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diff --git a/Industrial_Instrumentation/ch3.ipynb b/Industrial_Instrumentation/ch3.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8e397388 --- /dev/null +++ b/Industrial_Instrumentation/ch3.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,1515 @@ +{ + "metadata": { + "name": "" + }, + "nbformat": 3, + "nbformat_minor": 0, + "worksheets": [ + { + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Chapter 3 : Properties of Pure Substances" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 3, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.1 page no : 76" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "'''\n", + "Calculate the dryness fraction (quality) of steam \n", + "'''\n", + "\n", + "# Variables\n", + "m_s = 50. \t\t\t#kg\n", + "m_w = 1.5; \t\t\t#kg\n", + "\n", + "# Calculations\n", + "x = m_s/(m_s+m_w);\n", + "\n", + "# Results\n", + "print (\"dryness fraction = %.3f\")%(x)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "dryness fraction = 0.971\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 1 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 3, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.2 page no : 76" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "'''\n", + "Calculate :\n", + "(i) Mass and volume of liquid ;\n", + "(ii) Mass and volume of vapour.\n", + "'''\n", + "\n", + "# Variables\n", + "V = 0.6; \t\t\t#m**3\n", + "m = 3.0; \t\t\t#kg\n", + "p = 5.; \t\t\t#bar\n", + "v = V/m;\n", + "\n", + "# At 5 bar: From steam tables\n", + "v_g = 0.375; \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "v_f = 0.00109; \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "\n", + "# Calculations\n", + "v_fg = v_g - v_f;\n", + "x = 1-((v_g - v)/v_fg);\n", + "\n", + "# Results\n", + "print (\"(i) Mass and volume of liquid\")\n", + "m_liq = m*(1-x);\n", + "print (\"mass of liquid = %.3f\")%(m_liq),(\"kg\")\n", + "V_liq = m_liq*v_f;\n", + "print (\"volume of liquid = %.3f\")%(V_liq),(\"m**3\")\n", + "\n", + "print (\"(ii) Mass and volume of vapour\")\n", + "m_vap = m*x;\n", + "print (\"mass of vapour = %.3f\")%(m_vap),(\"kg\")\n", + "V_vap = m_vap*v_g;\n", + "print (\"volume of vapour = %.3f\")%(V_vap),(\"m**3\")\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "(i) Mass and volume of liquid\n", + "mass of liquid = 1.404 kg\n", + "volume of liquid = 0.002 m**3\n", + "(ii) Mass and volume of vapour\n", + "mass of vapour = 1.596 kg\n", + "volume of vapour = 0.598 m**3\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 2 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 3, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.3 page no : 76" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "'''\n", + "Find the following :\n", + "(i) The pressure,\n", + "(ii) The mass,\n", + "(iii) The specific volume,\n", + "(v) The specific entropy, and\n", + "(iv) The specific enthalpy,\n", + "(vi) The specific internal energy.\n", + "'''\n", + "\n", + "# Variables\n", + "V = 0.05; \t\t\t#m**3\n", + "m_f = 10.; \t\t\t#kg\n", + "# From steam tables corresponding to 245 0C\n", + "p_sat = 36.5; \t\t\t#bar\n", + "v_f = 0.001239; \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "v_g = 0.0546; \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "h_f = 1061.4; \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "h_fg = 1740.2; \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "s_f = 2.7474; \t\t\t#kJ/kg.K\n", + "s_fg = 3.3585; \t\t\t#kJ/kg.K\n", + "\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "print (\"(i) The pressure = \"),(p_sat),(\"bar\")\n", + "\n", + "print (\"(ii) The mass\")\n", + "V_f = m_f*v_f;\n", + "V_g = V - V_f;\n", + "m_g = V_g/v_g;\n", + "m = m_f+m_g;\n", + "print (\"The total mass of mixture = %.3f\")%(m),(\"kg\")\n", + "\n", + "print (\"(iii) The specific volume\")\n", + "v_fg = v_g-v_f;\n", + "x = m_g/(m_g+ m_f);\n", + "v = v_f+x*v_fg;\n", + "print (\"specific volume = %.3f\")%(v),(\"m**3/kg\")\n", + "\n", + "print (\"(iv)The specific enthalpy\")\n", + "h = h_f+x*h_fg;\n", + "print (\"specific enthalpy = %.3f\")%(h),(\"kJ/kg\")\n", + "\n", + "print (\"(v)The specific entropy\")\n", + "s = s_f+x*s_fg;\n", + "print (\"specific entropy = %.3f\")%(s),(\"kJ/kg.K\")\n", + "\n", + "print (\"(vi)The specific internal enegy\")\n", + "u = h-(p_sat*v*10**2); \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "print (\"specific internal energy = %.3f\")%(u),(\"kJ/kg\")\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "(i) The pressure = 36.5 bar\n", + "(ii) The mass\n", + "The total mass of mixture = 10.689 kg\n", + "(iii) The specific volume\n", + "specific volume = 0.005 m**3/kg\n", + "(iv)The specific enthalpy\n", + "specific enthalpy = 1173.545 kJ/kg\n", + "(v)The specific entropy\n", + "specific entropy = 2.964 kJ/kg.K\n", + "(vi)The specific internal enegy\n", + "specific internal energy = 1156.471 kJ/kg\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 4 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 3, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.4 page no : 77" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "'''\n", + "Determine the amount of heat\n", + "'''\n", + "\n", + "# Variables\n", + "m_w = 2.; \t\t\t#kg\n", + "t_w = 25.; \t\t\t#0C\n", + "p = 5.; \t\t\t#bar\n", + "x = 0.9;\n", + "c_pw = 4.18;\n", + "# at 5 bar; from steam tables\n", + "h_f = 640.1; \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "h_fg = 2107.4; \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "h = h_f+x*h_fg;\n", + "\n", + "Qw = c_pw*(t_w-0);\n", + "print (\"Sensible heat associated with 1kg of water, Qw = %.3f\")%(Qw),(\"kJ\")\n", + "\n", + "Q = h-Qw;\n", + "print (\"Net quantity of heat to be supplies per kg of water, Q = %.3f\")%(Q),(\"kJ\")\n", + "\n", + "Q_total = m_w*Q;\n", + "print (\"Total amount of heat supplied, Q_total = \"),(Q_total),(\"kJ\")\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Sensible heat associated with 1kg of water, Qw = 104.500 kJ\n", + "Net quantity of heat to be supplies per kg of water, Q = 2432.260 kJ\n", + "Total amount of heat supplied, Q_total = 4864.52 kJ\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 5 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 3, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.5 page no : 78" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "'''\n", + "What amount of heat would be required to produce 4.4 kg of steam \n", + "'''\n", + "\n", + "# Variables\n", + "m = 4.4; \t\t\t#kg\n", + "p = 6.; \t\t\t#bar\n", + "t_sup = 250.; \t\t\t#0C\n", + "t_w = 30.; \t\t\t#0C\n", + "c_ps = 2.2; \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "c_pw = 4.18;\n", + "# At 6 bar, 250 0C; From steam tables\n", + "t_s = 158.8; \t\t\t#0C\n", + "h_f = 670.4; \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "h_fg = 2085; \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "h_sup = h_f+h_fg+ c_ps*(t_sup-t_s);\n", + "\n", + "Qw = c_pw*(t_w-0);\n", + "print (\"Amount of heat added per kg of water, Qw = \"),(Qw)\n", + "\n", + "Q = h_sup-Qw;\n", + "print (\"Net amount of heat required to be supplied per kg, Q = \"),(Q)\n", + "\n", + "Q_total = m*Q;\n", + "print (\"Total amount of heat required, Q_total = \"),(Q_total),(\"kJ\")\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Amount of heat added per kg of water, Qw = 125.4\n", + "Net amount of heat required to be supplied per kg, Q = 2830.64\n", + "Total amount of heat required, Q_total = 12454.816 kJ\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 6 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 3, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.6 page no : 78" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "'''\n", + "Determine the mass of 0.15 m 3 of wet steam and calculate the heat of 1 m 3 of steam.\n", + "'''\n", + "# Variables\n", + "v = 0.15; \t\t\t#m**3\n", + "p = 4.; \t\t\t#bar\n", + "x = 0.8;\n", + "# At 4 bar: From steam tables\n", + "v_g = 0.462; \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "h_f = 604.7; \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "h_fg = 2133.; \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "density = 1/x/v_g;\n", + "\n", + "m = v*density;\n", + "print (\"mass of 0.15 m**3 steam, m = %.3f\")%(m),(\"kg\")\n", + "\n", + "Q = density*(h_f+x*h_fg);\n", + "print (\"Total heat of 1 m3 of steam which has a mass of 2.7056 kg, Q = %.3f\")%(Q),(\"kJ\")\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "mass of 0.15 m**3 steam, m = 0.406 kg\n", + "Total heat of 1 m3 of steam which has a mass of 2.7056 kg, Q = 6252.976 kJ\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 7 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 3, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.7 page no : 78" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "'''\n", + "determine\n", + "(i) The total heat supplied to feed water per hour to produce wet steam.\n", + "(ii) The total heat absorbed per hour in the superheater.\n", + "'''\n", + "\n", + "# Variables\n", + "m = 1000.; \t\t\t#kJ/kg.K\n", + "p = 16.; \t\t\t#bar\n", + "x = 0.9;\n", + "T_sup = 653.; \t\t\t#K\n", + "T_w = 30.; \t\t\t#0C\n", + "c_ps = 2.2; \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "c_pw = 4.18;\n", + "# At 16 bar:From steam tables\n", + "T_s = 474.4; \t\t\t#K\n", + "h_f = 858.6; \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "h_fg = 1933.2; \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "H = m*((h_f+x*h_fg)-c_pw*(T_w-0));\n", + "print (\"(i) Heat supplied to feed water per hour to produce wet steam is given by\"),(H),(\"kJ\")\n", + "\n", + "Q = m*((1-x)*h_fg+c_ps*(T_sup-T_s));\n", + "print (\"(ii) Heat absorbed by superheater per hour, Q = \"),(Q),(\"kJ\")\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "(i) Heat supplied to feed water per hour to produce wet steam is given by 2473080.0 kJ\n", + "(ii) Heat absorbed by superheater per hour, Q = 586240.0 kJ\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 8 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 3, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.8 page no : 79" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "'''\n", + "determine the mean specific heat for superheated steam :\n", + "(i) at 0.75 bar, between 100\u00b0C and 150\u00b0C ;\n", + "(ii) at 0.5 bar, between 300\u00b0C and 400\u00b0C\n", + "'''\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "print (\"(i) at 0.75 bar, between 100\u00b0C and 150\u00b0C\")\n", + "\n", + "# Variables\n", + "# At 100 \u00b0C\n", + "T1 = 100.; \t\t\t#\u00b0C\n", + "h_sup1 = 2679.4; \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "# At 150 \u00b0C\n", + "T2 = 150.; \t\t\t#\u00b0C\n", + "h_sup2 = 2778.2; \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "c_ps = (h_sup2-h_sup1)/(T2-T1);\n", + "print (\"mean specific heat = \"),(c_ps)\n", + "\n", + "print (\"(ii) at 0.5 bar, between 300\u00b0C and 400\u00b0C\")\n", + "T1 = 300; \t\t\t#\u00b0C\n", + "h_sup1 = 3075.5; \t#kJ/kg\n", + "T2 = 400; \t\t\t#\u00b0C\n", + "h_sup2 = 3278.9; \t#kJ/kg\n", + "\n", + "c_ps = (h_sup2-h_sup1)/(T2-T1);\n", + "print (\"mean specific heat c_ps = \"),(c_ps)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "(i) at 0.75 bar, between 100\u00b0C and 150\u00b0C\n", + "mean specific heat = 1.976\n", + "(ii) at 0.5 bar, between 300\u00b0C and 400\u00b0C\n", + "mean specific heat c_ps = 2.034\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 9 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 3, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.9 page no : 79" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "'''\n", + "Determine the pressure and temperature of the steam at the new state.\n", + "'''\n", + "# Variables\n", + "m = 1.5; \t\t\t#kg\n", + "p = 5.; \t\t\t#bar\n", + "x1 = 1.;\n", + "x2 = 0.6;\n", + "p1 = 5.*10**5; \t\t\t#N/m\n", + "# At 5 bar: From steam tables\n", + "t_s = 151.8; \t\t\t#0C\n", + "h_f = 640.1; \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "h_fg = 2107.4; \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "v_g = 0.375; \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "v_g1 = 0.375*10**(-3);\n", + "\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "h1 = h_f+h_fg;\n", + "V = m*v_g;\n", + "u1 = h1-p1*v_g1;\n", + "v_g2 = V/m/x2; \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "\n", + "# From steam table corresponding to 0.625 m**3/kg\n", + "p2 = 2.9; \t\t\t#bar\n", + "print (\"Pressure at new state = \"),(p2),(\"bar\")\n", + "\n", + "t_s = 132.4; \t\t\t#0C\n", + "print (\"Temperature at new state = \"),(t_s),(\"\u00b0C\")\n", + "h_f2 = 556.5; \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "h_fg2 = 2166.6; \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "u2 = (h_f2+x2*h_fg2)-p2*x2*v_g2*10**2;\n", + "\n", + "Q = u2-u1; \t\t\t#heat transferred at consmath.tant volume per kg\n", + "\n", + "Q_total = m*Q;\n", + "print (\"Total heat transfered,Q_total = \"),(Q_total),(\"kJ\")\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Pressure at new state = 2.9 bar\n", + "Temperature at new state = 132.4 \u00b0C\n", + "Total heat transfered,Q_total = -1218.435 kJ\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 10 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 3, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.10 page no : 80" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "'''\n", + "determine :\n", + "(i) The mass of steam blown off ;\n", + "(ii) The dryness fraction of steam in the vessel after cooling ;\n", + "(iii) The heat lost by steam per kg during cooling.