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diff --git a/Thermodynamics_Demystified/Chapter5.ipynb b/Thermodynamics_Demystified/Chapter5.ipynb deleted file mode 100755 index a93ee1a4..00000000 --- a/Thermodynamics_Demystified/Chapter5.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,594 +0,0 @@ -{
- "metadata": {
- "name": "",
- "signature": "sha256:3928ce1341a76de85540172b210e9512b16c46c42e882063576b52bdb907073d"
- },
- "nbformat": 3,
- "nbformat_minor": 0,
- "worksheets": [
- {
- "cells": [
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 1,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Chapter 5:The Second Law of Thermodynamics"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Ex5.4:PG-112"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "# initialization of variables\n",
- "Th=200+273.0 # higher temperture in kelvin \n",
- "Tl=20+273.0 # lower temperture in kelvin\n",
- "Wdot=15 # output of engine in kW\n",
- "\n",
- "ef=1-(Tl/Th) # carnot efficiency\n",
- "\n",
- "Qhdot=Wdot/ef # heat supplied by reservoir\n",
- "print \" The heat suppled by higher temperature reservoir is\",round(Qhdot,2),\"kW \\n \"\n",
- "# using forst law\n",
- "Qldot=Qhdot-Wdot # heat rejected to reservoir\n",
- "print \" The heat suppled by lower temperature reservoir is\",round(Qldot,2),\"kW\"\n"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- " The heat suppled by higher temperature reservoir is 39.42 kW \n",
- " \n",
- " The heat suppled by lower temperature reservoir is 24.42 kW\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 3
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Ex5.5:PG-113"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "# initialization of variables\n",
- "TL1=-5+273.0 # lower temperature in kelvin for first situation\n",
- "TH=20+273.0 # higher temperature in kelvin\n",
- "TL2=-25+273.0 #lower temperature in kelvin for second situation\n",
- "\n",
- "#solution\n",
- "\n",
- "COP1=TL1/(TH-TL1) # carnot refrigerator COP for first situation\n",
- "# Let Heat be 100 kJ\n",
- "QL=100.0 # assumption\n",
- "W1=QL/COP1 # work done for situation 1\n",
- "\n",
- "# for situation 2\n",
- "COP2=TL2/(TH-TL2) # COP carnot for second situation\n",
- "W2=QL/COP2 # work done\n",
- "\n",
- "Per=(W2-W1)*100/W1 # percentage increase in work done \n",
- "#result\n",
- "print\" The perccentage increase in work is \",round(Per,1),\"%\"\n"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- " The perccentage increase in work is 94.5 %\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 7
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Ex5.6:PG-117"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "import math\n",
- "# initialization of variables\n",
- "T1=20+273 # initial temperature in kelvin\n",
- "P=200 # pressure in kPa\n",
- "V=2 # volume in m^3\n",
- "R=0.287 # gas constant for air\n",
- "W=720 # work done on air in kJ\n",
- "Cv=0.717 # specific heat at constant volume for air\n",
- "\n",
- "#solution\n",
- "m=(P*V)/(R*T1) # mass of air\n",
- "\n",
- "T2=T1+(W/(m*Cv))# final temperature in kelvin\n",
- "\n",
- "delS=m*Cv*math.log(T2/T1) # ENROPY CHANGE FOR CONSTANT VOLUME PROCESS\n",
- "print \" The Entropy increase is\",round(delS,3),\"kJ/K \""
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- " The Entropy increase is 1.851 kJ/K \n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 15
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Ex5.7:PG-118"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "# initialization of variables\n",
- "T1=350+273 # initial temperature in kelvin\n",
- "P1=1200.0 # initial pressure in kPa\n",
- "P2=140 # final pressure in kPa\n",
- "k=1.4 # polytopic index for air\n",
- "Cv=0.717 # specific heat at constant volume for air\n",
- "#solution\n",
