diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'Engineering_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu')
16 files changed, 5501 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/Engineering_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter10_1.ipynb b/Engineering_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter10_1.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9538ba45 --- /dev/null +++ b/Engineering_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter10_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,112 @@ +{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#10: Lasers "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 10.1, Page number 10.20"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "energy gap is 0.8 eV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "h=6.63*10**-34; #planck's constant\n",
+ "c=3*10**8; #velocity of light(m/s)\n",
+ "lamda=1.55*10**-6; #wavelength(m)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Eg=h*c/(lamda*e); #energy gap(eV)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"energy gap is\",round(Eg,1),\"eV\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 10.2, Page number 10.20"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 5,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "wavelength is 8633.0 angstrom\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "h=6.63*10**-34; #planck's constant\n",
+ "c=3*10**8; #velocity of light(m/s)\n",
+ "Eg=1.44; #energy gap(eV)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "lamda=h*c/(Eg*e); #wavelength(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"wavelength is\",round(lamda*10**10),\"angstrom\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Engineering_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter11_1.ipynb b/Engineering_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter11_1.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d437d117 --- /dev/null +++ b/Engineering_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter11_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,549 @@ +{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#11: Fibre Optics"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 11.1, Page number 11.16"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 21,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "numerical aperture is 0.2965\n",
+ "acceptance angle is 17 degrees 15.0 minutes\n",
+ "critical angle is 78 degrees 26 minutes\n",
+ "fractional refractive indices change is 0.02\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "n1=1.48; #refractive index of core\n",
+ "n2=1.45; #refractive index of cladding\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "NA=math.sqrt((n1**2)-(n2**2)); #numerical aperture\n",
+ "theta0=math.asin(NA); #acceptance angle(radian)\n",
+ "theta0=theta0*180/math.pi; #acceptance angle(degrees)\n",
+ "theta0_m=60*(theta0-int(theta0));\n",
+ "thetac=math.asin(n2/n1); #critical angle(radian)\n",
+ "thetac=thetac*180/math.pi; #critical angle(degrees)\n",
+ "thetac_m=60*(thetac-int(thetac));\n",
+ "delta=(n1-n2)/n1; #fractional refractive indices change\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"numerical aperture is\",round(NA,4)\n",
+ "print \"acceptance angle is\",int(theta0),\"degrees\",round(theta0_m),\"minutes\"\n",
+ "print \"critical angle is\",int(thetac),\"degrees\",int(thetac_m),\"minutes\"\n",
+ "print \"fractional refractive indices change is\",round(delta,2)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 11.2, Page number 11.17"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 23,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "numerical aperture is 0.446\n",
+ "acceptance angle is 26 degrees 29.5 minutes\n",
+ "answer varies due to rounding off errors\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "n1=1.563; #refractive index of core\n",
+ "n2=1.498; #refractive index of cladding\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "NA=math.sqrt((n1**2)-(n2**2)); #numerical aperture\n",
+ "theta0=math.asin(NA); #acceptance angle(radian)\n",
+ "theta0=theta0*180/math.pi; #acceptance angle(degrees)\n",
+ "theta0_m=60*(theta0-int(theta0));\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"numerical aperture is\",round(NA,3)\n",
+ "print \"acceptance angle is\",int(theta0),\"degrees\",round(theta0_m,1),\"minutes\"\n",
+ "print \"answer varies due to rounding off errors\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 11.3, Page number 11.17"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 24,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "fractional refractive indices change is 0.0416\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "n1=1.563; #refractive index of core\n",
+ "n2=1.498; #refractive index of cladding\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "delta=(n1-n2)/n1; #fractional refractive indices change\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"fractional refractive indices change is\",round(delta,4)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 11.4, Page number 11.17"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 25,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "numerical aperture is 0.3905\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "n1=1.55; #refractive index of core\n",
+ "n2=1.50; #refractive index of cladding\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "NA=math.sqrt((n1**2)-(n2**2)); #numerical aperture\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"numerical aperture is\",round(NA,4)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 11.5, Page number 11.18"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 26,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "refractive index of core is 1.546\n",
+ "refractive index of cladding is 1.496\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "NA=0.39; #numerical aperture\n",
+ "n1_n2=0.05; #difference in refractive indices\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "x=NA**2/n1_n2;\n",
+ "n2=(x-n1_n2)/2; #refractive index of cladding\n",
+ "n1=n2+n1_n2; #refractive index of core\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"refractive index of core is\",n1\n",
+ "print \"refractive index of cladding is\",n2"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 11.6, Page number 11.18"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 27,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "numerical aperture is 0.3905\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "n1=1.55; #refractive index of core\n",
+ "n2=1.50; #refractive index of cladding\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "NA=math.sqrt((n1**2)-(n2**2)); #numerical aperture\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"numerical aperture is\",round(NA,4)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 11.7, Page number 11.18"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 28,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "numerical aperture is 0.2965\n",
+ "acceptance angle is 17 degrees 15.0 minutes\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "n1=1.48; #refractive index of core\n",
+ "n2=1.45; #refractive index of cladding\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "NA=math.sqrt((n1**2)-(n2**2)); #numerical aperture\n",
+ "theta0=math.asin(NA); #acceptance angle(radian)\n",
+ "theta0=theta0*180/math.pi; #acceptance angle(degrees)\n",
+ "theta0_m=60*(theta0-int(theta0));\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"numerical aperture is\",round(NA,4)\n",
+ "print \"acceptance angle is\",int(theta0),\"degrees\",round(theta0_m),\"minutes\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 11.8, Page number 11.19"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 29,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "refractive index of core is 1.6583\n",
+ "refractive index of cladding is 1.625\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "NA=0.33; #numerical aperture\n",
+ "delta=0.02; #fractional refractive indices change\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "x=1-delta\n",
+ "y=math.sqrt(1-x**2);\n",
+ "n1=NA/y; #refractive index of core\n",
+ "n2=n1*x; #refractive index of cladding\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"refractive index of core is\",round(n1,4)\n",
+ "print \"refractive index of cladding is\",round(n2,3)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 11.9, Page number 11.19"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 31,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "acceptance angle is 8 degrees 38 minutes 55.4 seconds\n",
+ "answer varies due to rounding off errors\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "NA=0.20; #numerical aperture\n",
+ "n2=1.59; #refractive index of cladding\n",
+ "n0=1.33; #refractive index of water\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "n1=math.sqrt(NA**2+n2**2); #refractive index of core\n",
+ "theta0=math.asin(NA/n0); #acceptance angle(radian)\n",
+ "theta0=theta0*180/math.pi; #acceptance angle(degrees)\n",
+ "theta0_m=60*(theta0-int(theta0));\n",
+ "theta0_s=60*(theta0_m-int(theta0_m));\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"acceptance angle is\",int(theta0),\"degrees\",int(theta0_m),\"minutes\",round(theta0_s,1),\"seconds\"\n",
+ "print \"answer varies due to rounding off errors\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 11.10, Page number 11.20"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 32,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "fractional refractive indices change is 6.8966 *10**-3\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "n1=1.45; #refractive index of core\n",
+ "n2=1.44; #refractive index of cladding\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "delta=(n1-n2)/n1; #fractional refractive indices change\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"fractional refractive indices change is\",round(delta*10**3,4),\"*10**-3\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 11.11, Page number 11.20"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 33,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "refractive index of cladding is 1.44\n",
+ "numerical aperture is 0.42\n",
+ "acceptance angle is 24 degrees 50 minutes\n",
+ "critical angle is 73 degrees 44 minutes\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "n1=1.50; #refractive index of core\n",
+ "delta=4/100; #fractional refractive indices change\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "n2=n1-(n1*delta); #refractive index of cladding\n",
+ "NA=math.sqrt((n1**2)-(n2**2)); #numerical aperture\n",
+ "theta0=math.asin(NA); #acceptance angle(radian)\n",
+ "theta0=theta0*180/math.pi; #acceptance angle(degrees)\n",
+ "theta0_m=60*(theta0-int(theta0));\n",
+ "thetac=math.asin(n2/n1); #critical angle(radian)\n",
+ "thetac=thetac*180/math.pi; #critical angle(degrees)\n",
+ "thetac_m=60*(thetac-int(thetac));\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"refractive index of cladding is\",n2\n",
+ "print \"numerical aperture is\",round(NA,2)\n",
+ "print \"acceptance angle is\",int(theta0),\"degrees\",int(theta0_m),\"minutes\"\n",
+ "print \"critical angle is\",int(thetac),\"degrees\",int(thetac_m),\"minutes\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 11.12, Page number 11.21"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 37,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "numerical aperture is 0.446\n",
+ "acceptance angle is 26 degrees 29.5 minutes\n",
+ "answer varies due to rounding off errors\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "n1=1.563; #refractive index of core\n",
+ "n2=1.498; #refractive index of cladding\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "NA=math.sqrt((n1**2)-(n2**2)); #numerical aperture\n",
+ "theta0=math.asin(NA); #acceptance angle(radian)\n",
+ "theta0=theta0*180/math.pi; #acceptance angle(degrees)\n",
+ "theta0_m=60*(theta0-int(theta0));\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"numerical aperture is\",round(NA,3)\n",
