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diff --git a/Engineering_Physics_by_PV_Naik/Chapter9.ipynb b/Engineering_Physics_by_PV_Naik/Chapter9.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..29c8edee --- /dev/null +++ b/Engineering_Physics_by_PV_Naik/Chapter9.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,576 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": "",
+ "signature": "sha256:495ac96015f20ad80c50d2c1722e924721169f0ca7b7ca56739c5ef92f3f2a43"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "9: Quantum Theory"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 9.1, Page number 171"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "r=0.05; #radius of the wire(mm)\n",
+ "l=4; #length of the wire(cm)\n",
+ "e=1;\n",
+ "T=3000; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "s=5.6703*10**-8; #stefan's constant \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation \n",
+ "A=2*math.pi*r*l*10**-5; #area(m**2)\n",
+ "p=s*T**4*A*e; #power radiated by the filament(W)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"The power radiated by the filament is\",round(p,2),\"W\"\n",
+ "print \"answer given in the book is wrong\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The power radiated by the filament is 57.72 W\n",
+ "answer given in the book is wrong\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 7
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 9.2, Page number 171"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "h=6.626*10**-34; #plancks constant\n",
+ "c=3*10**8; #speed of light(m/s)\n",
+ "lamda=550; #wavelength(nm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation \n",
+ "E=(h*c)/(lamda*10**-9); #energy of photon(J)\n",
+ "Es=0.1/E; #number of photons(per square cm per second)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"The number of photons are\",round(Es/10**17,2),\"*10**17 per square cm per second\"\n",
+ "print \"answer in the book varies due to rounding off errors\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The number of photons are 2.77 *10**17 per square cm per second\n",
+ "answer in the book varies due to rounding off errors\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 11
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 9.3, Page number 171"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "h=6.626*10**-34; #plancks constant\n",
+ "c=3*10**8; #speed of light(m/s)\n",
+ "lamda=300*10**-9; #wavelength(m)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19;\n",
+ "phi=2.2; #work function(eV)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation \n",
+ "E=(h*c)/lamda; #energy of photon(J)\n",
+ "Kmax=(E-(phi*e))/e; #maximum kinetic energy(eV)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"The maximum kinetic energy is\",round(Kmax,2),\"eV\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The maximum kinetic energy is 1.94 eV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 17
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 9.4, Page number 172"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "h=6.626*10**-34; #plancks constant\n",
+ "c=3*10**8; #speed of light(m/s)\n",
+ "lamda=175*10**-9; #wavelength of light(m)\n",
+ "w=5; #work function of nickel(eV)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation \n",
+ "E=(h*c)/(lamda*1.6*10**-19); #Energy of 200 nm photon(eV)\n",
+ "#From photoelectric equation E-w is the potential difference\n",
+ "p=E-w; #potential difference required to stop the fastest electron(eV)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"The potential difference that should be applied is\",round(p,1),\"V\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The potential difference that should be applied is 2.1 V\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 21
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 9.5, Page number 172"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "h=6.626*10**-34; #plancks constant\n",
+ "c=3*10**8; #speed of light(m/s)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19;\n",
+ "V=50; #accelerating voltage(kV)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation \n",
+ "lambdamin=((h*c)/(e*V*10**3))*10**9; #shortest wavelength of X-rays(nm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"The shortest wavelength of X-rays is\",round(lambdamin,4),\"nm\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The shortest wavelength of X-rays is 0.0248 nm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 23
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 9.6, Page number 172"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lambda1=0.708; #wavelength of a certain line in an X-ray spectrum(angstrom)\n",
+ "Z1=42; #atomic number\n",
+ "Z2=24;\n",
+ "a=1; #screening constant\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation \n",
+ "lambda2=(lambda1*(Z1-a)**2)/((Z2-a)**2); #wavelength of same line(angstrom)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"The wavelength of same line is\",round(lambda2,2),\"angstrom\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The wavelength of same line is 2.25 angstrom\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 25
