diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'Materials_Science')
26 files changed, 8166 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/Materials_Science/Chapter02.ipynb b/Materials_Science/Chapter02.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..e709048c --- /dev/null +++ b/Materials_Science/Chapter02.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,328 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": "",
+ "signature": "sha256:dd88e5202fe8cb4f62cee212896e4620a6a485517d90fb3c0293ab4baa871eef"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Chapter02: Structure of atoms"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex2.1:pg-12"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 2.1 : radius of the first bohr\"s orbit \n",
+ " \n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "\n",
+ "ep=8.854*10**-12;#\n",
+ "h=6.626*10**-34;#\n",
+ "m=9.1*10**-31;#in Kg\n",
+ "e=1.602*10**-19;#\n",
+ "r1=((ep*(h**2))/((math.pi*m*(e**2))));#\n",
+ "print round(r1*10**10,2),\"is radius,r1(in angstrom) \"\n",
+ "\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "0.53 is radius,r1(in angstrom) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 2
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex2.2:pg-12"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "#Example 2.2 : radius of the second bohr\"s orbit \n",
+ " \n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "\n",
+ "r1_h=0.529; # radius for hydrozen atom in Angstrum\n",
+ "n1=1;# for the first bohr's orbit of electron in hydrozen atom\n",
+ "Z1=1; # for the first bohr's orbit of electron in hydrozen atom\n",
+ "k=(r1_h*Z1)/n1**2; # where k is constant\n",
+ "n2=2; # for the second bohr orbit\n",
+ "Z2=2; #for the second bohr orbit\n",
+ "r2_he=k*(n2**2/Z2);\n",
+ "print r2_he,\" is radius of the second bohr orbit,r2 in (Angstrom) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "1.058 is radius of the second bohr orbit,r2 in (Angstrom) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 4
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex2.3:pg-13"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 2.3: to prove\n",
+ " \n",
+ "Z=1;#assume\n",
+ "n1=1;#orbit 1\n",
+ "n2=2;#orbit 2\n",
+ "n3=3;#orbit 3\n",
+ "e1=((-13.6*Z)/(n1**2));#energy for the first orbit\n",
+ "e2=((-13.6*Z)/(n2**2));#energy for the second orbit\n",
+ "e3=((-13.6*Z)/(n3**2));#energy for the third orbit\n",
+ "e31=e3-e1;#energy emitted by an electron jumping from orbit nuber 3 to orbit nimber 1\n",
+ "e21=e2-e1;#energy emitted by an electron jumping from orbit nuber 2 to orbit nimber 1\n",
+ "re=e31/e21;#ratio of energy\n",
+ "print re,\" is equal to ratio of energy for an electron to jump from orbit 3 to orbit 1 and from orbit 2 to orbit 1 is 32/27 \\n hence proved\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "1.18518518519 is equal to ratio of energy for an electron to jump from orbit 3 to orbit 1 and from orbit 2 to orbit 1 is 32/27 \n",
+ " hence proved\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 7
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex2.4:pg-13"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 2.4 : velocity\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "\n",
+ "h=6.626*10**-34;\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19;\n",
+ "epsilon_o=8.825*10**-12;\n",
+ "n=1;\n",
+ "Z=1;\n",
+ "vn=(Z*e**2)/(2*epsilon_o*n*h);\n",
+ "print vn,\" is velocity,vn in (m/s) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "2188990.2342 is velocity,vn in (m/s) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 8
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex2.5:pg-14"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 2.5 : velocity\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "n=1;\n",
+ "Z=1;\n",
+ "k=6.56*10**15; # k is constant\n",
+ "fn=k*(Z**2/n**3);\n",
+ "print fn,\" is orbital frequency,fn in (Hz) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "6.56e+15 is orbital frequency,fn in (Hz) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 9
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex2.6.a:pg-14"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 2.6.a : the energy of the photon emitted\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "Z=1;#for hydrozen\n",
+ "n1=3;\n",
+ "n2=2;\n",
+ "E3=-(13.6*Z**2)/n1**2;\n",
+ "E2=-(13.6*Z**2)/n2**2;\n",
+ "del_E=E3-E2;\n",
+ "print round(del_E,2),\" is the energy of photon emitted, del_E in (eV) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "1.89 is the energy of photon emitted, del_E in (eV) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 12
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex2.6.b:pg-14"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 2.6.b : frequency\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Z=1;#for hydrozen\n",
+ "n1=3;\n",
+ "n2=2;\n",
+ "m=6.626*10**-34;# mass of electron in kg\n",
+ "E3=-(13.6*Z**2)/n1**2;\n",
+ "E2=-(13.6*Z**2)/n2**2;\n",
+ "del_E=E3-E2;\n",
+ "E=del_E*1.6*10**-19;# in joules\n",
+ "v=(E/m);\n",
+ "print round(v,2),\"frequency of the photon emitted,v(Hz) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "4.5611563873e+14 frequency of the photon emitted,v(Hz) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 9
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex2.6.c:pg-15"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 2.6.c : wave length of the photon emitted\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Z=1;#for hydrozen\n",
+ "n1=3;\n",
+ "n2=2;\n",
+ "m=6.626*10**-34;# mass of electron in kg\n",
+ "C=3*10**8;\n",
+ "E3=-(13.6*Z**2)/n1**2;\n",
+ "E2=-(13.6*Z**2)/n2**2;\n",
+ "del_E=E3-E2;\n",
+ "E=del_E*1.6*10**-19;\n",
+ "v=E/m;\n",
+ "lamda=C/v;\n",
+ "print round(lamda,9),\" is wavelength of the photon emitted,(m) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "6.58e-07 is wavelength of the photon emitted,(m) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 4
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Materials_Science/Chapter02_1.ipynb b/Materials_Science/Chapter02_1.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..3f4eb274 --- /dev/null +++ b/Materials_Science/Chapter02_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,330 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": "",
+ "signature": "sha256:1f19c621c1710fca6ce3cb6f7f8c868a9f6c8ea08665855d38ed65721b994246"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Chapter02: Structure of atoms"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex2.1:pg-12"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 2.1 : radius of the first bohr\"s orbit \n",
+ " \n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "\n",
+ "ep=8.854*10**-12;#\n",
+ "h=6.626*10**-34;#\n",
+ "m=9.1*10**-31;#in Kg\n",
+ "e=1.602*10**-19;#\n",
+ "r1=((ep*(h**2))/((math.pi*m*(e**2))));#\n",
+ "print round(r1*10**10,2),\"is radius,r1(in angstrom) \"\n",
+ "\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "0.53 is radius,r1(in angstrom) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 2
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex2.2:pg-12"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "#Example 2.2 : radius of the second bohr\"s orbit \n",
+ " \n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "\n",
+ "r1_h=0.529; # radius for hydrozen atom in Angstrum\n",
+ "n1=1;# for the first bohr's orbit of electron in hydrozen atom\n",
+ "Z1=1; # for the first bohr's orbit of electron in hydrozen atom\n",
+ "k=(r1_h*Z1)/n1**2; # where k is constant\n",
+ "n2=2; # for the second bohr orbit\n",
+ "Z2=2; #for the second bohr orbit\n",
+ "r2_he=k*(n2**2/Z2);\n",
+ "print r2_he,\" is radius of the second bohr orbit,r2 in (Angstrom) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "1.058 is radius of the second bohr orbit,r2 in (Angstrom) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 4
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex2.3:pg-13"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 2.3: to prove\n",
+ " \n",
+ "Z=1;#assume\n",
+ "n1=1;#orbit 1\n",
+ "n2=2;#orbit 2\n",
+ "n3=3;#orbit 3\n",
+ "e1=((-13.6*Z)/(n1**2));#energy for the first orbit\n",
+ "e2=((-13.6*Z)/(n2**2));#energy for the second orbit\n",
+ "e3=((-13.6*Z)/(n3**2));#energy for the third orbit\n",
+ "e31=e3-e1;#energy emitted by an electron jumping from orbit nuber 3 to orbit nimber 1\n",
+ "e21=e2-e1;#energy emitted by an electron jumping from orbit nuber 2 to orbit nimber 1\n",
+ "re=e31/e21;#ratio of energy\n",
+ "print round(re,2),\" is equal to ratio of energy for an electron to jump from orbit 3 to orbit 1 and from orbit 2 to orbit 1 is 32/27 \\n hence proved\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "1.19 is equal to ratio of energy for an electron to jump from orbit 3 to orbit 1 and from orbit 2 to orbit 1 is 32/27 \n",
+ " hence proved\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 1
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex2.4:pg-13"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 2.4 : velocity\n",
+ "\n",
+ "import decimal\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "\n",
+ "h=6.626*10**-34;\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19;\n",
+ "epsilon_o=8.825*10**-12;\n",
+ "n=1;\n",
+ "Z=1;\n",
+ "vn=(Z*e**2)/(2*epsilon_o*n*h);\n",
+ "print \"{:.3e}\".format(vn),\" is velocity,vn in (m/s) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "2.189e+06 is velocity,vn in (m/s) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 8
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex2.5:pg-14"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 2.5 : velocity\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "n=1;\n",
+ "Z=1;\n",
+ "k=6.56*10**15; # k is constant\n",
+ "fn=k*(Z**2/n**3);\n",
+ "print fn,\" is orbital frequency,fn in (Hz) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "6.56e+15 is orbital frequency,fn in (Hz) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 9
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex2.6.a:pg-14"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 2.6.a : the energy of the photon emitted\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "Z=1;#for hydrogen\n",
+ "n1=3;\n",
+ "n2=2;\n",
+ "E3=-(13.6*Z**2)/n1**2;\n",
+ "E2=-(13.6*Z**2)/n2**2;\n",
+ "del_E=E3-E2;\n",
+ "print round(del_E,2),\" is the energy of photon emitted, del_E in (eV) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "1.89 is the energy of photon emitted, del_E in (eV) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 9
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex2.6.b:pg-14"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 2.6.b : frequency\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Z=1;#for hydrozen\n",
+ "n1=3;\n",
+ "n2=2;\n",
+ "m=6.626*10**-34;# mass of electron in kg\n",
+ "E3=-(13.6*Z**2)/n1**2;\n",
+ "E2=-(13.6*Z**2)/n2**2;\n",
+ "del_E=E3-E2;\n",
+ "E=del_E*1.6*10**-19;# in joules\n",
+ "v=(E/m);\n",
+ "print round(v,-12),\"frequency of the photon emitted,v(Hz) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "4.56e+14 frequency of the photon emitted,v(Hz) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 11
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex2.6.c:pg-15"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 2.6.c : wave length of the photon emitted\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Z=1;#for hydrozen\n",
+ "n1=3;\n",
+ "n2=2;\n",
+ "m=6.626*10**-34;# mass of electron in kg\n",
+ "C=3*10**8;\n",
+ "E3=-(13.6*Z**2)/n1**2;\n",
+ "E2=-(13.6*Z**2)/n2**2;\n",
+ "del_E=E3-E2;\n",
+ "E=del_E*1.6*10**-19;\n",
+ "v=E/m;\n",
+ "lamda=C/v;\n",
+ "print round(lamda,9),\" is wavelength of the photon emitted,(m) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "6.58e-07 is wavelength of the photon emitted,(m) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 4
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Materials_Science/Chapter03.ipynb b/Materials_Science/Chapter03.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..f10c658e --- /dev/null +++ b/Materials_Science/Chapter03.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,1338 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": "",
+ "signature": "sha256:296c4bd8d9302a92dd3772adca6817eea05f8e0c9e58e45daf4ced8630943a9e"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Chapter03:Crystal Structure"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3.1:pg-50"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 3.1: miller indices\n",
+ "import math \n",
+ "#given data \n",
+ "x1=1.0;#\n",
+ "x2=1.0;#\n",
+ "x3=2.0;#\n",
+ "h1=1/x1;#\n",
+ "h2=1/x2;#\n",
+ "h3=1/x3;#\n",
+ "print \"Miller indices of the plane (112) are: \",h1,\",\",h2,\",\",h3\n",
+ "x11=0.0;#\n",
+ "x21=0.0;#\n",
+ "x31=1.0;#\n",
+ "h11=inf;#\n",
+ "h21=inf;#\n",
+ "h31=1/x31;#\n",
+ "print \"Miller indices of the plane (001) are : \",h11,\",\",h21,\",\",h31\n",
+ "x111=1.0;#\n",
+ "x211=0.0;#\n",
+ "x311=1.0;#\n",
+ "h111=1/x111;#\n",
+ "h211=inf;#\n",
+ "h311=1/x311;#\n",
+ "print \"Miller indices of the plane (101) are : \",h111,\",\",h211,\",\",h311\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Miller indices of the plane (112) are: 1.0 , 1.0 , 0.5\n",
+ "Miller indices of the plane (001) are : inf , inf , 1.0\n",
+ "Miller indices of the plane (101) are : 1.0 , inf , 1.0\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 2
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3.2:pg-51"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 3.2: miller indices\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#given data \n",
+ "x1=0.0;#\n",
+ "x2=2.0;#\n",
+ "x3=0.0;#\n",
+ "h1=inf;#\n",
+ "h2=1/x2;#\n",
+ "h3=inf;#\n",
+ "print\"Miller indices of the plane (020) are: \",h1,\",\",h2,\",\",h3\n",
+ "x11=1.0;#\n",
+ "x21=2.0;#\n",
+ "x31=0;#\n",
+ "h11=1/x11;#\n",
+ "h21=1/x21;#\n",
+ "h31=inf;#\n",
+ "print\"Miller indices of the plane (120) are : \",h11,\",\",h21,\",\",h31\n",
+ "x111=2.0;#\n",
+ "x211=2.0;#\n",
+ "x311=0.0;#\n",
+ "h111=1/x111;#\n",
+ "h211=1/x211;#\n",
+ "h311=inf;#\n",
+ "print\"Miller indices of the plane (220) are : \",h111,\",\",h211,\",\",h311\n",
+ "#miller indices for plane (120) is calculated wrong in the book\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Miller indices of the plane (020) are: inf , 0.5 , inf\n",
+ "Miller indices of the plane (120) are : 1.0 , 0.5 , inf\n",
+ "Miller indices of the plane (220) are : 0.5 , 0.5 , inf\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 3
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3.3:pg-52"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 3.3: miller indices\n",
+ " \n",
+ "x=1/2.0;#\n",
+ "x1=1/x;#\n",
+ "r2=0;#\n",
+ "r3=0;#\n",
+ "x10=-1;#\n",
+ "x2=1.0/x10;#\n",
+ "r4=0;#\n",
+ "r5=0;#\n",
+ "print\"miller indices (Case 1) of the given plane are \",x1,\" : \",r2,\" : \",r3\n",
+ "print\"miller indices (Case 2) of the given plane are \",x2,\" : \",r3,\" : \",r4 \n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "miller indices (Case 1) of the given plane are 2.0 : 0 : 0\n",
+ "miller indices (Case 2) of the given plane are -1.0 : 0 : 0\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 7
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3.4:pg-52"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 3.4: miller indices\n",
+ " \n",
+ "a=0.529;#\n",
+ "b=1;#\n",
+ "c=0.477;#\n",
+ "a1=0.264;#\n",
+ "b1=1;#\n",
+ "c1=0.238;#\n",
+ "r1=round(a/a1);#\n",
+ "r2=b/b1;#\n",
+ "r3=round(c/c1);#\n",
+ "print\"miller indices of the given plane are \",r1,\" : \",r2,\" : \",r3\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "miller indices of the given plane are 2.0 : 1 : 2.0\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 8
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3.5:pg-53"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 3.5: miller indices\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#given data \n",
+ "x1=1;#\n",
+ "x2=1;#\n",
+ "x3=0;#\n",
+ "h1=1/x1#\n",
+ "h2=1/x2;#\n",
+ "h3=inf;#\n",
+ "print\"Miller indices of the plane (110) are: \",h1,\",\",h2,\",\",h3\n",
+ "x11=1;#\n",
+ "x21=1;#\n",
+ "x31=1;#\n",
+ "h11=1/x11;#\n",
+ "h21=1/x21;#\n",
+ "h31=1/x31;#\n",
+ "print\"Miller indices of the plane (111) are : \",h11,\",\",h21,\",\",h31\n",
+ "\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Miller indices of the plane (110) are: 1 , 1 , inf\n",
+ "Miller indices of the plane (111) are : 1 , 1 , 1\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 9
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3.9:pg-58"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 3.9: atoms per unit cell\n",
+ " \n",
+ "c=8;#corners\n",
+ "f=6;#faces\n",
+ "nf=(1/2.0)*f;#no. of atoms in all six faces\n",
+ "nc=(1/8.0)*c;#no. of atoms in all corners\n",
+ "ta=nf+nc;#\n",
+ "print ta,\"are total number of atoms \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "4.0 are total number of atoms \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 10
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3.10:pg-61"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 3.10 : largest diameter\n",
+ "import math \n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "\n",
+ "a=3.61; # edge length in angstrum\n",
+ "r=(a*math.sqrt(2))/4;\n",
+ "d=2*r;\n",
+ "print round(d,4),\"= largest diameter,d(angstrom) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "2.5527 = largest diameter,d(angstrom) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 15
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3.11:pg-62"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 3.11 : volume change in percentage\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "r_bcc=0.1258; # in nm\n",
+ "r_fcc=0.1292;# in nm\n",
+ "a_bcc=(r_bcc*4)/math.sqrt(3);\n",
+ "a_fcc=(r_fcc*4)/math.sqrt(2);\n",
+ "v_fcc=(a_fcc)**3;# in nmn**3\n",
+ "v_bcc=(a_bcc)**3; # in nm**3\n",
+ "V=((v_fcc-v_bcc)/v_bcc)*100;\n",
+ "print round(V,2),\"=volume change in percentage,V(%) \""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "99.01 =volume change in percentage,V(%) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 17
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3.12:pg-64"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "#Example 3.12 : number of atom/mm**2\n",
+ " \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "a=3.03*10**-7; # lattice constant in mm\n",
+ "A=1/a**2;# for 100 planes \n",
+ "B=0.707/a**2;#for(110) planes\n",
+ "C=0.58/a**2;# for(111) planes\n",
+ "print round(A,-11),\"=number of atoms for (100) plane \"\n",
+ "print round(B,-10),\"=number of atoms for (110) plane \"\n",
+ "print round(C,-11),\"=number of atoms for (111) plane \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "1.09e+13 =number of atoms for (100) plane \n",
+ "7.7e+12 =number of atoms for (110) plane \n",
+ "6.3e+12 =number of atoms for (111) plane \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 36
