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diff --git a/Electronic_Devices/Chapter10.ipynb b/Electronic_Devices/Chapter10.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..ad380243 --- /dev/null +++ b/Electronic_Devices/Chapter10.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,740 @@ +{ + "metadata": { + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:46b495ee163997b315e5d2a4308b2429d2950dd9bb4f2a5562e7098cc144cbec" + }, + "nbformat": 3, + "nbformat_minor": 0, + "worksheets": [ + { + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "<h1>Chapter 10: Amplifier Frequency Response<h1>" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "<h3>Example 10.1, Page Number: 311<h3>" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "import math\n", + "\n", + "A_p=250.0\n", + "A_p_dB=10*math.log10(A_p)\n", + "print('Power gain(dB) when power gain is 250 = %d'% math.ceil(A_p_dB));\n", + "A_p=100.0\n", + "A_p_dB=10*math.log10(A_p)\n", + "print('Power gain(dB) when power gain is 100 = %d'%A_p_dB)\n", + "A_p=10.0\n", + "A_p_dB=20*math.log10(A_p)\n", + "print('Voltage gain(dB) when Voltage gain is 10 = %d'%A_p_dB)\n", + "A_p=0.50\n", + "A_p_dB=10*math.log10(A_p)\n", + "print('Power gain(dB) when voltage gain is 0.50 = %d'%A_p_dB)\n", + "A_p=0.707\n", + "A_p_dB=20*math.log10(A_p)\n", + "print('Power gain(dB) when power gain is 0.707 = %d'%A_p_dB)" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Power gain(dB) when power gain is 250 = 24\n", + "Power gain(dB) when power gain is 100 = 20\n", + "Voltage gain(dB) when Voltage gain is 10 = 20\n", + "Power gain(dB) when voltage gain is 0.50 = -3\n", + "Power gain(dB) when power gain is 0.707 = -3" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 19 + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "<h3>Example 10.2, Page Number: 313<h3>" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "v_out=0.707*10;\n", + "print('output voltage in volts at -3dB gain = %.2f'%v_out)\n", + "#at -6dB voltage gain from table is 0.5\n", + "v_out=0.5*10;\n", + "print('output voltage in volts at -6dB gain = %d'%v_out)\n", + "#at -12dB voltage gain from table is 0.25\n", + "v_out=0.25*10;\n", + "print('output voltage in volts at -12dB gain = %.1f'%v_out)\n", + "#at -24dB voltage gain from table is 0.0625\n", + "v_out=0.0625*10;\n", + "print('output voltage in volts at -24dB gain = %.3f'%v_out)" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "output voltage in volts at -3dB gain = 7.07\n", + "output voltage in volts at -6dB gain = 5\n", + "output voltage in volts at -12dB gain = 2.5\n", + "output voltage in volts at -24dB gain = 0.625" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 20 + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "<h3>Example 10.3, Page Number: 316<h3>" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "import math\n", + "R_in=1.0*10**3;\n", + "C1=1.0*10**-6;\n", + "A_v_mid=100.0; #mid range voltage gain\n", + "f_c=1/(2*math.pi*R_in*C1);\n", + "#at f_c, capacitive reactance is equal to resistance(X_C1=R_in)\n", + "attenuation=0.707;\n", + "#A_v is gain at lower critical frequency\n", + "A_v=0.707*A_v_mid;\n", + "print('lower critical frequency = %f Hz'%f_c)\n", + "print('attenuation at lower critical frequency =%.3f'%attenuation)\n", + "print('gain at lower critical frequency = %.1f'%A_v)" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "lower critical frequency = 159.154943 Hz\n", + "attenuation at lower critical frequency =0.707\n", + "gain at lower critical frequency = 70.7" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 21 + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "<h3>Example 10.4, Page Number: 317<h3>" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "A_v_mid=100.0;\n", + "#At 1Hz frequency,voltage gain is 3 dB less than at midrange. At -3dB, the voltage is reduced by a factor of 0.707\n", + "A_v=0.707*A_v_mid;\n", + "print('actual voltage gain at 1Hz frequency = %.1f'%A_v)\n", + "#At 100Hz frequency,voltage gain is 20 dB less than at critical frequency (f_c ). At -20dB, the voltage is reduced by a factor of 0.1\n", + "A_v=0.1*A_v_mid;\n", + "print('actual voltage gain at 100Hz frequency = %d'%A_v)\n", + "#At 10Hz frequency,voltage gain is 40 dB less than at critical frequency (f_c). At -40dB, the voltage is reduced by a factor of 0.01\n", + "A_v=0.01*A_v_mid;\n", + "print('actual voltage gain at 10Hz frequency = %d'%A_v)" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "actual voltage gain at 1Hz frequency = 70.7\n", + "actual voltage gain at 100Hz frequency = 10\n", + "actual voltage gain at 10Hz frequency = 1" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 22 + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "<h3>Example 10.5, Page Number: 319<h3>" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "import math\n", + "R_C=10.0*10**3;\n", + "C3=0.1*10**-6;\n", + "R_L=10*10**3;\n", + "A_v_mid=50;\n", + "f_c=1/(2*math.pi*(R_L+R_C)*C3);\n", + "print('lower critical frequency = %f Hz'%f_c)\n", + "#at midrange capacitive reactance is zero\n", + "X_C3=0;\n", + "attenuation=R_L/(R_L+R_C); \n", + "print('attenuation at midrange frequency = %.1f'%attenuation)\n", + "#at critical frequency, capacitive reactance equals total resistance\n", + "X_C3=R_L+R_C;\n", + "attenuation=R_L/(math.sqrt((R_C+R_L)**2+X_C3**2));\n", + "print('attenuation at critical frequency = %f'%attenuation)\n", + "A_v=0.707*A_v_mid;\n", + "print('gain at critical frequency = %.2f'%A_v)" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "lower critical frequency = 79.577472 Hz\n", + "attenuation at midrange frequency = 0.5\n", + "attenuation at critical frequency = 0.353553\n", + "gain at critical frequency = 35.35" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 23 + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "<h3>Example 10.6, Page Number: 321<h3>" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "import math\n", + "B_ac=100.0;\n", + "r_e=12.0;\n", + "R1=62.0*10**3;\n", + "R2=22.0*10**3;\n", + "R_S=1.0*10**3;\n", + "R_E=1.0*10**3;\n", + "C2=100.0*10**-6;\n", + "#Base circuit impedance= parallel combination of R1, R2, R_S\n", + "R_th=(R1*R2*R_S)/(R1*R2+R2*R_S+R_S*R1);\n", + "#Resistance looking at emitter\n", + "R_in_emitter=r_e+(R_th/B_ac);\n", + "#resistance of equivalent bypass RC is parallel combination of R_E,R_in_emitter\n", + "R=(R_in_emitter*R_E)/(R_E+R_in_emitter);\n", + "f_c=1/(2*math.pi*R*C2);\n", + "print('critical frequency of bypass RC circuit = %f Hz'%f_c)" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "critical frequency of bypass RC circuit = 75.893960 Hz" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 24 + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "<h3>Example 10.7, Page Number:323<h3>" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "import math\n", + "V_GS=-10.0;\n", + "I_GSS=25.0*10**-9;\n", + "R_G=10.0*10**6;\n", + "C1=0.001*10**-6;\n", + "R_in_gate=abs((V_GS/I_GSS));\n", + "R_in=(R_in_gate*R_G)/(R_G+R_in_gate);\n", + "f_c=1/(2*math.pi*R_in*C1);\n", + "print('critical frequency = %f Hz'%f_c)" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "critical frequency = 16.313382 Hz" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 25 + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "<h3>Example 10.8, Page Number: 324<h3>" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "import math\n", + "V_GS=-12.0;\n", + "I_GSS=100.0*10**-9;\n", + "R_G=10.0*10**6;\n", + "R_D=10.0*10**3;\n", + "C1=0.001*10**-6;\n", + "C2=0.001*10**-6;\n", + "R_in_gate=abs((V_GS/I_GSS));\n", + "R_in=(R_in_gate*R_G)/(R_G+R_in_gate);\n", + "R_L=R_in; #according to question\n", + "f_c_input=1/(2*math.pi*R_in*C1);\n", + "print('critical frequency of input RC circuit = %f Hz'%f_c_input)\n", + "f_c_output=1/(2*math.pi*(R_D+R_L)*C2)\n", + "print('critical frequency of output RC circuit = %f