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diff --git a/Physics_for_BSc(Paper-3)/Chapter10.ipynb b/Physics_for_BSc(Paper-3)/Chapter10.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..bbd7bf2e --- /dev/null +++ b/Physics_for_BSc(Paper-3)/Chapter10.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,514 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": "",
+ "signature": "sha256:29243b650c743da1a480be05cc52b4de20f23c7c5b490c9e7425f7139654d6d7"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "10: Semiconductor Devices"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 10.1, Page number 335"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "rho=1.7*10**-6; #specific resistance of Cu(ohm cm)\n",
+ "w=63.54; #atomic weight of Cu\n",
+ "d=8.96; #density of Cu(g/cm**3)\n",
+ "A=6.025*10**23; #avagadro number\n",
+ "q=1.6*10**-19; #charge on electron(C)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "x=A*d/w; #number of free electrons in unit volume(per cm**3)\n",
+ "sigma=1/rho; #conductivity\n",
+ "mewn=sigma/(x*q); #mobility of electron(cm**2/Vs)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"mobility of electron is\",round(mewn,2),\"cm**2/Vs\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "mobility of electron is 43.27 cm**2/Vs\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 8
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 10.2, Page number 336"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "q=1.6*10**-19; #charge on electron(C)\n",
+ "ni=1.6*10**10; #number of charge carriers\n",
+ "mewn=1500; #mobility of negative charge carriers(cm**2/Vs)\n",
+ "mewp=500; #mobility of positive charge carriers(cm**2/Vs)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "sigma=q*ni*(mewn+mewp); #conductivity of silicon(per ohm cm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"conductivity of silicon is\",sigma,\"per ohm cm\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "conductivity of silicon is 5.12e-06 per ohm cm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 9
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 10.3, Page number 348"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "w=350*10**-9; #width(m)\n",
+ "E=5*10**5; #electric field intensity(V/m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "V=E*w; #potential difference(V)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"potential difference is\",V,\"V\"\n",
+ "print \"minimum energy required is\",V,\"eV\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "potential difference is 0.175 V\n",
+ "minimum energy required is 0.175 eV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 10
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 10.4, Page number 348"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "I0=1.8*10**-6; #current(A)\n",
+ "V=0.25; #potential difference(V)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge on electron(C)\n",
+ "eta=1;\n",
+ "k=1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n",
+ "T=293; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "a=round(e*V/(eta*k*T));\n",
+ "I=I0*(math.exp(a)-1); #current through the diode(A)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"current through the diode is\",round(I*10**3),\"mA\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "current through the diode is 40.0 mA\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 16
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 10.5, Page number 357"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "Vac=230; #voltage(V)\n",
+ "RL=2*10**3; #load resistance(ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Vm=math.sqrt(2)*Vac;\n",
+ "Vdc=Vm/math.pi; #DC voltage(V)\n",
+ "Idc=Vdc/RL; #DC current(A)\n",
+ "Irms=round(Vm/(2*RL),4); #rms value of current(A)\n",
+ "gama=math.sqrt(((Irms/Idc)**2)-1); #ripple factor\n",
+ "Pdc=(Idc**2)*RL; #DC power(W)\n",
+ "Pac=(Irms**2)*RL; #DC power(W)\n",
+ "eta=Pdc*100/Pac; #efficiency(%)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"DC voltage is\",round(Vdc,1),\"V\"\n",
+ "print \"DC current is\",round(Idc*10**3,1),\"mA\"\n",
+ "print \"ripple factor is\",round(gama,2)\n",
+ "print \"answer for ripple factor varies due to rounding off errors\"\n",
+ "print \"efficiency is\",round(eta),\"%\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "DC voltage is 103.5 V\n",
+ "DC current is 51.8 mA\n",
+ "ripple factor is 1.21\n",
+ "answer for ripple factor varies due to rounding off errors\n",
+ "efficiency is 41.0 %\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 27
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 10.6, Page number 361"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "Vm=30; #AC voltage(V)\n",
+ "Rf=10; #resistance(ohm)\n",
+ "RL=1500; #load resistance(ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Im=Vm/(Rf+RL); #maximum current(A)\n",
+ "Im=Im*10**3; #maximum current(mA)\n",
+ "Idc=2*Im/math.pi; #DC current(mA)\n",
+ "Irms=Im/math.sqrt(2); #rms current(mA)\n",
+ "Pdc=(Idc**2)*RL/10**-3; #DC power(mW)\n",
+ "Pac=(Irms**2)*(Rf+RL)/10**-3; #AC power(mW)\n",
+ "eta=Pdc*100/Pac; #efficiency(%)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"DC current is\",round(Idc,2),\"mA\"\n",
+ "print \"answer for DC current varies due to rounding off errors\"\n",
+ "print \"rms current is\",round(Irms,2),\"mA\"\n",
+ "print \"efficiency is\",round(eta,1),\"%\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "DC current is 12.65 mA\n",
+ "answer for DC current varies due to rounding off errors\n",
+ "rms current is 14.05 mA\n",
+ "efficiency is 80.5 %\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 33
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 10.7, Page number 377"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "alpha=0.99; #amplification factor\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "beta=alpha/(1-alpha); #value of beta\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"value of beta is\",beta"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "value of beta is 99.0\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 34
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 10.8, Page number 377"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "alpha=0.9; #amplification factor\n",
+ "IE=4*10**-3; #emitter current(A)\n",
+ "ICO=12*10**-6; #current(A)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "IC=(alpha*IE)+ICO; #collector current(A)\n",
+ "IC=round(IC*10**3,2); #collector current(mA)\n",
+ "IB=IE-(IC*10**-3); #base current(A)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"collector current is\",IC,\"mA\"\n",
+ "print \"base current is\",IB*10**6,\"micro A\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "collector current is 3.61 mA\n",
+ "base current is 390.0 micro A\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 42
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 10.9, Page number 394"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "A=-120; #gain\n",
+ "beta=-0.1; #feedback factor\n",
+ "V=5*10**-3; #input voltage(V)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "a=A*beta;\n",
+ "Af=round(A/(1+a),1); \n",
+ "ff=20*math.log10(A/Af); #feedback factor(dB)\n",
+ "phis=(1+a)*V; #input voltage(V)\n",
+ "phio=Af*phis; #output voltage(V)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"feedback factor is\",round(ff,1),\"dB\"\n",
+ "print \"answer for feedback factor varies due to rounding off errors\"\n",
+ "print \"input voltage is\",phis*10**3,\"mV\"\n",
+ "print \"output voltage is\",phio*10**3,\"mV\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "feedback factor is 22.3 dB\n",
+ "answer for feedback factor varies due to rounding off errors\n",
+ "input voltage is 65.0 mV\n",
+ "output voltage is -598.0 mV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 50
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 10.10, Page number 395"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "A1=4000; #gain\n",
+ "A2=8000; #increased gain\n",
+ "beta=0.04; #feedback factor\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Af1=A1/(1+(A1*beta)); \n",
+ "Af2=A2/(1+(A2*beta)); \n",
+ "Af=1/beta; #value of Af\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"values of Af are\",round(Af1,2),\"and\",round(Af2,2)\n",
+ "print \"hence the changes are very small. value of Af is\",Af"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "values of Af are 24.84 and 24.92\n",
+ "hence the changes are very small. value of Af is 25.0\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 52
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 10.11, Page number 395"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "A=40; #gain\n",
+ "Af=10; #decreased gain\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "beta=((A/Af)-1)*100/A; #percentage of feedback(%)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"percentage of feedback is\",beta,\"%\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "percentage of feedback is 7.5 %\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 53
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file |