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3.13:pg-66"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "#Example 3.13 : number of atom/mm**2 of planes\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "\n",
+ "a=2.87*10**-7; # lattice constant in mm\n",
+ "A=1/a**2;# for 100 planes \n",
+ "B=1.414/a**2;#for(110) planes\n",
+ "C=1.732/a**2;# for(111) planes\n",
+ "print round(A,-11),\"=number of atoms for (100) plane \"\n",
+ "print round(B,-11),\"=number of atoms for (110) plane \"\n",
+ "print round(C,-11),\"=number of atoms for (111) plane \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "1.21e+13 =number of atoms for (100) plane \n",
+ "1.72e+13 =number of atoms for (110) plane \n",
+ "2.1e+13 =number of atoms for (111) plane \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 41
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3.14:pg-69"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "#Example 3.14 : number of atom/mm**2 surface area\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "a=4.93*10**-7; # lattice constant in mm\n",
+ "A=2/a**2;# for 100 planes \n",
+ "B=1.414/a**2;#for(110) planes\n",
+ "C=2.31/a**2;# for(111) planes\n",
+ "print round(A,-11),\"=number of atoms for (100) plane \"\n",
+ "print round(B,-11),\"=number of atoms for (110) plane \"\n",
+ "print round(C,-11),\"=number of atoms for (111) plane \"\n",
+ "\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "8.2e+12 =number of atoms for (100) plane \n",
+ "5.8e+12 =number of atoms for (110) plane \n",
+ "9.5e+12 =number of atoms for (111) plane \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 42
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3.15:pg-69"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 3.15 : planar density\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "\n",
+ "a=0.143*10**-6; # atomic radius in mm\n",
+ "A=2.31/(a**2);# for(111) planes\n",
+ "print round(A,-10),\"= atom,A(atoms/mm**2) \"\n",
+ "# answer is wrong in book\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "1.1296e+14 = atom,A(atoms/mm**2) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 48
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3.16:pg-71"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 3.16 : volume\n",
+ " \n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "a=0.2665; # in mm\n",
+ "c=0.4947;# in mm\n",
+ "V=(3*math.sqrt(3)*a**2*c)/2.0;\n",
+ "print round(V,4),\"=volume,V(mm**3) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "0.0913 =volume,V(mm**3) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 51
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3.17:pg-72"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "#Example 3.17 : find the packing efficiency and lattice parameter\n",
+ " \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "r=1.22# in angstrum\n",
+ "a=(4*r)/math.sqrt(3);\n",
+ "efficiency=(math.pi*math.sqrt(3))/8;\n",
+ "print round(efficiency,2),\"=efficiency \"\n",
+ "print round(a,2),\"= lattice parameter,a(angstrom) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "0.68 =efficiency \n",
+ "2.82 = lattice parameter,a(angstrom) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 53
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3.18:pg-73"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 3.18 : interplanar distance\n",
+ "import math \n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "h=1;\n",
+ "k=1;\n",
+ "l=1;\n",
+ "#d=a/math.sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2)\n",
+ "dBYa=1/math.sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2);\n",
+ "print \"Interplanor distance in (Angstrom) is a*\",round(dBYa,3)\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Interplanor distance in (Angstrom) is a* 0.577\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 55
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3.19:pg-74"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 3.19 : spacing\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "h1=2;\n",
+ "k1=0;\n",
+ "l1=0;\n",
+ "h2=2;\n",
+ "k2=2;\n",
+ "l2=0;\n",
+ "h3=1;\n",
+ "k3=1;\n",
+ "l3=1;\n",
+ "r=1.246;\n",
+ "a=(4*r)/math.sqrt(2);# in angstrum\n",
+ "#d=a/math.sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2)\n",
+ "d1=a/math.sqrt(h1**2+k1**2+l1**2);\n",
+ "d2=a/math.sqrt(h2**2+k2**2+l2**2);\n",
+ "d3=a/math.sqrt(h3**2+k3**2+l3**2);\n",
+ "print round(d1,2),\"=d_200 spacind,d1(angstrom) \"\n",
+ "print round(d2,2),\"=d_220 spacind,d2(angstrom) \"\n",
+ "print round(d3,2),\"=d_111 spacind,d3(angstrom) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "1.76 =d_200 spacind,d1(angstrom) \n",
+ "1.25 =d_220 spacind,d2(angstrom) \n",
+ "2.03 =d_111 spacind,d3(angstrom) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 57
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3.20:pg-74"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 3.20 : interplaner spacing d_220\n",
+ "import math \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "a=0.316;# in nm\n",
+ "h=2;\n",
+ "k=2;\n",
+ "l=0;\n",
+ "d=a/math.sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2);\n",
+ "print round(d,3),\"= inter planer spacing d_220,d(nm) \"\n",
+ "# answer is wrong in book\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "0.112 = inter planer spacing d_220,d(nm) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 59
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3.21:pg-74"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 3.21: interplanar spacing d220\n",
+ " \n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "a=1;#constant assume\n",
+ "a1=[1,0,0];#lattice planes\n",
+ "a2=[1,1,0];#lattice planes\n",
+ "a3=[1,1,1];#lattice planes\n",
+ "d100=a/(math.sqrt(a1[0]+a1[1]**2+a1[2]**2));#interplanar distance between (100)planes\n",
+ "d110=a/(math.sqrt(a2[0]**2+a2[1]**2+a2[2]**2));#interplanar distance between (110)planes\n",
+ "d111=a/(math.sqrt(a3[0]**2+a3[1]**2+a3[2]**2));#interplanar distance between (111)planes\n",
+ "print \"ratio of interplanar distances is \",d100,\":\",round(d110,2),\":\",round(d111,2)\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "ratio of interplanar distances is 1.0 : 0.71 : 0.58\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 63
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3.22:pg-75"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 3.22: perpendicular distance\n",
+ "import math \n",
+ "a=1;#constant assume\n",
+ "a1=[1,1,1];#lattice planes\n",
+ "a2=[2,2,2];#lattice planes\n",
+ "d1=a/(math.sqrt(a1[0]**2+a1[1]**2+a1[2]**2));#perpendicular distance between origin and (111)planes\n",
+ "d2=a/(math.sqrt(a2[0]**2+a2[1]**2+a2[2]**2));#perpendicular distance between origin and (222)planes\n",
+ "d22 = d1-d2;#perpendicular distance between the planes (111) and (222)\n",
+ "print round(d22,2),\"= perpendicular distance between the planes (111) and (222)\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# a is assumed to be 1\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "0.29 = perpendicular distance between the planes (111) and (222)\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 65
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3.23:pg-76"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 3.23: angle between planes (122) and (111)\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "a=1;# assume\n",
+ "a1=[1,2,2];#lattice planes\n",
+ "a2=[1,1,1];#lattice planes\n",
+ "d1=a/(math.sqrt(a1[0]**2+a1[1]**2+a1[2]**2));#perpendicular distance between origin and (111)planes\n",
+ "d2=a/(math.sqrt(a2[0]**2+a2[1]**2+a2[2]**2));#perpendicular distance between origin and (222)planes\n",
+ "cphi= ((a1[0]*a2[0])+(a1[1]*a2[1])+(a1[2]*a2[2]))*(d1*d2);#\n",
+ "d=math.degrees(math.acos((cphi)));# in degree\n",
+ "d1=math.floor(d);#\n",
+ "d2=d-d1;#\n",
+ "print\"angle between planes (122) and (111) is \",d1,\" degree \",round(60*d2),\" minutes\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "angle between planes (122) and (111) is 15.0 degree 48.0 minutes\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 72
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3.24:pg-77"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 3.24 : concentration of iron\n",
+ " \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "d=7.87;\n",
+ "N=6.023*10**23; # avogadro's number\n",
+ "A=55.85;# atomic weight\n",
+ "I=A/N;# mass of iron atom\n",
+ "atom=d/I;\n",
+ "print round(atom,-20),\"= number of atoms(atoms/cm**3) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "8.49e+22 = number of atoms(atoms/cm**3) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 83
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3.25:pg-77"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 3.25 : lattice constant\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "\n",
+ "n=2;\n",
+ "A=55.8;\n",
+ "N=6.023*10**26; # avogadro's number in /kg-mole\n",
+ "b=7.87*10**3;# in kg/m**3\n",
+ "a=((A*n)/(N*b))**(1/3.0);\n",
+ "print round(a*10**10,3),\"= lattice constant,a(angstrom)\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "2.866 = lattice constant,a(angstrom)\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 85
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3.26:pg-77"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 3.26 : density\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "\n",
+ "n=4;\n",
+ "N=6.023*10**23; # avogadro's number\n",
+ "r=1.278*10**-8;# in cm\n",
+ "A=63.5;\n",
+ "a=(r*4)/math.sqrt(2);# in cm\n",
+ "b=(A*n)/(a**3*N);\n",
+ "print round(b,2),\"= density of copper,b(g/cc) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "8.93 = density of copper,b(g/cc) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 87
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3.27:pg-77"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 3.27 : number of atoms\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "n=4;\n",
+ "N=6.023*10**23; # avogadro's number\n",
+ "A=55.85;\n",
+ "a=2.9*10**-8;\n",
+ "b=7.87;#density in g/cc\n",
+ "#a**3=(A*n)/(N*b)\n",
+ "n=round((a**3*N*b)/A);\n",
+ "print n,\"= number of atoms,n \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "2.0 = number of atoms,n \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 88
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3.28:pg-78"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 3.28 : lattice constant\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "d=6250;#density\n",
+ "N=6.02*10**23;#avogadro's number\n",
+ "n=4;\n",
+ "m=60.2*10**-3;# atomic mass\n",
+ "M=(n*m)/N;\n",
+ "V=M/d;\n",
+ "a=V**(1/3.0)*10**9;\n",
+ "print a,\"= the lattice constant,a(nm) \"\n",
+ "#ANSWER IS WRONG IN THE TEXT BOOK\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "0.4 = the lattice constant,a(nm) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 89
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3.29:pg-78"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 3.29 : the number of atoms\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "d=7.87;#in g/cm**3\n",
+ "A=55.85;\n",
+ "a=2.9*10**-8;# in cm\n",
+ "N=6.02*10**23;#avogadro's number\n",
+ "n=(d*a**3*N)/A;\n",
+ "print round(n),\"= the number of atom,n \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "2.0 = the number of atom,n \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 90
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3.30:pg-83"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 3.30: calculate the number of vacancies in the copper\n",
+ "import math \n",
+ "B=1.38*10**-23;#boltzman constant in J/atom-K\n",
+ "B1=8.62*10**-5;# bolzman constant in ev/atom-K\n",
+ "Qv=0.9;# eV/atom\n",
+ "t=27;# room temperatyre in degree celsius\n",
+ "pcu=8.4;#in g/cm**3\n",
+ "Acv=63.5;# in g/mol\n",
+ "T=t+273;#temperture in kelvin\n",
+ "Nv=6.023*10**23;#\n",
+ "P=8.4;#\n",
+ "Ns=(Nv*P)/Acv;# number of regular lattice sites\n",
+ "Nv1=Ns*math.exp(-Qv/(B1*T));#\n",
+ "print Nv1,\"is number of vacancies in copper in vacancies/cm**3\"\n",
+ "#answer is wrong in the textbook\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "61187298.8086 is number of vacancies in copper in vacancies/cm**3\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 91
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3.31:pg-86"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 3.31 : interplanar spacing\n",
+ "import math \n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "\n",
+ "theta=20.3;#in degree\n",
+ "lamda=1.54;# in angstrum\n",
+ "n=1.0;\n",
+ "a=math.sin(math.radians(theta))\n",
+ "d=lamda/(2*a);\n",
+ "print round(d,2),\"= interplanar spacing,d(angstrom) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "2.22 = interplanar spacing,d(angstrom) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 101
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3.32:pg-86"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 3.32 : interatomic spacing\n",
+ "import math \n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "\n",
+ "theta=30;#in degree\n",
+ "lamda=1.54;# in angstrum\n",
+ "n=1;\n",
+ "a=math.sin(math.radians(theta))\n",
+ "d=lamda/(2*a);\n",
+ "print d,\"=interatomic spacing,d(angstrom) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "1.54 =interatomic spacing,d(angstrom) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 102
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3.33:pg-87"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 3.33 : number of per order\n",
+ "import math \n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "\n",
+ "theta=90;#in degree\n",
+ "lamda=1.54;# in angstrum\n",
+ "a=math.sin(math.radians(theta))\n",
+ "d=1.181;\n",
+ "n=(2*d*a)/lamda;\n",
+ "print round(n,2),\"= number of order,n \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "1.53 = number of order,n \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 106
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3.34:pg-87"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 3.34: size of unit cell\n",
+ "import math \n",
+ "n=1.0;#\n",
+ "a=1.0;#assume\n",
+ "h=0.58;#wavelnegth in armstrong\n",
+ "th=9.5;#reflection angle in degree\n",
+ "a1=[2.0,0,0];#miller indices\n",
+ "d200=a/(math.sqrt(a1[0]**2+a1[1]**2+a1[2]**2));#interplanar distance between (200)planes\n",
+ "a=((n*h)/(2*d200*math.sin(math.radians(th))));#zsize of unit cell\n",
+ "print round(a,3),\"= size of unit cell in \u00c4\"\n",
+ "#amswer is wrong in the textbook\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "3.514 = size of unit cell in \u00c4\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 111
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3.35:pg-87"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 3.35: bragg angle\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "n=1;#\n",
+ "a=3.57;#in \u00c4\n",
+ "h=0.54;#wavelnegth in \u00c4 \n",
+ "a1=[1,1,1];#miller indices\n",
+ "d111=a/(math.sqrt(a1[0]**2+a1[1]**2+a1[2]**2));#interplanar distance between (111)planes\n",
+ "snd=((n*h)/(2*d111));#\n",
+ "th=math.degrees(math.asin(snd));# bragg angle in degree\n",
+ "d1=math.floor(th);#\n",
+ "d2=th-math.floor(d1);#\n",
+ "print\"angle between planes (122) and (111) is \",d1,\" degree \",round(60*d2),\" minutes\"\n",
+ "#wavelength is given wrong in example it is 0.54\u00c4 and it is taken as 1.54\u00c4\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "angle between planes (122) and (111) is 7.0 degree 32.0 minutes\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 113
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3.36:pg-88"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 3.36: interplanner spacing and miller indices\n",
+ " \n",
+ "a=3.16;# in \u00c4\n",
+ "h=1.54;# in \u00c4\n",
+ "n=1;#\n",
+ "th=20.3;# in degree\n",
+ "d=((n*h)/(2*math.sin(math.radians(th))));# interplanner spacing in \u00c4\n",
+ "x=a/d;#\n",
+ "y=x**2;#\n",
+ "print round(d,2),\"= interplanner spacing in \u00c4 \"\n",
+ "print \"miller indices are (110) , (011) or (101)\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "2.22 = interplanner spacing in \u00c4 \n",
+ "miller indices are (110) , (011) or (101)\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 115
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3.37:pg-88"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 3.36: interplanner spacing and diffraction angle\n",
+ "import math \n",
+ "a=.2866;# in \u00c4\n",
+ "h=0.1542;# in nm\n",
+ "n=1.0;#\n",
+ "a1=[2.0,1.0,1.0];#miller indices\n",
+ "d211=a/(math.sqrt(a1[0]**2+a1[1]**2+a1[2]**2));#interplanar distance between (211)planes\n",
+ "snd=((n*h)/(2*d211));#\n",
+ "th=math.degrees(math.asin(snd));# bragg angle in degree\n",
+ "d1=math.floor(th);#\n",
+ "d2=th-math.floor(d1);#\n",
+ "print\"angle between planes (122) and (111) is \",d1,\" degree \",round(60*d2),\" minutes\"\n",
+ "print round(d211,2),\"=interplanner spacing in \u00c4 \"\n",
+ "#answer is wrong in the textbook\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "angle between planes (122) and (111) is 41.0 degree 13.0 minutes\n",
+ "0.12 =interplanner spacing in \u00c4 \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 121
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Materials_Science/Chapter03_1.ipynb b/Materials_Science/Chapter03_1.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..43781fda --- /dev/null +++ b/Materials_Science/Chapter03_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,1338 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": "",
+ "signature": "sha256:8787be2af1a94b63ca8412df85bcd749a00e2c5c652303af986ee37d2e29e569"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Chapter03:Crystal Structure"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3.1:pg-50"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 3.1: miller indices\n",
+ "import math \n",
+ "#given data \n",
+ "x1=1.0;#\n",
+ "x2=1.0;#\n",
+ "x3=2.0;#\n",
+ "h1=1/x1;#\n",
+ "h2=1/x2;#\n",
+ "h3=1/x3;#\n",
+ "print \"Miller indices of the plane (112) are: \",h1,\",\",h2,\",\",h3\n",
+ "x11=0.0;#\n",
+ "x21=0.0;#\n",
+ "x31=1.0;#\n",
+ "h11=inf;#\n",
+ "h21=inf;#\n",
+ "h31=1/x31;#\n",
+ "print \"Miller indices of the plane (001) are : \",h11,\",\",h21,\",\",h31\n",
+ "x111=1.0;#\n",
+ "x211=0.0;#\n",
+ "x311=1.0;#\n",
+ "h111=1/x111;#\n",
+ "h211=inf;#\n",
+ "h311=1/x311;#\n",
+ "print \"Miller indices of the plane (101) are : \",h111,\",\",h211,\",\",h311\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Miller indices of the plane (112) are: 1.0 , 1.0 , 0.5\n",
+ "Miller indices of the plane (001) are : inf , inf , 1.0\n",
+ "Miller indices of the plane (101) are : 1.0 , inf , 1.0\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 2
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3.2:pg-51"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 3.2: miller indices\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#given data \n",
+ "x1=0.0;#\n",
+ "x2=2.0;#\n",
+ "x3=0.0;#\n",
+ "h1=inf;#\n",
+ "h2=1/x2;#\n",
+ "h3=inf;#\n",