\n", + "'''\n", + "\n", + "# Variables\n", + "V = 0.9; \t\t\t#m**3\n", + "p1 = 8.; \t\t\t#bar\n", + "x1 = 0.9;\n", + "p2 = 4.; \t\t\t#bar\n", + "p3 = 3.; \t\t\t#bar\n", + "v_g1 = 0.24; \t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "\n", + "print (\"(i) The mass of steam blown off :\")\n", + "m1 = V/x1/v_g1;\n", + "h_f1 = 720.9; \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "h_fg1 = 2046.5; \t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "h_f2 = 604.7; \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "h_fg2 = 2133; \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "v_g2 = 0.462; \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "h1 = h_f1+x1*h_fg1; \t\t\t#The enthalpy of steam before blowing off\n", + "h2 = h1;\n", + "x2 = (h1-h_f2)/h_fg2;\n", + "m2 = x1/(x2*v_g2);\n", + "\n", + "m = m1-m2;\n", + "print (\"Mass of steam blown off = %.3f\")%(m),(\"kg\")\n", + "\n", + "print (\"(ii) Dryness fraction of steam in the vessel after cooling\")\n", + "v_g3 = 0.606; \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "x3 = x2*v_g2/v_g3;\n", + "print (\"dryness fraction = %.4f\")%(x3)\n", + "x3 = 0.699\n", + "\n", + "print (\"(iii) Heat lost during cooling\")\n", + "h_f3 = 561.4; \t\t\t #kJ/kg\n", + "h_fg3 = 2163.2; \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "h3 = h_f3+x3*h_fg3;\n", + "u2 = h2-p2*x2*v_g2*10**2; \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "u3 = h3-p3*x3*v_g3*10**2; \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "Q = m*(u3-u2);\n", + "print (\"Heat lost during cooling = %.3f\")%(-Q),(\"kJ\")\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "(i) The mass of steam blown off :\n", + "Mass of steam blown off = 2.045 kg\n", + "(ii) Dryness fraction of steam in the vessel after cooling\n", + "dryness fraction = 0.6998\n", + "(iii) Heat lost during cooling\n", + "Heat lost during cooling = 913.322 kJ\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 6 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 3, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.11 page no : 82" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "'''\n", + "Calculate :\n", + "(i) External work done during evaporation.\n", + "(ii) Internal latent heat of steam.\n", + "'''\n", + "\n", + "# Variables\n", + "p = 8*10**5; \t\t\t#Pa\n", + "x = 0.8; \n", + "v_g = 0.240; \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "h_fg = 2046.5; \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "print (\"(i) External work done during evaporation\")\n", + "W = p*x*v_g/10**3; \t\t\t#kJ\n", + "print (\"W = \"),(W),(\"kJ\")\n", + "\n", + "print (\"(ii) Internal latent heat\")\n", + "Q = x*h_fg-W;\n", + "print (\"Q = \"),(Q),(\"kJ\")\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "(i) External work done during evaporation\n", + "W = 153.6 kJ\n", + "(ii) Internal latent heat\n", + "Q = 1483.6 kJ\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 12 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 3, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.12 page no : 82" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "'''\n", + "Determine the heat supplied to raise the temperature of the steam to 300\u00b0C at constant pressure and\n", + "percentage of this heat which appears as external work.\n", + "'''\n", + "\n", + "p1 = 10; \t\t\t#bar\n", + "import math \n", + "p2 = 10; \t\t\t#bar\n", + "x1 = 0.85;\n", + "V1 = 0.15; \t\t\t#m**3\n", + "t_sup2 = 300; \t\t\t#0C\n", + "t_sup1 = 179.9; \t\t\t#0C\n", + "c_ps = 2.2; \t\t\t#kJ/kg.K\n", + "v_g1 = 0.194; \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "m = V1/(x1*v_g1);\n", + "h_fg1 = 2013.6; \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "Q = (1-x1)*h_fg1+c_ps*(t_sup2-t_sup1);\n", + "Q_total = m*Q;\n", + "\n", + "print (\"Total heat supplied = %.3f\")%(Q_total),(\"kJ\")\n", + "\n", + "v_sup2 = v_g1*(t_sup2+273)/(t_sup1+273)\n", + "W = p1*(v_sup2 - (x1*v_g1))*10**2;\n", + "Percentage = W/Q*100;\n", + "\n", + "print (\"Percentage of total heat supplied = %.3f\")%(Percentage),(\"%\")\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Total heat supplied = 515.094 kJ\n", + "Percentage of total heat supplied = 14.224 %\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 13 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 3, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.13 page no : 83" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "'''\n", + "Find the specific volume, enthalpy and internal energy of wet steam \n", + "'''\n", + "\n", + "# Variables\n", + "p = 18.; \t\t\t#bar\n", + "x = 0.85;\n", + "h_f = 884.6; \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "h_fg = 1910.3; \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "v_g = 0.110; \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "u_f = 883.; \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "u_g = 2598.; \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "v = x*v_g;\n", + "print (\"Specific volume of wet steam = \"),(v),(\"m**3/kg\")\n", + "\n", + "h = h_f+x*h_fg;\n", + "print (\"Specific enthalpy of wet steam = \"),(h),(\"kJ/kg\")\n", + "u = (1-x)*u_f+ x*u_g;\n", + "print (\"Specific internal energy of wet steam = \"),(u),(\"kJ/kg\")\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Specific volume of wet steam = 0.0935 m**3/kg\n", + "Specific enthalpy of wet steam = 2508.355 kJ/kg\n", + "Specific internal energy of wet steam = 2340.75 kJ/kg\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 14 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 3, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.14 page no : 83" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "'''\n", + "Find the dryness fraction, specific volume and internal energy of steam \n", + "'''\n", + "\n", + "# Variables\n", + "p = 7.; \t\t\t#bar\n", + "h = 2550.; \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "h_f = 697.1; \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "h_fg = 2064.9; \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "v_g = 0.273; \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "u_f = 696.; \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "u_g = 2573.; \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "x = (h-h_f)/h_fg;\n", + "print (\"(i) Dryness fraction = %.3f\")%(x)\n", + "\n", + "v = x*v_g;\n", + "print (\"(ii) Specific volume of wet steam = %.3f\")%(v),(\"m**3/kg\")\n", + "\n", + "u = (1-x)*u_f+ x*u_g;\n", + "print (\"(iii) Specific internal energy of wet steam = %.3f\")%(u),(\"kJ/kg\")\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "(i) Dryness fraction = 0.897\n", + "(ii) Specific volume of wet steam = 0.245 m**3/kg\n", + "(iii) Specific internal energy of wet steam = 2380.291 kJ/kg\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 15 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 3, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.15 page no : 84" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "'''\n", + "find the temperature, enthalpy and the internal energy.\n", + "'''\n", + "\n", + "# Variables\n", + "p = 120.; \t\t\t#bar\n", + "v = 0.01721; \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "\n", + "T = 350.; \t\t\t#\u00b0C\n", + "print (\"Temperature = \"), (T),(\"\u00b0C\")\n", + "\n", + "h = 2847.7; \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "print (\"specific enthalpy = \"), (h),(\"kJ/kg\")\n", + "\n", + "u = h-p*v*10**2; \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "print (\"Internal energy = \"), (u),(\"kJ/kg\")\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Temperature = 350.0 \u00b0C\n", + "specific enthalpy = 2847.7 kJ/kg\n", + "Internal energy = 2641.18 kJ/kg\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 16 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 3, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.16 page no : 84" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "'''\n", + "find the temperature,the specific volume and the internal energy.\n", + "'''\n", + "\n", + "# Variables\n", + "p = 140.; \t\t\t#bar\n", + "h = 3001.9; \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "T = 400; \t\t\t#0C\n", + "\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "print (\"Temperature = \"),(T), (\"\u00b0C\")\n", + "\n", + "v = 0.01722; \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "print (\"The specific volume %.3f\")%(v), (\"m**3/kg\")\n", + "\n", + "u = h-p*v*10**2;\n", + "print (\"specific internal energy = \"),(u),(\"kJ/kg\")\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Temperature = 400 \u00b0C\n", + "The specific volume 0.017 m**3/kg\n", + "specific internal energy = 2760.82 kJ/kg\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 18 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 3, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.17 page no : 85" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "'''\n", + "Calculate the internal energy per kg of superheated steam \n", + "'''\n", + "\n", + "# At 10 bar: From steam table for superheated steam\n", + "\n", + "# Variables\n", + "h_sup = 3051.2; \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "T_sup = 573; \t\t\t#K\n", + "T_s = 452.9; \t\t\t#K\n", + "v_g = 0.194; \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "v_sup = v_g*T_sup/T_s;\n", + "p = 10.; \t\t\t#bar\n", + "\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "u1 = h_sup-p*v_sup*10**2; \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "print (\"Internal energy of superheated steam at 10 bar = %.3f\")%(u1), (\"kJ/kg\")\n", + "\n", + "# At 1.4 bar: From steam tables\n", + "p = 1.4; \t\t\t#bar\n", + "h_f = 458.4; \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "h_fg = 2231.9; \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "v_g = 1.236; \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "x = 0.8;\n", + "h = h_f+x*h_fg;\n", + "u2 = h-p*x*v_g*10**2; \t\t\t#kJ\n", + "du = u2-u1;\n", + "print (\"Change in internal energy = %.3f\")%(du),(\"kJ\")\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Internal energy of superheated steam at 10 bar = 2805.755 kJ/kg\n", + "Change in internal energy = -700.267 kJ\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 19 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 3, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.18 page no : 85" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "'''\n", + "Find the internal energy of 1 kg of steam at 20 bar when\n", + "(i) it is superheated, its temperature being 400\u00b0C ;\n", + "(ii) it is wet, its dryness being 0.9.\n", + "'''\n", + "\n", + "# Variables\n", + "m = 1.; \t\t\t#kg\n", + "p = 20.; \t\t\t#bar\n", + "T_sup = 400.; \t\t\t#0C\n", + "x = 0.9;\n", + "c_ps = 2.3; \t\t\t#kJ/kg.K\n", + "\n", + "print (\"(i) Internal energy of 1 kg of superheated steam\")\n", + "# At 20 bar: From steam tables\n", + "T_s = 212.4; \t\t\t#0C\n", + "h_f = 908.6; \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "h_fg = 1888.6; \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "v_g = 0.0995; \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "h_sup = h_f+h_fg+c_ps*(T_sup-T_s);\n", + "v_sup = v_g*(T_sup+273)/(T_s+273);\n", + "u = h_sup-p*v_sup*10**2;\n", + "print (\"Internal energy = %.3f\")%(u),(\"kJ/kg\")\n", + "\n", + "print (\"(ii) Internal energy of 1 kg of wet steam\")\n", + "h = h_f+x*h_fg;\n", + "u = h-p*x*v_g*10**2;\n", + "print (\"Internal energy = %.3f\")%(u),(\"kJ/kg\")\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "(i) Internal energy of 1 kg of superheated steam\n", + "Internal energy = 2952.769 kJ/kg\n", + "(ii) Internal energy of 1 kg of wet steam\n", + "Internal energy = 2429.240 kJ/kg\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 20 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 3, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.19 page no : 86" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "'''\n", + "Determine the quality of steam supplied by the other boiler. Take c ps = 2.25 kJ/kg.\n", + "'''\n", + "# Variables\n", + "h_g1 = 2797.2; \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "c_ps = 2.25;\n", + "T_sup = 350.; \t\t\t#0C\n", + "T_s = 212.4; \t\t\t#0C\n", + "\n", + "# Calculations\n", + "h1 = h_g1+c_ps*(T_sup-T_s);\n", + "h_f2 = 908.6; \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "h_fg2 = 1888.6; \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "\n", + "# Main:20 bar, 250 0C\n", + "T_sup = 250.; \t\t\t#0C\n", + "Q = 2*(h_g1+c_ps*(T_sup-T_s));\n", + "x2 = (Q-h1-h_f2)/h_fg2;\n", + "\n", + "# Results\n", + "print (\"Quality of steam %.3f\")%(x2)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Quality of steam 0.926\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 21 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 3, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.20 page no : 87" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "'''\n", + "Determine the entropy of 1 kg of wet steam \n", + "'''\n", + "\n", + "import math\n", + "\n", + "# Variables\n", + "m = 1.; \t\t\t#kg\n", + "p = 6.; \t\t\t#bar\n", + "x = 0.8;\n", + "T_s = 473.; \t\t\t#K\n", + "h_fg = 2085.; \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "c_pw = 4.18;\n", + "\n", + "# Calculations\n", + "s_wet = c_pw*math.log(T_s/273)+x*h_fg/T_s;\n", + "\n", + "# Results\n", + "print (\"Entropy of wet steam = %.3f\")%(s_wet),(\"kJ/kg.K\")\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Entropy of wet steam = 5.824 kJ/kg.K\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 22 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 3, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.21 page no : 87" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "'''\n", + "Find :\n", + "(i) Drop in enthalpy ;\n", + "(ii) Change in entropy.