+ "print \"acceptance angle is\",int(theta0),\"degrees\",round(theta0_m,1),\"minutes\"\n",
+ "print \"answer varies due to rounding off errors\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Engineering_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter14_1.ipynb b/Engineering_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter14_1.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..cea37dd0 --- /dev/null +++ b/Engineering_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter14_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,494 @@ +{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#14: Optics"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 14.1, Page number 14.41"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 39,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "ratio of maximum intensity to minimum intensity is 19.727\n",
+ "answer varies due to rounding off errors\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "I1=10; #intensity(w/m**2)\n",
+ "I2=25; #intensity(w/m**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "a1bya2=math.sqrt(I1/I2); \n",
+ "I=((1+a1bya2)**2)/((a1bya2-1)**2); #ratio of maximum intensity to minimum intensity\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"ratio of maximum intensity to minimum intensity is\",round(I,3)\n",
+ "print \"answer varies due to rounding off errors\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 14.2, Page number 14.42"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 40,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "angular position of 10th maximum is 3 degrees 7 minutes 30.887 seconds\n",
+ "answer varies due to rounding off errors\n",
+ "angular position of 1st minimum is 0 degrees 9 minutes 23 seconds\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda=5460*10**-10; #wavelength(m)\n",
+ "d=1*10**-4; #seperation(m)\n",
+ "D=2; #distance(m)\n",
+ "n=10; #position\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Xmax10=n*lamda*D/d;\n",
+ "tan_phi=Xmax10/D; \n",
+ "phi_max10=math.atan(tan_phi);\n",
+ "phi_max10=phi_max10*180/math.pi; #angular position of 10th maximum(degrees)\n",
+ "phim=60*(phi_max10-int(phi_max10));\n",
+ "phis=60*(phim-int(phim));\n",
+ "xmin1=lamda*D/(2*d); \n",
+ "tan_phi1=xmin1/D;\n",
+ "phi_min1=math.atan(tan_phi1);\n",
+ "phi_min1=phi_min1*180/math.pi; #angular position of 1st minimum(degrees)\n",
+ "phi_m=60*(phi_min1-int(phi_min1));\n",
+ "phi_s=60*(phi_m-int(phi_m));\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"angular position of 10th maximum is\",int(phi_max10),\"degrees\",int(phim),\"minutes\",round(phis,3),\"seconds\"\n",
+ "print \"answer varies due to rounding off errors\"\n",
+ "print \"angular position of 1st minimum is\",int(phi_min1),\"degrees\",int(phi_m),\"minutes\",int(phi_s),\"seconds\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 14.3, Page number 14.43"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 41,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "5320.0 angstrom lies in the visible region\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "mew=1.33; #refractive index of soap\n",
+ "t=5000*10**-10; #thickness(m)\n",
+ "n0=0;\n",
+ "n1=1;\n",
+ "n2=2;\n",
+ "n3=3;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "x=4*mew*t;\n",
+ "lamda1=x/((2*n0)+1); #for n=0\n",
+ "lamda2=x/((2*n1)+1); #for n=1\n",
+ "lamda3=x/((2*n2)+1); #for n=2\n",
+ "lamda4=x/((2*n3)+1); #for n=3\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print lamda3*10**10,\"angstrom lies in the visible region\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 14.4, Page number 14.43"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 42,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "wavelength of light is 5880 angstrom\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "D15=0.59*10**-2; #diameter of 15th ring(m)\n",
+ "D5=0.336*10**-2; #diameter of 5th ring(m)\n",
+ "R=1; #radius(m)\n",
+ "m=10;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "lamda=((D15**2)-(D5**2))/(4*m*R); #wavelength of light(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"wavelength of light is\",int(lamda*10**10),\"angstrom\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 14.5, Page number 14.44"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 43,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "radius of curvature is 1.059 m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "D10=0.5*10**-2; #diameter of 10th ring(m)\n",
+ "lamda=5900*10**-10; #wavelength of light(m)\n",
+ "n=10;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "R=D10**2/(4*n*lamda); #radius of curvature(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"radius of curvature is\",round(R,3),\"m\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 14.6, Page number 14.44"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 44,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "least distance of the point is 13 mm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda1=650*10**-9; #wavelength(m)\n",
+ "lamda2=500*10**-9; #wavelength(m)\n",
+ "D=1; #distance(m)\n",
+ "d=0.5*10**-3; #seperation(m)\n",
+ "n=10;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "x=n*lamda1*D/d; #least distance of the point(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"least distance of the point is\",int(x*10**3),\"mm\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 14.7, Page number 14.45"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 45,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "thickness is 2.5 micro m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda=500*10**-9; #wavelength(m)\n",
+ "n=10;\n",
+ "D10=2*10**-3; #diameter(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "r10=D10/2; #radius(m)\n",
+ "R=D10**2/(4*n*lamda);\n",
+ "t=r10**2/(2*R); #thickness(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"thickness is\",t*10**6,\"micro m\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 14.8, Page number 14.45"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 46,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "fringe width is 2.75 mm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "d=0.2*10**-3; #seperation(m)\n",
+ "lamda=550*10**-9; #wavelength(m)\n",
+ "D=1; #diameter(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "beta=lamda*D/d; #fringe width(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"fringe width is\",beta*10**3,\"mm\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 14.9, Page number 14.45"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 47,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "separation between slits is 2 mm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda=500*10**-9; #wavelength(m)\n",
+ "D=2; #diameter(m)\n",
+ "beta=(5/100)*10**-2; #fringe width(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "d=lamda*D/beta; #separation between slits(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"separation between slits is\",int(d*10**3),\"mm\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 14.10, Page number 14.46"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 48,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "ratio of maximum intensity to minimum intensity is 2.0\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "a12=36; #intensity 1\n",
+ "a22=1; #intensity 2\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "a1=math.sqrt(a12);\n",
+ "a2=math.sqrt(a22);\n",
+ "Imin=(a1-a2)**2; #minimum intensity\n",
+ "Imax=(a1+a2)**2; #maximum intensity\n",
+ "r=Imax/Imin;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"ratio of maximum intensity to minimum intensity is\",round(r)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 14.11, Page number 14.46"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 51,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "diameter of 25th ring is 0.8239 cm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "D5=0.3; #diameter of 5th ring(cm)\n",
+ "D15=0.62; #diameter of 15th ring(cm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "D_25=2*(D15**2)-(D5**2);\n",
+ "D25=math.sqrt(D_25); #diameter of 25th ring(cm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"diameter of 25th ring is\",round(D25,4),\"cm\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Engineering_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter1_1.ipynb b/Engineering_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter1_1.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..55b436e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/Engineering_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter1_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,284 @@ +{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#1: Bonding in Solids"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 1.1, Page number 1.11"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "bond energy is -4.6 eV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge of electron(c)\n",
+ "epsilon0=8.85*10**-12; #permittivity(C/Nm)\n",
+ "r0=236*10**-12; #seperation(m)\n",
+ "IE=5.14; #ionisation energy of Na(eV)\n",
+ "Ea=-3.65; #electron affinity(eV)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "V=-e**2/(4*e*math.pi*epsilon0*r0); \n",
+ "BE=IE+Ea+round(V,2); #bond energy(eV)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"bond energy is\",round(BE,1),\"eV\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 1.2, Page number 1.11"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "total cohesive energy per atom is -3.0684 eV\n",
+ "answer varies due to rounding off errors\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "e=1.602*10**-19; #charge of electron(c)\n",
+ "epsilon0=8.85*10**-12; #permittivity(C/Nm)\n",
+ "r0=0.314*10**-9; #seperation(m)\n",
+ "A=1.75; #madelung constant\n",
+ "n=5.77; #repulsive exponent value\n",
+ "IE=4.1; #ionisation energy of K(eV)\n",
+ "Ea=3.6; #electron affinity(eV)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "E=-A*e**2*(1-(1/n))/(4*e*math.pi*epsilon0*r0); #energy(eV)\n",
+ "Ce=E/2; #cohesive energy per atom(eV)\n",
+ "x=IE-Ea; #energy(eV)\n",
+ "CE=Ce+(x/2); #total cohesive energy per atom(eV)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"total cohesive energy per atom is\",round(CE,4),\"eV\"\n",
+ "print \"answer varies due to rounding off errors\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 1.3, Page number 1.12"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 4,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "cohesive energy is -7.965 eV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "e=1.602*10**-19; #charge of electron(c)\n",
+ "epsilon0=8.85*10**-12; #permittivity(C/Nm)\n",
+ "r0=0.281*10**-9; #seperation(m)\n",
+ "alpham=1.748; #madelung constant\n",
+ "n=9; #repulsive exponent value\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "E=-alpham*e**2*(1-(1/n))/(4*e*math.pi*epsilon0*r0); #cohesive energy(eV)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"cohesive energy is\",round(E,3),\"eV\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 1.4, Page number 1.12"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 5,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "potential energy is 5.755 eV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge of electron(c)\n",
+ "epsilon0=8.85*10**-12; #permittivity(C/Nm)\n",
+ "r0=2.5*10**-10; #seperation(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "PE=e**2/(4*e*math.pi*epsilon0*r0); #potential energy(eV)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"potential energy is\",round(PE,3),\"eV\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 1.5, Page number 1.13"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 9,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "cohesive energy is -3.46 eV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "m=1;\n",
+ "n=9; #repulsive exponent value\n",
+ "a=1.748*10**-28; \n",