+ "print\"Miller indices of the plane (020) are: \",h1,\",\",h2,\",\",h3\n",
+ "x11=1.0;#\n",
+ "x21=2.0;#\n",
+ "x31=0;#\n",
+ "h11=1/x11;#\n",
+ "h21=1/x21;#\n",
+ "h31=inf;#\n",
+ "print\"Miller indices of the plane (120) are : \",h11,\",\",h21,\",\",h31\n",
+ "x111=2.0;#\n",
+ "x211=2.0;#\n",
+ "x311=0.0;#\n",
+ "h111=1/x111;#\n",
+ "h211=1/x211;#\n",
+ "h311=inf;#\n",
+ "print\"Miller indices of the plane (220) are : \",h111,\",\",h211,\",\",h311\n",
+ "#miller indices for plane (120) is calculated wrong in the book\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Miller indices of the plane (020) are: inf , 0.5 , inf\n",
+ "Miller indices of the plane (120) are : 1.0 , 0.5 , inf\n",
+ "Miller indices of the plane (220) are : 0.5 , 0.5 , inf\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 3
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3.3:pg-52"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 3.3: miller indices\n",
+ " \n",
+ "x=1/2.0;#\n",
+ "x1=1/x;#\n",
+ "r2=0;#\n",
+ "r3=0;#\n",
+ "x10=-1;#\n",
+ "x2=1.0/x10;#\n",
+ "r4=0;#\n",
+ "r5=0;#\n",
+ "print\"miller indices (Case 1) of the given plane are \",x1,\" : \",r2,\" : \",r3\n",
+ "print\"miller indices (Case 2) of the given plane are \",x2,\" : \",r3,\" : \",r4 \n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "miller indices (Case 1) of the given plane are 2.0 : 0 : 0\n",
+ "miller indices (Case 2) of the given plane are -1.0 : 0 : 0\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 7
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3.4:pg-52"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 3.4: miller indices\n",
+ " \n",
+ "a=0.529;#\n",
+ "b=1;#\n",
+ "c=0.477;#\n",
+ "a1=0.264;#\n",
+ "b1=1;#\n",
+ "c1=0.238;#\n",
+ "r1=round(a/a1);#\n",
+ "r2=b/b1;#\n",
+ "r3=round(c/c1);#\n",
+ "print\"miller indices of the given plane are \",r1,\" : \",r2,\" : \",r3\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "miller indices of the given plane are 2.0 : 1 : 2.0\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 8
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3.5:pg-53"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 3.5: miller indices\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#given data \n",
+ "x1=1;#\n",
+ "x2=1;#\n",
+ "x3=0;#\n",
+ "h1=1/x1#\n",
+ "h2=1/x2;#\n",
+ "h3=inf;#\n",
+ "print\"Miller indices of the plane (110) are: \",h1,\",\",h2,\",\",h3\n",
+ "x11=1;#\n",
+ "x21=1;#\n",
+ "x31=1;#\n",
+ "h11=1/x11;#\n",
+ "h21=1/x21;#\n",
+ "h31=1/x31;#\n",
+ "print\"Miller indices of the plane (111) are : \",h11,\",\",h21,\",\",h31\n",
+ "\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Miller indices of the plane (110) are: 1 , 1 , inf\n",
+ "Miller indices of the plane (111) are : 1 , 1 , 1\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 9
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3.9:pg-58"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 3.9: atoms per unit cell\n",
+ " \n",
+ "c=8;#corners\n",
+ "f=6;#faces\n",
+ "nf=(1/2.0)*f;#no. of atoms in all six faces\n",
+ "nc=(1/8.0)*c;#no. of atoms in all corners\n",
+ "ta=nf+nc;#\n",
+ "print ta,\"are total number of atoms \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "4.0 are total number of atoms \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 10
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3.10:pg-61"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 3.10 : largest diameter\n",
+ "import math \n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "\n",
+ "a=3.61; # edge length in angstrum\n",
+ "r=(a*math.sqrt(2))/4;\n",
+ "d=2*r;\n",
+ "print round(d,4),\"= largest diameter,d(angstrom) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "2.5527 = largest diameter,d(angstrom) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 15
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3.11:pg-62"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 3.11 : volume change in percentage\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "r_bcc=0.1258; # in nm\n",
+ "r_fcc=0.1292;# in nm\n",
+ "a_bcc=(r_bcc*4)/math.sqrt(3);\n",
+ "a_fcc=(r_fcc*4)/math.sqrt(2);\n",
+ "v_fcc=(a_fcc)**3;# in nmn**3\n",
+ "v_bcc=(a_bcc)**3; # in nm**3\n",
+ "V=((v_fcc-v_bcc)/v_bcc)*100;\n",
+ "print round(V,2),\"=volume change in percentage,V(%) \""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "99.01 =volume change in percentage,V(%) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 17
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3.12:pg-64"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "#Example 3.12 : number of atom/mm**2\n",
+ " \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "a=3.03*10**-7; # lattice constant in mm\n",
+ "A=1/a**2;# for 100 planes \n",
+ "B=0.707/a**2;#for(110) planes\n",
+ "C=0.58/a**2;# for(111) planes\n",
+ "print round(A,-11),\"=number of atoms for (100) plane \"\n",
+ "print round(B,-10),\"=number of atoms for (110) plane \"\n",
+ "print round(C,-11),\"=number of atoms for (111) plane \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "1.09e+13 =number of atoms for (100) plane \n",
+ "7.7e+12 =number of atoms for (110) plane \n",
+ "6.3e+12 =number of atoms for (111) plane \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 5
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3.13:pg-66"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "#Example 3.13 : number of atom/mm**2 of planes\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "\n",
+ "a=2.87*10**-7; # lattice constant in mm\n",
+ "A=1/a**2;# for 100 planes \n",
+ "B=1.414/a**2;#for(110) planes\n",
+ "C=1.732/a**2;# for(111) planes\n",
+ "print round(A,-11),\"=number of atoms for (100) plane \"\n",
+ "print round(B,-11),\"=number of atoms for (110) plane \"\n",
+ "print round(C,-11),\"=number of atoms for (111) plane \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "1.21e+13 =number of atoms for (100) plane \n",
+ "1.72e+13 =number of atoms for (110) plane \n",
+ "2.1e+13 =number of atoms for (111) plane \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 41
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3.14:pg-69"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "#Example 3.14 : number of atom/mm**2 surface area\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "a=4.93*10**-7; # lattice constant in mm\n",
+ "A=2/a**2;# for 100 planes \n",
+ "B=1.414/a**2;#for(110) planes\n",
+ "C=2.31/a**2;# for(111) planes\n",
+ "print round(A,-11),\"=number of atoms for (100) plane \"\n",
+ "print round(B,-11),\"=number of atoms for (110) plane \"\n",
+ "print round(C,-11),\"=number of atoms for (111) plane \"\n",
+ "\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "8.2e+12 =number of atoms for (100) plane \n",
+ "5.8e+12 =number of atoms for (110) plane \n",
+ "9.5e+12 =number of atoms for (111) plane \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 42
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3.15:pg-69"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 3.15 : planar density\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "\n",
+ "a=0.143*10**-6; # atomic radius in mm\n",
+ "A=2.31/(a**2);# for(111) planes\n",
+ "print round(A,-10),\"= atom,A(atoms/mm**2) \"\n",
+ "# answer is wrong in book\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "1.1296e+14 = atom,A(atoms/mm**2) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 18
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3.16:pg-71"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 3.16 : volume\n",
+ " \n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "a=0.2665; # in mm\n",
+ "c=0.4947;# in mm\n",
+ "V=(3*math.sqrt(3)*a**2*c)/2.0;\n",
+ "print round(V,4),\"=volume,V(mm**3) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "0.0913 =volume,V(mm**3) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 51
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3.17:pg-72"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "#Example 3.17 : find the packing efficiency and lattice parameter\n",
+ " \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "r=1.22# in angstrum\n",
+ "a=(4*r)/math.sqrt(3);\n",
+ "efficiency=(math.pi*math.sqrt(3))/8;\n",
+ "print round(efficiency,2),\"=efficiency \"\n",
+ "print round(a,2),\"= lattice parameter,a(angstrom) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "0.68 =efficiency \n",
+ "2.82 = lattice parameter,a(angstrom) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 53
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3.18:pg-73"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 3.18 : interplanar distance\n",
+ "import math \n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "h=1;\n",
+ "k=1;\n",
+ "l=1;\n",
+ "#d=a/math.sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2)\n",
+ "dBYa=1/math.sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2);\n",
+ "print \"Interplaner distance in (Angstrom) is a*\",round(dBYa,3)\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Interplaner distance in (Angstrom) is a* 0.577\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 19
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3.19:pg-74"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 3.19 : spacing\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "h1=2;\n",
+ "k1=0;\n",
+ "l1=0;\n",
+ "h2=2;\n",
+ "k2=2;\n",
+ "l2=0;\n",
+ "h3=1;\n",
+ "k3=1;\n",
+ "l3=1;\n",
+ "r=1.246;\n",
+ "a=(4*r)/math.sqrt(2);# in angstrum\n",
+ "#d=a/math.sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2)\n",
+ "d1=a/math.sqrt(h1**2+k1**2+l1**2);\n",
+ "d2=a/math.sqrt(h2**2+k2**2+l2**2);\n",
+ "d3=a/math.sqrt(h3**2+k3**2+l3**2);\n",
+ "print round(d1,2),\"=d_200 spacind,d1(angstrom) \"\n",
+ "print round(d2,2),\"=d_220 spacind,d2(angstrom) \"\n",
+ "print round(d3,2),\"=d_111 spacind,d3(angstrom) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "1.76 =d_200 spacind,d1(angstrom) \n",
+ "1.25 =d_220 spacind,d2(angstrom) \n",
+ "2.03 =d_111 spacind,d3(angstrom) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 57
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3.20:pg-74"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 3.20 : interplaner spacing d_220\n",
+ "import math \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "a=0.316;# in nm\n",
+ "h=2;\n",
+ "k=2;\n",
+ "l=0;\n",
+ "d=a/math.sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2);\n",
+ "print round(d,3),\"= inter planer spacing d_220,d(nm) \"\n",
+ "# answer is wrong in book\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "0.112 = inter planer spacing d_220,d(nm) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 21
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3.21:pg-74"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 3.21: interplanar spacing d220\n",
+ " \n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "a=1;#constant assume\n",
+ "a1=[1,0,0];#lattice planes\n",
+ "a2=[1,1,0];#lattice planes\n",
+ "a3=[1,1,1];#lattice planes\n",
+ "d100=a/(math.sqrt(a1[0]+a1[1]**2+a1[2]**2));#interplanar distance between (100)planes\n",
+ "d110=a/(math.sqrt(a2[0]**2+a2[1]**2+a2[2]**2));#interplanar distance between (110)planes\n",
+ "d111=a/(math.sqrt(a3[0]**2+a3[1]**2+a3[2]**2));#interplanar distance between (111)planes\n",
+ "print \"ratio of interplanar distances is \",d100,\":\",round(d110,2),\":\",round(d111,2)\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "ratio of interplanar distances is 1.0 : 0.71 : 0.58\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 63
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3.22:pg-75"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 3.22: perpendicular distance\n",
+ "import math \n",
+ "a=1;#constant assume\n",
+ "a1=[1,1,1];#lattice planes\n",
+ "a2=[2,2,2];#lattice planes\n",
+ "d1=a/(math.sqrt(a1[0]**2+a1[1]**2+a1[2]**2));#perpendicular distance between origin and (111)planes\n",
+ "d2=a/(math.sqrt(a2[0]**2+a2[1]**2+a2[2]**2));#perpendicular distance between origin and (222)planes\n",
+ "d22 = d1-d2;#perpendicular distance between the planes (111) and (222)\n",
+ "print round(d22,2),\"= perpendicular distance between the planes (111) and (222)\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# a is assumed to be 1\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "0.29 = perpendicular distance between the planes (111) and (222)\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 65
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3.23:pg-76"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 3.23: angle between planes (122) and (111)\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "a=1;# assume\n",
+ "a1=[1,2,2];#lattice planes\n",
+ "a2=[1,1,1];#lattice planes\n",
+ "d1=a/(math.sqrt(a1[0]**2+a1[1]**2+a1[2]**2));#perpendicular distance between origin and (111)planes\n",
+ "d2=a/(math.sqrt(a2[0]**2+a2[1]**2+a2[2]**2));#perpendicular distance between origin and (222)planes\n",
+ "cphi= ((a1[0]*a2[0])+(a1[1]*a2[1])+(a1[2]*a2[2]))*(d1*d2);#\n",
+ "d=math.degrees(math.acos((cphi)));# in degree\n",
+ "d1=math.floor(d);#\n",
+ "d2=d-d1;#\n",
+ "print\"angle between planes (122) and (111) is \",d1,\" degree \",round(60*d2),\" minutes\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "angle between planes (122) and (111) is 15.0 degree 48.0 minutes\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 72
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3.24:pg-77"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 3.24 : concentration of iron\n",
+ " \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "d=7.87;\n",
+ "N=6.023*10**23; # avogadro's number\n",
+ "A=55.85;# atomic weight\n",
+ "I=A/N;# mass of iron atom\n",
+ "atom=d/I;\n",
+ "print round(atom,-20),\"= number of atoms(atoms/cm**3) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "8.49e+22 = number of atoms(atoms/cm**3) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 83
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3.25:pg-77"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 3.25 : lattice constant\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "\n",
+ "n=2;\n",
+ "A=55.8;\n",
+ "N=6.023*10**26; # avogadro's number in /kg-mole\n",
+ "b=7.87*10**3;# in kg/m**3\n",
+ "a=((A*n)/(N*b))**(1/3.0);\n",
+ "print round(a*10**10,3),\"= lattice constant,a(angstrom)\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "2.866 = lattice constant,a(angstrom)\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 85
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3.26:pg-77"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 3.26 : density\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "\n",
+ "n=4;\n",
+ "N=6.023*10**23; # avogadro's number\n",
+ "r=1.278*10**-8;# in cm\n",
+ "A=63.5;\n",
+ "a=(r*4)/math.sqrt(2);# in cm\n",
+ "b=(A*n)/(a**3*N);\n",
+ "print round(b,2),\"= density of copper,b(g/cc) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "8.93 = density of copper,b(g/cc) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 87
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3.27:pg-77"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 3.27 : number of atoms\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "n=4;\n",
+ "N=6.023*10**23; # avogadro's number\n",
+ "A=55.85;\n",
+ "a=2.9*10**-8;\n",
+ "b=7.87;#density in g/cc\n",
+ "#a**3=(A*n)/(N*b)\n",
+ "n=round((a**3*N*b)/A);\n",
+ "print n,\"= number of atoms,n \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "2.0 = number of atoms,n \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 88
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3.28:pg-78"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 3.28 : lattice constant\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "d=6250;#density\n",
+ "N=6.02*10**23;#avogadro's number\n",
+ "n=4;\n",
+ "m=60.2*10**-3;# atomic mass\n",
+ "M=(n*m)/N;\n",
+ "V=M/d;\n",
+ "a=V**(1/3.0)*10**9;\n",
+ "print a,\"= the lattice constant,a(nm) \"\n",
+ "#ANSWER IS WRONG IN THE TEXT BOOK\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "0.4 = the lattice constant,a(nm) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 89
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3.29:pg-78"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 3.29 : the number of atoms\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "d=7.87;#in g/cm**3\n",
+ "A=55.85;\n",
+ "a=2.9*10**-8;# in cm\n",
+ "N=6.02*10**23;#avogadro's number\n",
+ "n=(d*a**3*N)/A;\n",
+ "print round(n),\"= the number of atom,n \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "2.0 = the number of atom,n \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 90
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3.30:pg-83"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 3.30: calculate the number of vacancies in the copper\n",
+ "import math \n",
+ "B=1.38*10**-23;#boltzman constant in J/atom-K\n",
+ "B1=8.62*10**-5;# bolzman constant in ev/atom-K\n",
+ "Qv=0.9;# eV/atom\n",
+ "t=27;# room temperatyre in degree celsius\n",
+ "pcu=8.4;#in g/cm**3\n",
+ "Acv=63.5;# in g/mol\n",
+ "T=t+273;#temperture in kelvin\n",
+ "Nv=6.023*10**23;#\n",
+ "P=8.4;#\n",
+ "Ns=(Nv*P)/Acv;# number of regular lattice sites\n",
+ "Nv1=Ns*math.exp(-Qv/(B1*T));#\n",
+ "print \"{:.1e}\".format(Nv1),\"is number of vacancies in copper in vacancies/cm**3\"\n",
+ "#answer is wrong in the textbook\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "6.1e+07 is number of vacancies in copper in vacancies/cm**3\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 23
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3.31:pg-86"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 3.31 : interplanar spacing\n",
+ "import math \n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "\n",
+ "theta=20.3;#in degree\n",
+ "lamda=1.54;# in angstrum\n",
+ "n=1.0;\n",
+ "a=math.sin(math.radians(theta))\n",
+ "d=lamda/(2*a);\n",
+ "print round(d,2),\"= interplanar spacing,d(angstrom) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "2.22 = interplanar spacing,d(angstrom) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 101
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3.32:pg-86"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 3.32 : interatomic spacing\n",
+ "import math \n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "\n",
+ "theta=30;#in degree\n",
+ "lamda=1.54;# in angstrum\n",
+ "n=1;\n",
+ "a=math.sin(math.radians(theta))\n",
+ "d=lamda/(2*a);\n",
+ "print d,\"=interatomic spacing,d(angstrom) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "1.54 =interatomic spacing,d(angstrom) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 102
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3.33:pg-87"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 3.33 : number of per order\n",
+ "import math \n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "\n",
+ "theta=90;#in degree\n",
+ "lamda=1.54;# in angstrum\n",
+ "a=math.sin(math.radians(theta))\n",
+ "d=1.181;\n",
+ "n=(2*d*a)/lamda;\n",