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 9.7, Page number 172"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "#From Bragg's law 2*d*sin(teta)=n*lambda\n",
+ "n=1;\n",
+ "lamda=0.32; #wavelength(nm)\n",
+ "theta=28; #angle at which first order Bragg's reflection is observed(degrees)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation \n",
+ "theta=theta*math.pi/180; #angle(radian)\n",
+ "d=lamda/(2*math.sin(theta)); #distance between atomic planes(nm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"The distance between atomic planes is\",round(d,2),\"nm\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The distance between atomic planes is 0.34 nm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 28
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 9.8, Page number 172"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "h=6.626*10**-34; #plancks constant\n",
+ "theta=50; #angle(degrees)\n",
+ "m=9.1*10**-31; #mass of electron(kg)\n",
+ "c=3*10**8; #speed of light(m/s)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation \n",
+ "theta=theta*math.pi/180; #angle(radian)\n",
+ "deltalambda=(h/(m*c))*(1-math.cos(theta))*10**12; \n",
+ "lambdafin=2.5; #wavelength of scattered X-rays\n",
+ "lambdainit=lambdafin-deltalambda; #wavelength of X-rays in the incident beam(pm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"The wavelength of X-rays in the incident beam is\",round(lambdainit,2),\"pm\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The wavelength of X-rays in the incident beam is 1.63 pm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 30
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 9.9, Page number 172"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "h=6.626*10**-34; #plancks constant\n",
+ "c=3*10**8; #speed of light(m/s)\n",
+ "lamda=500*10**-9; #wavelength of laser(m)\n",
+ "t=20*10**-3; #time(s)\n",
+ "N=2.52*10**16; #number of photons in a 20ms pulse\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation \n",
+ "E=(h*c)/lamda; #Energy of 500 nm photon(J)\n",
+ "p=E*N/t; #power of the laser(W)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"The power of the laser is\",round(p,1),\"W\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The power of the laser is 0.5 W\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 34
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 9.10, Page number 173"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "h=6.626*10**-34; #plancks constant\n",
+ "c=3*10**8; #speed of light(m/s)\n",
+ "lamda=350*10**-9; #threshold wavelength(m)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation \n",
+ "W=h*c/(lamda*e); #work function of the surface(eV)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"The work function of the surface is\",round(W,2),\"eV\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The work function of the surface is 3.55 eV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 40
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 9.11, Page number 173"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "h=6.626*10**-34; #plancks constant\n",
+ "c=3*10**8; #speed of light(m/s)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19;\n",
+ "lambdamin=0.02*10**-9; #minimum wavelength(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation \n",
+ "V=(h*c/(lambdamin*e))*10**-3; #accelerating voltage(kV)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"The accelerating voltage needed to produce minimum wavelength is\",round(V,4),\"kV\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The accelerating voltage needed to produce minimum wavelength is 62.1187 kV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 42
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 9.12, Page number 173"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "#According to Bragg's eq.2*d*sin(teta)=n*lambda\n",
+ "n=2; #since second order Bragg's eq.\n",
+ "d=5; #since d=5(lambda)\n",
+ "lamda=1;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation \n",
+ "a=(n*lamda)/(2*5*lamda);\n",
+ "theta=math.asin(a); #angle of second order Braggs reflection(radian)\n",
+ "theta=theta*180/math.pi; #angle(degrees)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"The angle of second order Braggs reflection is\",round(theta,2),\"degrees\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The angle of second order Braggs reflection is 11.54 degrees\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 45
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 9.13, Page number 173"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "h=6.626*10**-34; #plancks constant\n",
+ "c=3*10**8; #speed of light(m/s)\n",
+ "lamda=0.03; #wavelength(nm)\n",
+ "p=80/100;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation \n",
+ "E=(h*c)/(lamda*10**-9); #energy of photon(J) \n",
+ "TE=E/p; #Total energy.E=80% of TE(J)\n",
+ "TE=TE*(10**-3)/e; #Total energy(keV)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"The electron must have been accelerated through a potential difference of\",round(TE,3),\"kV\" "
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The electron must have been accelerated through a potential difference of 51.766 kV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 49
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file |