- "T2=T1*((P2/P1)**((k-1)/k)) # reversible adiabatic process relation\n",
- "\n",
- "w=-Cv*(T2-T1) # work done by gases in reversible adiabatic process\n",
- "print\" The work done by gases is\",round(w),\"kJ/kg\"\n",
- "\n"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- " The work done by gases is 205.0 kJ/kg\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 18
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Ex5.8:PG-120"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "import math\n",
- "# initialization of variables\n",
- "T1=20+273.0 # initial temperature in kelvin\n",
- "P1=200.0 # pressure in kPa\n",
- "V=2 #volume in m^3\n",
- "R=0.287 # gas constant for air\n",
- "W=-720 # negative as work is done on air in kJ\n",
- "\n",
- "#solution\n",
- "\n",
- "m=(P1*V)/(R*T1)# mass of air\n",
- "\n",
- "u1=209.1 #specific internal energy of air at 293K and 200 kPa from table E.1\n",
- "s1=1.678 # by interpolation from table E.1\n",
- "# change in internal energy= work done\n",
- "u2=-(W/m)+u1 # final internal energy\n",
- "T2=501.2# final temperature interpolated from table E.1 corresponding to value of u2\n",
- "s2=2.222 # value of s from table E.3 by interpolating from corresponding to value of u2\n",
- "\n",
- "P2=P1*(T2/T1) # final pressure in kPa\n",
- "\n",
- "delS=m*(s2-s1-R*math.log(P2/P1))# entropy change\n",
- "# result\n",
- "print \" The Entropy increase is\",round(delS,3),\"kJ/K \""
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- " The Entropy increase is 1.855 kJ/K \n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 22
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Ex5.9:PG-120"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "# initialization of variables\n",
- "T1=350+273.0 # initial temperature in kelvin\n",
- "P1=1200.0 # initial pressure in kPa\n",
- "P2=140.0 # final pressure in kPa\n",
- "k=1.4 # polytopic index for air\n",
- "\n",
- "#solution\n",
- "# The values are taken from table E.1\n",
- "Pr660=23.13# relative pressure @ 660K\n",
- "Pr620=18.36# relative pressure @ 620K\n",
- "Pr1=((Pr660-Pr620)*3/40)+Pr620 # relative pressure by interpolation\n",
- "\n",
- "Pr2=Pr1*(P2/P1) # relative pressure at state 2\n",
- "\n",
- "Pr340=2.149 # relative pressure @ 340K\n",
- "Pr380=3.176 # relative pressure @ 380K\n",
- "T2=((Pr2-Pr340)/(Pr380-Pr340))*40+340 # interpolating final temperature from table E.1\n",
- "\n",
- "# now interpolating u1 AND u2 from table E.1\n",
- "u620=451.0# specific internal energy @ 620k\n",
- "u660=481.0# specific internal energy @ 660k\n",
- "u1=(u660-u620)*(3/40.0)+u620 # initial internal energy\n",
- "\n",
- "u380=271.7 #specific internal energy @ 380k\n",
- "u340=242.8 #specific internal energy @ 340k\n",
- "u2=((Pr2-Pr340)/(Pr380-Pr340))*(u380-u340)+u340 # final internal energy\n",
- "\n",
- "w=u2-u1 # work= change in internal energy\n",
- "print \" The work done by gas is\",int(w),\"kJ/kg\"\n",
- "# The answer is slightly different as values are approximated in textbook\n"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- " The work done by gas is -209 kJ/kg\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 33
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Ex5.10:PG-123"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "# initialization of variables\n",
- "T1=300+273.0 # initial temperature in kelvin\n",
- "P1=600 # initial pressure in kPa\n",
- "P2=40 # final pressure in kPa\n",
- "\n",
- "#solution\n",
- "#please refer to steam table for values\n",
- "v1=0.4344 # specific volume from steam table @ 573k and 600 kPa\n",
- "v2=v1 # rigid container\n",
- "u1=2801.0 # specific internal energy from steam table @ 573k and 600 kPa\n",
- "s1=7.372 # specific entropy @ 600 kPa and 573 K\n",
- "\n",
- "vg2=0.4625 # specific volume of saturated vapour @ 40 kPa and 573 K\n",
