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Diffstat (limited to 'Engineering_Physics_Aruldhas/Chapter10_1.ipynb')
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1 files changed, 167 insertions, 21 deletions
diff --git a/Engineering_Physics_Aruldhas/Chapter10_1.ipynb b/Engineering_Physics_Aruldhas/Chapter10_1.ipynb index b31ad5ec..a64ad6b4 100644 --- a/Engineering_Physics_Aruldhas/Chapter10_1.ipynb +++ b/Engineering_Physics_Aruldhas/Chapter10_1.ipynb @@ -1,6 +1,7 @@ { "metadata": { - "name": "Chapter10" + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:78b8d610d2cc37c12bbe36fc70ba217f440b3e2b1b7e7cbb3aa498d471c77bb0" }, "nbformat": 3, "nbformat_minor": 0, @@ -11,25 +12,53 @@ "cell_type": "heading", "level": 1, "metadata": {}, - "source": "10: Statistical Mechanics" + "source": [ + "10: Statistical Mechanics" + ] }, { "cell_type": "heading", "level": 2, "metadata": {}, - "source": "Example number 10.1, Page number 222" + "source": [ + "Example number 10.1, Page number 222" + ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, - "input": "#To calculate the ratio of occupancy of the excited to the ground state\n\n#importing modules\nfrom __future__ import division\nimport math\n\n#Variable declaration\nk = 1.38*10**-23; #Boltzmann constant(J/K)\ne = 1.6*10**-19; #Energy equivalent of 1 eV(J/eV)\ng1 = 2; #The degeneracy of ground state\ng2 = 8; #The degeneracy of excited state\ndelta_E = 10.2; #Energy of excited state above the ground state(eV)\nT = 6000; #Temperature of the state(K)\n\n#Calculation\nD_ratio = g2/g1; #Ratio of degeneracy of states\nx = k*T/e;\nN_ratio = D_ratio*math.exp(-delta_E/x); #Ratio of occupancy of the excited to the ground state\n\n#Result\nprint \"The ratio of occupancy of the excited to the ground state is\",N_ratio", + "input": [ + "\n", + "\n", + "#importing modules\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "k = 1.38*10**-23; #Boltzmann constant(J/K)\n", + "e = 1.6*10**-19; #Energy equivalent of 1 eV(J/eV)\n", + "g1 = 2; #The degeneracy of ground state\n", + "g2 = 8; #The degeneracy of excited state\n", + "delta_E = 10.2; #Energy of excited state above the ground state(eV)\n", + "T = 6000; #Temperature of the state(K)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "D_ratio = g2/g1; #Ratio of degeneracy of states\n", + "x = k*T/e;\n", + "N_ratio = D_ratio*math.exp(-delta_E/x); #Ratio of occupancy of the excited to the ground state\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"The ratio of occupancy of the excited to the ground state is\",N_ratio" + ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", - "text": "The ratio of occupancy of the excited to the ground state is 1.10167326887e-08\n" + "text": [ + "The ratio of occupancy of the excited to the ground state is 1.10167326887e-08\n" + ] } ], "prompt_number": 1 @@ -38,19 +67,30 @@ "cell_type": "heading", "level": 2, "metadata": {}, - "source": "Example number 10.2, Page number 222" + "source": [ + "Example number 10.2, Page number 222" + ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, - "input": "#To calculate the ground state energy of 10 non-interacting bosons\n\n#Calculation\n#an energy level can accomodate any number of bosons. Hence 10 bosons will be in n=1 state\n#energy is given by E1 = (pi**2*h**2)/(2*m*a**2)\na = 10/2;\n#enegy of 10 bosons is E = (10*pi**2*h**2)/(2*m*a**2) = (5*pi**2*h**2)/(m*a**2)\n\n#Result\nprint \"enegy of 10 bosons is E = \",int(a),\"(pi**2*h**2)/(m*a**2)\"", + "input": [ + "\n", + "a = 10/2;\n", + "#enegy of 10 bosons is E = (10*pi**2*h**2)/(2*m*a**2) = (5*pi**2*h**2)/(m*a**2)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"enegy of 10 bosons is E = \",int(a),\"(pi**2*h**2)/(m*a**2)\"" + ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", - "text": "enegy of 10 bosons is E = 5 (pi**2*h**2)/(m*a**2)\n" + "text": [ + "enegy of 10 bosons is E = 5 (pi**2*h**2)/(m*a**2)\n" + ] } ], "prompt_number": 5 @@ -59,19 +99,45 @@ "cell_type": "heading", "level": 2, "metadata": {}, - "source": "Example number 10.3, Page number 223" + "source": [ + "Example number 10.3, Page number 223" + ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, - "input": "#To calculate the