+ "print round(n,2),\"= number of order,n \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "1.53 = number of order,n \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 106
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3.34:pg-87"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 3.34: size of unit cell\n",
+ "import math \n",
+ "n=1.0;#\n",
+ "a=1.0;#assume\n",
+ "h=0.58;#wavelnegth in armstrong\n",
+ "th=9.5;#reflection angle in degree\n",
+ "a1=[2.0,0,0];#miller indices\n",
+ "d200=a/(math.sqrt(a1[0]**2+a1[1]**2+a1[2]**2));#interplanar distance between (200)planes\n",
+ "a=((n*h)/(2*d200*math.sin(math.radians(th))));#zsize of unit cell\n",
+ "print round(a,3),\"= size of unit cell in \u00c4\"\n",
+ "#amswer is wrong in the textbook\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "3.514 = size of unit cell in \u00c4\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 36
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3.35:pg-87"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 3.35: bragg angle\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "n=1;#\n",
+ "a=3.57;#in \u00c4\n",
+ "h=0.54;#wavelnegth in \u00c4 \n",
+ "a1=[1,1,1];#miller indices\n",
+ "d111=a/(math.sqrt(a1[0]**2+a1[1]**2+a1[2]**2));#interplanar distance between (111)planes\n",
+ "snd=((n*h)/(2*d111));#\n",
+ "th=math.degrees(math.asin(snd));# bragg angle in degree\n",
+ "d1=math.floor(th);#\n",
+ "d2=th-math.floor(d1);#\n",
+ "print\"angle between planes (122) and (111) is \",d1,\" degree \",round(60*d2),\" minutes\"\n",
+ "#wavelength is given wrong in example it is 0.54\u00c4 and it is taken as 1.54\u00c4\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "angle between planes (122) and (111) is 7.0 degree 32.0 minutes\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 113
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3.36:pg-88"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 3.36: interplanner spacing and miller indices\n",
+ " \n",
+ "a=3.16;# in \u00c4\n",
+ "h=1.54;# in \u00c4\n",
+ "n=1;#\n",
+ "th=20.3;# in degree\n",
+ "d=((n*h)/(2*math.sin(math.radians(th))));# interplanner spacing in \u00c4\n",
+ "x=a/d;#\n",
+ "y=x**2;#\n",
+ "print round(d,2),\"= interplanner spacing in \u00c4 \"\n",
+ "print \"miller indices are (110) , (011) or (101)\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "2.22 = interplanner spacing in \u00c4 \n",
+ "miller indices are (110) , (011) or (101)\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 115
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3.37:pg-88"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 3.36: interplanner spacing and diffraction angle\n",
+ "import math \n",
+ "a=.2866;# in \u00c4\n",
+ "h=0.1542;# in nm\n",
+ "n=1.0;#\n",
+ "a1=[2.0,1.0,1.0];#miller indices\n",
+ "d211=a/(math.sqrt(a1[0]**2+a1[1]**2+a1[2]**2));#interplanar distance between (211)planes\n",
+ "snd=((n*h)/(2*d211));#\n",
+ "th=math.degrees(math.asin(snd));# bragg angle in degree\n",
+ "d1=math.floor(th);#\n",
+ "d2=th-math.floor(d1);#\n",
+ "print\"angle between planes (122) and (111) is \",d1,\" degree \",round(60*d2),\" minutes\"\n",
+ "print round(d211,2),\"=interplanner spacing in \u00c4 \"\n",
+ "#answer is wrong in the textbook\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "angle between planes (122) and (111) is 41.0 degree 13.0 minutes\n",
+ "0.12 =interplanner spacing in \u00c4 \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 121
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Materials_Science/Chapter05.ipynb b/Materials_Science/Chapter05.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..39b44fee --- /dev/null +++ b/Materials_Science/Chapter05.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,666 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": "",
+ "signature": "sha256:ef6d9a0d23fffdb9f7c392e83ea5acb91eccb75cc2e53a11277239fd4fc34966"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Chapter05:Electron Theory of Metals"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex5.1.i:pg-110"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 5.1.i: probability for diamond\n",
+ " \n",
+ "# given :\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Eg=5.6; # in eV\n",
+ "k=86.2*10**-6; # in eVk**-1\n",
+ "T=273+25.0; # in K\n",
+ "E_Ef=Eg/2;\n",
+ "f_E=1/(1+math.exp(E_Ef/(k*T)));\n",
+ "print f_E,\" is probability for diamond\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "4.58172567644e-48 is probability for diamond\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 13
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex5.1.ii:pg-110"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 5.1.ii: probability for silicon\n",
+ " \n",
+ "# given :\n",
+ "Eg=1.07; # in eV\n",
+ "k=86.2*10**-6; # in eVk**-1\n",
+ "T=273+25.0; # in K\n",
+ "E_Ef=Eg/2;\n",
+ "f_E=1/(1+math.exp(E_Ef/(k*T)));\n",
+ "print f_E,\"is probability for diamond \"\n",
+ "# answer is wrong in book\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "9.01312095705e-10 is probability for diamond \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 12
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex5.2:pg-119"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 5.2: resistance\n",
+ " \n",
+ "# given :\n",
+ "l=1; # length in m\n",
+ "A=4*10**-4; # area of cross section in m**2\n",
+ "p=0.01*10**-2; # resistivity in ohm-m\n",
+ "R=p*(l/A);\n",
+ "print R,\"is resistance of wire,R(ohm) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "0.25 is resistance of wire,R(ohm) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 14
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex5.3:pg-120"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 5.3: resistance\n",
+ " \n",
+ "# given :\n",
+ "\n",
+ "p=1.7*10**-8; # resistivity i ohm-m\n",
+ "d=0.0005; # diameter of the wire in m\n",
+ "l=31.4; # length in m\n",
+ "A=(math.pi*d**2)/4;\n",
+ "R=p*(l/A);\n",
+ "print round(R,2),\"is resistance of wire,R(ohm) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "2.72 is resistance of wire,R(ohm) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 16
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex5.4:pg-120"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 5.4: conductivity\n",
+ " \n",
+ "# given :\n",
+ "\n",
+ "V=.432; # voltage drop across the wire in volts\n",
+ "I=10; # current through the wire in A\n",
+ "l=1; # length in m\n",
+ "d=1*10**-3; # diameter in m\n",
+ "R=V/I;\n",
+ "A=(math.pi*d**2)/4;\n",
+ "p=(R*A)/l;\n",
+ "b=1/p;\n",
+ "print round(b,2),\" is conductivitty,b(ohm**-1.m**-1) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "29473137.61 is conductivitty,b(ohm**-1.m**-1) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 18
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex5.5:pg-124"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 5.5: drift velocity\n",
+ " \n",
+ "# given :\n",
+ "\n",
+ "n=10**19; # in m**3\n",
+ "b=0.01; # conductivity in ohm**-1. m**-1\n",
+ "V=0.17; # in volts\n",
+ "d=.27*10**-3; # in m\n",
+ "e=1.602*10**-19; # in C\n",
+ "m=9.1*10**-31; # in kg\n",
+ "E=V/d; # in volt/m\n",
+ "v=((b*E)/(n*e));\n",
+ "print round(v,2),\"is drift velocity of electron,v (m/sec) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "3.93 is drift velocity of electron,v (m/sec) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 20
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex5.6:pg-124"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 5.6: conductivity\n",
+ " \n",
+ "# given :\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; # in C\n",
+ "T=300; # temerature in K\n",
+ "t=2*10**-14; # time in sec\n",
+ "c=63.54; # atomic weight of copper in a.m.u\n",
+ "m=9.1*10**-31; # mass in kg\n",
+ "# we know that 63.45 grams of copper contains 6.023*10**23 free electrons since one atom contributes one electron.the volume of 63.54 gram of copper is 8.9 cubic centimetre(c.c).\n",
+ "n=6.023*10**23/(c/8.9); #number of electrons per unit volume(c.c)\n",
+ "n1=n*10**6; # the number of electrons per m**3\n",
+ "b=(e**2*n1*t)/m;\n",
+ "print round(b,2),\"is conductivity,b(mho/m) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "47466174.12 is conductivity,b(mho/m) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 22
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex5.7:pg-125"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 5.7: mobility of electrons\n",
+ " \n",
+ "# given :\n",
+ "\n",
+ "e=1.602*10**-19; # in C\n",
+ "m=9.1*10**-31; # in kg\n",
+ "t=10**-14; # time in sec\n",
+ "mu=(e*t)/m;\n",
+ "print mu,\"is mobility of electrons,mu(m**2/volts.sec) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "0.00176043956044 is mobility of electrons,mu(m**2/volts.sec) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 25
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex5.8:pg-125"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 5.8: mobility \n",
+ " \n",
+ "# given :\n",
+ "\n",
+ "d=10.5; # density of silver in gm/c.c\n",
+ "w=107.9; # atomic weight\n",
+ "b=6.8*10**5; # conductivity in mhos/cm\n",
+ "e=1.602*10**-19; # in C\n",
+ "N=6.023*10**23;\n",
+ "n=(N*d)/w;\n",
+ "mu=b/(e*n);\n",
+ "print round(mu,2),\"is mobility of electron,mu(m**2/volt-sec) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "72.42 is mobility of electron,mu(m**2/volt-sec) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 27
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex5.9:pg-126"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 5.9: mobility and drift velocity\n",
+ " \n",
+ "# given :\n",
+ "b=6.5*10**7; # conductivity in ohm**-1.m**-1\n",
+ "e=1.602*10**-19; # in C\n",
+ "n=6*10**23; #\n",
+ "E=1; # in V/m\n",
+ "mu=b/(e*n);\n",
+ "v=mu*E;\n",
+ "print round(mu,2),\"is mobility ,mu(m**2/volt-sec) \"\n",
+ "print round(v,2),\"is drift velocity,v(m/sec) \"\n",
+ "# mobility and drift is calculated wrong in book\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "676.24 is mobility ,mu(m**2/volt-sec) \n",
+ "676.24 is drift velocity,v(m/sec) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 29
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex5.10:pg-126"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 5.10 : density and drift velocity \n",
+ " \n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "\n",
+ "e=1.602 *10**-19;\n",
+ "b=58*10**6;# in ohm**-1 m**-1\n",
+ "mu_n=3.5*10**-3;# in m**2/V s\n",
+ "E=0.5; # in V/m\n",
+ "n=b/(e*mu_n);\n",
+ "print n,\"is density,n(m**-3) \"\n",
+ "v=mu_n*E;\n",
+ "print v,\"is drift velocity,v(m/s) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "1.03442125914e+29 is density,n(m**-3) \n",
+ "0.00175 is drift velocity,v(m/s) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 30
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex5.11:pg-127"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 5.11 : velocity\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "m=9.109*10**-31; # in kg\n",
+ "e=1.602 *10**-19;\n",
+ "Ef=2.1# in ev\n",
+ "Wf=e*Ef;# in J\n",
+ "vf=math.sqrt((2*Wf)/m);\n",
+ "print vf,\"is velocity,vf(m/s) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "859449.869617 is velocity,vf(m/s) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 34
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex5.12.a:pg-127"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 5.12.a : velocity\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "m=9.1*10**-31; # in kg\n",
+ "e=1.602 *10**-19;\n",
+ "Ef=3.75;# in ev\n",
+ "Wf=(e*Ef);# in J\n",
+ "vf=math.sqrt(((2*Wf)/m));\n",
+ "print vf,\" is velocity,vf(m/s) \"\n",
+ "# answer is wrong in book\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "1149055.99095 is velocity,vf(m/s) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 35
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex5.12.b:pg-127"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "#Example 5.12.b : mobility of electron\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "m=9.1*10**-31; # in kg\n",
+ "e=1.602 *10**-19;\n",
+ "Ef=3.75;# in ev\n",
+ "t=10**-14;# in sec\n",
+ "mu=(e*t)/m;\n",
+ "print mu,\"is mobility,mu(m**2/V-sec) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "0.00176043956044 is mobility,mu(m**2/V-sec) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 37
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex5.13:pg-127"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 5.13 : the mean free path\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "\n",
+ "t=10**-9; # in sec\n",
+ "m=9.109*10**-31; # in kg\n",
+ "e=1.602 *10**-19;\n",
+ "Ef=7# in ev\n",
+ "Wf=e*Ef;# in J\n",
+ "vf=math.sqrt((2*Wf)/m);\n",
+ "lamda=vf*t*10**3;\n",
+ "print round(lamda,2),\"is the mean free path,lamda(mm) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "1.57 is the mean free path,lamda(mm) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 39
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex5.14:pg-128"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 5.14 : mobility and average time\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "\n",
+ "m=9.109*10**-31; # in kg\n",
+ "e=1.602 *10**-19;\n",
+ "d=8.92*10**3;# in kg/m**3\n",
+ "p=1.73*10**-8;# ohm-m\n",
+ "A=63.5;#atomic weight\n",
+ "N=6.023*10**22; # avogadro's number\n",
+ "n=(N*d)/A;\n",
+ "b=1/p;# conductivity\n",
+ "mu=b/(n*e);\n",
+ "print round(mu,1),\"= mobility,mu(m**2/V-s) \"\n",
+ "t=(mu*m)/e;\n",
+ "print round(t*10**9,3),\"= average time,t(ns) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "42.6 = mobility,mu(m**2/V-s) \n",
+ "0.242 = average time,t(ns) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 42
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex5.15:pg-129"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 5.15 : electrical resistivity\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "\n",
+ "r=1.86*10**-10;# in m\n",
+ "t=3*10**-14;# in sec\n",
+ "a=2;\n",
+ "m=9.1*10**-31; # in kg\n",
+ "e=1.602 *10**-9;\n",
+ "A=23*10**-3;#in kg/m\n",
+ "N=6.023*10**23; # avogadro's number\n",
+ "M=(a*A)/N;\n",
+ "V=((4/math.sqrt(3))*r)**3;\n",
+ "d=M/V;\n",
+ "mu=((e*t)/m);\n",
+ "n=(N*d)/A;\n",
+ "b=1.602 *10**-19*n*mu;\n",
+ "p=(1/b);\n",
+ "print p,\"= resistivity,p(ohm-m) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "4.68383991207e-18 = resistivity,p(ohm-m) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 43
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Materials_Science/Chapter05_1.ipynb b/Materials_Science/Chapter05_1.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..9fc4b13d --- /dev/null +++ b/Materials_Science/Chapter05_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,666 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": "",
+ "signature": "sha256:859e62ff55be1adb7e0ffa3b9bad3364efebc199777a4f4b53bff54dedf01e6c"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Chapter05:Electron Theory of Metals"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex5.1.i:pg-110"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 5.1.i: probability for diamond\n",
+ " \n",
+ "# given :\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Eg=5.6; # in eV\n",
+ "k=86.2*10**-6; # in eVk**-1\n",
+ "T=273+25.0; # in K\n",
+ "E_Ef=Eg/2;\n",
+ "f_E=1/(1+math.exp(E_Ef/(k*T)));\n",
+ "print \"{:.2e}\".format(f_E),\" is probability for diamond\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "4.58e-48 is probability for diamond\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 8
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex5.1.ii:pg-110"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 5.1.ii: probability for silicon\n",
+ " \n",
+ "# given :\n",
+ "Eg=1.07; # in eV\n",
+ "k=86.2*10**-6; # in eVk**-1\n",
+ "T=273+25.0; # in K\n",
+ "E_Ef=Eg/2;\n",
+ "f_E=1/(1+math.exp(E_Ef/(k*T)));\n",
+ "print \"{:.2e}\".format(f_E),\"is probability for diamond \"\n",
+ "# answer is wrong in book\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "9.01e-10 is probability for diamond \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 10
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex5.2:pg-119"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 5.2: resistance\n",
+ " \n",
+ "# given :\n",
+ "l=1; # length in m\n",
+ "A=4*10**-4; # area of cross section in m**2\n",
+ "p=0.01*10**-2; # resistivity in ohm-m\n",
+ "R=p*(l/A);\n",
+ "print R,\"is resistance of wire,R(ohm) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "0.25 is resistance of wire,R(ohm) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 14
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex5.3:pg-120"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 5.3: resistance\n",
+ " \n",
+ "# given :\n",
+ "\n",
+ "p=1.7*10**-8; # resistivity i ohm-m\n",
+ "d=0.0005; # diameter of the wire in m\n",
+ "l=31.4; # length in m\n",
+ "A=(math.pi*d**2)/4;\n",
+ "R=p*(l/A);\n",
+ "print round(R,2),\"is resistance of wire,R(ohm) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "2.72 is resistance of wire,R(ohm) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 16
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex5.4:pg-120"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 5.4: conductivity\n",
+ " \n",
+ "# given :\n",
+ "\n",
+ "V=.432; # voltage drop across the wire in volts\n",
+ "I=10; # current through the wire in A\n",
+ "l=1; # length in m\n",
+ "d=1*10**-3; # diameter in m\n",
+ "R=V/I;\n",
+ "A=(math.pi*d**2)/4;\n",
+ "p=(R*A)/l;\n",
+ "b=1/p;\n",
+ "print \"{:.2e}\".format(b),\" is conductivitty,b(ohm**-1.m**-1) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "2.95e+07 is conductivitty,b(ohm**-1.m**-1) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 11
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex5.5:pg-124"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 5.5: drift velocity\n",
+ " \n",
+ "# given :\n",
+ "\n",
+ "n=10**19; # in m**3\n",
+ "b=0.01; # conductivity in ohm**-1. m**-1\n",
+ "V=0.17; # in volts\n",
+ "d=.27*10**-3; # in m\n",
+ "e=1.602*10**-19; # in C\n",
+ "m=9.1*10**-31; # in kg\n",
+ "E=V/d; # in volt/m\n",
+ "v=((b*E)/(n*e));\n",
+ "print round(v,2),\"is drift velocity of electron,v (m/sec) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "3.93 is drift velocity of electron,v (m/sec) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 20
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex5.6:pg-124"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 5.6: conductivity\n",
+ " \n",
+ "# given :\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; # in C\n",
+ "T=300; # temerature in K\n",
+ "t=2*10**-14; # time in sec\n",
+ "c=63.54; # atomic weight of copper in a.m.u\n",
+ "m=9.1*10**-31; # mass in kg\n",
+ "# we know that 63.45 grams of copper contains 6.023*10**23 free electrons since one atom contributes one electron.the volume of 63.54 gram of copper is 8.9 cubic centimetre(c.c).\n",
+ "n=6.023*10**23/(c/8.9); #number of electrons per unit volume(c.c)\n",
+ "n1=n*10**6; # the number of electrons per m**3\n",
+ "b=(e**2*n1*t)/m;\n",
