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diff --git a/Optical_Communication/Chapter_6.ipynb b/Optical_Communication/Chapter_6.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..dd5d0e2a --- /dev/null +++ b/Optical_Communication/Chapter_6.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,888 @@ +{ + "metadata": { + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:a50462da831719a6431c94babed9d22bf70a3961b6e3e7b72f3c1cbaed2eb5dc" + }, + "nbformat": 3, + "nbformat_minor": 0, + "worksheets": [ + { + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Chapter 6: Optical detectors" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 6.1, Page number 201" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "'''Find the quantum efficiency'''\n", + "\n", + "#Varaible declaration \n", + "re = 4.2*10**6 #EHP's\n", + "rp = 6*10**6 #no. of photons\n", + "lamda = 1200 #wavelength(nm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "N = re/rp\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"Quantum efficiency =\",N*100,\"%\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Quantum efficiency = 70.0 %\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 2 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 6.2, Page number 201" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "'''Find photocurrent'''\n", + "\n", + "#Varaible declaration \n", + "R = 0.85 #responsivity(A/W)\n", + "Po = 1 #incident power(mW)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "Ip = R*Po\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"Photocurrent =\",Ip,\"mA\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Photocurrent = 0.85 mA\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 3 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 6.3, Page number 201" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "'''Find responsivity of photo diode'''\n", + "\n", + "#Varaible declaration \n", + "E = 0.75*1.6*10**-19 #energy gap(V)\n", + "c = 3*10**8 #speed of light(m/s)\n", + "N = 60./100 #quantum efficiency\n", + "h = 6.62*10**-34 #Planck's constant\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "lamda = (h*c)/E\n", + "R = (N*lamda)/1248\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"Responsivity =\",round((R/1E-9),1),\"A/W\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Responsivity = 0.8 A/W\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 4 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 6.4, Page number 202" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "'''Find responsivity and quantum efficiency'''\n", + "\n", + "#Varaible declaration \n", + "re = 1.5*10**12 #EHP's\n", + "rp = 3*10**12 #no. of photons\n", + "lamda = 0.65*10**-6 #wavelength(m)\n", + "h = 6.62*10**-34 #Palnck's constant\n", + "c = 3*10**8 #speed of light(m/s)\n", + "e = 1.6*10**-19 #charge of an electron(C)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "N = re/rp\n", + "\n", + "R = (N*e*lamda)/(h*c)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"Quantum efficiency =\",N*100,\"%\"\n", + "print \"Responsivity =\",round(R,3),\"A/W\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Quantum efficiency = 50.0 %\n", + "Responsivity = 0.262 A/W\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 6 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 6.5, Page number 202" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "'''Estimate -\n", + "a)operating walength\n", + "b)incident optical power'''\n", + "\n", + "#Varaible declaration \n", + "E = 1.5*10**-19 #photon energy(J)\n", + "c = 3*10**8 #speed of light(m/s)\n", + "N = 65./100 #quantum efficiency\n", + "Ip = 1.5*10**-6 #photocurrent(A)\n", + "h = 6.62*10**-34 #Planck's constant\n", + "c = 3*10**8 #speed of light(m/s)\n", + "e = 1.6*10**-19 #charge of an electron(C)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculations\n", + "#Part a\n", + "lamda = (h*c)/E\n", + "\n", + "#Part b\n", + "f = c/lamda\n", + "R = (N*e)/(h*f)\n", + "Po = Ip/R\n", + "\n", + "#Results\n", + "print \"a)Operating waelength =\",lamda/1E-6,\"um\"\n", + "print \"b)Optical power =\",round((Po/1E-6),2),\"uW\"\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "a)Operating waelength = 1.324 um\n", + "b)Optical power = 2.16 uW\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 7 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 6.6, Page number 203" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "'''Find wavelength'''\n", + "\n", + "#Varaible declaration \n", + "Eg = 1.43*1.6*10**-19 #energy gap(V)\n", + "c = 3*10**8 #speed of light(m/s)\n", + "h = 6.62*10**-34 #Planck's constant\n", + "\n", + "#Calculations\n", + "lamda_c = (h*c)/Eg\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"Wavelength =\",round((lamda_c/1E-6),2),\"um\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Wavelength = 0.87 um\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 9 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 6.7, Page number 203" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "'''Find -\n", + "a)responsivity\n", + "b)Optical power received\n", + "c)no. of received photons'''\n", + "\n", + "#Varaible declaration \n", + "N = 50./100 #quantum efficiency\n", + "lamda = 900 #wavelength(nm)\n", + "Ip = 10**-6 #photocurrent(A)\n", + "c = 3*10**8 #speed of light(m/s)\n", + "h = 6.62*10**-34 #Planck's constant\n", + "\n", + "#Calculations\n", + "#Part a\n", + "R = (N*lamda)/1248\n", + "\n", + "#Part b\n", + "Po = Ip/R\n", + "\n", + "#Part c\n", + "n = (Po*lamda*10**-9)/(h*c)\n", + "\n", + "#Results\n", + "print \"a)Responsivity =\",round(R,2),\"A/W\"\n", + "print \"b)Optical power =\",round((Po/1E-6),2),\"*10^-6 W\"\n", + "print \"c)No. of photons =\",round((n/1e+13),3),\"*10^13(Calculation