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Diffstat (limited to 'Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics')
| -rwxr-xr-x | Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics/ch1.ipynb | 287 | ||||
| -rwxr-xr-x | Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics/ch10.ipynb | 665 | ||||
| -rwxr-xr-x | Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics/ch11.ipynb | 393 | ||||
| -rwxr-xr-x | Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics/ch12.ipynb | 763 | ||||
| -rwxr-xr-x | Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics/ch2.ipynb | 458 | ||||
| -rwxr-xr-x | Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics/ch3.ipynb | 253 | ||||
| -rwxr-xr-x | Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics/ch4.ipynb | 199 | ||||
| -rwxr-xr-x | Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics/ch5.ipynb | 476 | ||||
| -rwxr-xr-x | Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics/ch6.ipynb | 157 | ||||
| -rwxr-xr-x | Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics/ch7.ipynb | 204 | ||||
| -rwxr-xr-x | Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics/ch8.ipynb | 365 | ||||
| -rwxr-xr-x | Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics/ch9.ipynb | 867 | ||||
| -rwxr-xr-x | Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics/screenshots/3.png | bin | 0 -> 86118 bytes | |||
| -rwxr-xr-x | Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics/screenshots/6.png | bin | 0 -> 76856 bytes | |||
| -rwxr-xr-x | Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics/screenshots/PVDiagram9.png | bin | 0 -> 13597 bytes |
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diff --git a/Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics/ch1.ipynb b/Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics/ch1.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..db200142 --- /dev/null +++ b/Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics/ch1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,287 @@ +{ + "metadata": { + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:2e535cebdbf0df3d8142e86a92fc184d16f528ad1b16b72e6276221e73684820" + }, + "nbformat": 3, + "nbformat_minor": 0, + "worksheets": [ + { + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Chapter 1 : Fundamental Concepts and Definitions" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 1.1 Page No : 5" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "distanceTravelled = 80. * 1000 \t\t\t#in meters\n", + "timeOfTravel = 2 * 3600. \t\t\t#in seconds\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "Velocity = distanceTravelled / timeOfTravel \t\t\t#in meter/second\n", + "print \"Velocity = %.1f m/s \"%(Velocity);\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Velocity = 11.1 m/s \n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 1 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 1.2 Page No : 6" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "mass = 120 \t\t\t#in kg\n", + "acceleration = 10 \t\t\t#in m/s**2\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "force = mass * acceleration * 0.001 \t\t\t#in kN\n", + "print \"Force = %.1f kN \"%(force);\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Force = 1.2 kN \n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 2 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 1.3 Page No : 6" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "mass = 60 \t\t\t#in kg\n", + "accelerationDueToGravity = 9.8 \t\t\t#in m/s**2\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "weight = mass * accelerationDueToGravity \t\t\t#in N\n", + "print \"Weight = %.0f N \"%(weight);\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Weight = 588 N \n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 3 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 1.4 Page No : 10" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "Pg = 12E5 \t\t\t#in N/m**2 \t\t\t#inlet gauge pressure\n", + "Pvac = 75. / 1000 \t\t\t#in m Hg \t\t\t#exit gauge pressure\n", + "atmosphericPressure = 760. / 1000 \t\t\t#in m Hg \t\t\t#atmospheric pressure\n", + "density = 13.6 * 10**3 \t\t\t#kg/m**3 \t\t\t#density of mercury\n", + "g = 9.805 \t\t\t#in m/s**2 \t\t\t#acceleration due to gravity\n", + " \n", + "\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "Pvac = density*g*Pvac \t\t\t#Pvac in N/m**2 \n", + "atmosphericPressure = density*g*atmosphericPressure \t\t\t#atmospheric pressure in N/m**2\n", + "PabsInlet = atmosphericPressure + Pg \t\t\t#in N/m**2 \t\t\t#absolute inlet pressure\n", + "PabsExit = atmosphericPressure - Pvac \t\t\t#in N/m**2 \t\t\t#absolute exit pressure\n", + "print \"At the inlet, absolute pressure = %.3f kPa \"%(PabsInlet*.001);\n", + "print \"At the exit, absolute pressure = %.3f kPa \"%(PabsExit*.001);\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "At the inlet, absolute pressure = 1301.344 kPa \n", + "At the exit, absolute pressure = 91.343 kPa \n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 5 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 1.5 Page No : 12" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "mass = 50 * .001 \t\t\t#in kg\n", + "volume = 0.04 \t\t\t#in m**3\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "specificVolume = volume / mass \t\t\t#in m**3/kg\n", + "density = 1/specificVolume \t\t\t#in kg/m**3\n", + "print \"Specific density = %.2f m**3/kg \"%(specificVolume);\n", + "print \"Density = %.2f kg/m**3 \"%(density);\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Specific density = 0.80 m**3/kg \n", + "Density = 1.25 kg/m**3 \n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 6 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 1.6 Page No : 12" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "temp = 100; \t\t\t#in degree Celsius\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "TEMP = temp + 273.15;\n", + "print \"Temperature in Kelvin = %.2f K\"%(TEMP);\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Temperature in Kelvin = 373.15 K\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 7 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 1.7 Page No : 12" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "TEMP = 263.15; \t\t\t#in Kelvin\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "temp = TEMP - 273.15;\n", + "print \"Temperature in degree Celsius = %.2f degree C\"%(temp);\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Temperature in degree Celsius = -10.00 degree C\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 8 + } + ], + "metadata": {} + } + ] +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics/ch10.ipynb b/Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics/ch10.