- "vf2=0.0011 # specific volume of saturated liquid @ 40 kPa and 573 K\n",
- "sf2=1.777 # specific entropy of saturated liquid @ 40 kPa and 573 K\n",
- "sg2=5.1197 # specific entropy of saturated vapour @ 40 kPa and 573 K\n",
- "x=(v2-vf2)/(vg2-vf2)# quality of steam using pure substance relation\n",
- "\n",
- "s2=sf2+x*sg2 # overall specific enthalpy at quality 'x' \n",
- "delS=s2-s1 # entropy change\n",
- "print\" The entropy change is\",round(delS,3),\"kJ/kg.K \\n \"\n",
- "\n",
- "#heat transfer\n",
- "uf2=604.3 #specific internal energy of saturated liquid @ 40 kPa and 573 K\n",
- "ug2=1949.3 #specific internal energy of saturated vapour @ 40 kPa and 573 K\n",
- "u2=uf2+x*ug2 #specific internal energy @ quality x\n",
- "q=u2-u1 # heat transfer in kJ/kg from first law as W=0\n",
- "print \" The heat transfer is\",int(q),\"kJ/kg\"\n",
- "# result\n",
- "# the answers are approximated in textbook but here they are precise thus minute difference is there"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- " The entropy change is -0.787 kJ/kg.K \n",
- " \n",
- " The heat transfer is -366 kJ/kg\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 37
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Ex5.11:PG-126"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "import math\n",
- "# initialization of variables\n",
- "v1=0.5 # assumed as air is filled in half of the tank\n",
- "v2=1.0 # final volume when partition is removed\n",
- "R=0.287 # gas contant for air\n",
- "#solution\n",
- "q=0 # heat transfer is zero\n",
- "w=0 # work done is zero\n",
- "# temperatue is constant as no change in internal energy by first law\n",
- "dels=R*math.log(v2/v1)# change in entropy when temperature is constant\n",
- "print \"The change in specific entropy is\",round(dels,3),\"kJ/kg.K\"\n"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "The change in specific entropy is 0.199 kJ/kg.K\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 49
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Ex5.12:PG-127"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "# initialization of variables\n",
- "T1=400+273.0 # initial temperature in kelvin\n",
- "P=600 # pressure in kPa\n",
- "Tsurr=25+273.0 # surrounding temperature in K\n",
- "m=2 # mass of steam in kg\n",
- "\n",
- "#solution\n",
- "#please refer to steam table for values\n",
- "s1=7.708 # specific entropy of steam @ 400 degree celsius and 0.6 MPa\n",
- "s2=1.9316# specific enropy of condensed water @ 25 degree celsius and 0.6 MPa\n",
- "delSsys=m*(s2-s1) # entropy change in system i.e of steam\n",
- "\n",
- "h1=3270 # specific enthalpy of steam @ 400 degree celsius and 0.6 MPa\n",
- "h2=670.6#specific enropy of condensed water @ 25 degree celsius and 0.6 MPa\n",
- "\n",
- "Q=m*(h1-h2)# heat transfer at constant pressure\n",
- "delSsurr=Q/Tsurr # entropy change in surroundings\n",
- "\n",
- "sigma=delSsys+delSsurr # net entropy change\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"The net entropy production is\",round(sigma,1),\"kJ/K\"\n"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "The net entropy production is 5.9 kJ/K\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 53
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Ex5.13:PG-130"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "# initialization of variables\n",
- "T1=600+273 # initial temperature in kelvin\n",
- "P1=2 # initial pressure in MPa\n",
- "P2=10 # final pressure in kPa\n",
- "mdot=2 # mass flow rate in kg/s\n",
- "\n",
- "#solution\n",
- "#please refer to steam table for values\n",
- "h1=3690 # specific enthalpy in kJ/kg @ 2MPa and 600 degree celsius\n",
- "s1=7.702 #specific entropy in kJ/kg.K @ 2MPa and 600 degree celsius\n",
