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diff --git a/Concepts_Of_Modern_Physics/Chapter_4.ipynb b/Concepts_Of_Modern_Physics/Chapter_4.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..36d4670d --- /dev/null +++ b/Concepts_Of_Modern_Physics/Chapter_4.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,336 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": ""
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Chapter 4:Atomic Structure"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example no:4.1,Page no:125"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Variable declaration \n",
+ "E= -13.6; #Energy required to separate electron and proton, eV\n",
+ "e= 1.6*(10**(-19)); #charge of an electron, C\n",
+ "E= E*e; #converting to J\n",
+ "Po= 8.85*(10**(-12)); #Permittivity of free space, F/m\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "r= e**2/(8*(math.pi)*Po*E); #radius, m\n",
+ "r= -r;\n",
+ "m= 9.1*(10**(-31)); #mass of electron, kg\n",
+ "v=e/math.sqrt(4*(math.pi)*Po*m*r); #velocity, m/s\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"The orbital radius of the electron is:%.2g\"%r,\"m\"\n",
+ "print\"The velocity of electron is:%.2g\"%v,\"m/s\"\n",
+ " \n",
+ " "
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The orbital radius of the electron is:5.3e-11 m\n",
+ "The velocity of electron is:2.2e+06 m/s\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 2
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example no:4.2,Page no:135"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Variable declaration \n",
+ "n1=1.0; #initial state\n",
+ "n2=3.0; #final state\n",
+ "E= -13.6; #energy in ground state, eV\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "dE= E*((1/n2**2)-(1/n1**2)); #Change in energy, eV\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"The energy change of Hydrogen atom is: \",round(dE,1),\"eV\"\n",
+ " "
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The energy change of Hydrogen atom is: 12.1 eV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 3
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example no:4.3,Page no:135"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "#Part(a)\n",
+ "Rn= 10.0**(-5); #radius of Rydberg atom, m\n",
+ "Ao= 5.29*(10**(-11)); #Bohr radius, m\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "n= math.sqrt(Rn/Ao); #Quantum number\n",
+ "E1= -13.6; #Ground state energy level, eV\n",
+ "En= E1/n**2.0; #Nth state energy level, eV\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"(a).The quantum number of the Rydberg atom is: \",round(n)\n",
+ "print\"(b).The energy ofthe rydberg atom is:%.3g\"%En,\"eV\"\n",
+ " "
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "(a).The quantum number of the Rydberg atom is: 435.0\n",
+ "(b).The energy ofthe rydberg atom is:-7.19e-05 eV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 4
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example no:4.4,Page no:138"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "n1= 3.0; #initial state\n",
+ "n2= 2.0; #final state\n",
+ "R= 1.097*(10**7); #Rydberg's constant, m**(-1)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "k= (1/n2**2)-(1/n1**2);\n",
+ "l= 1/(k*R); #longest wavelength, m\n",
+ "l= l*(10**9); #converting to nm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"The longest in Balmer series of Hydrogen, in nm, is: \",round(l),\"nm\"\n",
+ " "
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The longest in Balmer series of Hydrogen, in nm, is: 656.0 nm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 5
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example no:4.5,Page no:139"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "n1=1.0; #initial state\n",
+ "n2=2.0; #final state\n",
+ "E1= 2.18*(10**(-18)); #Rydberg's constant, J\n",
+ "h= 6.63*(10**(-34)); #Planck's constant, J.s\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "f1= (E1/h)*(2.0/n1**3); #Frequency for first orbit, rev/s\n",
