T1 = 26.+273;\t\t\t#Kelvin\n", + "T2 = 3.+273;\t\t\t#Kelvin\n", + "\n", + "# Calculations\n", + "COP = T1/(T1-T2);\n", + "W = Q/COP;\t\t\t#KJ/s or KW\n", + "\n", + "# Results\n", + "print \"Work required to pump heat in KJ/s or KW : %.3f\"%W\n", + "print (\"As P>W, required condition can be maintained.\")\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Work required to pump heat in KJ/s or KW : 0.128\n", + "As P>W, required condition can be maintained.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 4 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 5.6 Page No : 8" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables :\n", + "T = 727.+273;\t\t\t#Kelvin\n", + "T0 = 17.+273;\t\t\t#Kelvin\n", + "deltaQ = 4000.;\t\t\t#KJ\n", + "\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "deltaS = deltaQ/T;\t\t\t#KJ/K\n", + "A = deltaQ-T0*deltaS;\t\t\t#KJ\n", + "print \"Availability of heat energy in KJ : \",A\n", + "UA = T0*deltaS;\t\t\t#KJ\n", + "print \"Unavailable heat energy in KJ : \",UA\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Availability of heat energy in KJ : 2840.0\n", + "Unavailable heat energy in KJ : 1160.0\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 6 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 5.7 Page No : 8" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables :\n", + "deltaQ = 850.;\t\t\t#KJ\n", + "T = 180+273.;\t\t\t#Kelvin\n", + "T0 = 22+273.;\t\t\t#Kelvin\n", + "\n", + "# Calculations\n", + "deltaS = deltaQ/T;\t\t\t#KJ/K\n", + "A = deltaQ-T0*deltaS;\t\t\t#KJ\n", + "\n", + "# Results\n", + "print \"Available energy in KJ : %.2f\"%A\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Available energy in KJ : 296.47\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 5 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 5.8 Page No : 8" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables :\n", + "deltaQ = 850.;\t\t\t#KJ\n", + "T1 = 1400.+273.;\t\t\t#Kelvin\n", + "T2 = 250.+273.;\t\t\t#Kelvin\n", + "T0 = 20.+273.;\t\t\t#Kelvin\n", + "Q = -1000.; \t\t\t#KJ\n", + "\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "deltaS1 = Q/T1;\t\t\t#KJ/K(-ve as heat leaving)\n", + "deltaS2 = abs(Q)/T2;\t\t\t#KJ/K(+ve Q as steam receives heat)\n", + "deltaS = deltaS1+deltaS2;\t\t\t#KJ/K\n", + "print (\"Part (i) As energy leaves the hot gases : \");\n", + "A = (T1-T0)*deltaS1;\t\t\t#KJ\n", + "UA = T0*deltaS1;\t\t\t#KJ\n", + "print \"Available energy in KJ : %.2f\"%A\n", + "print \"Unavailable energy in KJ : %.2f\"%UA\n", + "print (\"Part (ii) As energy enters the system : \");\n", + "\n", + "A = (T2-T0)*deltaS2;\t\t\t#KJ\n", + "UA = T0*deltaS2;\t\t\t#KJ\n", + "print \"Available energy in KJ : %.2f\"%A\n", + "print \"Part (iii) Unavailable energy in KJ : %.2f\"%UA\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Part (i) As energy leaves the hot gases : \n", + "Available energy in KJ : -824.87\n", + "Unavailable energy in KJ : -175.13\n", + "Part (ii) As energy enters the system : \n", + "Available energy in KJ : 439.77\n", + "Part (iii) Unavailable energy in KJ : 560.23\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 6 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 5.9 Page No : 9" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import scipy\n", + "from scipy.integrate import quad \n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables :\n", + "deltaQ = 850.;\t\t\t#KJ\n", + "T1 = 523.;\t\t\t#Kelvin\n", + "T2 = 873.;\t\t\t#Kelvin\n", + "T0 = 288.;\t\t\t#Kelvin\n", + "dQ_by_dT = 100.;\t\t\t#KJ/K\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "def f3(T): \n", + "\t return 100/T\n", + "\n", + "deltaS = quad(f3,T1,T2)[0]\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "def f4(T): \n", + "\t return 100\n", + "\n", + "deltaQ = quad(f4,T1,T2)[0]\n", + "\n", + "print \"Total heat abstracted in KJ : \",deltaQ\n", + "\n", + "A = deltaQ-T0*deltaS;\t\t\t#KJ\n", + "print \"Availability in KJ : %.1f\"%A\n", + "\n", + "Loss = deltaQ-A;\t\t\t#KJ\n", + "print \"Loss of availability in KJ : %.1f\"%Loss\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Total heat abstracted in KJ : 35000.0\n", + "Availability in KJ : 20244.2\n", + "Loss of availability in KJ : 14755.8\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 7 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 5.10 Page No : 10" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "# Variables :\n", + "p0 = 1.; \t\t\t#bar\n", + "T0 = 17.+273;\t\t\t#Kelvin\n", + "T1 = 1817.+273;\t\t\t#Kelvin\n", + "Cp = 1.;\t \t\t#KJ/KgK\n", + "\n", + "# Calculations\n", + "deltaQ = Cp*(T1-T0);\t\t\t#KJ/Kg\n", + "deltaS = Cp*math.log(T0/T1);\t\t\t#KJ/KgK\n", + "deltaS_fluid = -deltaS;\t\t\t#KJ/KgK(As deltaS_surrounding = 0)\n", + "A = deltaQ-T0*deltaS_fluid;\t\t\t#KJ\n", + "\n", + "# Results\n", + "print \"Availability of hot products in KJ : %.2f\"%A\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Availability of hot products in KJ : 1227.24\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 8 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 5.11 Page No : 10" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "# Variables :\n", + "T1 = 1200.;\t\t\t#Kelvin\n", + "T2 = 400.;\t\t\t#Kelvin\n", + "T0 = 300.;\t\t\t#Kelvin\n", + "Qsource = -150.;\t\t\t#KJ/s\n", + "Qsystem = 150.;\t\t\t#KJ/s\n", + "\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "deltaS_source = Qsource/T1;\t\t\t#KJ/sK\n", + "deltaS_system = Qsystem/T2;\t\t\t#KJ/sK\n", + "deltaS_net = deltaS_source+deltaS_system;\t\t\t#KJ/sK\n", + "print \"Net change in entropy in KJ/sK : \",deltaS_net\n", + "\n", + "A1 = (T1-T0)*-deltaS_source;\t\t\t#KJ/s\n", + "print \"Available energy of heat source in KJ/s : \",A1\n", + "\n", + "A2 = (T2-T0)*deltaS_system;\t\t\t#KJ/s\n", + "print \"Available energy of system in KJ/s : \",A2\n", + "\n", + "E_decrease = A1-A2;\t\t\t#KJ/s\n", + "print \"Decrease in available energy in KJ/s : \",E_decrease\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Net change in entropy in KJ/sK : 0.25\n", + "Available energy of heat source in KJ/s : 112.5\n", + "Available energy of system in KJ/s : 37.5\n", + "Decrease in available energy in KJ/s : 75.0\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 11 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 5.12 Page No : 11" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "# Variables :\n", + "Tg1 = 1127.+273;\t\t\t#Kelvin\n", + "Tg2 = 527.+273;\t\t\t#Kelvin\n", + "T2 = 250.+273;\t\t\t#Kelvin\n", + "T0 = 27.