Hz'%f_c_output)" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "critical frequency of input RC circuit = 17.241786 Hz\n", + "critical frequency of output RC circuit = 17.223127 Hz" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 26 + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "<h3>Example 10.9, Page Number: 327<h3>" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "import math\n", + "B_ac=100.0;\n", + "r_e=16.0;\n", + "R1=62.0*10**3;\n", + "R2=22.0*10**3;\n", + "R_S=600.0;\n", + "R_E=1.0*10**3;\n", + "R_C=2.2*10**3;\n", + "R_L=10.0*10**3;\n", + "C1=0.1*10**-6;\n", + "C2=10.0*10**-6;\n", + "C3=0.1*10**-6;\n", + "#input RC circuit\n", + "R_in=(B_ac*r_e*R1*R2)/(B_ac*r_e*R1+B_ac*r_e*R2+R1*R2);\n", + "f_c_input=1/(2*math.pi*(R_S+R_in)*C1);\n", + "print('input frequency = %f Hz'%f_c_input)\n", + "#For bypass circuit; Base circuit impedance= parallel combination of R1, R2, R_S\n", + "R_th=(R1*R2*R_S)/(R1*R2+R2*R_S+R_S*R1);\n", + "#Resistance looking at emitter\n", + "R_in_emitter=r_e+(R_th/B_ac);\n", + "#resistance of equivalent bypass RC is parallel combination of R_E,R_in_emitter\n", + "R=(R_in_emitter*R_E)/(R_E+R_in_emitter);\n", + "f_c_bypass=1/(2*math.pi*R*C2);\n", + "print('critical frequency of bypass RC circuit = %f Hz'%f_c_bypass)\n", + "f_c_output=1/(2*math.pi*(R_C+R_L)*C3)\n", + "print('output frequency circuit = %f Hz'%f_c_output)\n", + "R_c=R_C*R_L/(R_C+R_L);\n", + "A_v_mid=R_c/r_e;\n", + "attenuation=R_in/(R_in+R_S);\n", + "A_v=attenuation*A_v_mid; #overall voltage gain\n", + "A_v_mid_dB=20*math.log10(A_v); \n", + "print('overall voltage gain in dB = %f'%A_v_mid_dB)" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "input frequency = 773.916632 Hz\n", + "critical frequency of bypass RC circuit = 746.446517 Hz\n", + "output frequency circuit = 130.454871 Hz\n", + "overall voltage gain in dB = 38.042470" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 27 + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "<h3>Example 10.10, Page Number: 330<h3>" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "import math\n", + "B_ac=125.0;\n", + "C_be=20.0*10**-12;\n", + "C_bc=2.4*10**-12;\n", + "R1=22.0*10**3;\n", + "R2=4.7*10**3;\n", + "R_E=470.0;\n", + "R_S=600.0;\n", + "R_L=2.2*10**3;\n", + "V_CC=10.0;\n", + "V_B=(R2/(R1+R2))*V_CC;\n", + "V_E=V_B-0.7;\n", + "I_E=V_E/R_E;\n", + "r_e=25.0*10**-3/I_E;\n", + "#total resistance of input circuit is parallel combination of R1,R2,R_s,B_ac*r_e\n", + "R_in_tot=B_ac*r_e*R1*R2*R_S/(B_ac*r_e*R1*R2+B_ac*r_e*R1*R_S+B_ac*r_e*R2*R_S+R1*R2*R_S);\n", + "R_c= 1100.0#R_C*R_L/(R_C+R_L)\n", + "A_v_mid=R_c/r_e;\n", + "C_in_Miller=C_bc*(A_v_mid+1)\n", + "C_in_tot=C_in_Miller+C_be;\n", + "C_in_tot=C_in_tot*10**10\n", + "f_c=1/(2*math.pi*R_in_tot*C_in_tot);\n", + "print('total resistance of circuit = %f Ohm'%R_in_tot)\n", + "print('total capacitance = %f * 10^-10 F'%C_in_tot)\n", + "print('critical frequency = %f Hz'%f_c)" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "total resistance of circuit = 377.815676 Ohm\n", + "total capacitance = 2.606290 * 10^-10 F\n", + "critical frequency = 0.000162 Hz" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 28 + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "<h3>Example 10.11, Page Number: 333<h3>" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "import math\n", + "C_bc=2.4*10**-12; #from previous question\n", + "A_v=99.0; #from previous question\n", + "R_C=2.2*10**3;\n", + "R_L=2.2*10**3;\n", + "R_c=R_C*R_L/(R_C+R_L);\n", + "C_out_Miller=C_bc*(A_v+1)/A_v;\n", + "f_c=1/(2*math.pi*R_c*C_bc); #C_bc is almost equal to C_in_Miller\n", + "C_out_Miller=C_out_Miller*10**12\n", + "print('equivalent resistance = %d Ohm'%R_c)\n", + "print('equivalent capacitance =%f *10^-12 F'%C_out_Miller)\n", + "print('critical frequency =%f Hz'%f_c)" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "equivalent resistance = 1100 Ohm\n", + "equivalent capacitance =2.424242 *10^-12 F\n", + "critical frequency =60285963.292385 Hz" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 29 + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "<h3>Example 10.12, Page Number: 334<h3>" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "C_iss=6.0*10**-12;\n", + "C_rss=2.0*10**-12;\n", + "C_gd=C_rss;\n", + "C_gs=C_iss-C_rss;\n", + "C_gd=C_gd*10**12\n", + "C_gs=C_gs*10**12\n", + "print('gate to drain capacitance = %.1f * 10^-12 F'%C_gd)\n", + "print('gate to source capacitance = %.1f * 10^-12 F'%C_gs)" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "gate to drain capacitance = 2.0 * 10^-12 F\n", + "gate to source capacitance = 4.0 * 10^-12 F" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 30 + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "<h3>Example 10.13, Page Number:335 <h3>" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "import math\n", + "C_iss=8.0*10**-12;\n", + "C_rss=3.0*10**-12;\n", + "g_m=6500.0*10**-6; #in Siemens\n", + "R_D=1.0*10**3;\n", + "R_L=10.0*10**6;\n", + "R_s=50.0;\n", + "C_gd=C_rss;\n", + "C_gs=C_iss-C_rss;\n", + "R_d=R_D*R_L/(R_D+R_L);\n", + "A_v=g_m*R_d;\n", + "C_in_Miller=C_gd*(A_v+1);\n", + "C_in_tot=C_in_Miller+C_gs;\n", + "f_c=1/(2*math.pi*C_in_tot*R_s);\n", + "print('critical frequency of input RC circuit =%.3f *10^8 Hz'%(f_c*10**-8))" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "critical frequency of input RC circuit =1.158 *10^8 Hz" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 31 + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "<h3>Example 10.14, Page Number: 336<h3>" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "import math\n", + "C_gd=3.0*10**-12; #from previous question\n", + "A_v=6.5; #from previous question\n", + "R_d=1.0*10**3; #from previous question\n", + "C_out_Miller=C_gd*(A_v+1)/A_v;\n", + "f_c=1/(2*math.pi*R_d*C_out_Miller);\n", + "print('critical frequency of the output circuit = %d Hz'%f_c)" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "critical frequency of the output circuit = 45978094 Hz" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 32 + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "<h3>Example 10.15, Page Number: 339<h3>" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "f_cu=2000.0;\n", + "f_cl=200.0;\n", + "BW=f_cu-f_cl;\n", + "print('bandwidth = %d Hz'%BW)" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "bandwidth = 1800 Hz" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 33 + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "<h3>Example 10.16, Page Number: 340<h3>" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "f_T=175.0*10**6; #in hertz\n", + "A_v_mid=50.0;\n", + "BW=f_T/A_v_mid;\n", + "print('bandwidth = %d Hz'%BW)" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "bandwidth = 3500000 Hz" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 34 + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "<h3>Example 10.17, Page Number: 341<h3>" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "f_cl=1.0*10**3; #lower critical frequency of 2nd stage in hertz\n", + "f_cu=100.0*10**3; #upper critical frequency of 1st stage in hertz\n", + "BW=f_cu-f_cl;\n", + "print('bandwidth = %d Hz'%BW)" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "bandwidth = 99000 Hz" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 35 + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "<h3>Example 10.18, Page Number: 341<h3>" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "import math\n", + "n=2.0; #n is the number of stages of amplifier\n", + "f_cl=500.0;\n", + "f_cu=80.0*10**3;\n", + "f_cl_new=f_cl/(math.sqrt(2**(1/n)-1));\n", + "f_cu_new=f_cu*(math.sqrt(2**(1/n)-1));\n", + "BW=f_cu_new-f_cl_new;\n", + "print('bandwidth = %f Hz'%BW)" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "bandwidth = 50710.653245 Hz" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 36 + } + ], + "metadata": {} + } + ] +}
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