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Diffstat (limited to 'Engineering_Physics_Marikani/Chapter_2.ipynb')
| -rw-r--r-- | Engineering_Physics_Marikani/Chapter_2.ipynb | 304 |
1 files changed, 271 insertions, 33 deletions
diff --git a/Engineering_Physics_Marikani/Chapter_2.ipynb b/Engineering_Physics_Marikani/Chapter_2.ipynb index f57dc5cb..b54dc631 100644 --- a/Engineering_Physics_Marikani/Chapter_2.ipynb +++ b/Engineering_Physics_Marikani/Chapter_2.ipynb @@ -1,6 +1,7 @@ { "metadata": { - "name": "Chapter 2" + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:86128ebcddc1aace30166722ef06d4489b2c11f53b2c59c5d439d37f83881533" }, "nbformat": 3, "nbformat_minor": 0, @@ -11,25 +12,54 @@ "cell_type": "heading", "level": 1, "metadata": {}, - "source": "Laser" + "source": [ + "Laser" + ] }, { "cell_type": "heading", "level": 2, "metadata": {}, - "source": "Example number 2.1, Page number 59 " + "source": [ + "Example number 2.1, Page number 59 " + ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, - "input": "#To calculate the number of photons emitted by laser\n\n#importing modules\nimport math\n\n#Variable declaration\nh=6.626*10**-34;\nc=3*10**8;\nlamda=632.8*10**-9; #wavelength in m\nP=5*10**-3; #output power in W\n\n#Calculation\nE=(h*c)/lamda; #energy of one photon\nE_eV=E/(1.6*10**-19); #converting J to eV\nE_eV=math.ceil(E_eV*1000)/1000; #rounding off to 3 decimals\nN=P/E; #number of photons emitted\n\n\n#Result\nprint(\"energy of one photon in eV is\",E_eV);\nprint(\"number of photons emitted per second is\",N);\n", + "input": [ + "\n", + "\n", + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "h=6.626*10**-34;\n", + "c=3*10**8;\n", + "lamda=632.8*10**-9; #wavelength in m\n", + "P=5*10**-3; #output power in W\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "E=(h*c)/lamda; #energy of one photon\n", + "E_eV=E/(1.6*10**-19); #converting J to eV\n", + "E_eV=math.ceil(E_eV*1000)/1000; #rounding off to 3 decimals\n", + "N=P/E; #number of photons emitted\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print(\"energy of one photon in eV is\",E_eV);\n", + "print(\"number of photons emitted per second is\",N);\n" + ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", - "text": "('energy of one photon in eV is', 1.964)\n('number of photons emitted per second is', 1.5917094275077976e+16)\n" + "text": [ + "('energy of one photon in eV is', 1.964)\n", + "('number of photons emitted per second is', 1.5917094275077976e+16)\n" + ] } ], "prompt_number": 1 @@ -38,19 +68,41 @@ "cell_type": "heading", "level": 2, "metadata": {}, - "source": "Example number 2.2, Page number 60" + "source": [ + "Example number 2.2, Page number 60" + ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, - "input": "#To calculate the energy of emitted photons\n\n#importing modules\nimport math\n\n#Variable declaration\nh=6.626*10**-34;\nc=3*10**8;\nlamda=632.8*10**-9; #wavelength in m\n\n#Calculation\nE=(h*c)/lamda; #energy of one photon\nE_eV=E/(1.6*10**-19); #converting J to eV\nE_eV=math.ceil(E_eV*1000)/1000; #rounding off to 3 decimals\n\n#Result\nprint(\"energy of one photon in eV is\",E_eV);\n", + "input": [ + "\n", + "\n", + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "h=6.626*10**-34;\n", + "c=3*10**8;\n", + "lamda=632.8*10**-9; #wavelength in m\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "E=(h*c)/lamda; #energy of one photon\n", + "E_eV=E/(1.6*10**-19); #converting J to eV\n", + "E_eV=math.ceil(E_eV*1000)/1000; #rounding off to 3 decimals\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print(\"energy of one photon in eV is\",E_eV);\n" + ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", - "text": "('energy of one photon in eV is', 1.964)\n" + "text": [ + "('energy of one photon in eV is', 1.964)\n" + ] } ], "prompt_number": 2 @@ -59,19 +111,46 @@ "cell_type": "heading", "level": 2, "metadata": {}, - "source": "Example number 2.3, Page number 60" + "source": [ + "Example number 2.3, Page number 60" + ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, - "input": "#To calculate the value of E3\n\n#importing modules\nimport math\n\n#Variable declaration\nE1=0; #value of 1st energy level in eV\nE2=1.4; #value of 2nd energy level in eV\nlamda=1.15*10**-6;\nh=6.626*10**-34;\nc=3*10**8;\n\n#Calculation\nE=(h*c)/lamda; #energy of one photon\nE_eV=E/(1.6*10**-19); #converting J to eV\nE3=E2+E_eV;\nE3=math.ceil(E3*100)/100; #rounding off to 2 decimals\n\n#Result\nprint(\"value of E3 in eV is\",E3);\n\n#answer given in the book for E3 is wrong", + "input": [ + "\n", + "\n", + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "E1=0; #value of 1st energy level in eV\n", + "E2=1.4; #value of 2nd energy level in eV\n", + "lamda=1.15*10**-6;\n", + "h=6.626*10**-34;\n", + "c=3*10**8;\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "E=(h*c)/lamda; #energy of one photon\n", + "E_eV=E/(1.6*10**-19); #converting J to eV\n", + "E3=E2+E_eV;\n", + "E3=math.ceil(E3*100)/100; #rounding off to 2 decimals\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print(\"value of E3 in eV is\",E3);\n", + "\n", + "#answer given in the book for E3 is wrong" + ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", - "text": "('value of E3 in eV is', 2.49)\n" + "text": [ + "('value of E3 in eV is', 2.49)\n" + ] } ], "prompt_number": 3 @@ -80,19 +159,41 @@ "cell_type": "heading", "level": 2, "metadata": {}, - "source": "Example number 2.4, Page number 60" + "source": [ + "Example number 2.4, Page number 60" + ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, - "input": "#To calculate the wavelength of laser beam\n\n#Variable declaration\nh=6.626*10**-34;\nc=3*10**8;\nE2=3.2; #value of higher energy level in eV\nE1=1.6; #value of lower energy level in eV\n\n#Calculation\nE=E2-E1; #energy difference in eV\nE_J=E*1.6*10**-19; #converting E from eV to J\nlamda=(h*c)/E_J; #wavelength of photon\n\n#Result\nprint(\"energy difference in eV\",E);\nprint(\"wavelength of photon in m\",lamda);\n", + "input": [ + "\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "h=6.626*10**-34;\n", + "c=3*10**8;\n", + "E2=3.2; #value of higher energy level in eV\n", + "E1=1.6; #value of lower energy level in eV\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "E=E2-E1; #energy difference in eV\n", + "E_J=E*1.6*10**-19; #converting E from eV to J\n", + "lamda=(h*c)/E_J; #wavelength of photon\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print(\"energy difference in eV\",E);\n", + "print(\"wavelength of photon in m\",lamda);\n" + ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", - "text": "('energy difference in eV', 1.6)\n('wavelength of photon in m', 7.76484375e-07)\n" + "text": [ + "('energy difference in eV', 1.6)\n", + "('wavelength of photon in m', 7.76484375e-07)\n" + ] } ], "prompt_number": 6 @@ -101,19 +202,36 @@ "cell_type": "heading", "level": 2, "metadata": {}, - "source": "Example number 2.5, Page number 60" + "source": [ + "Example number 2.5, Page number 60" + ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, - "input": "#To calculate the wavelength of laser beam\n\n#Variable declaration\nh=6.626*10**-34;\nc=3*10**8;\nE=1.42*1.6*10**-19; #band gap of GaAs in J\n\n#Calculation\nlamda=(h*c)/E; #wavelength of laser\n\n#Result\nprint(\"wavelength of laser emitted by GaAs in m\",lamda);\n", + "input": [ + "\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "h=6.626*10**-34;\n", + "c=3*10**8;\n", + "E=1.42*1.6*10**-19; #band gap of GaAs in J\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "lamda=(h*c)/E; #wavelength of laser\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print(\"wavelength of laser emitted by GaAs in m\",lamda);\n" + ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", - "text": "('wavelength of laser emitted by GaAs in m', 8.74911971830986e-07)\n" + "text": [ + "('wavelength of laser emitted by GaAs in m', 8.74911971830986e-07)\n" + ] } ], "prompt_number": 8 @@ -122,19 +240,46 @@ "cell_type": "heading", "level": 2, "metadata": {}, - "source": "Example number 2.6, Page number 61" + "source": [ + "Example number 2.6, Page number 61" + ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, - "input": "#To calculate the relative population of energy levels\n\n#importing modules\nimport math\n\n#Variable declaration\nT=300; #temperature in K\nlamda=500*10**-9; #wavelength in m\nh=6.626*10**-34;\nc=3*10**8;\nk=1.38*10**-23;\n\n#Calculation\n#from maxwell and boltzmann law, relative population is given by\n#N1/N2=exp(-E1/kT)/exp(-E2/kT)\n#hence N1/N2=exp(-(E1-E2)/kT)=exp((h*new)/(k*T));\n#new=c/lambda\nR=(h*c)/(lamda*k*T);\nRP=math.exp(R);\n\n#Result\nprint(\"relative population between N1 and N2 is\",RP);\n", + "input": [ + "\n", + "\n", + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "T=300; #temperature in K\n", + "lamda=500*10**-9; #wavelength in m\n", + "h=6.626*10**-34;\n", + "c=3*10**8;\n", + "k=1.38*10**-23;\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "#from maxwell and boltzmann law, relative population is given by\n", + "#N1/N2=exp(-E1/kT)/exp(-E2/kT)\n", + "#hence N1/N2=exp(-(E1-E2)/kT)=exp((h*new)/(k*T));\n", + "#new=c/lambda\n", + "R=(h*c)/(lamda*k*T);\n", + "RP=math.exp(R);\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print(\"relative population between N1 and N2 is\",RP);\n" + ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", - "text": "('relative population between N1 and N2 is', 5.068255595981255e+41)\n" + "text": [ + "('relative population between N1 and N2 is', 5.068255595981255e+41)\n" + ] } ], "prompt_number": 9 @@ -143,19 +288,42 @@ "cell_type": "heading", "level": 2, "metadata": {}, - "source": "Example number 2.7, Page number 61" + "source": [ + "Example number 2.7, Page number 61" + ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, - "input": "#To examine the possibility of stimulated emission\n\n#importing modules\nimport math\n\n#Variable declaration\nT=300; #temperature in K\nh=6.626*10**-34;\nc=3*10**8;\nk=1.38*10**-23;\nlamda=600*10**-9; #wavelength in m\n\n#Calculation\nR=(h*c)/(lamda*k*T);\nRs=1/(math.exp(R)-1);\n\n#Result\nprint(\"the ratio between stimulated emission to spontaneous emission is\",Rs);\n", + "input": [ + "\n", + "\n", + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "T=300; #temperature in K\n", + "h=6.626*10**-34;\n", + "c=3*10**8;\n", + "k=1.38*10**-23;\n", + "lamda=600*10**-9; #wavelength in m\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "R=(h*c)/(lamda*k*T);\n", + "Rs=1/(math.exp(R)-1);\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print(\"the ratio between stimulated emission to spontaneous emission is\",Rs);\n" + ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", - "text": "('the ratio between stimulated emission to spontaneous emission is', 1.7617782449453023e-35)\n" + "text": [ + "('the ratio between stimulated emission to spontaneous emission is', 1.7617782449453023e-35)\n" + ] } ], "prompt_number": 11 @@ -164,19 +332,40 @@ "cell_type": "heading", "level": 2, "metadata": {}, - "source": "Example number 2.8, Page number 62" + "source": [ + "Example number 2.8, Page number 62" + ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, - "input": "#To calculate the efficiency of a He-Ne laser\n\n#importing modules\nimport math\n\n#Variable declaration\nP=5*10**-3; #output power in W\nI=10*10**-3; #current in A\nV=3*10**3; #voltage in V\n\n#Calculation\ne=(P*100)/(I*V);\ne=math.ceil(e*10**6)/10**6; #rounding off to 6 decimals\n\n#Result\nprint(\"efficiency of laser in % is\",e);\n", + "input": [ + "\n", + "\n", + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "P=5*10**-3; #output power in W\n", + "I=10*10**-3; #current in A\n", + "V=3*10**3; #voltage in V\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "e=(P*100)/(I*V);\n", + "e=math.ceil(e*10**6)/10**6; #rounding off to 6 decimals\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print(\"efficiency of laser in % is\",e);\n" + ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", - "text": "('efficiency of laser in % is', 0.016667)\n" + "text": [ + "('efficiency of laser in % is', 0.016667)\n" + ] } ], "prompt_number": 14 @@ -185,19 +374,40 @@ "cell_type": "heading", "level": 2, "metadata": {}, - "source": "Example number 2.9, Page number 62" + "source": [ + "Example number 2.9, Page number 62" + ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, - "input": "#To calculate the intensity of laser beam\n\n#importing modules\nimport math\n\n#Variable declaration\nP=1e-03; #output power in W\nd=1e-06; #diameter in m\n\n#Calculation\nr=d/2; #radius in m\nI=P/(math.pi*r**2); #intensity\nI=I/10**9;\nI=math.ceil(I*10**4)/10**4; #rounding off to 4 decimals\n\n#Result\nprint(\"intensity of laser in W/m^2 is\",I,\"*10**9\");", + "input": [ + "\n", + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "P=1e-03; #output power in W\n", + "d=1e-06; #diameter in m\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "r=d/2; #radius in m\n", + "I=P/(math.pi*r**2); #intensity\n", + "I=I/10**9;\n", + "I=math.ceil(I*10**4)/10**4; #rounding off to 4 decimals\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print(\"intensity of laser in W/m^2 is\",I,\"*10**9\");" + ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", - "text": "('intensity of laser in W/m^2 is', 1.2733, '*10**9')\n" + "text": [ + "('intensity of laser in W/m^2 is', 1.2733, '*10**9')\n" + ] } ], "prompt_number": 1 @@ -206,19 +416,47 @@ "cell_type": "heading", "level": 2, "metadata": {}, - "source": "Example number 2.10, Page number 62" + "source": [ + "Example number 2.10, Page number 62" + ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, - "input": "#To calculate the angular speed and divergence of laser beam\n\n#importing modules\nimport math\n\n#Variable declaration\nlamda=632.8*10**-9; #wavelength in m\nD=5; #distance in m\nd=1*10**-3; #diameter in m\n\n#Calculation\ndeltatheta=lamda/d; #angular speed\ndelta_theta=deltatheta*10**4;\nr=D*deltatheta;\nr1=r*10**3; #converting r from m to mm\nA=math.pi*r**2; #area of the spread\n\n#Result \nprint(\"angular speed in radian is\",delta_theta,\"*10**-4\");\nprint(\"radius of the spread in mm is\",r1);\nprint(\"area of the spread in m^2 is\",A);\n", + "input": [ + "\n", + "\n", + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "lamda=632.8*10**-9; #wavelength in m\n", + "D=5; #distance in m\n", + "d=1*10**-3; #diameter in m\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "deltatheta=lamda/d; #angular speed\n", + "delta_theta=deltatheta*10**4;\n", + "r=D*deltatheta;\n", + "r1=r*10**3; #converting r from m to mm\n", + "A=math.pi*r**2; #area of the spread\n", + "\n", + "#Result \n", + "print(\"angular speed in radian is\",delta_theta,\"*10**-4\");\n", + "print(\"radius of the spread in mm is\",r1);\n", + "print(\"area of the spread in m^2 is\",A);\n" + ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", - "text": "('angular speed in radian is', 6.328, '*10**-4')\n('radius of the spread in mm is', 3.164)\n('area of the spread in m^2 is', 3.1450157329451454e-05)\n" + "text": [ + "('angular speed in radian is', 6.328, '*10**-4')\n", + "('radius of the spread in mm is', 3.164)\n", + "('area of the spread in m^2 is', 3.1450157329451454e-05)\n" + ] } ], "prompt_number": 2 @@ -226,7 +464,7 @@ { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, - "input": "", + "input": [], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [] |