+ "r0=0.281*10**-9; #seperation(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Ur0=-a*(1-(m/n))/(e*r0**m); #cohesive energy(eV)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"cohesive energy is\",round(Ur0,2),\"eV\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 1.6, Page number 1.13"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 15,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "cohesive energy is -3.59 eV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge of electron(c)\n",
+ "epsilon0=8.85*10**-12; #permittivity(C/Nm)\n",
+ "r0=0.281*10**-9; #seperation(m)\n",
+ "IE=5.14; #ionisation energy of Na(eV)\n",
+ "Ea=-3.61; #electron affinity(eV)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "V=-e**2/(4*e*math.pi*epsilon0*r0); \n",
+ "CE=IE+Ea+round(V,2); #cohesive energy(eV)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"cohesive energy is\",CE,\"eV\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Engineering_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter2_1.ipynb b/Engineering_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter2_1.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..b1f33747 --- /dev/null +++ b/Engineering_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter2_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,271 @@ +{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#2: Crystal Structures"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 2.1, Page number 2.16"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "free volume/unit cell is 0.007675 nm**3\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "r=0.1249; #atomic radius(nm)\n",
+ "n=2; #number of atoms\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "a=4*r/math.sqrt(3); #edge length(m)\n",
+ "V=a**3; #volume(nm**3)\n",
+ "v=4*math.pi*r**3*n/3; #volume of atoms(nm**3)\n",
+ "Fv=V-v; #free volume/unit cell(nm**3)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"free volume/unit cell is\",round(Fv,6),\"nm**3\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 2.2, Page number 2.16"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 7,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "lattice constant is 3.517 angstrom\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "n=2; #number of atoms\n",
+ "M=6.94; #atomic weight(kg)\n",
+ "rho=530; #density(kg/m**3)\n",
+ "Na=6.02*10**26; #avagadro number\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "a3=n*M/(rho*Na);\n",
+ "a=a3**(1/3); #lattice constant(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"lattice constant is\",round(a*10**10,3),\"angstrom\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 2.3, Page number 2.17"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 12,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "lattice constant is 2.87 angstrom\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "n=2; #number of atoms\n",
+ "M=55.85; #atomic weight(kg)\n",
+ "rho=7860; #density(kg/m**3)\n",
+ "Na=6.02*10**26; #avagadro number\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "a3=n*M/(rho*Na);\n",
+ "a=a3**(1/3); #lattice constant(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"lattice constant is\",round(a*10**10,2),\"angstrom\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 2.4, Page number 2.17"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 16,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "#number of atoms per m**3 is 177.3 *10**27\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "a=0.356*10**-9; #lattice constant(m)\n",
+ "n=8; #number of atoms\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "N=n/a**3; #number of atoms per m**3\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"#number of atoms per m**3 is\",round(N/10**27,1),\"*10**27\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 2.5, Page number 2.17"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 18,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "number of atoms per sq. mm is 8.16 *10**12\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "a=3.5; #lattice constant(angstrom)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "A=a**2;\n",
+ "N=10**7*10**7/A; #number of atoms per sq. mm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"number of atoms per sq. mm is\",round(N/10**12,2),\"*10**12\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 2.6, Page number 2.18"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 21,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "density is 5434.5 kg/m**3\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "n=8; #number of atoms\n",
+ "a=5.62*10**-10; #lattice constant(m)\n",
+ "M=72.59; #atomic weight(kg)\n",
+ "Na=6.02*10**26; #avagadro number\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "rho=n*M/(a**3*Na); #density(kg/m**3)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"density is\",round(rho,1),\"kg/m**3\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Engineering_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter3_1.ipynb b/Engineering_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter3_1.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e0db4e17 --- /dev/null +++ b/Engineering_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter3_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,658 @@ +{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#3: Crystal planes, X-ray diffraction and defects in solids"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 3.1, Page number 3.19"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 13,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "glancing angle is 21 degrees\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda=0.071*10**-9; #wavelength(m)\n",
+ "a=0.28*10**-9; #lattice constant(m)\n",
+ "h=1;\n",
+ "k=1;\n",
+ "l=0;\n",
+ "n=2; #order of diffraction\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "d=a/math.sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2);\n",
+ "x=n*lamda/(2*d); \n",
+ "theta=math.asin(x); #angle(radian)\n",
+ "theta=theta*180/math.pi; #glancing angle(degrees)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"glancing angle is\",int(theta),\"degrees\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 3.2, Page number 3.19"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 14,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "wavelength is 0.0842 nm\n",
+ "maximum order of diffraction is 7.0\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "n=1; #order of diffraction\n",
+ "theta1=8+(35/60); #angle(degrees)\n",
+ "d=0.282; #spacing(nm)\n",
+ "theta2=90;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "theta1=theta1*math.pi/180; #angle(radian)\n",
+ "lamda=2*d*math.sin(theta1)/n; #wavelength(nm)\n",
+ "theta2=theta2*math.pi/180; #angle(radian)\n",
+ "nmax=2*d/lamda; #maximum order of diffraction\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"wavelength is\",round(lamda,4),\"nm\"\n",
+ "print \"maximum order of diffraction is\",round(nmax)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 3.3, Page number 3.20"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 15,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "fraction of vacancy sites is 8.466 *10**-7\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "T1=500+273; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "T2=1000+273; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "f=1*10**-10; #fraction\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "x=round(T1/T2,5);\n",
+ "y=round(math.log(f),3);\n",
+ "w=round(x*y,3);\n",
+ "F=math.exp(w); #fraction of vacancy sites\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"fraction of vacancy sites is\",round(F*10**7,3),\"*10**-7\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 3.4, Page number 3.21"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 16,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "ratio is math.sqrt( 6.0 ): math.sqrt( 3.0 ): math.sqrt( 2.0 )\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "a=1; #assume\n",
+ "h1=1;\n",
+ "k1=0;\n",
+ "l1=0;\n",
+ "h2=1;\n",
+ "k2=1;\n",
+ "l2=0;\n",
+ "h3=1;\n",
+ "k3=1;\n",
+ "l3=1;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "d100=a*6/(h1**2+k1**2+l1**2);\n",
+ "d110=a*6/(h2**2+k2**2+l2**2);\n",
+ "d111=a*(6)/(h3**2+k3**2+l3**2);\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"ratio is math.sqrt(\",d100,\"): math.sqrt(\",d110,\"): math.sqrt(\",d111,\")\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 3.5, Page number 3.21"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 17,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "lattice parameter of nickel is 3.522 angstrom\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "n=1; #order of diffraction\n",
+ "theta=38.2; #angle(degrees)\n",
+ "lamda=1.54; #wavelength(angstrom)\n",
+ "h=2;\n",
+ "k=2;\n",
+ "l=0;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "theta=theta*math.pi/180; #angle(radian)\n",
+ "d=n*lamda/(2*math.sin(theta));\n",
+ "a=d*math.sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2); #lattice parameter of nickel(angstrom)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"lattice parameter of nickel is\",round(a,3),\"angstrom\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 3.6, Page number 3.22"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 18,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "order of diffraction is 2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "theta=90; #angle(degrees)\n",
+ "lamda=1.5; #wavelength(angstrom)\n",
+ "d=1.6; #spacing(angstrom)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "theta=theta*math.pi/180; #angle(radian)\n",
+ "n=2*d*math.sin(theta)/lamda; #order of diffraction\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"order of diffraction is\",int(n)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 3.7, Page number 3.22"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 19,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "length of unit cell is 0.287 *10**-9 m\n",
+ "volume of unit cell is 0.02366 *10**-27 m**3\n",
+ "radius of the atom is 0.1243 *10**-9 m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "h=1;\n",
+ "k=1;\n",
+ "l=0;\n",
+ "d=0.203*10**-9; #spacing(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "a=d*math.sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2); #length of unit cell(m)\n",
+ "V=a**3; #volume of unit cell(m**3)\n",
+ "r=math.sqrt(3)*a/4; #radius of the atom(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"length of unit cell is\",round(a*10**9,3),\"*10**-9 m\"\n",
+ "print \"volume of unit cell is\",round(V*10**27,5),\"*10**-27 m**3\"\n",
+ "print \"radius of the atom is\",round(r*10**9,4),\"*10**-9 m\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 3.8, Page number 3.22"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 20,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "order of diffraction is 2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "theta=90; #angle(degrees)\n",
+ "lamda=1.5; #wavelength(angstrom)\n",
+ "d=1.6; #spacing(angstrom)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "theta=theta*math.pi/180; #angle(radian)\n",
+ "n=2*d*math.sin(theta)/lamda; #order of diffraction\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"order of diffraction is\",int(n)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 3.9, Page number 3.23"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 21,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "glancing angle is 20 degrees 42 minutes 17 seconds\n",
+ "answer varies due to rounding off errors\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda=0.065; #wavelength(nm)\n",
+ "a=0.26; #edge length(nm)\n",
+ "h=1;\n",
+ "k=1;\n",
+ "l=0;\n",
+ "n=2;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "d=a/math.sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2); \n",
+ "x=n*lamda/(2*d); \n",
+ "theta=math.asin(x); #glancing angle(radian)\n",
+ "theta=theta*180/math.pi; #glancing angle(degrees)\n",
+ "theta_d=int(theta); \n",