+ "print \"{:.2e}\".format(b),\"is conductivity,b(mho/m) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "4.75e+07 is conductivity,b(mho/m) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 15
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex5.7:pg-125"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 5.7: mobility of electrons\n",
+ " \n",
+ "# given :\n",
+ "\n",
+ "e=1.602*10**-19; # in C\n",
+ "m=9.1*10**-31; # in kg\n",
+ "t=10**-14; # time in sec\n",
+ "mu=(e*t)/m;\n",
+ "print \"{:.2e}\".format(mu),\"is mobility of electrons,mu(m**2/volts.sec) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "1.76e-03 is mobility of electrons,mu(m**2/volts.sec) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 16
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex5.8:pg-125"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 5.8: mobility \n",
+ " \n",
+ "# given :\n",
+ "\n",
+ "d=10.5; # density of silver in gm/c.c\n",
+ "w=107.9; # atomic weight\n",
+ "b=6.8*10**5; # conductivity in mhos/cm\n",
+ "e=1.602*10**-19; # in C\n",
+ "N=6.023*10**23;\n",
+ "n=(N*d)/w;\n",
+ "mu=b/(e*n);\n",
+ "print round(mu,2),\"is mobility of electron,mu(m**2/volt-sec) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "72.42 is mobility of electron,mu(m**2/volt-sec) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 27
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex5.9:pg-126"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 5.9: mobility and drift velocity\n",
+ " \n",
+ "# given :\n",
+ "b=6.5*10**7; # conductivity in ohm**-1.m**-1\n",
+ "e=1.602*10**-19; # in C\n",
+ "n=6*10**23; #\n",
+ "E=1; # in V/m\n",
+ "mu=b/(e*n);\n",
+ "v=mu*E;\n",
+ "print \"{:.2e}\".format(mu),\"is mobility ,mu(m**2/volt-sec) \"\n",
+ "print \"{:.2e}\".format(v),\"is drift velocity,v(m/sec) \"\n",
+ "# mobility and drift is calculated wrong in book\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "6.76e+02 is mobility ,mu(m**2/volt-sec) \n",
+ "6.76e+02 is drift velocity,v(m/sec) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 18
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex5.10:pg-126"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 5.10 : density and drift velocity \n",
+ " \n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "\n",
+ "e=1.602 *10**-19;\n",
+ "b=58*10**6;# in ohm**-1 m**-1\n",
+ "mu_n=3.5*10**-3;# in m**2/V s\n",
+ "E=0.5; # in V/m\n",
+ "n=b/(e*mu_n)\n",
+ "print \"{:.2e}\".format(n),\"is density,n(m**-3) \"\n",
+ "v=mu_n*E;\n",
+ "print \"{:.2e}\".format(v),\"is drift velocity,v(m/s) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "1.03e+29 is density,n(m**-3) \n",
+ "1.75e-03 is drift velocity,v(m/s) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 24
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex5.11:pg-127"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 5.11 : velocity\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "m=9.109*10**-31; # in kg\n",
+ "e=1.602 *10**-19;\n",
+ "Ef=2.1# in ev\n",
+ "Wf=e*Ef;# in J\n",
+ "vf=math.sqrt((2*Wf)/m);\n",
+ "print \"{:.1e}\".format(vf),\"is velocity,vf(m/s) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "8.6e+05 is velocity,vf(m/s) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 26
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex5.12.a:pg-127"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 5.12.a : velocity\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "m=9.1*10**-31; # in kg\n",
+ "e=1.602 *10**-19;\n",
+ "Ef=3.75;# in ev\n",
+ "Wf=(e*Ef);# in J\n",
+ "vf=math.sqrt(((2*Wf)/m));\n",
+ "print \"{:.2e}\".format(vf),\" is velocity,vf(m/s) \"\n",
+ "# answer is wrong in book\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "1.15e+06 is velocity,vf(m/s) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 27
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex5.12.b:pg-127"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "#Example 5.12.b : mobility of electron\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "m=9.1*10**-31; # in kg\n",
+ "e=1.602 *10**-19;\n",
+ "Ef=3.75;# in ev\n",
+ "t=10**-14;# in sec\n",
+ "mu=(e*t)/m;\n",
+ "print \"{:.2e}\".format(mu),\"is mobility,mu(m**2/V-sec) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "1.76e-03 is mobility,mu(m**2/V-sec) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 28
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex5.13:pg-127"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 5.13 : the mean free path\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "\n",
+ "t=10**-9; # in sec\n",
+ "m=9.109*10**-31; # in kg\n",
+ "e=1.602 *10**-19;\n",
+ "Ef=7# in ev\n",
+ "Wf=e*Ef;# in J\n",
+ "vf=math.sqrt((2*Wf)/m);\n",
+ "lamda=vf*t*10**3;\n",
+ "print round(lamda,2),\"is the mean free path,lamda(mm) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "1.57 is the mean free path,lamda(mm) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 39
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex5.14:pg-128"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 5.14 : mobility and average time\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "\n",
+ "m=9.109*10**-31; # in kg\n",
+ "e=1.602 *10**-19;\n",
+ "d=8.92*10**3;# in kg/m**3\n",
+ "p=1.73*10**-8;# ohm-m\n",
+ "A=63.5;#atomic weight\n",
+ "N=6.023*10**22; # avogadro's number\n",
+ "n=(N*d)/A;\n",
+ "b=1/p;# conductivity\n",
+ "mu=b/(n*e);\n",
+ "print round(mu,1),\"= mobility,mu(m**2/V-s) \"\n",
+ "t=(mu*m)/e;\n",
+ "print round(t*10**9,3),\"= average time,t(ns) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "42.6 = mobility,mu(m**2/V-s) \n",
+ "0.242 = average time,t(ns) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 42
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex5.15:pg-129"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 5.15 : electrical resistivity\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "\n",
+ "r=1.86*10**-10;# in m\n",
+ "t=3*10**-14;# in sec\n",
+ "a=2;\n",
+ "m=9.1*10**-31; # in kg\n",
+ "e=1.602 *10**-9;\n",
+ "A=23*10**-3;#in kg/m\n",
+ "N=6.023*10**23; # avogadro's number\n",
+ "M=(a*A)/N;\n",
+ "V=((4/math.sqrt(3))*r)**3;\n",
+ "d=M/V;\n",
+ "mu=((e*t)/m);\n",
+ "n=(N*d)/A;\n",
+ "b=1.602 *10**-19*n*mu;\n",
+ "p=(1/b);\n",
+ "print \"{:.1e}\".format(p),\"= resistivity,p(ohm-m) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "4.7e-18 = resistivity,p(ohm-m) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 30
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Materials_Science/Chapter07.ipynb b/Materials_Science/Chapter07.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..82a2c634 --- /dev/null +++ b/Materials_Science/Chapter07.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,724 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": "",
+ "signature": "sha256:c09a61f5f13016fbda07546fd7ab3e30960d55a34ee491901311869fc5da9a32"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Chapter07:Mechanical Tests of Metals"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex7.1:pg-146"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 7.1 : shear modulus of the material\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "E=210 # youngs's modulus in GN/m**2\n",
+ "v=0.3 # poisson ratio\n",
+ "G=E/(2*(1+v)) # shear modulus\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"shear modulus,G(GN/m**2) = \",round(G,2)\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "shear modulus,G(GN/m**2) = 80.77\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 2
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex7.2:pg-152"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 7.2 : young's modulus of elasticity,yield point stress, ultimate stress and percentage elongation\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "d=40.0*10**-3 #in m\n",
+ "W=40.0*10**3 # load in N\n",
+ "del_l=3.04*10**-5 # in m\n",
+ "L=200.0*10**-3 # in m\n",
+ "load_max=242.0*10**3 #in N\n",
+ "l=249*10.0**-3 # length of specimen in m\n",
+ "l0=(d+L) # in m\n",
+ "A=(math.pi*d**2)/4.0\n",
+ "\n",
+ "b=W/A\n",
+ "\n",
+ "epsilon=del_l/L\n",
+ "\n",
+ "E=(b/epsilon)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print\"young modulus,E(N/m**2) = \",E\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Y_load=161*10**3\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Y_stress=Y_load/A\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"yield point stress,Y_stress(N/m**2) = \",Y_stress\n",
+ "\n",
+ "U_stress=load_max/A\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"ultimate stress,U_stress(N/m**2) = \",U_stress\n",
+ "\n",
+ "p_elongation=((l-l0)/l0)*100\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"percentage elongation,p_elongation(%) = \",p_elongation\n",
+ "#percentage elongation is calculated wrong in textbook\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "young modulus,E(N/m**2) = 2.09414398805e+11\n",
+ "yield point stress,Y_stress(N/m**2) = 128119729.189\n",
+ "ultimate stress,U_stress(N/m**2) = 192577481.141\n",
+ "percentage elongation,p_elongation(%) = 3.75\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 5
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex7.3.a:pg-153"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 7.3.a: yield point stress\n",
+ " \n",
+ "\n",
+ "yl=40.0 #yeild load in kN\n",
+ "ml=71.5 #maximum load in kN\n",
+ "fl=50.5 #fracture load in kN\n",
+ "glf=79.5 #gauge length of fratture in mm\n",
+ "st=7.75*10**-4 #strain at load of 20kN\n",
+ "d=12.5 #specimen diamtere in mm\n",
+ "sl=62.5 #specimen length in mm\n",
+ "A=(math.pi*(d*10**-3)**2)/4.0 # in meter square\n",
+ "ylp=((yl*10.0**3)/(A)) #yeild point stress in N/m**2\n",
+ "print \"yeild point stress in N/m**2 is \",ylp \n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "yeild point stress in N/m**2 is 325949323.452\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 2
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex7.3.b:pg-153"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 7.3.b: ultimate tensile strength\n",
+ " \n",
+ "yl=40.0 #yeild load in kN\n",
+ "ml=71.5 #maximum load in kN\n",
+ "fl=50.5 #fracture load in kN\n",
+ "glf=79.5 #gauge length of fratture in mm\n",
+ "st=7.75*10**-4 #strain at load of 20kN\n",
+ "d=12.5 #specimen diamtere in mm\n",
+ "sl=62.5 #specimen length in mm\n",
+ "A=(math.pi*(d*10**-3)**2)/4.0 # in meter square\n",
+ "ylp=((yl*10.0**3)/(A)) #yeild point stress in N/m**2\n",
+ "uts=((ml*10.0**3)/(A)) #ultimate tensile strangth in N/m**2\n",
+ "print uts,\"is ultimate tensile strangth in N/m**2\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "582634415.671 is ultimate tensile strangth in N/m**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 7
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex7.3.c:pg153"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 7.3.c: percentage elongation\n",
+ " \n",
+ "yl=40 #yeild load in kN\n",
+ "ml=71.5 #maximum load in kN\n",
+ "fl=50.5 #fracture load in kN\n",
+ "glf=79.5 #gauge length of fratture in mm\n",
+ "st=7.75*10**-4 #strain at load of 20kN\n",
+ "d=12.5 #specimen diamtere in mm\n",
+ "sl=62.5 #specimen length in mm\n",
+ "a=(math.pi*d*10**-3)**2/4 # in meter square\n",
+ "pel=((glf-sl)/sl)*100 #percentage elongation\n",
+ "print pel,\"% is percentage elongation\"\n",
+ "\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "27.2 % is percentage elongation\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 8
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex7.3.d:pg-153"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 7.3.d:modulus of elasticity\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "yl=40 #yeild load in kN\n",
+ "ml=71.5 #maximum load in kN\n",
+ "fl=50.5 #fracture load in kN\n",
+ "glf=79.5 #gauge length of fratture in mm\n",
+ "st=7.75*10**-4 #strain at load of 20kN\n",
+ "d=12.5 #specimen diamtere in mm\n",
+ "sl=62.5 #specimen length in mm\n",
+ "A=(math.pi*(d*10**-3)**2)/4.0 # in meter square\n",
+ "ylp=((yl*10**3)/(A)) #yeild point stress in N/m**2\n",
+ "uts=((ml*10**3)/(A)) #ultimate tensile strangth in N/m**2\n",
+ "pel=((glf-sl)/sl)*100 #percentage elongation\n",
+ "strss=((20*10**3)/A) #stress at 20kN in N/m**2\n",
+ "mel=strss/st #modulus of elasticity in N/m**2\n",
+ "print round(mel,2),\"is modulus of elasticity in N/m**2\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "2.10289886098e+11 is modulus of elasticity in N/m**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 12
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex7.3.e:pg153"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 7.3.e: yield point stress\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "yl=40.0 #yeild load in kN\n",
+ "ml=71.5 #maximum load in kN\n",
+ "fl=50.5 #fracture load in kN\n",
+ "glf=79.5 #gauge length of fratture in mm\n",
+ "st=7.75*10**-4.0 #strain at load of 20kN\n",
+ "d=12.5 #specimen diamtere in mm\n",
+ "sl=62.5 #specimen length in mm\n",
+ "A=(math.pi*(d*10**-3)**2)/4.0 # in meter square\n",
+ "ylp=((yl*10**3)/(A)) #yeild point stress in N/m**2\n",
+ "uts=((ml*10**3)/(A)) #ultimate tensile strangth in N/m**2\n",
+ "pel=((glf-sl)/sl)*100 #percentage elongation\n",
+ "strss=((20*10**3)/A) #stress at 20kN in N/m**2\n",
+ "mel=strss/st #modulus of elasticity in N/m**2\n",
+ "mrs=((ylp*10**-3)**2/(2*mel)) #modulus of resilience \n",
+ "print mrs,\" is modulus of resilience\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "0.252610725675 is modulus of resilience\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 13
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex7.3.f:pg-153"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 7.3.f: fracture stress\n",
+ " \n",
+ "yl=40 #yeild load in kN\n",
+ "ml=71.5 #maximum load in kN\n",
+ "fl=50.5 #fracture load in kN\n",
+ "glf=79.5 #gauge length of fratture in mm\n",
+ "st=7.75*10**-4 #strain at load of 20kN\n",
+ "d=12.5#specimen diamter in mm\n",
+ "sl=62.5 #specimen length in mm\n",
+ "A=(math.pi*(d*10**-3)**2.0)/4 # in meter square\n",
+ "ylp=((yl*10**3)/(A)) #yeild point stress in N/m**2\n",
+ "uts=((ml*10**3)/(A)) #ultimate tensile strangth in N/m**2\n",
+ "pel=((glf-sl)/sl)*100 #percentage elongation\n",
+ "strss=((20*10.0**3)/A) #stress at 20kN in N/m**2\n",
+ "mel=strss/st #modulus of elasticity in N/m**2\n",
+ "mrs=((ylp*10**-3)**2.0/(2*mel)) #modulus of resilience \n",
+ "fs=((fl*10.0**3)/(A)) #fracture stress in N/m**2\n",
+ "print fs,\"is fracture stress in N/m**2\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "411511020.858 is fracture stress in N/m**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 14
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex7.3.g:pg153"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "# Example 7.3.g: modulus of toughness\n",
+ " \n",
+ "yl=40.0 #yeild load in kN\n",
+ "ml=71.5 #maximum load in kN\n",
+ "fl=50.5 #fracture load in kN\n",
+ "glf=79.5 #gauge length of fratture in mm\n",
+ "st=7.75*10**-4 #strain at load of 20kN\n",
+ "d=12.5 #specimen diamtere in mm\n",
+ "sl=62.5 #specimen length in mm\n",
+ "A=(math.pi*(d*10**-3)**2)/4 # in meter square\n",
+ "ylp=((yl*10**3)/(A)) #yeild point stress in N/m**2\n",
+ "uts=((ml*10**3)/(A)) #ultimate tensile strangth in N/m**2\n",
+ "pel=((glf-sl)/sl)*100 #percentage elongation\n",
+ "strss=((20*10**3)/A) #stress at 20kN in N/m**2\n",
+ "mel=strss/st #modulus of elasticity in N/m**2\n",
+ "mrs=((ylp*10**-3)**2/(2*mel)) #modulus of resilience \n",
+ "fs=((fl*10**3)/(A)) #fracture stress in N/m**2\n",
+ "mth=((ylp+uts)*(pel/100))/2 #modulus of toughness in N/m**2\n",
+ "print mth,\" is modulus of toughness in N/m**2\"\n",
+ "#percentage reduction in area is not calulated in the textbook\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "123567388.521 is modulus of toughness in N/m**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 15
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex7.4:pg-155"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "#Example 7.4 : true breaking stress and nominal breaking stress \n",
+ " \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "d1=12.7; # in mm\n",
+ "B_load=14;# in K-N\n",
+ "A1=(math.pi*d1**2)/4;# original cross section area\n",
+ "d2=7.87; # in mm\n",
+ "A2=(math.pi*d2**2)/4;# final cross sction area\n",
+ "T_stress=B_load/A2;\n",
+ "print T_stress*1000,\" is true breaking stress,T_stress in (N/mm**2) \"\n",
+ "N_stress=B_load/A1;\n",
+ "print N_stress*1000,\" is nominal breaking stress,N_stress in (N/mm**2) \"\n",
+ "#true breaking stress unit is wrong in the textbook\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "287.798608363 is true breaking stress,T_stress in (N/mm**2) \n",
+ "110.517413518 is nominal breaking stress,N_stress in (N/mm**2) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 17
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex7.5.a:pg-155"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 7.5.a: yield point stress\n",
+ " \n",
+ "\n",
+ "yl=34.0;#yeild load in kN\n",
+ "ul=61.0;#ultimate load in kN\n",
+ "fl=78.0;#final length in mm\n",
+ "glf=60.0;#gauge length of fratture in mm\n",
+ "fd=7.0;#final diamtere in mm\n",
+ "d=12.0;#specimen diamtere in mm\n",
+ "sl=62.5;#specimen length in mm\n",
+ "A=(math.pi*(d)**2)/4;# in meter square\n",
+ "ylp=((yl*10**3)/(A));# yeild point stress in N/mm**2\n",
+ "print floor(ylp),\" is yeild point stress in N/mm**2\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "300.0 is yeild point stress in N/mm**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 18
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex7.5.b:pg-155"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 7.5.b: ultimate tensile stress\n",
+ " \n",
+ "\n",
+ "yl=34.0;#yeild load in kN\n",
+ "ul=61.0;#ultimate load in kN\n",
+ "fl=78.0;#final length in mm\n",
+ "glf=60.0;#gauge length of fratture in mm\n",
+ "fd=7.0;#final diamtere in mm\n",
+ "d=12.0;#specimen diamtere in mm\n",
+ "sl=62.5;#specimen length in mm\n",
+ "A=(math.pi*(d)**2)/4;# in meter square\n",
+ "uts=((ul*10**3)/(A));#ultimate tensile strangth in N/mm**2\n",
+ "print uts,\" is ultimate tensile strangth in N/mm**2\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "539.358418256 is ultimate tensile strangth in N/mm**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 19
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex7.5.c:pg-155"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 7.5.c: percentage reduction\n",
+ " \n",
+ " \n",
+ "yl=34;#yeild load in kN\n",
+ "ul=61;#ultimate load in kN\n",
+ "fl=78;#final length in mm\n",
+ "glf=60;#gauge length of fratture in mm\n",
+ "fd=7;#final diamtere in mm\n",
+ "d=12;#specimen diamtere in mm\n",
+ "sl=62.5;#specimen length in mm\n",
+ "A=(math.pi*(d)**2)/4;# in mm square\n",
+ "A1=(math.pi*(fd)**2)/4;# in mm square\n",
+ "pr=(A-A1)/A;# reduction\n",
+ "print round(pr*100,2),\"% is percentage reduction\"\n",
+ "\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "65.97 % is percentage reduction\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 21