+273;\t\t\t#Kelvin\n", + "Cpg = 1.;\t\t\t#KJ/KgK\n", + "mw = 5.;\t\t\t#Kg/s\n", + "hfg = 1716.2;\t\t\t#KJ/Kg\n", + "\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "#mg*Cpg*(Tg1-Tg2) = mw*hfg\n", + "mg = mw*hfg/Cpg/(Tg1-Tg2);\t\t\t#Kg/s\n", + "print \"Mass flow rate of gases in Kg/s : %.1f\"%mg\n", + "\n", + "deltaSg = mg*Cpg*math.log(Tg2/Tg1);\t\t\t#KJ/sK\n", + "print \"Entropy change of gases in KJ/sK : %.4f\"%deltaSg\n", + "\n", + "deltaSw = mw*hfg/T2;\t\t\t#KJ/sK\n", + "print \"Entropy change of water in KJ/sK : %.4f\"%deltaSw\n", + "\n", + "deltaSnet = deltaSg+deltaSw;\t\t\t#KJ/sK\n", + "print \"Net Entropy change in KJ/sK : %.4f\"%deltaSnet\n", + "\n", + "Q1 = mw*hfg;\t\t\t#KJ/s\n", + "Sa_sub_Sb = -deltaSg;\t\t\t#KJ/sK\n", + "A1 = Q1-T0*(Sa_sub_Sb);\t\t\t#KJ/s\n", + "print \"Availability of hot gases in KJ/s : %.2f\"%A1\n", + "\n", + "A2 = Q1-T0*deltaSw;\t\t\t#KJ/s\n", + "print \"Availability of water in KJ/s : %.2f\"%A2\n", + "\n", + "UA1 = T0*(Sa_sub_Sb);\t\t\t#KJ/s\n", + "print \"Unavailable energy of hot gases in KJ/s : %.2f\"%UA1\n", + "\n", + "UA2 = T0*deltaSw;\t\t\t#KJ/s\n", + "print \"Unavailable energy of water in KJ/s : %.2f\"%UA2\n", + "\n", + "E_increase = T0*deltaSnet;\t\t\t#KJ/s\n", + "print \"Increase in unavailable energy in KJ/s : %.2f\"%E_increase\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Mass flow rate of gases in Kg/s : 14.3\n", + "Entropy change of gases in KJ/sK : -8.0034\n", + "Entropy change of water in KJ/sK : 16.4073\n", + "Net Entropy change in KJ/sK : 8.4038\n", + "Availability of hot gases in KJ/s : 6179.97\n", + "Availability of water in KJ/s : 3658.82\n", + "Unavailable energy of hot gases in KJ/s : 2401.03\n", + "Unavailable energy of water in KJ/s : 4922.18\n", + "Increase in unavailable energy in KJ/s : 2521.15\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 9 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 5.13 Page No : 12" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables :\n", + "mg = 5.;\t\t\t#Kg\n", + "p1 = 3.;\t\t\t#bar\n", + "T1 = 500.;\t\t\t#Kelvin\n", + "Q = 500.;\t\t\t#KJ\n", + "Cv = 0.8;\t\t\t#KJ/Kg\n", + "T0 = 300.;\t\t\t#Kelvin\n", + "T = 1300.;\t\t\t#Kelvin\n", + "\n", + "# Calculations\n", + "#Q = mg*Cv*(T2-T1)\n", + "T2 = Q/mg/Cv+T1;\t\t\t#Kelvin\n", + "A1 = Q-T0*Q/T;\t\t\t#KJ\n", + "deltaSg = mg*Cv*math.log(T2/T1);\t\t\t#KJ/K\n", + "Ag = Q-T0*deltaSg;\t\t\t#KJ\n", + "Loss = A1-Ag;\t\t\t#KJ\n", + "\n", + "# Results\n", + "print \"Loss of Availability due to heat transfer in KJ : %.1f\"%Loss\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Loss of Availability due to heat transfer in KJ : 152.4\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 10 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 5.14 Page No : 13" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables :\n", + "m = 3.;\t\t\t#Kg\n", + "p1 = 3.;\t\t\t#bar\n", + "T1 = 450.;\t\t\t#Kelvin\n", + "Q = 600.;\t\t\t#KJ\n", + "Cv = 0.81;\t\t\t#KJ/Kg\n", + "T0 = 300.;\t\t\t#Kelvin\n", + "T = 1500.;\t\t\t#Kelvin\n", + "\n", + "# Calculations\n", + "deltaSsource = Q/T;\t\t\t#KJ/K\n", + "#Q = m*Cv*(T2-T1)\n", + "T2 = Q/m/Cv+T1;\t\t\t#Kelvin\n", + "A1 = Q-T0*deltaSsource;\t\t\t#KJ\n", + "deltaSg = m*Cv*math.log(T2/T1);\t\t\t#KJ/K\n", + "A2 = Q-T0*deltaSg;\t\t\t#KJ\n", + "Loss = A1-A2;\t\t\t#KJ\n", + "\n", + "# Results\n", + "print \"Loss in available energy due to heat transfer in KJ : %.1f\"%Loss\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Loss in available energy due to heat transfer in KJ : 198.9\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 11 + } + ], + "metadata": {} + } + ] +}
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