+ "theta_m=(theta-theta_d)*60;\n",
+ "theta_s=(theta_m-int(theta_m))*60;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"glancing angle is\",theta_d,\"degrees\",int(theta_m),\"minutes\",int(theta_s),\"seconds\"\n",
+ "print \"answer varies due to rounding off errors\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 3.10, Page number 3.23"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 22,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "cube edge of unit cell is 4.055 angstrom\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda=1.54; #wavelength(angstrom)\n",
+ "h=1;\n",
+ "k=1;\n",
+ "l=1;\n",
+ "n=1;\n",
+ "theta=19.2; #angle(degrees)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "theta=theta*math.pi/180; #angle(radian)\n",
+ "d=n*lamda/(2*math.sin(theta)); \n",
+ "a=d*math.sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2); #cube edge of unit cell(angstrom)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"cube edge of unit cell is\",round(a,3),\"angstrom\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 3.11, Page number 3.24"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 23,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "lattice parameter of nickel is 3.522 angstrom\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda=1.54; #wavelength(angstrom)\n",
+ "h=2;\n",
+ "k=2;\n",
+ "l=0;\n",
+ "n=1;\n",
+ "theta=38.2; #angle(degrees)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "theta=theta*math.pi/180; #angle(radian)\n",
+ "d=n*lamda/(2*math.sin(theta)); \n",
+ "a=d*math.sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2); #lattice parameter of nickel(angstrom)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"lattice parameter of nickel is\",round(a,3),\"angstrom\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 3.12, Page number 3.24"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 24,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "interplanar spacing for (111) is 0.208 nm\n",
+ "interplanar spacing for (321) is 0.096 nm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "a=0.36; #edge length(nm)\n",
+ "h1=1;\n",
+ "k1=1;\n",
+ "l1=1;\n",
+ "h2=3;\n",
+ "k2=2;\n",
+ "l2=1;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "d1=a/math.sqrt(h1**2+k1**2+l1**2); #interplanar spacing for (111)(nm)\n",
+ "d2=a/math.sqrt(h2**2+k2**2+l2**2); #interplanar spacing for (321)(nm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"interplanar spacing for (111) is\",round(d1,3),\"nm\"\n",
+ "print \"interplanar spacing for (321) is\",round(d2,3),\"nm\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 3.13, Page number 3.25"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 25,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "glancing angle is 16 degrees 27 minutes\n",
+ "answer varies due to rounding off errors\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda=0.675; #wavelength(angstrom)\n",
+ "n=3; #order of diffraction\n",
+ "theta=5+(25/60); #angle(degrees)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "theta=theta*math.pi/180; #angle(radian)\n",
+ "d=lamda/(2*math.sin(theta)); \n",
+ "theta3=math.asin(3*lamda/(2*d)); #glancing angle(radian)\n",
+ "theta3=theta3*180/math.pi; #glancing angle(degrees)\n",
+ "theta_d=int(theta3); \n",
+ "theta_m=(theta3-theta_d)*60;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"glancing angle is\",theta_d,\"degrees\",int(theta_m),\"minutes\"\n",
+ "print \"answer varies due to rounding off errors\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 3.14, Page number 3.25"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 26,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "glancing angle is 22 degrees 56 minutes 31 seconds\n",
+ "answer given in the book is wrong\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda=0.79; #wavelength(angstrom)\n",
+ "n=3; #order of diffraction\n",
+ "d=3.04; #spacing(angstrom)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "x=round(n*lamda/(2*d),4);\n",
+ "theta=math.asin(x); #glancing angle(radian)\n",
+ "theta=theta*180/math.pi; #glancing angle(degrees)\n",
+ "theta_d=int(theta); \n",
+ "theta_m=(theta-theta_d)*60;\n",
+ "theta_s=(theta_m-int(theta_m))*60;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"glancing angle is\",theta_d,\"degrees\",int(theta_m),\"minutes\",int(theta_s),\"seconds\"\n",
+ "print \"answer given in the book is wrong\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Engineering_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter4_1.ipynb b/Engineering_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter4_1.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..aba467a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/Engineering_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter4_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,578 @@ +{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#4: Principles of quantum mechanics"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 4.1, Page number 4.30"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 4,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "wavelength is 0.0275 nm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; \n",
+ "m=9.1*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n",
+ "h=6.63*10**-34; #planck's constant\n",
+ "E=2000; #energy(eV)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "lamda=h/math.sqrt(2*m*E*e); #wavelength(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"wavelength is\",round(lamda*10**9,4),\"nm\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 4.2, Page number 4.30"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 10,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "velocity is 438.6 *10**4 m/s\n",
+ "answer varies due to rounding off errors\n",
+ "kinetic energy is 54.71 eV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; \n",
+ "m=9.1*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n",
+ "h=6.626*10**-34; #planck's constant\n",
+ "lamda=1.66*10**-10; #wavelength(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "v=h/(m*lamda); #velocity(m/s)\n",
+ "E=h**2/(2*m*e*lamda**2); #kinetic energy(eV)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"velocity is\",round(v/10**4,1),\"*10**4 m/s\"\n",
+ "print \"answer varies due to rounding off errors\"\n",
+ "print \"kinetic energy is\",round(E,2),\"eV\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 4.3, Page number 4.31"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 13,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "energy value in ground state is 37.7377 eV\n",
+ "energy value in 1st state is 150.95 eV\n",
+ "energy value in 2nd state is 339.6395 eV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "n=1;\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; \n",
+ "m=9.1*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n",
+ "h=6.63*10**-34; #planck's constant\n",
+ "L=1*10**-10; #width(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "E1=n**2*h**2/(8*m*e*L**2); #energy value in ground state(eV)\n",
+ "E2=4*E1; #energy value in 1st state(eV)\n",
+ "E3=9*E1; #energy value in 2nd state(eV)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"energy value in ground state is\",round(E1,4),\"eV\"\n",
+ "print \"energy value in 1st state is\",round(E2,2),\"eV\"\n",
+ "print \"energy value in 2nd state is\",round(E3,4),\"eV\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 4.4, Page number 4.31"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 18,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "minimum energy is 2.3586 eV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "n=1;\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; \n",
+ "m=9.1*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n",
+ "h=6.63*10**-34; #planck's constant\n",
+ "L=4*10**-10; #width(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "E1=n**2*h**2/(8*m*e*L**2); #energy value in ground state(eV)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"minimum energy is\",round(E1,4),\"eV\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 4.5, Page number 4.32"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 4,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "wavelength is 0.01 nm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "V=15*10**3; #voltage(V)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "lamda=1.227/math.sqrt(V); #wavelength(nm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"wavelength is\",round(lamda,2),\"nm\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 4.6, Page number 4.32"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 8,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "minimum energy is 150.95 eV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "n=1;\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; \n",
+ "m=9.1*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n",
+ "h=6.63*10**-34; #planck's constant\n",
+ "L=0.05*10**-9; #width(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "E1=n**2*h**2/(8*m*e*L**2); #energy value in ground state(eV)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"minimum energy is\",round(E1,2),\"eV\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 4.8, Page number 4.32"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 11,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "minimum energy is 4.2 eV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "n=1;\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; \n",
+ "m=9.1*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n",
+ "h=6.63*10**-34; #planck's constant\n",
+ "L=3*10**-10; #width(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "E1=n**2*h**2/(8*m*e*L**2); #energy value in ground state(eV)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"minimum energy is\",round(E1,1),\"eV\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 4.9, Page number 4.33"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 15,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "de broglie wavelength is 8488 nm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "me=1.676*10**-27; #mass(kg) \n",
+ "mn=9.1*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n",
+ "h=6.63*10**-34; #planck's constant\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "lamda_n=h/math.sqrt(4*mn*me); #de broglie wavelength(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"de broglie wavelength is\",int(lamda_n*10**9),\"nm\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 4.10, Page number 4.33"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 17,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "energy value in 2nd quantum state is 37.738 eV\n",
+ "energy value in 4th quantum state is 150.95 eV\n",
+ "answer varies due to rounding off errors\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "n=1;\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; \n",
+ "m=9.1*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n",
+ "h=6.63*10**-34; #planck's constant\n",
+ "L=2*10**-10; #width(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "E1=n**2*h**2/(8*m*e*L**2); #energy value in ground state(eV)\n",
+ "E2=2**2*E1; #energy value in 2nd quantum state(eV)\n",
+ "E4=4**2*E1; #energy value in 2nd quantum state(eV)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"energy value in 2nd quantum state is\",round(E2,3),\"eV\"\n",
+ "print \"energy value in 4th quantum state is\",round(E4,2),\"eV\"\n",
+ "print \"answer varies due to rounding off errors\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 4.11, Page number 4.34"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 25,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "interplanar spacing is 0.382 angstrom\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; \n",
+ "m=9.1*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n",
+ "h=6.63*10**-34; #planck's constant\n",
+ "V=344; #potemtial(V)\n",
+ "n=1;\n",
+ "theta=60; #angle(degrees)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "theta=theta*math.pi/180; #angle(radian)\n",