ground state energy of the system\n\n#importing modules\nimport math\n\n#Variable declaration\nn1=1; #1st level\nn2=2; #2nd level\nn3=3; #3rd level\nn4=4; #4th level\nn5=5; #5th level\n\n#Calculation\n#an energy level can accomodate only 2 fermions. hence there will be 2 fermions in each level\n#thus total ground state energy will be E = (2*E1)+(2*E2)+(2*E3)+(2*E4)+E5\n#let X = ((pi**2)*(h**2)/(2*m*a**2)). E = X*((2*n1**2)+(2*n2**2)+(2*n3**2)+(2*n4**2)+(n5**2))\nA = (2*n1**2)+(2*n2**2)+(2*n3**2)+(2*n4**2)+(n5**2);\n#thus E = A*X\n\n#Result\nprint \"the ground state energy of the system is\",A,\"(pi**2)*(h**2)/(2*m*a**2)\"", + "input": [ + "\n", + "\n", + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "n1=1; #1st level\n", + "n2=2; #2nd level\n", + "n3=3; #3rd level\n", + "n4=4; #4th level\n", + "n5=5; #5th level\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "#an energy level can accomodate only 2 fermions. hence there will be 2 fermions in each level\n", + "#thus total ground state energy will be E = (2*E1)+(2*E2)+(2*E3)+(2*E4)+E5\n", + "#let X = ((pi**2)*(h**2)/(2*m*a**2)). E = X*((2*n1**2)+(2*n2**2)+(2*n3**2)+(2*n4**2)+(n5**2))\n", + "A = (2*n1**2)+(2*n2**2)+(2*n3**2)+(2*n4**2)+(n5**2);\n", + "#thus E = A*X\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"the ground state energy of the system is\",A,\"(pi**2)*(h**2)/(2*m*a**2)\"" + ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", - "text": "the ground state energy of the system is 85 (pi**2)*(h**2)/(2*m*a**2)\n" + "text": [ + "the ground state energy of the system is 85 (pi**2)*(h**2)/(2*m*a**2)\n" + ] } ], "prompt_number": 6 @@ -80,19 +146,49 @@ "cell_type": "heading", "level": 2, "metadata": {}, - "source": "Example number 10.4, Page number 223" + "source": [ + "Example number 10.4, Page number 223" + ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, - "input": "#To calculate the number density of conduction electrons and Fermi energy of silver\n\n#importing modules\nimport math\nfrom __future__ import division\n\n#Variable declaration\ne = 1.6*10**-19; #Energy equivalent of 1 eV(J/eV)\nN_A = 6.02*10**23; #Avogadro's number\nh = 6.626*10**-34; #Planck's constant(Js)\nme = 9.1*10**-31; #Mass of electron(kg)\nrho = 10.5; #Density of silver(g/cm)\nm = 108; #Molecular mass of silver(g/mol)\n\n#Calculation\nN_D = rho*N_A/m; #Number density of conduction electrons(per cm**3)\nN_D = N_D*10**6; #Number density of conduction electrons(per m**3)\nE_F = ((h**2)/(8*me))*(3/math.pi*N_D)**(2/3); #fermi energy(J)\nE_F = E_F/e; #fermi energy(eV)\nE_F = math.ceil(E_F*10**2)/10**2; #rounding off the value of E_F to 2 decimals\n\n#Result\nprint \"The number density of conduction electrons is\",N_D, \"per metre cube\"\nprint \"The Fermi energy of silver is\",E_F, \"eV\"", + "input": [ + "\n", + "\n", + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "e = 1.6*10**-19; #Energy equivalent of 1 eV(J/eV)\n", + "N_A = 6.02*10**23; #Avogadro's number\n", + "h = 6.626*10**-34; #Planck's constant(Js)\n", + "me = 9.1*10**-31; #Mass of electron(kg)\n", + "rho = 10.5; #Density of silver(g/cm)\n", + "m = 108; #Molecular mass of silver(g/mol)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "N_D = rho*N_A/m; #Number density of conduction electrons(per cm**3)\n", + "N_D = N_D*10**6; #Number density of conduction electrons(per m**3)\n", + "E_F = ((h**2)/(8*me))*(3/math.pi*N_D)**(2/3); #fermi energy(J)\n", + "E_F = E_F/e; #fermi energy(eV)\n", + "E_F = math.ceil(E_F*10**2)/10**2; #rounding off the value of E_F to 2 decimals\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"The number density of conduction electrons is\",N_D, \"per metre cube\"\n", + "print \"The Fermi energy of silver is\",E_F, \"eV\"" + ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", - "text": "The number density of conduction electrons is 5.85277777778e+28 per metre cube\nThe Fermi energy of silver is 5.51 eV\n" + "text": [ + "The number density of conduction electrons is 5.85277777778e+28 per metre cube\n", + "The Fermi energy of silver is 5.51 eV\n" + ] } ], "prompt_number": 7 @@ -101,19 +197,42 @@ "cell_type": "heading", "level": 2, "metadata": {}, - "source": "Example number 10.5, Page number 