\n", + "'''\n", + "\n", + "# Variables\n", + "p1 = 10.; \t\t\t#bar\n", + "t_sup = 400.; \t\t#0C\n", + "p2 = 0.2; \t\t\t#bar\n", + "x2 = 0.9;\n", + "h_sup = 3263.9; \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "s_sup = 7.465; \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "h1 = 3263.9; \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "s1 = s_sup;\n", + "h_f2 = 251.5; \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "h_fg2 = 2358.4; \t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "s_f2 = 0.8321; \t\t\t#kJ/kg.K\n", + "s_g2 = 7.9094; \t\t\t#kJ/kg.K\n", + "\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "s_fg2 = s_g2-s_f2;\n", + "h2 = h_f2+x2*h_fg2;\n", + "s2 = s_f2+x2*s_fg2;\n", + "\n", + "print (\"(i) Drop in enthalpy\")\n", + "dh = h1-h2;\n", + "print (\"Drop in enthalpy = %.3f\")%(dh),(\"kJ/kg\")\n", + "\n", + "print (\"(ii) Change in entropy\")\n", + "ds = s1-s2;\n", + "print (\"Change in entropy = %.3f\")%(ds),(\"kJ/kg.K\")\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "(i) Drop in enthalpy\n", + "Drop in enthalpy = 889.840 kJ/kg\n", + "(ii) Change in entropy\n", + "Change in entropy = 0.263 kJ/kg.K\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 23 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 3, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.22 page no : 88" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "'''\n", + "Find the entropy of 1 kg of superheated steam \n", + "'''\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "import math \n", + "\n", + "# Variables\n", + "m = 1.; \t\t \t #kg\n", + "p = 12.; \t\t \t#bar\n", + "T_sup = 523.; \t\t\t#K\n", + "c_ps = 2.1; \t\t\t#kJ/kg.K\n", + "T_s = 461.; \t\t\t#K\n", + "h_fg = 1984.3; \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "c_pw = 4.18;\n", + "\n", + "# Calculations\n", + "s_sup = c_pw*math.log(T_s/273)+h_fg/T_s+c_ps*math.log(T_sup/T_s);\n", + "\n", + "# Results\n", + "print (\"Entropy = %.3f\")%(s_sup),(\"kJ/kg.K\")\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Entropy = 6.759 kJ/kg.K\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 8 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 3, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.23 page no : 88" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "'''\n", + "Determine the amount of work and heat transfer to or from steam\n", + "'''\n", + "# Variables\n", + "m = 3.; \t\t\t#kg\n", + "v1 = 0.75; \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "v2 = 1.2363; \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "x = v1/v2;\n", + "h_f = 458.4; \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "h_fg = 2231.9; \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "h_s = m*(h_f+x*h_fg); \t\t\t#kJ\n", + "v_sup = 1.55; \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "p = 2; \t\t\t#bar\n", + "t_s = 120.2; \t\t\t#0C\n", + "t_sup = 400; \t\t\t#0C\n", + "h = 3276.6; \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "U = 1708.; \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "Degree = t_sup-t_s;\n", + "h_sup = m*h;\n", + "\n", + "Q_added = h_sup - h_s;\n", + "print (\"Heat added = %.3f\")%(Q_added),(\"kJ\")\n", + "\n", + "U_s = m*U;\n", + "U_sup = m*(h-p*v_sup*10**2);\n", + "dU = U_sup - U_s;\n", + "W = Q_added - dU;\n", + "print (\"work done = %.3f\")%(W),(\"kJ\")\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Heat added = 4392.661 kJ\n", + "work done = 616.861 kJ\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 25 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 3, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.24 page no : 91" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "'''\n", + "Calculate the dryness fraction of steam as it enters the tank \n", + "'''\n", + "\n", + "# Variables\n", + "p = 5.; \t\t\t#bar\n", + "m = 50.; \t\t\t#kg\n", + "T1 = 20.; \t\t\t#0C\n", + "m_s = 3.; \t\t\t#kg\n", + "T2 = 