mistake in textbook)\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "a)Responsivity = 0.36 A/W\n", + "b)Optical power = 2.77 *10^-6 W\n", + "c)No. of photons = 1.257 *10^13(Calculation mistake in textbook)\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 11 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 6.8, Page number 204" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "'''Find the multiplication factor of photodiode'''\n", + "\n", + "#Varaible declaration \n", + "N = 80./100 #quantum efficiency\n", + "lamda = 0.9*10**-6 #wavelength(m)\n", + "I = 12*10**-6 #output current(A)\n", + "Po = 0.5*10**-6 #incident power(W)\n", + "c = 3*10**8 #speed of light(m/s)\n", + "h = 6.626*10**-34 #Planck's constant\n", + "e = 1.6*10**-19 #charge of an electron(C)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculations\n", + "R = (N*e*lamda)/(h*c) #responsivity(A/W)\n", + "Ip = Po*R #photocurrent(A)\n", + "M = I/Ip\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"Multiplication factor =\",M" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Multiplication factor = 41.4125\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 12 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 6.9, Page number 205" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "'''Find the responsivity and multiplication factor'''\n", + "\n", + "#Varaible declaration \n", + "N = 65./100 #quantum efficiency\n", + "lamda = 850*10**-9 #wavelength(m)\n", + "I = 10*10**-6 #output current(A)\n", + "Po = 0.5*10**-6 #incident power(W)\n", + "c = 3*10**8 #speed of light(m/s)\n", + "h = 6.626*10**-34 #Planck's constant\n", + "e = 1.6*10**-19 #charge of an electron(C)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculations\n", + "R = (N*e*lamda)/(h*c) #responsivity(A/W)\n", + "\n", + "M = I/(R*Po)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"Responsiviy =\",round(R,3),\"A/W\"\n", + "print \"Multiplication factor =\",M" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Responsiviy = 0.445 A/W\n", + "Multiplication factor = 44.9728506787\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 13 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 6.10, Page number 205" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "'''Estimate -\n", + "a)noise equivalent power\n", + "b)specific detectivity'''\n", + "\n", + "#Varaible declaration \n", + "N = 55./100 #quantum efficiency\n", + "lamda = 1.3*10**-6 #wavelength(nm)\n", + "Id = 8*10**-9 #dark current(A)\n", + "A = 75*50*10**-12 #dimensions(m)\n", + "c = 3*10**8 #speed of light(m/s)\n", + "h = 6.62*10**-34 #Planck's constant\n", + "\n", + "#Calculations\n", + "#Part a\n", + "NEP = (h*c*((2*e*Id)**0.5))/(N*e*lamda)\n", + "\n", + "#Part b\n", + "D = A**0.5/NEP\n", + "\n", + "#Results\n", + "print \"a)Noise equivalent power =\",round((NEP/1E-14),2),\"*10^-14 W\"\n", + "print \"b)Specific detectivity =\",round((D/1E+8),2),\"*10^8\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "a)Noise equivalent power = 8.78 *10^-14 W\n", + "b)Specific detectivity = 6.97 *10^8\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 14 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 6.11, Page number 206" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "'''Find -\n", + "a)optical gain\n", + "b)CE current'''\n", + "\n", + "#Varaible declaration \n", + "N = 60./100 #quantum efficiency\n", + "lamda = 1.26*10**-6 #wavelength(m)\n", + "Ic = 15*10**-3 #output current(A)\n", + "Po = 125*10**-6 #incident power(W)\n", + "c = 3*10**8 #speed of light(m/s)\n", + "h = 6.626*10**-34 #Planck's constant\n", + "e = 1.6*10**-19 #charge of an electron(C)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculations\n", + "#Part a\n", + "Go = (h*c*Ic)/(lamda*e*Po)\n", + "\n", + "#Part b\n", + "Nfe = Go/N\n", + "\n", + "#Results\n", + "print \"a)Optical gain =\",round(Go,1)\n", + "print \"b)Common emiiter current =\",round(Nfe,1),\"A\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "a)Optical gain = 118.3\n", + "b)Common emiiter current = 197.2 A\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 15 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 6.12, Page number 207" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "'''Calculate the maximum 3dB bandwidth'''\n", + "\n", + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "tf = 5*10**-12 #transit time(sec)\n", + "G = 70 #photoconductive gain\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "Bm = 1/(2*math.pi*tf*G)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"The maximum 3dB bandwidth permitted by photoconductor is\",round((Bm/1E+6),1),\"MHz\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The maximum 3dB bandwidth permitted by photoconductor is 454.7 MHz\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 16 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 6.13, Page number 207" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "'''Calculate the output photocurrent'''\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "rp = 10**11 #no. of photons/sec\n", + "hf = 1.28*10**19 #energy of photons(J)\n", + "e = 1.6*10**-19 #charge of an electron(C)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculations\n", + "Po = rp/hf\n", + "N = 1 #efficiency for an ideal photodiode\n", + "Ip = (N*Po*e)/hf\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"Output photocurrent =\",round((Ip/1E-47),2),\"*10^-47 A(Calculation mistake in textbook)\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Output photocurrent = 9.77 *10^-47 A(Calculation mistake in textbook)\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 17 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 6.14, Page number 207" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "'''Find the