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex7.5.d:pg-155"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 7.5.d: percentage elonagtion\n",
+ " \n",
+ "\n",
+ "yl=34.0;#yeild load in kN\n",
+ "ul=61.0;#ultimate load in kN\n",
+ "fl=78.0;#final length in mm\n",
+ "glf=60.0;#gauge length of fratture in mm\n",
+ "fd=7.0;#final diamtere in mm\n",
+ "d=12.0;#specimen diamtere in mm\n",
+ "sl=62.5;#specimen length in mm\n",
+ "A=(math.pi*(d)**2)/4;# in mm square\n",
+ "A1=(math.pi*(fd)**2)/4;# in mm square\n",
+ "pr=(fl-glf)/glf;# elongation\n",
+ "print round(pr*100,2),\"% is percentage elongtion \"\n",
+ "\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "30.0 % is percentage elongtion \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 24
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex7.6:pg-156"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 7.6 : strain \n",
+ " \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "b=44.5*10**3;#force\n",
+ "E=1.1*10**5;# in N/mm**2\n",
+ "A=15.2*19.1# in mm**2\n",
+ "epsilon=b/(A*E);\n",
+ "print \"strain,epsilon (mm) = \",epsilon"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "strain,epsilon (mm) = 0.00139344672963\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 25
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex7.7:pg-156"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 7.7 :stress and strain \n",
+ " \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "sigma=450;#in MPa\n",
+ "epsilon=0.63;\n",
+ "sigma_t=sigma*(1+epsilon);\n",
+ "print \"true stress,sigma_t(MPa) = \",sigma_t\n",
+ "epsilon_t=math.log(1+epsilon);\n",
+ "print \"true strain,epsilon_t(MPa) = \",epsilon_t\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "true stress,sigma_t(MPa) = 733.5\n",
+ "true strain,epsilon_t(MPa) = 0.488580014819\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 27
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex7.8:pg-157"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 7.8: which part has a greater stress\n",
+ " \n",
+ "l=24.0;#length in mm\n",
+ "b=30;#breadth in mm\n",
+ "ld=7000;#load in kg\n",
+ "sd=10;#steel bar diamtere in mm\n",
+ "sl=5000.0;#load in kg\n",
+ "al=ld/(l*b);#stress on aluminium bar in kg/mm**2\n",
+ "a=((math.pi*sd**2)/4.0);#area in mm**2\n",
+ "slb=sl/a;#stress on steel bar in kg/mm**2\n",
+ "print\"stress on aluminium bar is \",round(al,2),\" kg/mm**2 is less than stress on steel bar \",round(slb,2),\" kg/mm**2 \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "stress on aluminium bar is 9.72 kg/mm**2 is less than stress on steel bar 63.66 kg/mm**2 \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 29
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Materials_Science/Chapter07_1.ipynb b/Materials_Science/Chapter07_1.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..f2f4b357 --- /dev/null +++ b/Materials_Science/Chapter07_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,724 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": "",
+ "signature": "sha256:b247ec2e1379385ed0f35ffe97eee5f72043d6e428051be379a0d7ae0011dd3e"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Chapter07:Mechanical Tests of Metals"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex7.1:pg-146"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 7.1 : shear modulus of the material\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "E=210 # youngs's modulus in GN/m**2\n",
+ "v=0.3 # poisson ratio\n",
+ "G=E/(2*(1+v)) # shear modulus\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"shear modulus,G(GN/m**2) = \",round(G,2)\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "shear modulus,G(GN/m**2) = 80.77\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 2
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex7.2:pg-152"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 7.2 : young's modulus of elasticity,yield point stress, ultimate stress and percentage elongation\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "d=40.0*10**-3 #in m\n",
+ "W=40.0*10**3 # load in N\n",
+ "del_l=3.04*10**-5 # in m\n",
+ "L=200.0*10**-3 # in m\n",
+ "load_max=242.0*10**3 #in N\n",
+ "l=249*10.0**-3 # length of specimen in m\n",
+ "l0=(d+L) # in m\n",
+ "A=(math.pi*d**2)/4.0\n",
+ "\n",
+ "b=W/A\n",
+ "\n",
+ "epsilon=del_l/L\n",
+ "\n",
+ "E=(b/epsilon)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print\"young modulus,E(N/m**2) = \",\"{:.2e}\".format(E)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Y_load=161*10**3\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Y_stress=Y_load/A\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"yield point stress,Y_stress(N/m**2) = \",\"{:.2e}\".format(Y_stress)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "U_stress=load_max/A\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"ultimate stress,U_stress(N/m**2) = \",\"{:.2e}\".format(U_stress)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "p_elongation=((l-l0)/l0)*100\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"percentage elongation,p_elongation(%) = \",p_elongation\n",
+ "#percentage elongation is calculated wrong in textbook\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "young modulus,E(N/m**2) = 2.09e+11\n",
+ "yield point stress,Y_stress(N/m**2) = 1.28e+08\n",
+ "ultimate stress,U_stress(N/m**2) = 1.93e+08\n",
+ "percentage elongation,p_elongation(%) = 3.75\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 3
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex7.3.a:pg-153"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 7.3.a: yield point stress\n",
+ " \n",
+ "\n",
+ "yl=40.0 #yeild load in kN\n",
+ "ml=71.5 #maximum load in kN\n",
+ "fl=50.5 #fracture load in kN\n",
+ "glf=79.5 #gauge length of fratture in mm\n",
+ "st=7.75*10**-4 #strain at load of 20kN\n",
+ "d=12.5 #specimen diamtere in mm\n",
+ "sl=62.5 #specimen length in mm\n",
+ "A=(math.pi*(d*10**-3)**2)/4.0 # in meter square\n",
+ "ylp=((yl*10.0**3)/(A)) #yeild point stress in N/m**2\n",
+ "print \"yeild point stress in N/m**2 is \",\"{:.2e}\".format(ylp) \n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "yeild point stress in N/m**2 is 3.26e+08\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 7
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex7.3.b:pg-153"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 7.3.b: ultimate tensile strength\n",
+ " \n",
+ "yl=40.0 #yeild load in kN\n",
+ "ml=71.5 #maximum load in kN\n",
+ "fl=50.5 #fracture load in kN\n",
+ "glf=79.5 #gauge length of fratture in mm\n",
+ "st=7.75*10**-4 #strain at load of 20kN\n",
+ "d=12.5 #specimen diamtere in mm\n",
+ "sl=62.5 #specimen length in mm\n",
+ "A=(math.pi*(d*10**-3)**2)/4.0 # in meter square\n",
+ "ylp=((yl*10.0**3)/(A)) #yeild point stress in N/m**2\n",
+ "uts=((ml*10.0**3)/(A)) #ultimate tensile strangth in N/m**2\n",
+ "print \"{:.2e}\".format(uts),\"is ultimate tensile strangth in N/m**2\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "5.83e+08 is ultimate tensile strangth in N/m**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 8
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex7.3.c:pg153"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 7.3.c: percentage elongation\n",
+ " \n",
+ "yl=40 #yeild load in kN\n",
+ "ml=71.5 #maximum load in kN\n",
+ "fl=50.5 #fracture load in kN\n",
+ "glf=79.5 #gauge length of fratture in mm\n",
+ "st=7.75*10**-4 #strain at load of 20kN\n",
+ "d=12.5 #specimen diamtere in mm\n",
+ "sl=62.5 #specimen length in mm\n",
+ "a=(math.pi*d*10**-3)**2/4 # in meter square\n",
+ "pel=((glf-sl)/sl)*100 #percentage elongation\n",
+ "print pel,\"% is percentage elongation\"\n",
+ "\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "27.2 % is percentage elongation\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 8
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex7.3.d:pg-153"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 7.3.d:modulus of elasticity\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "yl=40 #yeild load in kN\n",
+ "ml=71.5 #maximum load in kN\n",
+ "fl=50.5 #fracture load in kN\n",
+ "glf=79.5 #gauge length of fratture in mm\n",
+ "st=7.75*10**-4 #strain at load of 20kN\n",
+ "d=12.5 #specimen diamtere in mm\n",
+ "sl=62.5 #specimen length in mm\n",
+ "A=(math.pi*(d*10**-3)**2)/4.0 # in meter square\n",
+ "ylp=((yl*10**3)/(A)) #yeild point stress in N/m**2\n",
+ "uts=((ml*10**3)/(A)) #ultimate tensile strangth in N/m**2\n",
+ "pel=((glf-sl)/sl)*100 #percentage elongation\n",
+ "strss=((20*10**3)/A) #stress at 20kN in N/m**2\n",
+ "mel=strss/st #modulus of elasticity in N/m**2\n",
+ "print \"{:.2e}\".format(mel),\"is modulus of elasticity in N/m**2\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "2.10e+11 is modulus of elasticity in N/m**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 9
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex7.3.e:pg153"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 7.3.e: yield point stress\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "yl=40.0 #yeild load in kN\n",
+ "ml=71.5 #maximum load in kN\n",
+ "fl=50.5 #fracture load in kN\n",
+ "glf=79.5 #gauge length of fratture in mm\n",
+ "st=7.75*10**-4.0 #strain at load of 20kN\n",
+ "d=12.5 #specimen diamtere in mm\n",
+ "sl=62.5 #specimen length in mm\n",
+ "A=(math.pi*(d*10**-3)**2)/4.0 # in meter square\n",
+ "ylp=((yl*10**3)/(A)) #yeild point stress in N/m**2\n",
+ "uts=((ml*10**3)/(A)) #ultimate tensile strangth in N/m**2\n",
+ "pel=((glf-sl)/sl)*100 #percentage elongation\n",
+ "strss=((20*10**3)/A) #stress at 20kN in N/m**2\n",
+ "mel=strss/st #modulus of elasticity in N/m**2\n",
+ "mrs=((ylp*10**-3)**2/(2*mel)) #modulus of resilience \n",
+ "print round(mrs,4),\" is modulus of resilience\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "0.2526 is modulus of resilience\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 13
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex7.3.f:pg-153"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 7.3.f: fracture stress\n",
+ " \n",
+ "yl=40 #yeild load in kN\n",
+ "ml=71.5 #maximum load in kN\n",
+ "fl=50.5 #fracture load in kN\n",
+ "glf=79.5 #gauge length of fratture in mm\n",
+ "st=7.75*10**-4 #strain at load of 20kN\n",
+ "d=12.5#specimen diamter in mm\n",
+ "sl=62.5 #specimen length in mm\n",
+ "A=(math.pi*(d*10**-3)**2.0)/4 # in meter square\n",
+ "ylp=((yl*10**3)/(A)) #yeild point stress in N/m**2\n",
+ "uts=((ml*10**3)/(A)) #ultimate tensile strangth in N/m**2\n",
+ "pel=((glf-sl)/sl)*100 #percentage elongation\n",
+ "strss=((20*10.0**3)/A) #stress at 20kN in N/m**2\n",
+ "mel=strss/st #modulus of elasticity in N/m**2\n",
+ "mrs=((ylp*10**-3)**2.0/(2*mel)) #modulus of resilience \n",
+ "fs=((fl*10.0**3)/(A)) #fracture stress in N/m**2\n",
+ "print \"{:.2e}\".format(fs),\"is fracture stress in N/m**2\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "4.12e+08 is fracture stress in N/m**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 14
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex7.3.g:pg153"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "# Example 7.3.g: modulus of toughness\n",
+ " \n",
+ "yl=40.0 #yeild load in kN\n",
+ "ml=71.5 #maximum load in kN\n",
+ "fl=50.5 #fracture load in kN\n",
+ "glf=79.5 #gauge length of fratture in mm\n",
+ "st=7.75*10**-4 #strain at load of 20kN\n",
+ "d=12.5 #specimen diamtere in mm\n",
+ "sl=62.5 #specimen length in mm\n",
+ "A=(math.pi*(d*10**-3)**2)/4 # in meter square\n",
+ "ylp=((yl*10**3)/(A)) #yeild point stress in N/m**2\n",
+ "uts=((ml*10**3)/(A)) #ultimate tensile strangth in N/m**2\n",
+ "pel=((glf-sl)/sl)*100 #percentage elongation\n",
+ "strss=((20*10**3)/A) #stress at 20kN in N/m**2\n",
+ "mel=strss/st #modulus of elasticity in N/m**2\n",
+ "mrs=((ylp*10**-3)**2/(2*mel)) #modulus of resilience \n",
+ "fs=((fl*10**3)/(A)) #fracture stress in N/m**2\n",
+ "mth=((ylp+uts)*(pel/100))/2 #modulus of toughness in N/m**2\n",
+ "print \"{:.2e}\".format(mth),\" is modulus of toughness in N/m**2\"\n",
+ "#percentage reduction in area is not calulated in the textbook\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "1.24e+08 is modulus of toughness in N/m**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 15
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex7.4:pg-155"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "#Example 7.4 : true breaking stress and nominal breaking stress \n",
+ " \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "d1=12.7; # in mm\n",
+ "B_load=14;# in K-N\n",
+ "A1=(math.pi*d1**2)/4;# original cross section area\n",
+ "d2=7.87; # in mm\n",
+ "A2=(math.pi*d2**2)/4;# final cross sction area\n",
+ "T_stress=B_load/A2;\n",
+ "print round(T_stress*1000),\" is true breaking stress,T_stress in (N/mm**2) \"\n",
+ "N_stress=B_load/A1;\n",
+ "print int(N_stress*1000),\" is nominal breaking stress,N_stress in (N/mm**2) \"\n",
+ "#true breaking stress unit is wrong in the textbook\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "288.0 is true breaking stress,T_stress in (N/mm**2) \n",
+ "110 is nominal breaking stress,N_stress in (N/mm**2) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 17
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex7.5.a:pg-155"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 7.5.a: yield point stress\n",
+ " \n",
+ "\n",
+ "yl=34.0;#yeild load in kN\n",
+ "ul=61.0;#ultimate load in kN\n",
+ "fl=78.0;#final length in mm\n",
+ "glf=60.0;#gauge length of fratture in mm\n",
+ "fd=7.0;#final diamtere in mm\n",
+ "d=12.0;#specimen diamtere in mm\n",
+ "sl=62.5;#specimen length in mm\n",
+ "A=(math.pi*(d)**2)/4;# in meter square\n",
+ "ylp=((yl*10**3)/(A));# yeild point stress in N/mm**2\n",
+ "print floor(ylp),\" is yeild point stress in N/mm**2\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "300.0 is yeild point stress in N/mm**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 18
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex7.5.b:pg-155"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 7.5.b: ultimate tensile stress\n",
+ " \n",
+ "\n",
+ "yl=34.0;#yeild load in kN\n",
+ "ul=61.0;#ultimate load in kN\n",
+ "fl=78.0;#final length in mm\n",
+ "glf=60.0;#gauge length of fratture in mm\n",
+ "fd=7.0;#final diamtere in mm\n",
+ "d=12.0;#specimen diamtere in mm\n",
+ "sl=62.5;#specimen length in mm\n",
+ "A=(math.pi*(d)**2)/4.0;# in meter square\n",
+ "uts=((ul*10**3)/(A));#ultimate tensile strangth in N/mm**2\n",
+ "print round(uts),\" is ultimate tensile strangth in N/mm**2\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "539.0 is ultimate tensile strangth in N/mm**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 19
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex7.5.c:pg-155"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 7.5.c: percentage reduction\n",
+ " \n",
+ " \n",
+ "yl=34;#yeild load in kN\n",
+ "ul=61;#ultimate load in kN\n",
+ "fl=78;#final length in mm\n",
+ "glf=60;#gauge length of fratture in mm\n",
+ "fd=7;#final diamtere in mm\n",
+ "d=12;#specimen diamtere in mm\n",
+ "sl=62.5;#specimen length in mm\n",
+ "A=(math.pi*(d)**2)/4;# in mm square\n",
+ "A1=(math.pi*(fd)**2)/4;# in mm square\n",
+ "pr=(A-A1)/A;# reduction\n",
+ "print round(pr*100),\"% is percentage reduction\"\n",
+ "\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "66.0 % is percentage reduction\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 20
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex7.5.d:pg-155"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 7.5.d: percentage elonagtion\n",
+ " \n",
+ "\n",
+ "yl=34.0;#yeild load in kN\n",
+ "ul=61.0;#ultimate load in kN\n",
+ "fl=78.0;#final length in mm\n",
+ "glf=60.0;#gauge length of fratture in mm\n",
+ "fd=7.0;#final diamtere in mm\n",
+ "d=12.0;#specimen diamtere in mm\n",
+ "sl=62.5;#specimen length in mm\n",
+ "A=(math.pi*(d)**2)/4;# in mm square\n",
+ "A1=(math.pi*(fd)**2)/4;# in mm square\n",
+ "pr=(fl-glf)/glf;# elongation\n",
+ "print round(pr*100,2),\"% is percentage elongtion \"\n",
+ "\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "30.0 % is percentage elongtion \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 21
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex7.6:pg-156"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 7.6 : strain \n",
+ " \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "b=44.5*10**3;#force\n",
+ "E=1.1*10**5;# in N/mm**2\n",
+ "A=15.2*19.1# in mm**2\n",
+ "epsilon=b/(A*E);\n",
+ "print \"strain,epsilon (mm) = \",\"{:.2e}\".format(epsilon)"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "strain,epsilon (mm) = 1.39e-03\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 22
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex7.7:pg-156"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 7.7 :stress and strain \n",
+ " \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "sigma=450;#in MPa\n",
+ "epsilon=0.63;\n",
+ "sigma_t=sigma*(1+epsilon);\n",
+ "print \"true stress,sigma_t(MPa) = \",sigma_t\n",
+ "epsilon_t=math.log(1+epsilon);\n",
+ "print \"true strain,epsilon_t(MPa) = \",round(epsilon_t,3)\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "true stress,sigma_t(MPa) = 733.5\n",
+ "true strain,epsilon_t(MPa) = 0.489\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 25
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex7.8:pg-157"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 7.8: which part has a greater stress\n",
+ " \n",
+ "l=24.0;#length in mm\n",
+ "b=30;#breadth in mm\n",
+ "ld=7000;#load in kg\n",
+ "sd=10;#steel bar diamtere in mm\n",
+ "sl=5000.0;#load in kg\n",
+ "al=ld/(l*b);#stress on aluminium bar in kg/mm**2\n",
+ "a=((math.pi*sd**2)/4.0);#area in mm**2\n",
+ "slb=sl/a;#stress on steel bar in kg/mm**2\n",
+ "print\"stress on aluminium bar is \",round(al,2),\" kg/mm**2 is less than stress on steel bar \",round(slb,2),\" kg/mm**2 \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "stress on aluminium bar is 9.72 kg/mm**2 is less than stress on steel bar 63.66 kg/mm**2 \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 26
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Materials_Science/Chapter08.ipynb b/Materials_Science/Chapter08.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..7ab3ee40 --- /dev/null +++ b/Materials_Science/Chapter08.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,179 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": "",
+ "signature": "sha256:34ae042b330defbf3a9166ffcdabea3a9847c3ed545aa16f3851917a2138bfe6"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Chapter08:Deformation of Metals"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex8.1:pg-175"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 8.1: critical resolved shear stress of silver\n",
+ " \n",
+ "\n",
+ "Ts=15;#tensile stress in Mpa\n",
+ "d=[1,1,0];\n",
+ "d1=[1,1,1];\n",
+ "csda=((d[0]*d1[0])+(d[1]*d1[1])+(d[2]*d1[2]))/((math.sqrt(d[0]**2+d[1]**2+d[2]**2))*math.sqrt(d1[0]**2+d1[1]**2+d1[2]**2));#angle degree\n",