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..5d434dbb --- /dev/null +++ b/Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics/ch10.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,665 @@ +{ + "metadata": { + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:1a81913d8f306ac03dbac9653a74d59c865e73e675c11ff3c8d84de998d79d37" + }, + "nbformat": 3, + "nbformat_minor": 0, + "worksheets": [ + { + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Chapter 10 : Properties of Pure Substance - Water" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 10.1 Page No : 333" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "m = 1.5 \t\t\t#kg \t\t\t#mass of wet steam\n", + "mf = 0.08*m \t\t\t#kg \t\t\t#mass of liquid in wet steam\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "x = (m-mf)/m \t\t\t#dryness fraction of mixture\n", + "print \"Dryness fraction of mixture = %.2f\"%(x)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Dryness fraction of mixture = 0.92\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 1 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 10.2 Page No : 333" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "x = 0.85 \t\t\t#quality of steam\n", + "print \"The ratio of mass of saturated liquid to saturated steam = %.5f\"%((1-x)/x)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The ratio of mass of saturated liquid to saturated steam = 0.17647\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 2 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 10.3 Page No : 350" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "# Variables\n", + "p1 = 200. \t\t\t#kPa \t\t\t#initial pressure\n", + "t1 = 100. \t\t\t#\u00b0C \t\t\t#initial temperature\n", + "ts = 120.23 \t\t\t#\u00b0C \t\t\t#saturated steam temperature\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "#From steam table\n", + "v1 = 0.001044 \t\t\t#m**3/kg \t\t\t#volume per kilogram of water \n", + "h1 = 419 \t\t\t#kJ/kg \t\t\t#enthalpy per kilogram of water\n", + "s1 = 1.3068 \t\t\t#kJ/kg \t\t\t#entropy per kilogram of water\n", + "u1 = h1-p1*v1 \t\t\t#kJ/kg \t\t\t#internal energy per kilogram of water\n", + "print \"Volume per kilogram of water = %.6f m**3/kg\"%(v1)\n", + "print \"Enthalpy per kilogram of water = %.1f kJ/kg\"%(h1)\n", + "print \"Entropy per kilogram of water = %.4f kJ/kgK\"%(s1)\n", + "print \"Internal energy per kilogram of water = %.1f kJ/kg\"%(u1)\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Volume per kilogram of water = 0.001044 m**3/kg\n", + "Enthalpy per kilogram of water = 419.0 kJ/kg\n", + "Entropy per kilogram of water = 1.3068 kJ/kgK\n", + "Internal energy per kilogram of water = 418.8 kJ/kg\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 3 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 10.4 Page No : 350" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "p1 = 500. \t\t\t#kPa \t\t\t#initial pressure\n", + "s1 = 1.3625 \t\t\t#initial entropy\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "#Using Method 2:\n", + "Ts = 424.28 \t\t\t#K \t\t\t#temperature at 500kPa\n", + "sf = 1.8606 \t\t\t#kJ/kgK \t\t\t#entropy at 500kPa\n", + "Cwat = 4.189 \t\t\t#kJ/kgK \t\t\t#specific heat of water\n", + "T1 = round((math.exp((sf-s1)/Cwat)/Ts)**-1) \t\t\t#K\n", + "print \"Temperature = %.2f \u00b0C\"%(T1-273)\n", + "v1 = 0.001 \t\t\t#m**3/kg \t\t\t#volume per kg water\n", + "h1 = (640.21 - Cwat*(151.86-T1+273)) \t\t\t# kJ/kg \t\t\t#Enthalpy per kg water\n", + "u1 = h1 - p1*v1 \t\t\t#kJ/kg \t\t\t#internal energy per kg water\n", + "print \"Volume per kg water = %f m**3/kg\"%(v1)\n", + "print \"Enthalpy per kg water = %.1f kJ/kg\"%(h1)\n", + "print \"Internal energy per kg water = %.1f kJ/kg\"%(u1)\n", + "\n", + "# note : rounding off error. please check." + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Temperature = 104.00 \u00b0C\n", + "Volume per kg water = 0.001000 m**3/kg\n", + "Enthalpy per kg water = 439.7 kJ/kg\n", + "Internal energy per kg water = 439.2 kJ/kg\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 3 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 10.5 Page No : 353" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "t = 50. \t\t\t#\u00b0C \t\t\t#temperature of water\n", + "h = 209.31 \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "#From saturated property table\n", + "p = 12.35 \t\t\t#kPa\n", + "v = 0.001012 \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "u = h - p*v \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "s = 0.7037 \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "print \"Pressure = %.2f kPa\"%(p)\n", + "print \"Volume per kg water = %.6f m**3/kg\"%(v)\n", + "print \"Internal energy per kg water = %.1f kJ/kg\"%(u)\n", + "print \"Entropy per kg water = %.4f kJ/kgK\"%(s)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Pressure = 12.35 kPa\n", + "Volume per kg water = 0.001012 m**3/kg\n", + "Internal energy per kg water = 209.3 kJ/kg\n", + "Entropy per kg water = 0.7037 kJ/kgK\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 5 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 10.6 Page No : 353" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "p = 12. \t\t\t#bar \t\t\t#pressure of steam leaving boiler\n", + "h = 2705. \t\t\t#kJ/kg \t\t\t#Enthalpy of steam\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "#From pressure based saturated property table, at p = 12bar\n", + "hf = 798.64 \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "hg = 2784.8 \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "x = (h-hf)/(hg-hf) \t\t\t#Dryness fraction\n", + "v = (1-x)*0.001139 + (x)*0.1633 \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "s = (1-x)*2.2165 + (x)*6.5233 \t\t\t#m**3/kgK\n", + "u = h - p*v*100 \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "print \"Volume per kg water = %.4f m**3/kg\"%(v)\n", + "print \"Internal energy per kg water = %.0f kJ/kg\"%(u)\n", + "print \"Entropy per kg water = %.3f kJ/kgK\"%(s)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Volume per kg water = 0.1568 m**3/kg\n", + "Internal energy per kg water = 2517 kJ/kg\n", + "Entropy per kg water = 6.350 kJ/kgK\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 1 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 10.7 Page No : 354" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "p = 15 \t\t\t#bar\n", + "u = 2594.5 \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "#From saturated steam table based on pressure at p = 15 bar\n", + "hf = 844.87 \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "hg = 2792.1 \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "vf = 0.001154 \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "vg = 0.13177 \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "uf = hf-100*p*vf \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "ug = hg-100*p*vg \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "\n", + "if u-ug<0.1 :\n", + " print \"Temperature = %.2f \u00b0C\"%(198.32)\n", + " print \"Volume per kg water = %.5f m**3/kg\"%(vg)\n", + " print \"Enthalpy per kg water = %.1f kJ/kg\"%(hg)\n", + " print \"Internal energy per kg water = %.1f kJ/kg\"%(ug)\n", + " print \"Entropy per kg water = %.4f kJ/kgK\"%(6.4448)\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Temperature = 198.32 \u00b0C\n", + "Volume per kg water = 0.13177 m**3/kg\n", + "Enthalpy per kg water = 2792.1 kJ/kg\n", + "Internal energy per kg water = 2594.4 kJ/kg\n", + "Entropy per kg water = 6.4448 kJ/kgK\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 2 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 10.8 Page No : 355" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "# Variables\n", + "p = 10e6 \t\t\t#Pa\n", + "t = 550. \t\t\t#\u00b0C\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "#From superheated property table\n", + "v_500 = 0.03279 \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "v_600 = 0.03837 \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "v_550 = v_500 + (v_500-v_600)/(500-600)*(550-500) \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "h_500 = 3373.6 \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "h_600 = 3625.3 \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "h_550 = h_500 + (h_500-h_600)/(500-600)*(550-500) \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "s_500 = 6.5965 \t\t\t#kJ/kgK\n", + "s_600 = 6.9028 \t\t\t#kJ/kgK\n", + "s_550 = s_500 + (s_500-s_600)/(500-600)*(550-500) \t\t\t#kJ/kgK\n", + "print \"Volume per kg water = %.6f m**3/kg\"%(v_550)\n", + "print \"Enthalpy per kg water = %.1f kJ/kg\"%(h_550)\n", + "print \"Entropy per kg water = %.4f kJ/kgK\"%(s_550)\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Volume per kg water = 0.035580 m**3/kg\n", + "Enthalpy per kg water = 3499.4 kJ/kg\n", + "Entropy per kg water = 6.7496 kJ/kgK\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 8 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 10.9 Page No : 355" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "t = 250. \t\t\t#\u00b0C \n", + "h = 2855.8 \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "\n", + "#From superheated property table\n", + "p = 3e6 \t\t\t#Pa\n", + "v = 0.07058 \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "s = 6.2871 \t\t\t#kJ/kgK\n", + "u = h - p*v*.001 \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "print \"Pressure = %.1f MPa\"%(p*1e-6)\n", + "print \"Volume per kilogram of water = %.5f m**3/kg\"%(v)\n", + "print \"Enthalpy per kilogram of water = %.1f kJ/kg\"%(h)\n", + "print \"Entropy per kilogram of water = %.4f kJ/kgK\"%(s)\n", + "print \"Internal energy per kilogram of water = %.0f kJ/kg\"%(u)\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Pressure = 3.0 MPa\n", + "Volume per kilogram of water = 0.07058 m**3/kg\n", + "Enthalpy per kilogram of water = 2855.8 kJ/kg\n", + "Entropy per kilogram of water = 6.2871 kJ/kgK\n", + "Internal energy per kilogram of water = 2644 kJ/kg\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 3 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 10.10 Page No : 359" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "# variables\n", + "p = 2. \t\t\t#bar\n", + "m = 0.16 \t\t\t#kg\n", + "V = 0.1 \t\t\t#m**3\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "#refereing to the saturation temperature corresponding to 2bar\n", + "v = V/m \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "vf = 0.001061 \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "vg = 0.8857 \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "print 'Specific volume at saturated liquid phase vf) = %.6f m**3/kg '%(vf)\n", + "print 'Specific volume at saturated vapor phase vg) = %.6f m**3/kg '%(vg)\n", + " \n", + "if v<vg and v>vf :\n", + " print 'The temperature of the steam must be equal to saturation temperature corresponding to 2 bar'\n", + " print \"Temperature of steam = %.2f \u00b0C\"%(120.23)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Specific volume at saturated liquid phase vf) = 0.001061 m**3/kg \n", + "Specific volume at saturated vapor phase vg) = 0.885700 m**3/kg \n", + "The temperature of the steam must be equal to saturation temperature corresponding to 2 bar\n", + "Temperature of steam = 120.23 \u00b0C\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 10 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 10.11 Page No : 360" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "p1 = 2. \t\t\t#bar\n", + "v1 = 0.624 \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "t = 120.23 \t\t\t#\u00b0C\n", + "m = 0.16 \t\t\t#kg\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "vf = 0.001061 \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "vg = 0.8857 \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "x1 = (v1-vf)/(vg-vf) \t\t\t#Dryness fraction\n", + "hf = 504.68 \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "hg = 2706.6 \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "h1 = (1-x1)*hf + x1*hg \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "u1 = h1 - p1*v1*100\t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "\n", + "v2 = v1 \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "vf = 0.001044 \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "vg = 1.673 \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "x2 = (v1-vf)/(vg-vf) \t\t\t#Dryness fraction\n", + "hf = 419. \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "hg = 2676. \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "h2 = (1-x2)*hf + x2*hg \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "p2 = 1.010325 \t\t\t#bar\n", + "u2 = h2 - (p2*100)*v2 \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "print \"Heat rejected from steam = %.1f kJ\"%(m*(u2-u1))\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Heat rejected from steam = -117.4 kJ\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 9 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 10.12 Page No : 361" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "m =0.1 \t\t\t#kg\n", + "p1 = 10. \t\t\t#bar \n", + "p2 = 1. \t\t\t#bar\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "#From saturated steam table\n", + "v1 = 0.1944 \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "v2 = (p1/p2)**(1/1.3)*v1 \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "W = m*(p1*v1-p2*v2)*100/(1.3-1) \t\t\t#kJ\n", + "print \"Work during expansion process = %.2f kJ\"%(W)\n", + "h1 = 2778.1 \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "u1 = (h1 - p1*v1*100) \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "\n", + "vf = 0.001043 \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "vg = 1.694 \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "x2 = (v2-vf)/(vg-vf) \t\t\t#Dryness fraction\n", + "hf = 417.33 \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "hg = 2675.5 \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "h2 = (1-x2)*hf + x2*hg \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "u2 = h2 - p2*v2*100 \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "print \"Heat rejected from steam = %.2f kJ\"%(W+m*(u2-u1))\n", + "\n", + "# note : rounding off error" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Work during expansion process = 26.71 kJ\n", + "Heat rejected from steam = -49.07 kJ\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 11 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 10.13 Page No : 362" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "# Variables\n", + "p1 = 10. \t\t\t#bar\n", + "t1 = 300. \t\t\t#\u00b0C\n", + "V1 = 50. \t\t\t#m/s\n", + "p2 = 1. \t\t\t#bar\n", + "m = 1.2 \t\t\t#kg/s\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "\t\t\t#From superheated steam table\n", + "h1 = 3051.2 \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "s1 = 7.1228 \t\t\t#kJ/kgK\n", + "p2 = 1 \t\t\t#bar\n", + "s2 = s1 \t\t\t#kJ/kgK\n", + "\n", + "sf = 1.3025 \t\t\t#kJ/kgK\n", + "sg = 7.3593 \t\t\t#kJ/kgK\n", + "x2 = (s2-sf)/(sg-sf) \t\t\t#Dryness fraction\n", + "hf = 417.44 \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "hg = 2675.5 \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "h2 = (1-x2)*hf + x2*hg \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "vf = 0.001043 \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "vg = 1.694 \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "v2 = (1-x2)*vf + x2*vg \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "V2 = (2*(1000*(h1-h2))+V1**2)**0.5 \t\t\t#m/s\n", + "A2 = m*v2/V2*10000\t\t\t#cm**3\n", + "print \"The exit area of the nozzle = %.1f cm**2\"%(A2)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The exit area of the nozzle = 20.3 cm**2\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 13 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 10.14 Page No : 363" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "m1 = 0.2 \t\t\t#kg/s\n", + "p = 4. \t\t\t#bar\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "#From superheated steam table\n", + "h1 = 2752.8 \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "h2 = 209.31 \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "h3 = 604.73 \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "\n", + "m2 = (m1*h1-m1*h3)/(h3-h2) \t\t\t#kg/s\n", + "print \"The flow rate of feed water into the heater = %.3f kg/s\"%(m2)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The flow rate of feed water into the heater = 1.086 kg/s\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 14 + } + ], + "metadata": {} + } + ] +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics/ch11.ipynb b/Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics/ch11.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..b9633767 --- /dev/null +++ b/Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics/ch11.