output photocurrent'''\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "R = 0.40 #responsivity(A/W)\n", + "phi = 100 #incident flux(uW/mm^2)\n", + "A = 2 #active area(mm^2)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculations\n", + "Po = phi*A #incident power(uW)\n", + "Ip = R*Po\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"Photocurrent =\",Ip/1e+3,\"mA\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Photocurrent = 0.08 mA\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 5 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 6.15, Page number 208" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "'''Find the multiplication factor of photodiode'''\n", + "\n", + "#Varaible declaration \n", + "N = 50./100 #quantum efficiency\n", + "lamda = 1.3*10**-6 #wavelength(m)\n", + "I = 8*10**-6 #output current(A)\n", + "Po = 0.4*10**-6 #incident power(W)\n", + "c = 3*10**8 #speed of light(m/s)\n", + "h = 6.626*10**-34 #Planck's constant\n", + "e = 1.6*10**-19 #charge of an electron(C)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculations\n", + "R = (N*e*lamda)/(h*c) #responsivity(A/W)\n", + "Ip = Po*R #photocurrent(A)\n", + "M = I/Ip\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"Multiplication factor =\",round(M,2)" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Multiplication factor = 38.23\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 19 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 6.16, Page number 208" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "'''Calculate the maximum 3dB bandwidth'''\n", + "\n", + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "tf = 4.5*10**-12 #transit time(sec)\n", + "G = 80 #photoconductive gain\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "Bm = 1/(2*math.pi*tf*G)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"The maximum 3dB bandwidth permitted by photoconductor is\",round((Bm/1E+10),4),\"GHz(Calculation mistake in textbook)\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The maximum 3dB bandwidth permitted by photoconductor is 0.0442 GHz(Calculation mistake in textbook)\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 36 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 6.17, Page number 209" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "'''Estimate responsivity and received optical power'''\n", + "\n", + "#Varaible declaration \n", + "N = 50./100 #quantum efficiency\n", + "lamda = 0.9*10**-6 #wavelength(m)\n", + "Ip = 10**-6 #photocurrent(A)\n", + "c = 3*10**8 #speed of light(m/s)\n", + "h = 6.62*10**-34 #Planck's constant\n", + "e = 1.6*10**-19 #charge of an electron(C)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculations\n", + "R = (N*e*lamda)/(h*c)\n", + "\n", + "Po = Ip/R\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#Results\n", + "print \"Responsivity =\",round(R,2),\"A/W\"\n", + "print \"Optical power =\",round((Po/1E-6),2),\"*10^-6 W\"\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Responsivity = 0.36 A/W\n", + "Optical power = 2.76 *10^-6 W\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 20 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 6.18, Page number 209" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "'''Find the efficiency of a PIN silicon photodiode'''\n", + "\n", + "#Varaible declaration \n", + "R = 0.374 #responsivity(A/W)\n", + "lamda = 1300*10**-9 #wavelength(m)\n", + "c = 3*10**8 #speed of light(m/s)\n", + "h = 6.62*10**-34 #Planck's constant\n", + "e = 1.6*10**-19 #charge of an electron(C)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculations\n", + "N = (R*h*c)/(e*lamda)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"Efficiency =\",round((N*100),1),\"%\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Efficiency = 35.7 %\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 21 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 6.20, Page number 209" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "'''Find the thickness of the intrinsic region'''\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "A = 1.5*10**-3 #area(mm^2)\n", + "R = 100 #load resistance(Ohms)\n", + "Eo = 1.04*10**-10 #permitivitty for Si(F/m)\n", + "vd = 10**7 #electron saturation velocity(m/s)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "w = (R*Eo*A*vd)**0.5\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"The required thickness is\",round(w/1E-6),\"um(Calculation mistake in textbook)\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The required thickness is 12490.0 um(Calculation mistake in textbook)\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 22 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 6.21, Page number 210" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "'''Find the dark current'''\n", + "\n", + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Varaible declaration \n", + "N = 64./100 #quantum efficiency\n", + "lamda = 0.85*10**-6 #wavelength(m)\n", + "B = 1 #bandwidth(Hz)\n", + "D = 7*10**10 #specific detectivity(/MHz-W)\n", + "A = 10*10**-6 #dimensions(m)\n", + "c = 3*10**8 #speed of light(m/s)\n", + "h = 6.62*10**-34 #Planck's constant\n", + "e = 1.602*10**-19 #charge of an electron(C)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculations\n", + "Id = ((N*math.sqrt(e*A)*lamda)/(h*c*math.sqrt(2)*D))**0.5\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"Dark current =\",round((Id/1E-3),2),\"mA\"\n", + "#Square root of Id has not been taken in the textbook.Hence, the difference in solution" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Dark current = 5.92 mA\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 6 + } + ], + "metadata": {} + } + ] +}
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