+ "d2=[0,1,1];\n",
+ "csdb=((d[0]*d2[0])+(d[1]*d2[1])+(d[2]*d2[2]))/((math.sqrt(d[0]**2+d[1]**2+d[2]**2))*math.sqrt(d2[0]**2+d2[1]**2+d2[2]**2));#angle degree\n",
+ "t=Ts*csda*csdb;#critical resolved shear stress in MPa\n",
+ "print round(t,2),\"= critical resolved shear stress in MPa\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "6.12 = critical resolved shear stress in MPa\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 11
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex8.2:pg-186"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 8.2: yield strength of material\n",
+ " \n",
+ "import numpy.linalg as lin\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "ys1=115;# yeild strength in MN/mm**2\n",
+ "ys2=215;# yeild strength in MN/mm**2\n",
+ "d1=0.04;#diamtere in mm\n",
+ "d2=0.01;#diamtere in mm\n",
+ "A=numpy.array([[2 ,10], [1 ,10]]);\n",
+ "B=numpy.array([230,215]);\n",
+ "x=lin.solve(A,B)\n",
+ "si=x[0];# in MN/mm**2\n",
+ "k=x[1];#\n",
+ "d3=0.016;#in mm\n",
+ "sy= si +(k/math.sqrt(d3));#yeild strength for a grain size in MN/mm**2\n",
+ "print round(sy,2),\"=yeild strength for a grain size in MN/mm**2\"\n",
+ "\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "173.11 =yeild strength for a grain size in MN/mm**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 7
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex8.3:pg-186"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 8.3: yield strength of material\n",
+ "import numpy.linalg as lin\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "ys1=120;# yeild strength in MN/mm**2\n",
+ "ys2=220;# yeild strength in MN/mm**2\n",
+ "d1=0.04;#diamtere in mm\n",
+ "d2=0.01;#diamtere in mm\n",
+ "A=numpy.array([[2 ,10], [1 ,10]]);\n",
+ "B=numpy.array([240,220]);\n",
+ "x=lin.solve(A,B)\n",
+ "si=x[0];# in MN/mm**2\n",
+ "k=x[1];#\n",
+ "d3=0.025;#in mm\n",
+ "sy= si +(k/math.sqrt(d3));#yeild strength for a grain size in MN/mm**2\n",
+ "print round(sy,2),\"= yeild strength for a grain size in MN/mm**2\"\n",
+ "\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "146.49 = yeild strength for a grain size in MN/mm**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 5
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex18.4:pg-193"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 8.4 : grain diameter\n",
+ "import math \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "N=9; # ASTM number\n",
+ "m=8*2**N; # no. of grains [er square millimetre\n",
+ "grain=1/math.sqrt(m);\n",
+ "print round(grain,4),\"=the grain diameter(mm) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "0.0156 =the grain diameter(mm) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 2
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Materials_Science/Chapter08_1.ipynb b/Materials_Science/Chapter08_1.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..cab232b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/Materials_Science/Chapter08_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,179 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": "",
+ "signature": "sha256:12bc74eaed4218a18fa109df85a443dc199f78a3b2cafffe1198babaf1458444"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Chapter08:Deformation of Metals"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex8.1:pg-175"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 8.1: critical resolved shear stress of silver\n",
+ " \n",
+ "\n",
+ "Ts=15;#tensile stress in Mpa\n",
+ "d=[1,1,0];\n",
+ "d1=[1,1,1];\n",
+ "csda=((d[0]*d1[0])+(d[1]*d1[1])+(d[2]*d1[2]))/((math.sqrt(d[0]**2+d[1]**2+d[2]**2))*math.sqrt(d1[0]**2+d1[1]**2+d1[2]**2));#angle degree\n",
+ "d2=[0,1,1];\n",
+ "csdb=((d[0]*d2[0])+(d[1]*d2[1])+(d[2]*d2[2]))/((math.sqrt(d[0]**2+d[1]**2+d[2]**2))*math.sqrt(d2[0]**2+d2[1]**2+d2[2]**2));#angle degree\n",
+ "t=Ts*csda*csdb;#critical resolved shear stress in MPa\n",
+ "print round(t,2),\"= critical resolved shear stress in MPa\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "6.12 = critical resolved shear stress in MPa\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 11
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex8.2:pg-186"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 8.2: yield strength of material\n",
+ " \n",
+ "import numpy.linalg as lin\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "ys1=115;# yeild strength in MN/mm**2\n",
+ "ys2=215;# yeild strength in MN/mm**2\n",
+ "d1=0.04;#diamtere in mm\n",
+ "d2=0.01;#diamtere in mm\n",
+ "A=numpy.array([[2 ,10], [1 ,10]]);\n",
+ "B=numpy.array([230,215]);\n",
+ "x=lin.solve(A,B)\n",
+ "si=x[0];# in MN/mm**2\n",
+ "k=x[1];#\n",
+ "d3=0.016;#in mm\n",
+ "sy= si +(k/math.sqrt(d3));#yeild strength for a grain size in MN/mm**2\n",
+ "print round(sy,1),\"=yeild strength for a grain size in MN/mm**2\"\n",
+ "\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "173.1 =yeild strength for a grain size in MN/mm**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 1
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex8.3:pg-186"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 8.3: yield strength of material\n",
+ "import numpy.linalg as lin\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "ys1=120;# yeild strength in MN/mm**2\n",
+ "ys2=220;# yeild strength in MN/mm**2\n",
+ "d1=0.04;#diamtere in mm\n",
+ "d2=0.01;#diamtere in mm\n",
+ "A=numpy.array([[2 ,10], [1 ,10]]);\n",
+ "B=numpy.array([240,220]);\n",
+ "x=lin.solve(A,B)\n",
+ "si=x[0];# in MN/mm**2\n",
+ "k=x[1];#\n",
+ "d3=0.025;#in mm\n",
+ "sy= si +(k/math.sqrt(d3));#yeild strength for a grain size in MN/mm**2\n",
+ "print round(sy,1),\"= yeild strength for a grain size in MN/mm**2\"\n",
+ "\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "146.5 = yeild strength for a grain size in MN/mm**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 2
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex18.4:pg-193"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 8.4 : grain diameter\n",
+ "import math \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "N=9; # ASTM number\n",
+ "m=8*2**N; # no. of grains [er square millimetre\n",
+ "grain=1/math.sqrt(m);\n",
+ "print round(grain,4),\"=the grain diameter(mm) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "0.0156 =the grain diameter(mm) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 2
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Materials_Science/Chapter09.ipynb b/Materials_Science/Chapter09.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..f9450a23 --- /dev/null +++ b/Materials_Science/Chapter09.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,200 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": "",
+ "signature": "sha256:8681b8cb87a35e316321fbab8aecdb38b5b347586e7dea8acd0d04d98e829c88"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Chapter09:Fracture of Metals"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex9.1:pg-200"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 9.1 : difference\n",
+ "import math \n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "E=200*10**9; # in N/m**2\n",
+ "C=(4*10**-6)/2;# in m\n",
+ "gama=1.48; # in J/m**2\n",
+ "sigma=math.sqrt((2*E*gama)/(math.pi*C));\n",
+ "print round(sigma*10**-6),\"= fracture strength,sigma(MN/m**2) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "307.0 = fracture strength,sigma(MN/m**2) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 2
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex9.2:pg-200"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 9.2 : the fracture strength and compare\n",
+ " \n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "E=70*10**9; # in N/m**2\n",
+ "C=(4.2*10**-6)/2;# in m\n",
+ "gama=1.1; # in J/m**2\n",
+ "sigma=math.sqrt((2*E*gama)/(math.pi*C));\n",
+ "print sigma,\"= fracture strength,sigma(N/m**2) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "152783261.475 = fracture strength,sigma(N/m**2) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 3
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex9.3:pg-200"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 9.3 : maximum length of surface\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "sigma=36;#in MN/m**2\n",
+ "gama=0.27;# in J/m**2\n",
+ "E=70*10**9;#in N/m**2\n",
+ "C=((2*E*gama)/(sigma**2*math.pi))*10**-6;\n",
+ "C2=2*C;\n",
+ "print round(C2,3),\"= maximum length of surface flow,C2(micro-m) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "18.568 = maximum length of surface flow,C2(micro-m) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 5
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex9.4a:pg-203"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 9.4.a: Temperature\n",
+ " \n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "E=350;# in GN/m**2\n",
+ "Y=2;# in J/m**2\n",
+ "C=2;# in micro meter\n",
+ "sg=math.sqrt((2*E*10**9*Y)/(math.pi*C*10**-6));# IN mn/M**2\n",
+ "e=10**-2;# per second\n",
+ "T=173600/(round(sg*10**-6)-20.6-61.3*(math.log10(e)));# in kelvin\n",
+ "print round(T,1),\"= temperature in kelvin for ductile to brittle transition at a strain rate of 10**-2 per second\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "302.4 = temperature in kelvin for ductile to brittle transition at a strain rate of 10**-2 per second\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 8
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex9.4b:pg-203"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 9.4.b: Temperature\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "E=350;# in GN/m**2\n",
+ "Y=2;# in J/m**2\n",
+ "C=2;# in micro meter\n",
+ "sg=math.sqrt((2*E*10**9*Y)/(math.pi*C*10**-6));# IN mn/M**2\n",
+ "e=10**-5;# per second\n",
+ "T=173600/(round(sg*10**-6)-20.6-61.3*(math.log10(e)));# in kelvin\n",
+ "print round(T),\"= temperature in kelvin for ductile to brittle transition at a strain rate of 10**-5 per second\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "229.0 = temperature in kelvin for ductile to brittle transition at a strain rate of 10**-5 per second\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 10
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Materials_Science/Chapter09_1.ipynb b/Materials_Science/Chapter09_1.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..51e1c31d --- /dev/null +++ b/Materials_Science/Chapter09_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,200 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": "",
+ "signature": "sha256:99acc61267a81b1afad3a95ee2f2b991fd04bf73d9065c7e2427d0f97c316207"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Chapter09:Fracture of Metals"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex9.1:pg-200"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 9.1 : difference\n",
+ "import math \n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "E=200*10**9; # in N/m**2\n",
+ "C=(4*10**-6)/2;# in m\n",
+ "gama=1.48; # in J/m**2\n",
+ "sigma=math.sqrt((2*E*gama)/(math.pi*C));\n",
+ "print round(sigma*10**-6),\"= fracture strength,sigma(MN/m**2) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "307.0 = fracture strength,sigma(MN/m**2) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 2
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex9.2:pg-200"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 9.2 : the fracture strength and compare\n",
+ " \n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "E=70*10**9; # in N/m**2\n",
+ "C=(4.2*10**-6)/2;# in m\n",
+ "gama=1.1; # in J/m**2\n",
+ "sigma=math.sqrt((2*E*gama)/(math.pi*C));\n",
+ "print \"{:.3e}\".format(sigma),\"= fracture strength,sigma(N/m**2) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "1.528e+08 = fracture strength,sigma(N/m**2) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 2
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex9.3:pg-200"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 9.3 : maximum length of surface\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "sigma=36;#in MN/m**2\n",
+ "gama=0.27;# in J/m**2\n",
+ "E=70*10**9;#in N/m**2\n",
+ "C=((2*E*gama)/(sigma**2*math.pi))*10**-6;\n",
+ "C2=2*C;\n",
+ "print round(C2,3),\"= maximum length of surface flow,C2(micro-m) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "18.568 = maximum length of surface flow,C2(micro-m) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 5
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex9.4a:pg-203"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 9.4.a: Temperature\n",
+ " \n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "E=350;# in GN/m**2\n",
+ "Y=2;# in J/m**2\n",
+ "C=2;# in micro meter\n",
+ "sg=math.sqrt((2*E*10**9*Y)/(math.pi*C*10**-6));# IN mn/M**2\n",
+ "e=10**-2;# per second\n",
+ "T=173600/(round(sg*10**-6)-20.6-61.3*(math.log10(e)));# in kelvin\n",
+ "print round(T,1),\"= temperature in kelvin for ductile to brittle transition at a strain rate of 10**-2 per second\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "302.4 = temperature in kelvin for ductile to brittle transition at a strain rate of 10**-2 per second\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 8
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex9.4b:pg-203"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 9.4.b: Temperature\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "E=350;# in GN/m**2\n",
+ "Y=2;# in J/m**2\n",
+ "C=2;# in micro meter\n",
+ "sg=math.sqrt((2*E*10**9*Y)/(math.pi*C*10**-6));# IN mn/M**2\n",
+ "e=10**-5;# per second\n",
+ "T=173600/(round(sg*10**-6)-20.6-61.3*(math.log10(e)));# in kelvin\n",
+ "print round(T),\"= temperature in kelvin for ductile to brittle transition at a strain rate of 10**-5 per second\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "229.0 = temperature in kelvin for ductile to brittle transition at a strain rate of 10**-5 per second\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 10
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Materials_Science/Chapter15.ipynb b/Materials_Science/Chapter15.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..f927d51b --- /dev/null +++ b/Materials_Science/Chapter15.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": "",
+ "signature": "sha256:7315f4cd0dbe1ea8c121564011c9ce9945618f308024d617157c5ed6076bc7d9"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Chapter15:Composite Materials and Ceramics"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex15.1:pg-299"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 15.1 : colume ratio of aluminium and boron\n",
+ " \n",
+ "import numpy.linalg as lin\n",
+ "yal=715;# in GN/,**2\n",
+ "yfe=210;# in GN/,**2\n",
+ "yb=440;# in GN/,**2\n",
+ "A=numpy.array([[71, 71],[71, 440]]);#\n",
+ "B=numpy.array([71,210]);#\n",
+ "X=lin.solve(A,B)\n",
+ "print round(X[0],3),\"is volume ratio of aluminium \"\n",
+ "print round(X[1],3),\"is volume ratio of boron \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "0.623 is volume ratio of aluminium \n",
+ "0.377 is volume ratio of boron \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 5
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Materials_Science/Chapter15_1.ipynb b/Materials_Science/Chapter15_1.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..f927d51b --- /dev/null +++ b/Materials_Science/Chapter15_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": "",
+ "signature": "sha256:7315f4cd0dbe1ea8c121564011c9ce9945618f308024d617157c5ed6076bc7d9"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Chapter15:Composite Materials and Ceramics"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex15.1:pg-299"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 15.1 : colume ratio of aluminium and boron\n",
+ " \n",
+ "import numpy.linalg as lin\n",
+ "yal=715;# in GN/,**2\n",
+ "yfe=210;# in GN/,**2\n",
+ "yb=440;# in GN/,**2\n",
+ "A=numpy.array([[71, 71],[71, 440]]);#\n",
+ "B=numpy.array([71,210]);#\n",
+ "X=lin.solve(A,B)\n",
+ "print round(X[0],3),\"is volume ratio of aluminium \"\n",
+ "print round(X[1],3),\"is volume ratio of boron \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "0.623 is volume ratio of aluminium \n",
+ "0.377 is volume ratio of boron \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 5
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Materials_Science/Chapter16.ipynb b/Materials_Science/Chapter16.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..3ff4c3db --- /dev/null +++ b/Materials_Science/Chapter16.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,275 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": "",
+ "signature": "sha256:267ebfe4747dc282d89f7efa1dce2f2f4b1f305bd03bf7fa58c0d8bd7749c9c1"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Chapter16:Semiconductors"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex16.1:pg-315"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 16.1 : concentration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "e=1.602*10**-19;# Coulomb\n",
+ "sigma_i=5*10**-4;# in ohm/m\n",
+ "mu_n=0.14;# in m**2/V-sec\n",
+ "mu_p=0.05;# in m**2/V-sec\n",
+ "n_i=sigma_i/(e*(mu_n+mu_p));\n",
+ "print round(n_i*10**6,-20),\"= the concentration,n_i(/cm**3) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "1.64e+22 = the concentration,n_i(/cm**3) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 27
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex16.2:pg-315"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 16.2 : intrinsic carrier\n",
+ " \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "e=1.602*10**-19; # Coulomb\n",
+ "p_i=2*10**-4;# in ohm-m\n",
+ "mu_n=6;# in m**2/V-sec\n",
+ "mu_p=0.2;# in m**2/V-sec\n",
+ "n_i=1/(e*(mu_n+mu_p)*p_i);\n",
+ "print round(n_i,-19),\"= the intrinsic carrier,n_i(/m**3) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "5.03e+21 = the intrinsic carrier,n_i(/m**3) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 28
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex16.3:pg-315"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 16.3 : neglect the intrinsic conductivity\n",
+ " \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; # Coulomb\n",
+ "sigma=10**-12;# in mhos/m\n",
+ "mu_n=0.18;# in m**2/V-sec\n",
+ "n=sigma/(e*mu_n);\n",
+ "N=n; # amount of n type impurity\n",
+ "print round(N),\"in(/m**3) \"\n",
+ "# The answer is slightly different in textbook due to approximation"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "34722222.0 in(/m**3) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 15
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex16.4:pg-315"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 16.4 : number of electron carriers\n",
+ " \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; # Coulomb\n",
+ "p=20*10**-2;# in ohm-m\n",
+ "mu_n=100*10**-4;# in m**2/V-sec\n",
+ "n=1/(e*mu_n*p);\n",
+ "print round(n,-19),\"= number of electrons carrier,n(/m**3) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "3.12e+21 = number of electrons carrier,n(/m**3) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 30