+ "d=n*h/(2*math.sin(theta)*math.sqrt(2*m*V*e)); #interplanar spacing(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"interplanar spacing is\",round(d*10**10,3),\"angstrom\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 4.12, Page number 4.34"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 31,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "energy required to pump an electron is 301.57 eV\n",
+ "answer varies due to rounding off errors\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "n=1;\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; \n",
+ "m=9.11*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n",
+ "h=6.63*10**-34; #planck's constant\n",
+ "L=1*10**-10; #width(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "E1=n**2*h**2/(8*m*e*L**2); #energy value in ground state(eV)\n",
+ "E3=3**2*E1; #energy value in 2nd quantum state(eV)\n",
+ "E=E3-E1; #energy required to pump an electron(eV)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"energy required to pump an electron is\",round(E,2),\"eV\"\n",
+ "print \"answer varies due to rounding off errors\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 4.13, Page number 4.34"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 39,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "minimum energy is 9.424 eV\n",
+ "answer varies due to rounding off errors\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "n=1;\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; \n",
+ "m=9.11*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n",
+ "h=6.63*10**-34; #planck's constant\n",
+ "L=2*10**-10; #width(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "E1=n**2*h**2/(8*m*e*L**2); #energy value in ground state(eV)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"minimum energy is\",round(E1,3),\"eV\"\n",
+ "print \"answer varies due to rounding off errors\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 4.14, Page number 4.35"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 43,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "wavelength is 0.31 angstrom\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "V=1600; #voltage(V)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "lamda=1.227/math.sqrt(V); #wavelength(nm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"wavelength is\",round(lamda*10,2),\"angstrom\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Engineering_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter5_1.ipynb b/Engineering_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter5_1.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..f11e05ff --- /dev/null +++ b/Engineering_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter5_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,566 @@ +{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#5: Electron theory of metals"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 5.1, Page number 5.27"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 35,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "temperature is 1260.84 K\n",
+ "answer varies due to rounding off errors\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "fE=1/100; #probability(%)\n",
+ "E_EF=0.5; #fermi energy(eV)\n",
+ "Kb=1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n",
+ "e=6.24*10**18; #conversion faction from J to eV\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "x=E_EF/(Kb*e);\n",
+ "y=math.log(1/fE);\n",
+ "T=x/y; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"temperature is\",round(T,2),\"K\"\n",
+ "print \"answer varies due to rounding off errors\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 5.2, Page number 5.28"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 36,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "total number of free electrons is 8.3954 **10**28 per m**3\n",
+ "answer varies due to rounding off errors\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "Ef=7*1.602*10**-19; #fermi energy(J)\n",
+ "h=6.63*10**-34; #planck's constant\n",
+ "m=9.11*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "x=h**2/(8*m);\n",
+ "y=(3/math.pi)**(2/3);\n",
+ "n23=Ef/(x*y);\n",
+ "n=n23**(3/2); #total number of free electrons(per m**3)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"total number of free electrons is\",round(n/10**28,4),\"**10**28 per m**3\"\n",
+ "print \"answer varies due to rounding off errors\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 5.3, Page number 5.28"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 38,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "relaxation time is 39.742 *10**-15 s\n",
+ "answer varies due to rounding off errors\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "rho=1.54*10**-8; #resistivity of metal(ohm m)\n",
+ "n=5.8*10**28; #number of free electrons(per m**3)\n",
+ "e=1.602*10**-19; #charge(c)\n",
+ "m=9.11*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "tow=m/(n*e**2*rho); #relaxation time(s)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"relaxation time is\",round(tow*10**15,3),\"*10**-15 s\"\n",
+ "print \"answer varies due to rounding off errors\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 5.4, Page number 5.29"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 39,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "relaxation time is 3.82 *10**-14 s\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "rho=1.43*10**-8; #resistivity of metal(ohm m)\n",
+ "n=6.5*10**28; #number of free electrons(per m**3)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(c)\n",
+ "m=9.1*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "tow=m/(n*e**2*rho); #relaxation time(s)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"relaxation time is\",round(tow*10**14,2),\"*10**-14 s\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 5.5, Page number 5.29"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 42,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "number of conduction electrons is 1.8088 *10**29 per m**3\n",
+ "mobility of electrons is 0.00128 m**2/Vs\n",
+ "drift velocity is 2.3 *10**-4 m/s\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "L=5; #length(m)\n",
+ "R=0.06; #resistance(ohm)\n",
+ "I=15; #current(A)\n",
+ "ne=3; #number of electrons\n",
+ "rho=2.7*10**-8; #resistivity(ohm m)\n",
+ "w=26.98; #atomic weight\n",
+ "D=2.7*10**3; #density(kg/m**3)\n",
+ "Na=6.025*10**26; #avagadro number(per k mol)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "n=ne*Na*D/w; #number of conduction electrons(per m**3)\n",
+ "mew=1/(n*e*rho); #mobility of electrons(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "vd=I*R/(L*rho*n*e); #drift velocity(m/s)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"number of conduction electrons is\",round(n/10**29,4),\"*10**29 per m**3\"\n",
+ "print \"mobility of electrons is\",round(mew,5),\"m**2/Vs\"\n",
+ "print \"drift velocity is\",round(vd*10**4,1),\"*10**-4 m/s\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 5.6, Page number 5.30"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 43,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "mobility of electrons is 0.00427 m**2/Vs\n",
+ "answer in the book is wrong\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "ne=1; #number of electrons\n",
+ "rho=1.73*10**-8; #resistivity(ohm m)\n",
+ "w=63.5; #atomic weight\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(c)\n",
+ "D=8.92*10**3; #density(kg/m**3)\n",
+ "Na=6.02*10**26; #avagadro number(per k mol)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "n=ne*Na*D/w;\n",
+ "mew=1/(n*e*rho); #mobility of electrons(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"mobility of electrons is\",round(mew,5),\"m**2/Vs\"\n",
+ "print \"answer in the book is wrong\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 5.7, Page number 5.31"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 44,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "mobility of electrons is 0.00428 m**2/Vs\n",
+ "answer in the book is wrong\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "ne=1; #number of electrons\n",
+ "rho=1.721*10**-8; #resistivity(ohm m)\n",
+ "w=63.54; #atomic weight\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(c)\n",
+ "D=8.95*10**3; #density(kg/m**3)\n",
+ "Na=6.025*10**26; #avagadro number(per k mol)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "n=ne*Na*D/w;\n",
+ "mew=1/(n*e*rho); #mobility of electrons(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"mobility of electrons is\",round(mew,5),\"m**2/Vs\"\n",
+ "print \"answer in the book is wrong\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 5.8, Page number 5.31"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 48,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "relaxation time is 3.64 *10**-14 s\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "rho=1.5*10**-8; #resistivity of metal(ohm m)\n",
+ "n=6.5*10**28; #number of free electrons(per m**3)\n",
+ "e=1.602*10**-19; #charge(c)\n",
+ "m=9.11*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "tow=m/(n*e**2*rho); #relaxation time(s)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"relaxation time is\",round(tow*10**14,2),\"*10**-14 s\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 5.9, Page number 5.32"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 49,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "relaxation time is 3.97 *10**-14 s\n",
+ "drift velocity is 0.7 m/s\n",
+ "mobility is 0.7 *10**-2 m**2/Vs\n",
+ "thermal velocity is 1.17 *10**5 m/s\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "rho=1.54*10**-8; #resistivity of metal(ohm m)\n",
+ "n=5.8*10**28; #number of free electrons(per m**3)\n",
+ "e=1.602*10**-19; #charge(c)\n",
+ "m=9.11*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n",
+ "E=1*10**2; #electric field(V/m)\n",
+ "Kb=1.381*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n",
+ "T=300; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "tow=m/(n*e**2*rho); #relaxation time(s)\n",
+ "vd=e*E*tow/m; #drift velocity(m/s)\n",
+ "mew=vd/E; #mobility(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "Vth=math.sqrt(3*Kb*T/m); #thermal velocity(m/s)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"relaxation time is\",round(tow*10**14,2),\"*10**-14 s\"\n",
+ "print \"drift velocity is\",round(vd,1),\"m/s\"\n",
+ "print \"mobility is\",round(mew*10**2,1),\"*10**-2 m**2/Vs\"\n",
+ "print \"thermal velocity is\",round(Vth/10**5,2),\"*10**5 m/s\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 5.10, Page number 5.32"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 50,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "fermi velocity is 1.39 *10**6 m/s\n",
+ "mean free path is 5.52 *10**-8 m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "EF=5.5*1.602*10**-19; #fermi energy of silver(J)\n",
+ "tow=3.97*10**-14; #relaxation time(s)\n",
+ "m=9.11*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "vf=math.sqrt(2*EF/m); #fermi velocity(m/s)\n",
+ "lamda=vf*tow; #mean free path(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"fermi velocity is\",round(vf/10**6,2),\"*10**6 m/s\"\n",
+ "print \"mean free path is\",round(lamda*10**8,2),\"*10**-8 m\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 5.11, Page number 5.33"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 52,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "fermi energy is 8.83 *10**-19 J\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "ne=1; #number of electrons\n",
+ "M=107.9; #atomic weight\n",
+ "D=10500; #density(kg/m**3)\n",
+ "Na=6.025*10**26; #avagadro number(per k mol)\n",
+ "m=9.11*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n",
+ "h=6.63*10**-34; #planck's constant\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "n=ne*Na*D/M; \n",
+ "x=h**2/(8*m);\n",
+ "y=(3/math.pi)**(2/3);\n",