- "s2=s1 # Reversible adiabatic process thus entropy is constant\n",
- "sf2=0.6491 #specific entropy of saturated liquid from steam table @ 10 kPa\n",
- "sg2=8.151 #specific entropy of saturated vapour from steam table @ 10 kPa\n",
- "\n",
- "x2=(s2-sf2)/(sg2-sf2) # quality of steam at turbine exit\n",
- "\n",
- "h2f=191.8 #specific enthalpy of saturated liquid from steam table @ 10 kPa\n",
- "h2g=2584.8 #specific enthalpy of saturated vapour from steam table @ 10 kPa\n",
- "h2=h2f+x2*(h2g-h2f) # specific enthalpy @ quality 'x' \n",
- "\n",
- "WdotT=mdot*(h1-h2)# from work done in adiabatic process\n",
- "# result\n",
- "print \" The maximum power output is\",int(WdotT),\"kJ/s\"\n"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- " The maximum power output is 2496 kJ/s\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 56
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Ex5.14:PG-130"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "# initialization of variables\n",
- "\n",
- "T1=600+273 # initial temperature in kelvin\n",
- "P1=2 # initial pressure in MPa\n",
- "P2=10 # final pressure in kPa\n",
- "mdot=2 # mass flow rate in kg/s\n",
- "EffT=0.8 # efficiency of turbine \n",
- "WdotT=2496 # theoritical power of turbine in kW\n",
- "\n",
- "#solution\n",
- "Wdota=EffT*WdotT # actual power output of turbine\n",
- "h1=3690 # specific enthalpy @ 2MPa and 600 degree celsius\n",
- "h2=h1-(Wdota/mdot) # final enthalpy from first law of thermodynamics\n",
- "\n",
- "T2=((h2-2688)/(2783-2688))*(150-100)+100 # by interpolating from steam table @ P2= 10 kPa, h2=2770 \n",
- "s2=8.46 # final specific entropy by interpolation from steam table\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"The temperature by interpolation is\",round(T2),\" degree celsius \\n\"\n",
- "print \"The final entropy by interpolation is\",round(s2,2),\"kJ/kg.K\"\n",
- "# The temperature and entropy are found by interpolation from steam table and cannot be shown here.\n"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "The temperature by interpolation is 102.0 degree celsius \n",
- "\n",
- "The final entropy by interpolation is 8.46 kJ/kg.K\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 59
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Ex5.15:PG-131"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "# initialization of variables\n",
- "\n",
- "T2=250.0 # temperature of steam in degree celsius\n",
- "mdot2=0.5 # mass flow rate of steam in kg/s\n",
- "T1=45 # temperature of water in degree celsius\n",
- "mdot1=4 # mass flow rate of water in kg/s\n",
- "P=600.0 # pressure in kPa\n",
- "\n",
- "\n",
- "mdot3=mdot1+mdot2 # by mass balance\n",
- "\n",
- "h2=2957 # specific enthalpy in kJ/kg of steam @ 600 Kpa from steam table\n",
- "h1=188.4 # specific enthalpy in kJ/kg of water @ 600 Kpa from steam table\n",
- "\n",
- "h3=(mdot1*h1+mdot2*h2)/mdot3 # specific enthalpy in kJ/kg at exit\n",
- "\n",
- "# by interpolation from saturated steam table\n",
- "T3=(h3-461.3)*10/(503.7-461.3)+110 # temperature of mixture\n",
- "\n",
- "sf3=1.508 # entropy of saturated liquid in kJ/kg.K at 600Kpa and T3 temperature from steam table\n",
- "s3=sf3 # by interpolating sf\n",
- "s2=7.182 # entropy of superheated steam in kJ/kg.K @ 600Kpa from steam table\n",
- "s1=0.639 # entropy of entering water in kJ/kg.K at T= 45 degree celsius\n",
- "\n",
- "sigmaprod=mdot3*s3-mdot2*s2-mdot1*s1\n",
- "# result\n",
- "print \"The rate of entropy production is\",round(sigmaprod,3),\"kW/K \""
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "The rate of entropy production is 0.639 kW/K \n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 60
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": []
- }
- ],
- "metadata": {}
- }
- ]
-}
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