224" + "source": [ + "Example number 10.5, Page number 224" + ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, - "input": "#To calculate the electronic contribution to molar specific heat of sodium\n\n#importing modules\nimport math\nfrom __future__ import division\n\n#Variable declaration\nN_A = 6.02*10**23; #Avogadro's number\nk = 1.38*10**-23; #Boltzmann constant(J/K)\nT = 293; #Temperature of sodium(K)\nE_F = 3.24; #Fermi energy of sodium(eV)\ne = 1.6*10**-19; #Energy equivalent of 1 eV(J/eV)\n\n#Calculation\nC_v = math.pi**2*N_A*k**2*T/(2*E_F*e); #Molar specific heat of sodium(per mole)\nC_v = math.ceil(C_v*10**2)/10**2; #rounding off the value of C_v to 2 decimals\n\n#Result\nprint \"The electronic contribution to molar specific heat of sodium is\",C_v, \"per mole\"", + "input": [ + "\n", + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "N_A = 6.02*10**23; #Avogadro's number\n", + "k = 1.38*10**-23; #Boltzmann constant(J/K)\n", + "T = 293; #Temperature of sodium(K)\n", + "E_F = 3.24; #Fermi energy of sodium(eV)\n", + "e = 1.6*10**-19; #Energy equivalent of 1 eV(J/eV)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "C_v = math.pi**2*N_A*k**2*T/(2*E_F*e); #Molar specific heat of sodium(per mole)\n", + "C_v = math.ceil(C_v*10**2)/10**2; #rounding off the value of C_v to 2 decimals\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"The electronic contribution to molar specific heat of sodium is\",C_v, \"per mole\"" + ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", - "text": "The electronic contribution to molar specific heat of sodium is 0.32 per mole\n" + "text": [ + "The electronic contribution to molar specific heat of sodium is 0.32 per mole\n" + ] } ], "prompt_number": 8 @@ -122,19 +241,46 @@ "cell_type": "heading", "level": 2, "metadata": {}, - "source": "Example number 10.6, Page number 224" + "source": [ + "Example number 10.6, Page number 224" + ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, - "input": "#To calculate the Fermi energy and mean energy of the electron\n\n#importing modules\nimport math\nfrom __future__ import division\n\n#Variable declaration\ne = 1.6*10**-19; #Energy equivalent of 1 eV(J/eV)\nh = 6.626*10**-34; #Planck's constant(Js)\nm = 9.1*10**-31; #Mass of the electron(kg)\nN_D = 18.1*10**28; #Number density of conduction electrons in Al(per metre cube)\n\n#Calculation\nE_F = h**2/(8*m)*(3/math.pi*N_D)**(2/3); #N_D = N/V. Fermi energy of aluminium(J)\nE_F = E_F/e; #Fermi energy of aluminium(eV)\nE_F = math.ceil(E_F*10**3)/10**3; #rounding off the value of E_F to 3 decimals\nEm_0 = 3/5*E_F; #Mean energy of the electron at 0K(eV)\nEm_0 = math.ceil(Em_0*10**3)/10**3; #rounding off the value of Em_0 to 3 decimals\n\n#Result\nprint \"The Fermi energy of aluminium is\",E_F, \"eV\"\nprint \"The mean energy of the electron is\",Em_0, \"eV\"", + "input": [ + "\n", + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "e = 1.6*10**-19; #Energy equivalent of 1 eV(J/eV)\n", + "h = 6.626*10**-34; #Planck's constant(Js)\n", + "m = 9.1*10**-31; #Mass of the electron(kg)\n", + "N_D = 18.1*10**28; #Number density of conduction electrons in Al(per metre cube)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "E_F = h**2/(8*m)*(3/math.pi*N_D)**(2/3); #N_D = N/V. Fermi energy of aluminium(J)\n", + "E_F = E_F/e; #Fermi energy of aluminium(eV)\n", + "E_F = math.ceil(E_F*10**3)/10**3; #rounding off the value of E_F to 3 decimals\n", + "Em_0 = 3/5*E_F; #Mean energy of the electron at 0K(eV)\n", + "Em_0 = math.ceil(Em_0*10**3)/10**3; #rounding off the value of Em_0 to 3 decimals\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"The Fermi energy of aluminium is\",E_F, \"eV\"\n", + "print \"The mean energy of the electron is\",Em_0, \"eV\"" + ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", - "text": "The Fermi energy of aluminium is 11.696 eV\nThe mean energy of the electron is 7.018 eV\n" + "text": [ + "The Fermi energy of aluminium is 11.696 eV\n", + "The mean energy of the electron is 7.018 eV\n" + ] } ], "prompt_number": 9 @@ -142,7 +288,7 @@ { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, - "input": "", + "input": [], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [] |