+ "Ef=x*y*n**(2/3); #fermi energy(eV) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"fermi energy is\",round(Ef*10**19,2),\"*10**-19 J\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 5.12, Page number 5.33"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 58,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "drift velocity of free electrons is 0.7391 *10**-3 m/s\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "A=10*10**-6; #area(m**2)\n",
+ "ne=1; #number of electrons\n",
+ "I=100; #current(amperes)\n",
+ "w=63.5; #atomic weight\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(c)\n",
+ "D=8.92*10**3; #density(kg/m**3)\n",
+ "Na=6.02*10**26; #avagadro number(per k mol)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "n=ne*Na*D/w;\n",
+ "J=I/A;\n",
+ "vd=J/(n*e); #drift velocity of free electrons(m/s)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"drift velocity of free electrons is\",round(vd*10**3,4),\"*10**-3 m/s\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Engineering_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter6_1.ipynb b/Engineering_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter6_1.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..2fa5c11e --- /dev/null +++ b/Engineering_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter6_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,541 @@ +{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#6: Dielectric properties"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 6.1, Page number 6.23"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 34,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "dielectric constant of material is 1.339\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "N=3*10**28; #number of atoms(per m**3)\n",
+ "alpha_e=10**-40; #electronic polarizability(F m**2)\n",
+ "epsilon0=8.85*10**-12; \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "epsilonr=(alpha_e*N/epsilon0)+1; #dielectric constant of material\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"dielectric constant of material is\",round(epsilonr,3)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 6.2, Page number 6.24"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 35,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "capacitance is 8.85e-12 F\n",
+ "charge on plates is 8.85e-10 C\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "epsilon0=8.85*10**-12;\n",
+ "A=100*10**-4; #area(m**2)\n",
+ "d=1*10**-2; #seperation(m)\n",
+ "V=100; #potential(V)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "C=epsilon0*A/d; #capacitance(F)\n",
+ "Q=C*V; #charge on plates(C)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"capacitance is\",C,\"F\"\n",
+ "print \"charge on plates is\",Q,\"C\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 6.3, Page number 6.24"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 36,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "electronic polarizability is 2.242e-41 F m**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "epsilon0=8.85*10**-12;\n",
+ "epsilonr=1.0000684; #dielectric constant of material\n",
+ "N=2.7*10**25; #number of atoms(per m**3)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "alpha_e=epsilon0*(epsilonr-1)/N; #electronic polarizability(F m**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"electronic polarizability is\",alpha_e,\"F m**2\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 6.4, Page number 6.24"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 38,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "voltage is 39.73 V\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "epsilon0=8.85*10**-12;\n",
+ "A=650*10**-6; #area(m**2)\n",
+ "d=4*10**-3; #seperation(m)\n",
+ "Q=2*10**-10; #charge(C)\n",
+ "epsilonr=3.5;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "V=Q*d/(epsilon0*epsilonr*A); #voltage(V)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"voltage is\",round(V,2),\"V\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 6.5, Page number 6.25"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 39,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "polarization is 212.4 *10**-9 C m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "epsilon0=8.85*10**-12;\n",
+ "A=6.45*10**-4; #area(m**2)\n",
+ "d=2*10**-3; #seperation(m)\n",
+ "V=12; #voltage(V)\n",
+ "epsilonr=5;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "P=epsilon0*(epsilonr-1)*V/d; #polarization(C m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"polarization is\",P*10**9,\"*10**-9 C m\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 6.6, Page number 6.25"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 40,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "electronic polarizability is 3.29 *10**-40 F m**2\n",
+ "answer varies due to rounding off errors\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "epsilon0=8.85*10**-12;\n",
+ "epsilonr=3.75; #dielectric constant\n",
+ "gama=1/3; #internal field constant\n",
+ "D=2050; #density(kg/m**3)\n",
+ "Na=6.02*10**26; #avagadro number\n",
+ "M=32; #atomic weight\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "N=Na*D/M; #number of atoms(per m**3)\n",
+ "alphae=((epsilonr-1)/(epsilonr+2))*3*epsilon0/N; #electronic polarizability(F m**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"electronic polarizability is\",round(alphae*10**40,2),\"*10**-40 F m**2\"\n",
+ "print \"answer varies due to rounding off errors\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 6.7, Page number 6.26"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 43,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "orientational polarization is 1.0298 *10**-11 C m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "N=1.6*10**20; #number of molecules(/m**3)\n",
+ "T=300; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "E=5*10**5; #electric field(V/m)\n",
+ "x=0.25*10**-9; #separation(m)\n",
+ "Kb=1.381*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Pd=N*e**2*x**2*E/(3*Kb*T); #orientational polarization\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"orientational polarization is\",round(Pd*10**11,4),\"*10**-11 C m\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 6.8, Page number 6.26"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 51,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "radius is 5.864 *10**-11 m\n",
+ "answer varies due to rounding off errors\n",
+ "displacement is 0.7 *10**-16 m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "epsilon0=8.85*10**-12;\n",
+ "epsilonr=1.0000684; #dielectric constant of material\n",
+ "N=2.7*10**25; #number of atoms(per m**3)\n",
+ "E=10**6; #electric field(V/m)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; \n",
+ "Z=2; #atomic number\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "alpha_e=epsilon0*(epsilonr-1)/N; #electronic polarizability(F m**2)\n",
+ "r=(alpha_e/(4*math.pi*epsilon0))**(1/3); #radius(m)\n",
+ "d=alpha_e*E/(Z*e); #displacement(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"radius is\",round(r*10**11,3),\"*10**-11 m\"\n",
+ "print \"answer varies due to rounding off errors\"\n",
+ "print \"displacement is\",round(d*10**16,1),\"*10**-16 m\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 6.9, Page number 6.27"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 54,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "voltage is 53.8 V\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "epsilon0=8.85*10**-12;\n",
+ "A=750*10**-6; #area(m**2)\n",
+ "d=5*10**-3; #seperation(m)\n",
+ "Q=2.5*10**-10; #charge(C)\n",
+ "epsilonr=3.5;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "V=Q*d/(epsilon0*epsilonr*A); #voltage(V)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"voltage is\",round(V,1),\"V\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 6.10, Page number 6.27"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 55,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "dipole moment is 8.9 *10**-40 F m**2\n",
+ "polarization is 26.7 *10**-15 C m\n",
+ "dielectric constant is 1.00302\n",
+ "polarizability is 8.9 *10**-40 F m**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "N=3*10**25; #number of atoms(per m**3)\n",
+ "r=0.2*10**-9; #radius(m)\n",
+ "epsilon0=8.85*10**-12;\n",
+ "E=1; #electric field\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "p=4*math.pi*epsilon0*r**3; #dipole moment(F m**2)\n",
+ "P=N*p; #polarization(C m)\n",
+ "epsilonr=(P/(epsilon0*E))+1; #dielectric constant\n",
+ "alpha_e=epsilon0*(epsilonr-1)/N; #polarizability(F m**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"dipole moment is\",round(p*10**40,1),\"*10**-40 F m**2\"\n",
+ "print \"polarization is\",round(P*10**15,1),\"*10**-15 C m\"\n",
+ "print \"dielectric constant is\",round(epsilonr,5)\n",
+ "print \"polarizability is\",round(alpha_e*10**40,1),\"*10**-40 F m**2\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 6.11, Page number 6.28"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 57,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "electronic polarizability is 1.426 *10**-40 F m**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "epsilon0=8.85*10**-12;\n",
+ "epsilonr=1.000435; #dielectric constant of material\n",
+ "N=2.7*10**25; #number of atoms(per m**3)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "alpha_e=epsilon0*(epsilonr-1)/N; #electronic polarizability(F m**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"electronic polarizability is\",round(alpha_e*10**40,3),\"*10**-40 F m**2\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 6.12, Page number 6.28"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 63,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "electronic polarizability is 6.785 *10**-40 F m**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "epsilon0=8.85*10**-12;\n",
+ "epsilonr=4; #dielectric constant\n",
+ "D=2.08*10**3; #density(kg/m**3)\n",
+ "Na=6.02*10**26; #avagadro number\n",
+ "M=32; #atomic weight\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "N=Na*D/M; #number of atoms(per m**3)\n",
+ "alphae=epsilon0*(epsilonr-1)/N; #atomic polarizability(F m**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"electronic polarizability is\",round(alphae*10**40,3),\"*10**-40 F m**2\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Engineering_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter7_1.ipynb b/Engineering_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter7_1.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..da805b46 --- /dev/null +++ b/Engineering_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter7_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,442 @@ +{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#7: Magnetic properties"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 7.1, Page number 7.22"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "flux density is 0.628 Wb/m**2\n",
+ "magnetic moment is -2.0 A/m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "chi=-0.4*10**-5; #magnetic susceptibility\n",
+ "H=5*10**5; #magnetic field(A/m)\n",
+ "mew0=4*math.pi*10**-7; \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "B=mew0*H*(1+chi); #flux density(Wb/m**2)\n",
+ "M=chi*H; #magnetic moment(A/m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"flux density is\",round(B,3),\"Wb/m**2\"\n",
+ "print \"magnetic moment is\",M,\"A/m\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 7.2, Page number 7.22"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 5,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "magnetisation is -0.25 *10**-2 A/m\n",
+ "flux density is 1.257 *10**-3 Wb/m**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "chi=-0.25*10**-5; #magnetic susceptibility\n",
+ "H=1000; #magnetic field(A/m)\n",
+ "mew0=4*math.pi*10**-7; \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "M=chi*H; #magnetisation(A/m)\n",
+ "B=mew0*(H+M); #flux density(Wb/m**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"magnetisation is\",M*10**2,\"*10**-2 A/m\"\n",