40.; \t\t\t#0C\n", + "m_eq = 1.5; \t\t\t#kg\n", + "h_f = 640.1; \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "h_fg = 2107.4; \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "c_pw = 4.18;\n", + "\n", + "# Calculations\n", + "m_w = m+m_eq;\n", + "x = ((m_w*c_pw*(T2-T1))/m_s + c_pw*T2 - h_f)/h_fg;\n", + "\n", + "# Results\n", + "print (\"Dryness fraction of steam %.3f\")%(x)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Dryness fraction of steam 0.457\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 26 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 3, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.25 page no : 91" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "'''\n", + "determine the mass of steam condensed\n", + "'''\n", + "\n", + "# Variables\n", + "p = 1.1; \t\t\t#bar\n", + "x = 0.95;\n", + "c_pw = 4.18;\n", + "m1 = 90.; \t\t\t#kg\n", + "m2 = 5.25; \t\t\t#kg\n", + "T1 = 25.; \t\t\t#0C\n", + "T2 = 40.; \t\t\t#0C\n", + "\n", + "# Calculations\n", + "m = m1+m2;\n", + "h_f = 428.8; \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "h_fg = 2250.8; \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "m_s = (m*c_pw*(T2-T1))/((h_f + x*h_fg) - c_pw*T2)\n", + "\n", + "# Results\n", + "print (\"Mass of steam condensed = %.3f\")%(m_s),(\"kg\")\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Mass of steam condensed = 2.489 kg\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 27 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 3, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.26 page no : 93" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "'''\n", + "Calculate the dryness fraction of the steam \n", + "'''\n", + "\n", + "# Variables\n", + "p1 = 8.; \t\t\t#bar\n", + "p2 = 1.; \t\t\t#bar\n", + "T_sup2 = 115.; \t\t#0C\n", + "T_s2 = 99.6; \t\t#0C\n", + "h_f1 = 720.9; \t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "h_fg1 = 2046.5; \t#kJ/kg\n", + "h_f2 = 417.5; \t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "h_fg2 = 2257.9; \t#kJ/kg\n", + "c_ps = 2.1;\n", + "\n", + "# Calculations\n", + "x1 = (h_f2+h_fg2+c_ps*(T_sup2-T_s2)-h_f1)/h_fg1;\n", + "\n", + "# Results\n", + "print (\"Dryness fraction of the steam in the main = %.3f\")%(x1)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Dryness fraction of the steam in the main = 0.971\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 28 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 3, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.27 page no : 94" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "'''\n", + "Estimate the quality of steam supplied.\n", + "'''\n", + "\n", + "# Variables\n", + "m_w = 2.; \t\t\t#kg\n", + "m_s = 20.5; \t\t#kg\n", + "t_sup = 110.; \t\t#0C\n", + "p1 = 12.; \t\t\t#bar\n", + "p3 = 1.; \t\t\t#bar\n", + "p2 = p1;\n", + "h_f2 = 798.4; \t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "h_fg2 = 1984.3; \t#kJ/kg\n", + "T_s = 99.6; \t\t#0C\n", + "h_f3 = 417.5; \t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "h_fg3 = 2257.9; \t#kJ/kg\n", + "T_sup = 110.; \t\t#0C\n", + "c_ps = 2.; \t\t\t#kJ/kg.K\n", + "\n", + "# Calculations\n", + "x2 = (h_f3+h_fg3 + c_ps*(T_sup-T_s) - h_f2)/h_fg2;\n", + "x1 = x2*m_s/(m_w+m_s);\n", + "\n", + "# Results\n", + "print (\"Quality of steam supplied = %.3f\")%(x1)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Quality of steam supplied = 0.871\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 29 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 3, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.28 page no : 95" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "'''\n", + "Determine the dryness fraction of the sample steam.\n", + "'''\n", + "\n", + "# Variables\n", + "p1 = 15.; \t\t\t#bar\n", + "p2 = p1;\n", + "p3 = 1.; \t\t\t#bar\n", + "t_sup3 = 150.; \t\t#0C\n", + "m_w = 0.5; \t\t\t#kg/min\n", + "m_s = 10.; \t\t\t#kg/min\n", + "h_f2 = 844.7; \t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "h_fg2 = 1945.2; \t#kJ/kg\n", + "h_sup3 = 2776.4; \t#kJ/kg\n", + "\n", + "# Calculations\n", + "x2 = (h_sup3 - h_f2)/h_fg2;\n", + "x1 = x2*m_s/(m_s + m_w);\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "# Results\n", + "print (\"Quality of steam supplied = %.3f\")%(x1)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Quality of steam supplied = 0.946\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 30 + } + ], + "metadata": {} + } + ] +}
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