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex16.5:pg-316"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 16.5 : concentration of impurity\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19;# Coulomb\n",
+ "l=10;#in mm\n",
+ "d=1;#in mm\n",
+ "r=100;#in ohms\n",
+ "up=0.19;#mobilty of electrons in V-sec\n",
+ "a=(math.pi*((d*10**-3)**2))/4;#area in m**2\n",
+ "p=((r*a))/(l*10**-3);#resistivity in Ohm-cm\n",
+ "n=((1/(p*e*up)));#concentration in per m**3\n",
+ "print round(n,-19),\"is impurity concentration is in per m**3\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "4.19e+21 is impurity concentration is in per m**3\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 32
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex16.6:pg-316"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 16.6 : intrinsic carrier density\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "\n",
+ "e=1.602*10**-19; # in coulomb\n",
+ "p=3000.0;# in ohm/m\n",
+ "sigma=1/p;# in ohm/m\n",
+ "mu_n=0.14;# in m**2/V-sec\n",
+ "mu_p=0.05;# in m**2/V-sec\n",
+ "n_i=sigma/(e*(mu_n+mu_p));\n",
+ "print round(n_i,-13),\"is the concentration,n_i(/m**3) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "1.095e+16 is the concentration,n_i(/m**3) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 39
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex16.7:pg-317"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 16.7 : conductivity\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "e=1.602*10**-19; # in coulomb\n",
+ "n_i=5.021*10**15; # in m**-3\n",
+ "mu_n=0.48;# in m**2/V-sec\n",
+ "mu_p=0.013;# in m**2/V-sec\n",
+ "sigma=n_i*(e*(mu_n+mu_p));\n",
+ "print round(sigma,9),\"= the conductivity,sigma(ohm**-1 m**-1) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "0.000396552 = the conductivity,sigma(ohm**-1 m**-1) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 42
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Materials_Science/Chapter16_1.ipynb b/Materials_Science/Chapter16_1.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..cdcb3cb0 --- /dev/null +++ b/Materials_Science/Chapter16_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,275 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": "",
+ "signature": "sha256:7de7bac9701b444eddc88961b7eb9eeb7cb67a83da1ca69ef2052c0cb80692d5"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Chapter16:Semiconductors"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex16.1:pg-315"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 16.1 : concentration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "e=1.602*10**-19;# Coulomb\n",
+ "sigma_i=5*10**-4;# in ohm/m\n",
+ "mu_n=0.14;# in m**2/V-sec\n",
+ "mu_p=0.05;# in m**2/V-sec\n",
+ "n_i=sigma_i/(e*(mu_n+mu_p));\n",
+ "print round(n_i*10**6,-20),\"= the concentration,n_i(/cm**3) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "1.64e+22 = the concentration,n_i(/cm**3) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 27
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex16.2:pg-315"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 16.2 : intrinsic carrier\n",
+ " \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "e=1.602*10**-19; # Coulomb\n",
+ "p_i=2*10**-4;# in ohm-m\n",
+ "mu_n=6;# in m**2/V-sec\n",
+ "mu_p=0.2;# in m**2/V-sec\n",
+ "n_i=1/(e*(mu_n+mu_p)*p_i);\n",
+ "print round(n_i,-19),\"= the intrinsic carrier,n_i(/m**3) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "5.03e+21 = the intrinsic carrier,n_i(/m**3) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 28
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex16.3:pg-315"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 16.3 : neglect the intrinsic conductivity\n",
+ " \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; # Coulomb\n",
+ "sigma=10**-12;# in mhos/m\n",
+ "mu_n=0.18;# in m**2/V-sec\n",
+ "n=sigma/(e*mu_n);\n",
+ "N=n; # amount of n type impurity\n",
+ "print \"{:.2e}\".format(N),\"in(/m**3) \"\n",
+ "# The answer is slightly different in textbook due to approximation"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "3.47e+07 in(/m**3) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 1
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex16.4:pg-315"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 16.4 : number of electron carriers\n",
+ " \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; # Coulomb\n",
+ "p=20*10**-2;# in ohm-m\n",
+ "mu_n=100*10**-4;# in m**2/V-sec\n",
+ "n=1/(e*mu_n*p);\n",
+ "print round(n,-19),\"= number of electrons carrier,n(/m**3) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "3.12e+21 = number of electrons carrier,n(/m**3) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 30
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex16.5:pg-316"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 16.5 : concentration of impurity\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19;# Coulomb\n",
+ "l=10;#in mm\n",
+ "d=1;#in mm\n",
+ "r=100;#in ohms\n",
+ "up=0.19;#mobilty of electrons in V-sec\n",
+ "a=(math.pi*((d*10**-3)**2))/4;#area in m**2\n",
+ "p=((r*a))/(l*10**-3);#resistivity in Ohm-cm\n",
+ "n=((1/(p*e*up)));#concentration in per m**3\n",
+ "print round(n,-19),\"is impurity concentration is in per m**3\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "4.19e+21 is impurity concentration is in per m**3\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 32
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex16.6:pg-316"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 16.6 : intrinsic carrier density\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "\n",
+ "e=1.602*10**-19; # in coulomb\n",
+ "p=3000.0;# in ohm/m\n",
+ "sigma=1/p;# in ohm/m\n",
+ "mu_n=0.14;# in m**2/V-sec\n",
+ "mu_p=0.05;# in m**2/V-sec\n",
+ "n_i=sigma/(e*(mu_n+mu_p));\n",
+ "print round(n_i,-13),\"is the concentration,n_i(/m**3) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "1.095e+16 is the concentration,n_i(/m**3) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 39
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex16.7:pg-317"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 16.7 : conductivity\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "e=1.602*10**-19; # in coulomb\n",
+ "n_i=5.021*10**15; # in m**-3\n",
+ "mu_n=0.48;# in m**2/V-sec\n",
+ "mu_p=0.013;# in m**2/V-sec\n",
+ "sigma=n_i*(e*(mu_n+mu_p));\n",
+ "print \"{:.3e}\".format(sigma),\"= the conductivity,sigma(ohm**-1 m**-1) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "3.966e-04 = the conductivity,sigma(ohm**-1 m**-1) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 4
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Materials_Science/Chapter17.ipynb b/Materials_Science/Chapter17.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..9a4bd8d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/Materials_Science/Chapter17.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": "",
+ "signature": "sha256:03648571a8c8e1b4e8f8e6dad5bff5a090472aa9ccf6236105c75aa2a594a7be"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Chapter17:Insulating Materials"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex17.1:pg-333"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 17.1: greater chanrge\n",
+ " \n",
+ "\n",
+ "er1=6;#\n",
+ "d1=0.25;# in mm\n",
+ "a=1;# assume\n",
+ "er2=2.6;#\n",
+ "d2=0.1;# in mm\n",
+ "c1=(er1/d1);# in ampere\n",
+ "c2=(er2/d2);# in amperes\n",
+ "print\" C1 \",c1,\"A will hold the more charge than C2 \",c2,\"A \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ " C1 24.0 A will hold the more charge than C2 26.0 A \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 1
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Materials_Science/Chapter17_1.ipynb b/Materials_Science/Chapter17_1.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..9a4bd8d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/Materials_Science/Chapter17_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": "",
+ "signature": "sha256:03648571a8c8e1b4e8f8e6dad5bff5a090472aa9ccf6236105c75aa2a594a7be"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Chapter17:Insulating Materials"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex17.1:pg-333"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Example 17.1: greater chanrge\n",
+ " \n",
+ "\n",
+ "er1=6;#\n",
+ "d1=0.25;# in mm\n",
+ "a=1;# assume\n",
+ "er2=2.6;#\n",
+ "d2=0.1;# in mm\n",
+ "c1=(er1/d1);# in ampere\n",
+ "c2=(er2/d2);# in amperes\n",
+ "print\" C1 \",c1,\"A will hold the more charge than C2 \",c2,\"A \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ " C1 24.0 A will hold the more charge than C2 26.0 A \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 1
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Materials_Science/Chapter18.ipynb b/Materials_Science/Chapter18.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..287d3fc7 --- /dev/null +++ b/Materials_Science/Chapter18.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,251 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": "",
+ "signature": "sha256:6d6e15c1e7376b50229c166646322c80b0a7d8183966dd1596145061fc9a1c4d"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Chapter18:Magnetic Materials"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex18.1:pg-346"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 18.1 : magnetization and flux density\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "mu0=4*math.pi*10**-7;\n",
+ "H=10**4;# in A/m\n",
+ "Xm=3.7*10**-3;# room temperature\n",
+ "mu_r=1+Xm;\n",
+ "B=mu0*mu_r*H;\n",
+ "M=Xm*H;\n",
+ "print B,\"= the flux density,B(Wb/m**2) \"\n",
+ "print M,\"= magnetization,M(A/m) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "0.0126128661856 = the flux density,B(Wb/m**2) \n",
+ "37.0 = magnetization,M(A/m) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 1
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex18.2a:pg-350"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 18.2.a : saturation magnetization\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "mu_b=9.27*10**-24;# A.m**2\n",
+ "p=8.9; # in g/cm**3\n",
+ "Na=6.023*10**23;# avogadro's number\n",
+ "A=58.71; # in g/mol\n",
+ "n=((p*Na)/A)*10**6;\n",
+ "Ms=0.60*mu_b*n;\n",
+ "print Ms,\"= saturation magnetization,Ms(A/m) \"\n",
+ "# the answe ris slightly different in textbook due to approximation"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "507834.0 = saturation magnetization,Ms(A/m) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 2
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex18.2b:pg-350"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 18.2.b : saturation flux density\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "\n",
+ "mu0=4*math.pi*10**-7;\n",
+ "mu_b=9.27*10**-24;# A.m**2\n",
+ "p=8.9; # in g/cm**3\n",
+ "Na=6.023*10**23;# avogadro's number\n",
+ "A=58.71; # in g/mol\n",
+ "n=((p*Na)/A)*10**6;\n",
+ "Ms=0.60*mu_b*n;\n",
+ "Bs=mu0*Ms;\n",
+ "print round(Bs,2),\"= saturation flux density,Bs(tesla) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "0.64 = saturation flux density,Bs(tesla) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 4
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex18.3:pg-351"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 18.3 : magnetic moment\n",
+ "import math \n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "\n",
+ "mu0=4*math.pi*10**-7;\n",
+ "mu_b=9.27*10**-24;# A.m**2\n",
+ "p=8.9; # in g/cm**3\n",
+ "Na=6.023*10**23;# avogadro's number\n",
+ "A=58.71; # in g/mol\n",
+ "n=((p*Na)/A)*10**6;\n",
+ "Bs=0.65;#in Wb/m**2\n",
+ "Ms=Bs/mu0;\n",
+ "m_mu_b=Ms/n;\n",
+ "print round(m_mu_b,26),\" is saturation magnetisation,m_mu_b(A.m**2) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "5.67e-24 is saturation magnetisation,m_mu_b(A.m**2) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 11
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex18.4:pg-355"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 18.4 : power loss\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "V=0.01;#in m**3\n",
+ "f=50;# in Hz\n",
+ "area=600;#in jm**-1\n",
+ "Wh=area*V*f;\n",
+ "print Wh,\"= power loss,Wh(watts) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "300.0 = power loss,Wh(watts) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 12
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex18.5:pg-355"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 18.4 : los of energy\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "mass=10.0;# in kg\n",
+ "energy_loss=250.0;# in J/m**2\n",
+ "#energy loss at the rate of 50 cycles/s\n",
+ "E=energy_loss*50.0;# in J/m**3\n",
+ "E_loss=E*3600.0;#in J/m**3\n",
+ "D=7500.0;#density in kg/m**3\n",
+ "Volume=mass/D;\n",
+ "energy_loss_per_hour=E_loss/Volume;\n",
+ "print energy_loss_per_hour,\"= energy_loss_per_hour(J/hour) \"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# answer is incorrect in textbook"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "33750000000.0 = energy_loss_per_hour(J/hour) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 22
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Materials_Science/Chapter18_1.ipynb b/Materials_Science/Chapter18_1.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..5ae109b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/Materials_Science/Chapter18_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,251 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": "",
+ "signature": "sha256:bc4f145530554f550ad02c41bb92fc1d8f9fdac80b4d0ae7b519b9e02a3d9b4f"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Chapter18:Magnetic Materials"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex18.1:pg-346"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 18.1 : magnetization and flux density\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "mu0=4*math.pi*10**-7;\n",
+ "H=10**4;# in A/m\n",
+ "Xm=3.7*10**-3;# room temperature\n",
+ "mu_r=1+Xm;\n",
+ "B=mu0*mu_r*H;\n",
+ "M=Xm*H;\n",
+ "print \"{:.2e}\".format(B),\"= the flux density,B(Wb/m**2) \"\n",
+ "print M,\"= magnetization,M(A/m) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "1.26e-02 = the flux density,B(Wb/m**2) \n",
+ "37.0 = magnetization,M(A/m) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 1
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex18.2a:pg-350"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 18.2.a : saturation magnetization\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "mu_b=9.27*10**-24;# A.m**2\n",
+ "p=8.9; # in g/cm**3\n",
+ "Na=6.023*10**23;# avogadro's number\n",
+ "A=58.71; # in g/mol\n",
+ "n=((p*Na)/A)*10**6;\n",
+ "Ms=0.60*mu_b*n;\n",
+ "print \"{:.1e}\".format(Ms),\"= saturation magnetization,Ms(A/m) \"\n",
+ "# the answe ris slightly different in textbook due to approximation"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "5.1e+05 = saturation magnetization,Ms(A/m) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 3
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex18.2b:pg-350"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 18.2.b : saturation flux density\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "\n",
+ "mu0=4*math.pi*10**-7;\n",
+ "mu_b=9.27*10**-24;# A.m**2\n",
+ "p=8.9; # in g/cm**3\n",
+ "Na=6.023*10**23;# avogadro's number\n",
+ "A=58.71; # in g/mol\n",
+ "n=((p*Na)/A)*10**6;\n",
+ "Ms=0.60*mu_b*n;\n",
+ "Bs=mu0*Ms;\n",
+ "print round(Bs,2),\"= saturation flux density,Bs(tesla) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "0.64 = saturation flux density,Bs(tesla) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 4
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex18.3:pg-351"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 18.3 : magnetic moment\n",
+ "import math \n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "\n",
+ "mu0=4*math.pi*10**-7;\n",
+ "mu_b=9.27*10**-24;# A.m**2\n",
+ "p=8.9; # in g/cm**3\n",
+ "Na=6.023*10**23;# avogadro's number\n",
+ "A=58.71; # in g/mol\n",
+ "n=((p*Na)/A)*10**6;\n",
+ "Bs=0.65;#in Wb/m**2\n",
+ "Ms=Bs/mu0;\n",
+ "m_mu_b=Ms/n;\n",
+ "print round(m_mu_b,26),\" is saturation magnetisation,m_mu_b(A.m**2) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "5.67e-24 is saturation magnetisation,m_mu_b(A.m**2) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 11
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex18.4:pg-355"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 18.4 : power loss\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "V=0.01;#in m**3\n",
+ "f=50;# in Hz\n",
+ "area=600;#in jm**-1\n",
+ "Wh=area*V*f;\n",
+ "print Wh,\"= power loss,Wh(watts) \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "300.0 = power loss,Wh(watts) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 12
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex18.5:pg-355"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 18.4 : los of energy\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "mass=10.0;# in kg\n",
+ "energy_loss=250.0;# in J/m**2\n",
+ "#energy loss at the rate of 50 cycles/s\n",
+ "E=energy_loss*50.0;# in J/m**3\n",
+ "E_loss=E*3600.0;#in J/m**3\n",
+ "D=7500.0;#density in kg/m**3\n",
+ "Volume=mass/D;\n",
+ "energy_loss_per_hour=E_loss/Volume;\n",
+ "print \"{:.1e}\".format(energy_loss_per_hour),\"= energy_loss_per_hour(J/hour) \"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# answer is incorrect in textbook"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "3.4e+10 = energy_loss_per_hour(J/hour) \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 5
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Materials_Science/screenshots/chp3.png b/Materials_Science/screenshots/chp3.png Binary files differnew file mode 100755 index 00000000..45282e89 --- /dev/null +++ b/Materials_Science/screenshots/chp3.png diff --git a/Materials_Science/screenshots/chp3_1.png b/Materials_Science/screenshots/chp3_1.png Binary files differnew file mode 100755 index 00000000..45282e89 --- /dev/null +++ b/Materials_Science/screenshots/chp3_1.png diff --git a/Materials_Science/screenshots/chp5.png b/Materials_Science/screenshots/chp5.png Binary files differnew file mode 100755 index 00000000..3ab2bb3f --- /dev/null +++ b/Materials_Science/screenshots/chp5.png diff --git a/Materials_Science/screenshots/chp5_1.png b/Materials_Science/screenshots/chp5_1.png Binary files differnew file mode 100755 index 00000000..a0dd86b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/Materials_Science/screenshots/chp5_1.png diff --git a/Materials_Science/screenshots/chp9.png b/Materials_Science/screenshots/chp9.png Binary files differnew file mode 100755 index 00000000..80dbbe99 --- /dev/null +++ b/Materials_Science/screenshots/chp9.png diff --git a/Materials_Science/screenshots/chp9_1.png b/Materials_Science/screenshots/chp9_1.png Binary files differnew file mode 100755 index 00000000..80dbbe99 --- /dev/null +++ b/Materials_Science/screenshots/chp9_1.png |