+ "print \"flux density is\",round(B*10**3,3),\"*10**-3 Wb/m**2\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 7.3, Page number 7.23"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 8,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "magnetisation is 3500 A/m\n",
+ "flux density is 4.71 *10**-3 Wb/m**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "H=250; #magnetic field(A/m)\n",
+ "mewr=15; #relative permeability\n",
+ "mew0=4*math.pi*10**-7; \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "M=H*(mewr-1); #magnetisation(A/m)\n",
+ "B=mew0*(H+M); #flux density(Wb/m**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"magnetisation is\",M,\"A/m\"\n",
+ "print \"flux density is\",round(B*10**3,2),\"*10**-3 Wb/m**2\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 7.4, Page number 7.23"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 10,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "magnetisation is -0.42 A/m\n",
+ "flux density is 1.256 *10**-3 Wb/m**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "chi=-0.42*10**-3; #magnetic susceptibility\n",
+ "H=1000; #magnetic field(A/m)\n",
+ "mew0=4*math.pi*10**-7; \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "M=chi*H; #magnetisation(A/m)\n",
+ "B=mew0*(H+M); #flux density(Wb/m**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"magnetisation is\",M,\"A/m\"\n",
+ "print \"flux density is\",round(B*10**3,3),\"*10**-3 Wb/m**2\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 7.5, Page number 7.23"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 13,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "magnetic moment is 3.93 *10**-3 Am**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "r=10/2; #radius(cm)\n",
+ "i=500*10**-3; #current(A)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "mew=math.pi*(r*10**-2)**2*i; #magnetic moment(Am**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"magnetic moment is\",round(mew*10**3,2),\"*10**-3 Am**2\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 7.6, Page number 7.23"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 16,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "magnetizing force is 201 A/m\n",
+ "relative permeability is 17.4\n",
+ "answer varies due to rounding off errors\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "mew0=4*math.pi*10**-7; \n",
+ "B=0.0044; #flux density(Wb/m**2)\n",
+ "M=3300; #magnetic moment(A/m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "H=(B/mew0)-M; #magnetizing force(A/m)\n",
+ "mewr=1+(M/H); #relative permeability\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"magnetizing force is\",int(H),\"A/m\"\n",
+ "print \"relative permeability is\",round(mewr,1)\n",
+ "print \"answer varies due to rounding off errors\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 7.7, Page number 7.24"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 20,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "change in magnetic moment is 5.705 *10**-29 Am**2\n",
+ "answer given in the book is wrong\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "r=0.052*10**-9; #radius(m)\n",
+ "B=3; #flux density(Wb/m**2)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; \n",
+ "m=9.1*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "delta_mew=e**2*r**2*B/(4*m); #change in magnetic moment(A m**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"change in magnetic moment is\",round(delta_mew*10**29,3),\"*10**-29 Am**2\"\n",
+ "print \"answer given in the book is wrong\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 7.8, Page number 7.24"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 24,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "change in magnetic moment is 3.936 *10**-29 Am**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "r=5.29*10**-11; #radius(m)\n",
+ "B=2; #flux density(Wb/m**2)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; \n",
+ "m=9.1*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "d_mew=e**2*r**2*B/(4*m); #change in magnetic moment(A m**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"change in magnetic moment is\",round(d_mew*10**29,3),\"*10**-29 Am**2\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 7.9, Page number 7.24"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 27,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "susceptibility is 3.267 *10**-4\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "N=10**28; #number of atoms(per m**3)\n",
+ "chi1=2.8*10**-4; #susceptibility\n",
+ "T1=350; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "T2=300; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "chi2=chi1*T1/T2; #susceptibility\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"susceptibility is\",round(chi2*10**4,3),\"*10**-4\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 7.10, Page number 7.25"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 30,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "relative permeability is 2153.85\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "B=1.4; #flux density(Wb/m**2)\n",
+ "B0=6.5*10**-4; #magnetic field(Tesla)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "mewr=B/B0; #relative permeability\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"relative permeability is\",round(mewr,2)"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Engineering_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter8_1.ipynb b/Engineering_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter8_1.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a1ee2e2e --- /dev/null +++ b/Engineering_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter8_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,691 @@ +{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#8: Semiconductors"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 8.1, Page number 8.55"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 41,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "resistivity is 0.41667 ohm m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "ni=2.5*10**19; #intrinsic concentration(per m**3)\n",
+ "mewn=0.4; #mobility of electrons(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "mewp=0.2; #mobility of holes(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "sigma_i=ni*e*(mewn+mewp);\n",
+ "rhoi=1/sigma_i; #resistivity(ohm m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"resistivity is\",round(rhoi,5),\"ohm m\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 8.2, Page number 8.56"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 42,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "number of donor atoms is 8.333 *10**19 per m**3\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "mewn=0.3; #mobility of electrons(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "rho=0.25; #resistivity(ohm m)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "n=1/(rho*e*mewn); #number of donor atoms(per m**3)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"number of donor atoms is\",round(n/10**19,3),\"*10**19 per m**3\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 8.3, Page number 8.56"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 43,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "diffusion coefficient of electrons is 54.34 *10**-4 m**2/s\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "mewn=0.21; #mobility of electrons(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19;\n",
+ "Kb=1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n",
+ "T=300; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Dn=mewn*Kb*T/e; #diffusion coefficient of electrons(m**2/s)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"diffusion coefficient of electrons is\",round(Dn*10**4,2),\"*10**-4 m**2/s\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 8.4, Page number 8.56"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 44,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "carrier concentration is 19.4 *10**21 per m**3\n",
+ "#mobility of holes is 0.03788 m**2/Vs\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "Rh=3.22*10**-4; #hall coefficient(m**3/C)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19;\n",
+ "rho=8.5*10**-3; #resistivity(ohm m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "p=1/(Rh*e); #carrier concentration(per m**3)\n",
+ "mewp=Rh/rho; #mobility of holes(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"carrier concentration is\",round(p/10**21,1),\"*10**21 per m**3\"\n",
+ "print \"#mobility of holes is\",round(mewp,5),\"m**2/Vs\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 8.5, Page number 8.57"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 45,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "intrinsic concentration is 556.25 *10**16 per m**3\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "mewe=0.36; #mobility of electrons(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "mewh=0.17; #mobility of holes(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19;\n",
+ "rhoi=2.12; #resistivity(ohm m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "ni=1/(rhoi*e*(mewe+mewh)); #intrinsic concentration(per m**3)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"intrinsic concentration is\",round(ni/10**16,2),\"*10**16 per m**3\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 8.6, Page number 8.57"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 48,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "resistivity is 0.449 ohm m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "mewe=0.39; #mobility of electrons(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "mewh=0.19; #mobility of holes(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19;\n",
+ "ni=2.4*10**19; #intrinsic concentration(per m**3) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "rhoi=1/(ni*e*(mewe+mewh)); #resistivity(ohm m) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"resistivity is\",round(rhoi,3),\"ohm m\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 8.7, Page number 8.57"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 49,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "conductivity is 0.439 *10**-3 per ohm m\n",
+ "hole concentration is 2.25 *10**9 per m**3\n",
+ "conductivity is 2.16 *10**3 per ohm m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "mewe=0.135; #mobility of electrons(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "mewh=0.048; #mobility of holes(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19;\n",
+ "ni=1.5*10**16; #intrinsic concentration(per m**3)\n",
+ "Nd=10**23; #doping concentration(per m**3)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "sigma=ni*e*(mewe+mewh); #conductivity(per ohm m) \n",
+ "p=ni**2/Nd; #hole concentration(per m**3)\n",
+ "sigman=Nd*e*mewe; #conductivity(per ohm m) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"conductivity is\",round(sigma*10**3,3),\"*10**-3 per ohm m\"\n",
+ "print \"hole concentration is\",p/10**9,\"*10**9 per m**3\"\n",
+ "print \"conductivity is\",sigman/10**3,\"*10**3 per ohm m\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 8.8, Page number 8.58"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 50,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "carrier concentration is 1.7 *10**22 per m**3\n",
+ "#mobility of holes is 4.099 *10**-2 m**2/Vs\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "Rh=3.66*10**-4; #hall coefficient(m**3/C)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19;\n",
+ "rhoh=8.93*10**-3; #resistivity(ohm m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "p=1/(Rh*e); #carrier concentration(per m**3)\n",
+ "mewp=Rh/rhoh; #mobility of holes(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"carrier concentration is\",round(p/10**22,1),\"*10**22 per m**3\"\n",
+ "print \"#mobility of holes is\",round(mewp*10**2,3),\"*10**-2 m**2/Vs\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 8.9, Page number 8.58"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 51,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "conductivity is 4.32 *10**-4 per ohm m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "mewe=0.13; #mobility of electrons(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "mewh=0.05; #mobility of holes(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19;\n",