+ "f2= (E1/h)*(2.0/n2**3); #Frequency for second orbit, rev/s\n",
+ "print\"Ans (A):Frequency of revolution for orbit n=1 is,f1: %.3g\"%f1,\"rev/s\"\n",
+ "print\"Frequency of revolution for orbit n=2 is,f2:%.2e\"%f2,\"rev/s\"\n",
+ "print\"which is equivalent to 0.823*10**15 rev/s 'without' any scientific notation\\n\"\n",
+ "#Part (b)\n",
+ "n1=2.0; #initial orbit\n",
+ "n2=1.0; #final orbit\n",
+ "f= (E1/(h))*((1.0/(n2**2))-(1.0/n1**3)); #frequency, Hz\n",
+ "print\"Ans(B):Frequency of emitted photon is: %.3g\"%f,\"Hz\\n\"\n",
+ "#Part (c)\n",
+ "n= 2.0; #orbit\n",
+ "f= f2; #from part (a)\n",
+ "dt= 10.0**(-8); # time duration, s\n",
+ "N= f*dt; #Number of revolutions\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Ans(C):Number of revolutions the electron makes is:%.3g\"%N\n",
+ " "
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Ans (A):Frequency of revolution for orbit n=1 is,f1: 6.58e+15 rev/s\n",
+ "Frequency of revolution for orbit n=2 is,f2:8.22e+14 rev/s\n",
+ "which is equivalent to 0.823*10**15 rev/s 'without' any scientific notation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Ans(B):Frequency of emitted photon is: 2.88e+15 Hz\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Ans(C):Number of revolutions the electron makes is:8.22e+06\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 6
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example no:4.7,Page no:142"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "#Part (a) \n",
+ "Me= 9.1*(10**(-31)); #mass of electron, kg\n",
+ "m= 207*Me; #mass of muon, kg\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Mp= 1836*Me; #mass of proton, kg\n",
+ "Mreduced= (m*Mp)/(m+Mp); #reduced mass, kg\n",
+ "Ao= 5.29*(10**(-11)); #Bohr's orbit for n=1, m\n",
+ "r1= Ao; #expected orbit for atom, m\n",
+ "r2= (Me/Mreduced)*r1; #reduced radius of orbit, m\n",
+ "#Part (b)\n",
+ "E=-13.6; # energy for elctron in n=1, eV\n",
+ "Ereduced= (Mreduced/Me)*E; #energy for eectron in mounic atom, eV\n",
+ "Ereduced= Ereduced/(10**3);#converting to keV\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"(A)Radius of the mounic atom formed, in m, is:%.3g\"%r2,\"m\"\n",
+ "print\"(B)Ionisation energy for the muonic atom is: \",round(Ereduced,2),\"keV\"\n",
+ " "
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "(A)Radius of the mounic atom formed, in m, is:2.84e-13 m\n",
+ "(B)Ionisation energy for the muonic atom is: -2.53 keV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 7
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example no:4.8,Page no:156"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Variable declaration \n",
+ "I= 7.7; #Intensity of beam, MeV\n",
+ "Dgold= 1.93*(10**4); #density of gold foil used, kg/m**3\n",
+ "u= 1.66*(10**(-27)); #atomic mass unit, kg\n",
+ "Mgold= 197*u; #atomic mass of gold, per atom\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "n= Dgold/Mgold; #number of atoms per unit volume, atoms/m**3\n",
+ "Zgold= 79; #atomic number of gold\n",
+ "e= 1.6*(10**(-19)); #electronis charge, C\n",
+ "KE= (I*e)/(10**(-6)); #converting to J\n",
+ "angle= 45; #degree\n",
+ "p=1/math.tan(math.radians(angle/2));\n",
+ "Po= 8.85*(10**(-12)); #Permittivity of free space, F/m\n",
+ "t= 3*(10**(-7)); #thickness of foil, m\n",
+ "f= (math.pi)*n*t*(((Zgold*(e**2))/(4*(math.pi)*Po*KE))**2)*(p**2) #using Rutherford scattering formula\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"f=%.g\"%f\n",
+ "print\"Fraction of the beam scattered through 45 degree or more is: \",round(f*100,3),\"%\"\n",
+ " "
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "f=7e-05\n",
+ "Fraction of the beam scattered through 45 degree or more is: 0.007 %\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 8
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
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