+ "ni=1.5*10**16; #intrinsic concentration(per m**3)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "sigma=ni*e*(mewe+mewh); #conductivity(per ohm m) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"conductivity is\",sigma*10**4,\"*10**-4 per ohm m\" "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 8.10, Page number 8.58"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 52,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "conductivity is 11.2 per ohm m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "mewe=0.14; #mobility of electrons(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "mewh=0.05; #mobility of holes(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19;\n",
+ "ni=1.5*10**16; #intrinsic concentration(per m**3)\n",
+ "A=28.09; #atomic weight\n",
+ "D=2.33*10**3; #density(kg/m**3)\n",
+ "Na=6.025*10**26; #avagadro number\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "N=Na*D/A; #number of atoms(per m**3)\n",
+ "n=N/10**8; #electron concentration(per m**3)\n",
+ "p=ni**2/n; #hole concentration(per m**3)\n",
+ "sigma=e*((n*mewe)+(p*mewh)); #conductivity(per ohm m) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"conductivity is\",round(sigma,1),\"per ohm m\" "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 8.11, Page number 8.59"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 53,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "resistivity is 4.13 *10**-4 per ohm m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "mewe=0.36; #mobility of electrons(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "mewh=0.18; #mobility of holes(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19;\n",
+ "ni=2.5*10**19; #intrinsic concentration(per m**3)\n",
+ "N=4.2*10**28; #avagadro number\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "n=N/10**6; #electron concentration(per m**3)\n",
+ "p=ni**2/n; #hole concentration(per m**3)\n",
+ "rhoi=1/(e*((n*mewe)+(p*mewh))); #resistivity(per ohm m) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"resistivity is\",round(rhoi*10**4,2),\"*10**-4 per ohm m\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 8.12, Page number 8.60"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 54,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "hole concentration is 1.2 *10**9 per m**3\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "np=2.4*10**9; #carrier concentration(per m**3)\n",
+ "N=4.2*10**28; #avagadro number\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "p=np/2; #hole concentration(per m**3)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"hole concentration is\",p/10**9,\"*10**9 per m**3\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 8.13, Page number 8.60"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 55,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "density of donor atoms is 8.92 *10**19 electrons/m**3\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "mewn=0.35; #mobility of electrons(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "e=1.602*10**-19;\n",
+ "rho=0.2; #resistivity(ohm m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "n=1/(rho*e*mewn); #density of donor atoms\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"density of donor atoms is\",round(n/10**19,2),\"*10**19 electrons/m**3\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 8.14, Page number 8.60"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 56,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "energy gap is 0.573 eV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "Kb=1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n",
+ "T1=300; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "T2=320; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "rho1=5; #resistivity(ohm m)\n",
+ "rho2=2.5; #resistivity(ohm m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Eg=2*Kb*math.log(rho1/rho2)/((1/T1)-(1/T2)); #energy gap(J)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"energy gap is\",round(Eg/e,3),\"eV\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 8.15, Page number 8.61"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 57,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "diffusion coefficient is 4.92 *10**-3 m**2/sec\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "Kb=1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n",
+ "T=300; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "mewe=0.19; #mobility of electrons(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Dn=mewe*Kb*T/e; #diffusion coefficient(m**2/sec)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"diffusion coefficient is\",round(Dn*10**3,2),\"*10**-3 m**2/sec\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 8.16, Page number 8.61"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 59,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "energy gap is 1.04 eV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "Kb=1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n",
+ "T1=293; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "T2=305; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "rho1=4.5; #resistivity(ohm m)\n",
+ "rho2=2.0; #resistivity(ohm m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Eg=2*Kb*math.log(rho1/rho2)/((1/T1)-(1/T2)); #energy gap(J)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"energy gap is\",round(Eg/e,2),\"eV\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Engineering_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter9_1.ipynb b/Engineering_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter9_1.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..0b33c8c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/Engineering_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter9_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,305 @@ +{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#9: Superconductivity"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 9.1, Page number 9.22"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 4,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "transition temperature is 11.3 K\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "T=8; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "Hc=1*10**5; #critical field(amp/m)\n",
+ "H0=2*10**5; #critical field(amp/m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Tc=T/math.sqrt(1-(Hc/H0)); #transition temperature(K)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"transition temperature is\",round(Tc,1),\"K\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 9.2, Page number 9.22"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 8,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "frequency is 4.1 *10**9 Hz\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "h=6.626*10**-34; #plancks constant\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; \n",
+ "V=8.5*10**-6; #voltage(V)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "new=2*e*V/h; #frequency(Hz)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"frequency is\",round(new/10**9,1),\"*10**9 Hz\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 9.3, Page number 9.22"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 11,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "critical field is 0.02166 Tesla\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "T=2; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "H0=0.0306; #critical field(amp/m)\n",
+ "Tc=3.7; #transition temperature(K)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Hc=H0*(1-(T/Tc)**2); #critical field(Tesla)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"critical field is\",round(Hc,5),\"Tesla\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 9.4, Page number 9.23"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 14,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "temperature is 7.2 K\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "H0=250*10**3; #critical field(amp/m)\n",
+ "Tc=12; #transition temperature(K)\n",
+ "Hc=200*10**3; #critical field(Tesla)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "T=Tc*math.sqrt(1-(Hc/H0)**2); #temperature(K)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"temperature is\",round(T,1),\"K\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 9.5, Page number 9.23"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 19,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "critical field is 0.0163 Tesla\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "T=2.5; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "H0=0.03; #critical field(amp/m)\n",
+ "Tc=3.7; #transition temperature(K)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Hc=H0*(1-(T/Tc)**2); #critical field(Tesla)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"critical field is\",round(Hc,4),\"Tesla\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 9.6, Page number 9.23"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 22,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "frequency is 313.96 *10**9 Hz\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "h=6.625*10**-34; #plancks constant\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; \n",
+ "V=650*10**-6; #voltage(V)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "new=2*e*V/h; #frequency(Hz)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"frequency is\",round(new/10**9,2),\"*10**9 Hz\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 9.7, Page number 9.24"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 26,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "critical field is 3.365 *10**3 A/m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "T=5; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "H0=6.5*10**3; #critical field(amp/m)\n",
+ "Tc=7.2; #transition temperature(K)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Hc=H0*(1-(T/Tc)**2); #critical field(Tesla)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"critical field is\",round(Hc/10**3,3),\"*10**3 A/m\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Engineering_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/README.txt b/Engineering_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/README.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..4ca38c63 --- /dev/null +++ b/Engineering_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/README.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +Contributed By: SINDHU ARROJU +Course: btech +College/Institute/Organization: JNTUH +Department/Designation: Computer Science +Book Title: Engineering Physics +Author: S. Mani Naidu +Publisher: Pearson Education(New Delhi) +Year of publication: 2010 +Isbn: 9788131730928 +Edition: 1
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Engineering_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/screenshots/11.png b/Engineering_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/screenshots/11.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 00000000..a8f1d875 --- /dev/null +++ b/Engineering_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/screenshots/11.png diff --git a/Engineering_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/screenshots/22.png b/Engineering_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/screenshots/22.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 00000000..efdf1aef --- /dev/null +++ b/Engineering_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/screenshots/22.png diff --git a/Engineering_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/screenshots/33.png b/Engineering_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/screenshots/33.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 00000000..066e8809 --- /dev/null +++ b/Engineering_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/screenshots/33.png |