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,393 @@ +{ + "metadata": { + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:1a66a7b358047512cb72cb60b5347f9bd68c40105b1c8a4914776231ef293db4" + }, + "nbformat": 3, + "nbformat_minor": 0, + "worksheets": [ + { + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Chapter 11 : Real Gas" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 11.1 Page No : 394" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "P = 70.e5 \t\t\t#Pa\n", + "T = 150. + 273 \t\t\t#K\n", + "Z = 0.55 \t\t\t#Compressibility factor\n", + "R = 8314.3/44 \t\t\t#J/kgK\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "#For propane\n", + "v = Z*R*T/P \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "print \"Specific volume for propane = %.2e m**3/kg\"%(v)\n", + "\t\t\t#ideal gas\n", + "v = R*T/P \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "print \"Specific volume for ideal gas = %2.3e m**3/kg\"%(v)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Specific volume for propane = 6.28e-03 m**3/kg\n", + "Specific volume for ideal gas = 1.142e-02 m**3/kg\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 4 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 11.2 Page No : 396" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "Z = 1.04 \t\t\t#Compressiblity factor\n", + "pc = 3.77e6 \t\t\t#Pa \t\t\t#crticial pressure\n", + "Tc = 132.5 \t\t\t#K\n", + "vc = 0.0883 \t\t\t#m**3/kmol\n", + "p = 10.e5 \t\t\t#Pa\n", + "T = 300. \t\t\t#K\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "R = 287. \t\t\t#J/kgK\n", + "pR = p/pc \t\t\t#reduced pressure\n", + "TR = T/Tc \t\t\t#reduced temperature\n", + "v = Z*R*T/p \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "vR = v/vc \t\t\t#reduced volume\n", + "\n", + "print \"Reduced pressure = %.5f \"%(pR)\n", + "print \"Reduced temperature = %.5f \"%(TR)\n", + "print \"Reduced volume = %.3f \"%(vR)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Reduced pressure = 0.26525 \n", + "Reduced temperature = 2.26415 \n", + "Reduced volume = 1.014 \n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 5 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 11.3 Page No : 397" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "pR = 0.26525 \t\t\t#reduced pressure\n", + "TR = 2.26415 \t\t\t#reduced temperature\n", + "pc = 22.09 \t\t\t#bar \t\t\t#critical pressure of water\n", + "Tc = 647.3 \t\t\t#K \t\t\t#critical temperature of water\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "p = pR*pc \t\t\t#bar\n", + "T = TR*Tc \t\t\t#K\n", + "print \"Temperature at which steam would beahve similar to air at 10 bar and 27\u00b0C = %.1f K\"%(T)\n", + "\n", + "print \"Pressure at which steam would beahve similar to air at 10 bar and 27\u00b0C = %.2f bar\"%(p)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Temperature at which steam would beahve similar to air at 10 bar and 27\u00b0C = 1465.6 K\n", + "Pressure at which steam would beahve similar to air at 10 bar and 27\u00b0C = 5.86 bar\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 3 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 11.4 Page No : 399" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "pc = 3.77e6 \t\t\t#Pa \t\t\t#critical pressure\n", + "p = 5.65e6 \t\t\t#Pa\n", + "Tc = 132.5 \t\t\t#K \t\t\t#critical temperature\n", + "T = 300 \t\t\t#K\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "pR = p/pc \t\t\t#reduced pressure\n", + "TR = T/Tc \t\t\t#reduced temperature\n", + "\t\t\t#from generalized compressibilty chart\n", + "Z =0.97\n", + "print \"From the generalized compressiblity chart,\\\n", + " at reduced pressure of %.1f and reduced temperature of %.2f, Z = %.2f\"%(pR,TR,Z)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "From the generalized compressiblity chart, at reduced pressure of 1.5 and reduced temperature of 2.26, Z = 0.97\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 4 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 11.5 Page No : 299" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "# Variables\n", + "T =150.+273 \t\t\t#K\n", + "p = 7e6 \t\t\t#Pa\n", + "\n", + "#Part (i)\n", + "print \"Parti\"\n", + "v = (8314.3/44)*T/p \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "print \"Specific volume for gaseous propane using ideal gas equation = %.4f m**3/kg\"%(v)\n", + "\n", + "#Part(ii)\n", + "print \"Partii\"\n", + "pc = 4.26e6 \t\t\t#Pa \t\t\t#critical pressure\n", + "Tc = 370. \t\t\t#K \t\t\t#critical temperature\n", + "\n", + "pR = p/pc \t\t\t#reduced pressure\n", + "TR = T/Tc \t\t\t#reduced temperature\n", + "Z = 0.56 \t\t\t#compressibility factor\n", + "print \"From the generalized compressiblity chart,\\\n", + " at reduced pressure of %.1f and reduced temperature of %.2f, Z = %.2f\"%(pR,TR,Z)\n", + "v = Z*v\n", + "print \"Specific volume for gaseous propane using generalized compressiblity chart = %.5f m**3/kg\"%(v)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Parti\n", + "Specific volume for gaseous propane using ideal gas equation = 0.0114 m**3/kg\n", + "Partii\n", + "From the generalized compressiblity chart, at reduced pressure of 1.6 and reduced temperature of 1.14, Z = 0.56\n", + "Specific volume for gaseous propane using generalized compressiblity chart = 0.00639 m**3/kg\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 7 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 11.6 Page No : 404" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "m = 5.\t\t\t#kg \t\t\t#mass of CO2\n", + "T = 300. \t\t\t#K\n", + "R = 8314.3/44 \t\t\t#J/kgK\n", + "V = 1.5 \t\t\t#m**3\n", + "\n", + "#Part(i)\n", + "print \"Parti\"\n", + "p = m*R*T/V\n", + "print \"Pressure exerted by CO2using ideal gas equation) = %.2f kPa\"%(p*.001)\n", + "\n", + "#Part(ii)\n", + "print \"Partii\"\n", + "R = 8.3143 \t\t\t#J/kmolK\n", + "a = 0.3658e3 \t\t\t#kPam**6/kmol**2\n", + "b = 0.0428 \t\t\t#m**3.kmol\n", + "v = 44*V/m \t\t\t#m**3/kmol\n", + "p = T*R/(v-b) - a/v**2\n", + "print \"Pressure exerted by CO2using van der Waals equation) = %.1f kPa\"%(p)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Parti\n", + "Pressure exerted by CO2using ideal gas equation) = 188.96 kPa\n", + "Partii\n", + "Pressure exerted by CO2using van der Waals equation) = 187.5 kPa\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 8 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 11.7 Page No : 406" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "M = 28. \t\t\t#g/mol\n", + "m = 3.5\t\t\t#kg\n", + "V = 0.015 \t\t\t#m**3\n", + "v = V/m \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "T = 473. \t\t\t#K\n", + "R = 8314.3/M \t\t\t#J/kgK\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "\n", + "#Part(i)\n", + "print \"Parti\"\n", + "p = m*R*T/V \t\t\t#Pa\n", + "print \"Pressure using ideal gas equation of state) = %.2f MPa\"%(p*1e-6)\n", + "\n", + "#Part(ii)\n", + "print \"Partii\"\n", + "pc = 3.39e6 \t\t\t#Pa \t\t\t#critical pressure\n", + "Tc = 126.2 \t\t\t#K \t\t\t#critical temperature\n", + "vc = 0.0899 \t\t\t#m**3/kmol \t\t\t#critical volume\n", + "\n", + "TR = T/Tc \t\t\t#reduced temperature\n", + "vR = v/(R*Tc/pc) \t\t\t#reduced volume\n", + "Z = 1.1 \t\t\t#Compressibility factor\n", + "print \"From the generalized compressiblity chart, \\\n", + " at reduced volume of %.4f and reduced temperature of %.2f, Z = %.2f\"%(vR,TR,Z)\n", + "p = Z*R*T/v \t\t\t#Pa\n", + "print \"Pressure using generalised compressibility chart) = %.3f MPa\"%(p*1e-6)\n", + "\n", + "#Part(iii)\n", + "print \"Partiii\"\n", + "a = 0.1366e6 \t\t\t#Pam**5/kmol**2\n", + "b = 0.0386 \t\t\t#m**3/kmol\n", + "p = (8314.3*T/(v*M - b)) - a/(v*M)**2\n", + "print \"Pressure using van der Waals equation) = %.2f MPa\"%(p*1e-6)\n", + "\n", + "#Part(iv)\n", + "print \"Partiv\"\n", + "a = (0.427*(R*M)**2*Tc**2.5/pc)\n", + "b = 0.0866*(R*M*Tc/pc)\n", + "\n", + "p = (R*M*T/(v*M-b))-(a/(((v*M)**2 + v*M*b)*(T**0.5)))\n", + "print \"Pressure using Redlich-Kwong equation of state) = %.2f MPa\"%(p*1e-6)\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#Part(v)\n", + "print \"Partv\"\n", + "A0 = 136.2315\n", + "a = 0.02617\n", + "B0 = 0.05046\n", + "b = -0.00691\n", + "c = 42000\n", + "\n", + "A = A0*(1 - a/(v*M))\n", + "B = B0*(1 - b/(v*M))\n", + "eps = c/(T**3 * v*M)\n", + "p = ((8314.3)*T*(1-eps)*(v*M+B))/(v*M)**2 - 1e3*A/(v*M)**2\n", + "print \"Pressure using ideal gas equation of state) = %.2f MPa\"%(p*1e-6)\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\t#---Note--- \t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results to Part(iv) in the textbook is 40.58 MPa which is wrong. \n", + "# The correct solution (38.13 MPa) is computed here.\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Parti\n", + "Pressure using ideal gas equation of state) = 32.77 MPa\n", + "Partii\n", + "From the generalized compressiblity chart, at reduced volume of 0.3877 and reduced temperature of 3.75, Z = 1.10\n", + "Pressure using generalised compressibility chart) = 36.049 MPa\n", + "Partiii\n", + "Pressure using van der Waals equation) = 38.83 MPa\n", + "Partiv\n", + "Pressure using Redlich-Kwong equation of state) = 38.13 MPa\n", + "Partv\n", + "Pressure using ideal gas equation of state) = 39.79 MPa\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 1 + } + ], + "metadata": {} + } + ] +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics/ch12.ipynb b/Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics/ch12.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..896ca7c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics/ch12.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,763 @@ +{ + "metadata": { + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:53a735279bd0b4b47d350239e84293c3d52753ef579aa2d9f892dff4596cafc6" + }, + "nbformat": 3, + "nbformat_minor": 0, + "worksheets": [ + { + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Chapter 12 : Fuels and Combustion" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 12.1 Page No : 412" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "\n", + "xCO2 = 0.03 \t\t\t#mole fraction of CO2\n", + "xCO = 0.19 \t\t\t#mole fraction of CO\n", + "xH2 = 0.41 \t\t\t#mole fraction of H2\n", + "xCH4 = 0.25 \t\t\t#mole fraction of CH4\n", + "xC2H4 = 0.09 \t\t\t#mole fraction of C2H4\n", + "xN2 = 0.03 \t\t\t#mole fraction of N2\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "#Part(a)\n", + "print \"Parta\";\n", + "M = xCO2*44 + xCO*28 + xH2*2 + xC2H4*28 +xCH4*16 + xN2*28 \t\t\t#kg/mol \t\t\t#average molar mass\n", + "yCO2 = xCO2*(44/M)\n", + "yCO = xCO*(28/M)\n", + "yH2 = xH2*(2/M)\n", + "yCH4 = xCH4*(16/M)\n", + "yC2H4 = xC2H4*(28/M)\n", + "yN2 = xN2*(28/M)\n", + "print \"yCO2 = %.1f%%\"%(yCO2*100)\n", + "print \"yCO = %.1f%%\"%(yCO*100)\n", + "print \"yH2 = %.1f%%\"%(yH2*100)\n", + "print \"yCH4 = %.0f%%\"%(yCH4*100)\n", + "print \"yC2H4 = %.1f%%\"%(yC2H4*100)\n", + "print \"yN2 = %.1f%%\"%(yN2*100)\n", + "\n", + "#Part(b)\n", + "print \"Partb\";\n", + "nC = xCO2 + xCO + xCH4 + xC2H4*2 \t\t\t#number of moles of C\n", + "nH2 = xH2 + xCH4*2 + xC2H4*2 \t\t\t#number of moles of H2\n", + "nO2 = xCO2 + 0.5*xCO \t\t\t#number of moles of O2\n", + "nN2 = xN2 \t\t\t#number of moles of N2\n", + "\n", + "mC = nC*12/M\n", + "mH2 = nH2*2/M\n", + "mO2 = nO2*32/M\n", + "mN2 = nN2*28/M\n", + "print \"mC = %.1f%%\"%(mC*100)\n", + "print \"mH2 = %.1f%%\"%(mH2*100)\n", + "print \"mO2 = %.0f%%\"%(mO2*100)\n", + "print \"mN2 = %.1f%%\"%(mN2*100)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Parta\n", + "yCO2 = 8.9%\n", + "yCO = 35.9%\n", + "yH2 = 5.5%\n", + "yCH4 = 27%\n", + "yC2H4 = 17.0%\n", + "yN2 = 5.7%\n", + "Partb\n", + "mC = 52.6%\n", + "mH2 = 14.7%\n", + "mO2 = 27%\n", + "mN2 = 5.7%\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 2 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 12.2 Page No : 416" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "# Variables\n", + "#Molar masses of O2,H2,N2,C and S respectively\n", + "MO2 = 32. \t\t\t#g/mol\n", + "MH2 = 2. \t\t\t#g/mol\n", + "MN2 = 28. \t\t\t#g/mol\n", + "MC = 12. \t\t\t#g/mol\n", + "MS = 32. \t\t\t#g/mol\n", + "#Part(a)\n", + "print \"Parta\"\n", + "print \"Stoichiometric airCarbon) = %.2f kg/kg carbon\"%((MO2 + 3.76*MN2)/MC)\n", + "#Part(b)\n", + "print \"Partb\"\n", + "print \"Stoichiometric airHydrogen) = %.1f kg/kg hydrogen\"%(0.5*(MO2 + 3.76*MN2)/MH2)\n", + "#Part(c)\n", + "print \"Partc\"\n", + "print \"Stoichiometric airSulphur) = %.1f kg/kg sulphur\"%((MO2 + 3.76*MN2)/MS)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Parta\n", + "Stoichiometric airCarbon) = 11.44 kg/kg carbon\n", + "Partb\n", + "Stoichiometric airHydrogen) = 34.3 kg/kg hydrogen\n", + "Partc\n", + "Stoichiometric airSulphur) = 4.3 kg/kg sulphur\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 2 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 12.3 Page No : 417" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "# Variables\n", + "xC3H8 = 0.2 \t\t\t#mole fraction of propane\n", + "xC4H10 = 0.8 \t\t\t#mole fraction of bumath.tane\n", + "#Molar masses of O2,H2,N2 & C respectively\n", + "MO2 = 32. \t\t\t#g/mol\n", + "MH2 = 2. \t\t\t#g/mol\n", + "MN2 = 28. \t\t\t#g/mol\n", + "MC = 12. \t\t\t#g/mol\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "#C balance\n", + "b = xC3H8*3+xC4H10*4\n", + "#H2 balance\n", + "d = xC3H8*4 + xC4H10*5\n", + "#O2 balance\n", + "a = b + d/2\n", + "#N2 balance\n", + "c = 3.76*a\n", + "\n", + "Stoichiometric_air = a*(MO2 + 3.76*MN2)/(xC3H8*(MC+MO2)+xC4H10*(MC*4+MH2*5))\n", + "print \"Stoichiometric air = %.2f kg/kg cooking gas\"%(Stoichiometric_air)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Stoichiometric air = 15.42 kg/kg cooking gas\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 3 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 12.4 Page No : 418" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "# Variables\n", + "xC3H8 = 0.2 \t\t\t#mole fraction of propane\n", + "xC4H10 = 0.8 \t\t\t#mole fraction of bumath.tane\n", + "\n", + "xO2 = 0.21 \t\t\t#mole fraction of O2\n", + "xN2 = 0.79 \t\t\t#mole fraction of N2\n", + "#Molar masses of O2,H2,N2 & C respectively\n", + "MO2 = 32. \t\t\t#g/mol\n", + "MH2 = 2. \t\t\t#g/mol\n", + "MN2 = 28. \t\t\t#g/mol\n", + "MC = 12. \t\t\t#g/mol\n", + "Stoichiometric_air = 15.42 \t\t\t#kg/kg\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "#C balance\n", + "b = xC3H8*3+xC4H10*4\n", + "#H2 balance\n", + "e = xC3H8*4 + xC4H10*5\n", + "#O2 balance\n", + "d = 40*xO2-b -0.5*e\n", + "#N2 balance\n", + "c = 40*xN2\n", + "\n", + "actual_air = 40*(xO2*MO2 + xN2*MN2)/(xC3H8*(MC*3+MH2*4)+xC4H10*(MC*4+MH2*5)) \t\t\t#kg/kg gas\n", + "\n", + "excess_air = (actual_air - Stoichiometric_air)/Stoichiometric_air*100\n", + "print \"Excess air = %.1f%%\"%(excess_air)\n", + "\n", + "theoritical_air = 100+excess_air\n", + "print \"Theoritical air = %.1f%%\"%(theoritical_air)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Excess air = 35.5%\n", + "Theoritical air = 135.5%\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 4 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 12.5 Page No : 420" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "nCO2 = 3.8 \t\t\t#Number of moles of CO2\n", + "nN2 = 31.6 \t\t\t#Number of moles of N2\n", + "nO2 = 2.2 \t\t\t#Number of moles of O2\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "n = nCO2 + nN2 + nO2\n", + "xCO2 = nCO2/n \t\t\t#mole fraction of CO2\n", + "xN2 = nN2/n \t\t\t#mole fraction of N2\n", + "xO2 = nO2/n \t\t\t#mole fraction of O2\n", + "\n", + "print \"xCO2 = %.1f %% \"%(xCO2*100)\n", + "print \"xN2 = %.1f %% \"%(xN2*100)\n", + "print \"xO2 = %.1f %% \"%(xO2*100)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "xCO2 = 10.1 % \n", + "xN2 = 84.0 % \n", + "xO2 = 5.9 % \n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 5 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 12.6 Page No : 421" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "nCO2 = 3.8 \t\t\t#Number of moles of CO2\n", + "nN2 = 31.6 \t\t\t#Number of moles of N2\n", + "nO2 = 2.2 \t\t\t#Number of moles of O2\n", + "nH2O = 4.8 \t\t\t#Number of moles of H2O\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "n = nCO2 + nN2 + nO2 + nH2O\n", + "xCO2 = nCO2/n \t\t\t#mole fraction of CO2\n", + "xN2 = nN2/n \t\t\t#mole fraction of N2\n", + "xO2 = nO2/n \t\t\t#mole fraction of O2\n", + "xH2O = nH2O/n \t\t\t#mole fraction of H2O\n", + "\n", + "print \"Volume fraction of CO2 = %.1f%%\"%(xCO2*100)\n", + "print \"Volume fraction of N2 = %.1f%%\"%(xN2*100)\n", + "print \"Volume fraction of O2 = %.1f%%\"%(xO2*100)\n", + "print \"Volume fraction of H2O = %.1f%%\"%(xH2O*100)\n", + "\n", + "M = xCO2*44 + xN2*28 + xO2*32 + xH2O*18 \t\t\t#Mass of combustion product\n", + "\n", + "yCO2 = xCO2*(44/M)\n", + "yH2O = xH2O*(18/M)\n", + "yN2 = xN2*(28/M)\n", + "yO2 = xO2*(32/M)\n", + "\n", + "print \"Mass fraction of CO2 = %.1f%%\"%(yCO2*100)\n", + "print \"Mass fraction of N2 = %.1f%%\"%(yN2*100)\n", + "print \"Mass fraction of O2 = %.1f%%\"%(yO2*100)\n", + "print \"Mass fraction of H2O = %.1f%%\"%(yH2O*100)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Volume fraction of CO2 = 9.0%\n", + "Volume fraction of N2 = 74.5%\n", + "Volume fraction of O2 = 5.2%\n", + "Volume fraction of H2O = 11.3%\n", + "Mass fraction of CO2 = 13.8%\n", + "Mass fraction of N2 = 73.2%\n", + "Mass fraction of O2 = 5.8%\n", + "Mass fraction of H2O = 7.1%\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 6 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 12.7 Page No : 422" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "#Part(a)\n", + "print \"Parta\"\n", + "mC = 0.65 \t\t\t#kg \t\t\t#mass of C per kg coal\n", + "mA = 0.15 \t\t\t#kg \t\t\t#mass of Ash per kg coal\n", + "CR = 0.05 \t\t\t#kg \t\t\t#mass of carbon in solid refuse per kg coal\n", + "mR = 0.2 \t\t\t#kg \t\t\t#mass of refuse per kg coal\n", + "m = mC- CR \t\t\t#kg \t\t\t#mass of carbon burnt per kg coal\n", + "\n", + "#By C balance\n", + "x = (14 + 1)*(12/0.6) \t\t\t#kg \t\t\t#mass of burnt coal\n", + "#By H2 balance\n", + "b = x*(0.06/2)\n", + "#By O2 Balance\n", + "a = (14 + 0.5 + 3.5 + 4.5)-(x*0.1/32) \n", + "actual_air = a*(32+3.76*28)/x \t\t\t#kg/kg coal\n", + "print \"Actual air = %.3f kg/kg coal\"%(actual_air)\n", + "\n", + "#Part(b)\n", + "print \"Partb\"\n", + "Stoichiometric_air = (0.6*11.45+0.06*34.3)-(0.1/0.232) \t\t\t#kg\n", + "excess_air = (actual_air - Stoichiometric_air)/Stoichiometric_air*100 \n", + "print \"Excess air = %.1f%%\"%(excess_air)\n", + "\n", + "#Part(c)\n", + "print \"Partc\";\n", + "print \"Percentage theoritical air = %.1f%%\"%(100+excess_air)\n", + "\n", + "#Part(d)\n", + "print \"Partd\"\n", + "m = 14*44 + 1*28 +3.5*32 +81.5*28 +9*18 \t\t\t#kg \t\t\t#mass of combustion product\n", + "print \"Mass fraction of CO2 = %.2f%%\"%(14*44/m*100)\n", + "print \"Mass fraction of CO = %.3f%%\"%(1*28/m*100)\n", + "print \"Mass fraction of O2 = %.2f%%\"%(3.5*32/m*100)\n", + "print \"Mass fraction of N2 = %.2f%%\"%(81.5*28/m*100)\n", + "print \"Mass fraction of H2O = %.2f%%\"%(9*18/m*100)\n", + "\n", + "#Part(e)\n", + "print \"Parte\"\n", + "xH2O = 9/(14+1+3.5+81.5+9) \t\t\t#molfraction of H2O\n", + "pH2O = xH2O*1e5 \t\t\t#Pa \t\t\t#partial pressure\n", + "#From steam table\n", + "tdp = 42.5 \t\t\t#\u00b0C\n", + "print \"Dew point temperature = %.1f \u00b0C\"%(tdp)\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "# note : part b is calculated wrong in book. so answers might be different." + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Parta\n", + "Actual air = 9.867 kg/kg coal\n", + "Partb\n", + "Excess air = 16.1%\n", + "Partc\n", + "Percentage theoritical air = 116.1%\n", + "Partd\n", + "Mass fraction of CO2 = 19.25%\n", + "Mass fraction of CO = 0.875%\n", + "Mass fraction of O2 = 3.50%\n", + "Mass fraction of N2 = 71.31%\n", + "Mass fraction of H2O = 5.06%\n", + "Parte\n", + "Dew point temperature = 42.5 \u00b0C\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 5 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 12.8 Page No : 425" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "# Variables\n", + "xCO2 = 9.7 \t\t\t#mole percent CO2\n", + "xCO = 1.1 \t\t\t#mole percent CO\n", + "xO2 = 4 \t\t\t#mole percent O2\n", + "xN2 = 85.2 \t\t\t#mole percent N2\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "#by C balance\n", + "b = 2\n", + "#by H2 balance\n", + "d = 2\n", + "#by O2 balance\n", + "a = b+d*.5\n", + "#by N2 balance\n", + "c = 3.76*a\n", + "\n", + "Stoichiometric_air = a*(32+3.76*28)/28 \t\t\t#kg/kg ethylene\n", + "\n", + "#by C balance\n", + "x = (xCO2+xCO)/2 \t\t\t#kmol of ehtylene be burnt\n", + "#by H2 balance\n", + "q = 2*x\n", + "#by O2 balance\n", + "p = xCO2 + xCO/2 + xO2 + q/2\n", + "\n", + "actual_air = p*(32+3.76*28)/(x*28) \t\t\t#kg/kg ethylene\n", + "excess_air = (actual_air - Stoichiometric_air)/Stoichiometric_air*100\n", + "print \"Actual air = %.1f kg/kg ethylene \"%(actual_air)\n", + "print \"Excess air = %.0f%%\"%(excess_air)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Actual air = 17.8 kg/kg ethylene \n", + "Excess air = 21%\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 3 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 12.9 Page No : 433" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "# variables\n", + "excess_air = 10. \t\t\t#%\n", + "tR = 30. \t\t\t#\u00b0C \t\t\t#temperature of reacmath.tant\n", + "tP = 120. \t\t\t#\u00b0C \t\t\t#temperature of product\n", + "delta_H = -802.3*1000 \t\t\t#kJ/kmol CH4\n", + "Cp_CH4 = 36. \t\t\t#kJ/lmolK\n", + "Cp_O2 = 29.5 \t\t\t#kJ/lmolK\n", + "Cp_N2 = 29.2 \t\t\t#kJ/lmolK\n", + "Cp_CO2 = 37. \t\t\t#kJ/lmolK\n", + "Cp_H2O = 33.7 \t\t\t#kJ/lmolK\n", + "tA = 30. \t\t\t#\u00b0C\n", + "tX = 25. \t\t\t#\u00b0C\n", + "tY = tX \t\t\t#\u00b0C\n", + "tB = 120. \t\t\t#\u00b0C\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "Q_AB = (1*Cp_CO2 + 0.2*Cp_O2 + 8.272*Cp_N2 + 2*Cp_H2O)*(tB-tX)+ delta_H + (1*Cp_CH4 + 2.2*Cp_O2 +8.272*Cp_N2)*(tY-tA)\n", + "print \"The heat transfer from the combustor = %.1f kJ/kg CH4 \"%(Q_AB/16)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The heat transfer from the combustor = -48161.7 kJ/kg CH4 \n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 9 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 12.10 Page No : 435" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "deltaH_gasgas = -2651.4e3 \t\t\t#kJ/kmol bumath.tane\n", + "hfg_butane = 370 \t\t\t#kJ/kg \t\t\t#enthalpies of vaporisation of butance\n", + "hfg_water = 2442 \t\t\t#kJ/kg \t\t\t#enthalpies of vaporisation of water\n", + "M_butane = 58 \t\t\t#g/mol\n", + "M_water = 18 \t\t\t#g/mol\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "deltaH_liqliq = deltaH_gasgas + M_butane*hfg_butane - 5*M_water*hfg_water\n", + "print \"Enthalpy of reaction = %.1f kJ/kg\"%(deltaH_liqliq/M_butane)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Enthalpy of reaction = -49133.1 kJ/kg\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 10 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 12.11 Page No : 437" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "# Variables\n", + "#Formation Enthalpies\n", + "hf_CO2 = -393510. \t\t\t#kJ/kmol\n", + "hf_H2O = -285838. \t\t\t#kJ/kmol\n", + "hf_C3H8 = -104680. \t\t\t#kJ/kmol\n", + "hf_O2 = 0. \t\t\t#kJ/kmol\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "Hp = 3*hf_CO2 + 4*hf_H2O \n", + "Hr = hf_C3H8 + 5*hf_O2\n", + "deltaH_std = Hp-Hr\n", + "print \"Standard change in enthalpy for the reaction = %.0f kJ/kg\"%(deltaH_std/44)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Standard change in enthalpy for the reaction = -50436 kJ/kg\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 4 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 12.12 Page No : 438" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "Cp_C2H4 = 28*1.548 \t\t\t#kJ/lmolK\n", + "Cp_O2 = 32*0.922 \t\t\t#kJ/lmolK\n", + "Cp_N2 = 28*1.042 \t\t\t#kJ/lmolK\n", + "Cp_CO2 = 44*0.842 \t\t\t#kJ/lmolK\n", + "Cp_H2O = 18*1.86 \t\t\t#kJ/lmolK\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "deltaH_BX = (2*Cp_CO2 + 2*Cp_H2O + 0.3*Cp_O2 + 12.408*Cp_N2)*(120-25)\n", + "deltaH_YA = (Cp_C2H4 + 3.3*Cp_O2 + 12.408*Cp_N2)*(25-50)\n", + "hf_CO2 = -393510. \t\t\t#kJ/kmol\n", + "hf_H2O = -241820. \t\t\t#kJ/kmol\n", + "hf_C2H4 = 52283. \t\t\t#kJ/kmol\n", + "deltaH_XY = 2*hf_CO2 + 2*hf_H2O - hf_C2H4 \t\t\t#kJ/kmol\n", + "deltaH_BA = deltaH_BX + deltaH_YA + deltaH_XY \t\t\t#kJ/kmol\n", + "\n", + "print \"The heat transferred from the combustor per kg ethylene = %.0f kJ/kg ethane\"%(deltaH_BA/28)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The heat transferred from the combustor per kg ethylene = -45960 kJ/kg ethane\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 5 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 12.13 Page No : 441" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "#Part(a)\n", + "print \"Parta\"\n", + "#Picking up various Cp values from Table 12.1\n", + "tB = (16*50010)/(44*0.842+2*18*1.86+3*32*0.922+22.56*28*1.042)+25\n", + "print \"Adiabatic combustion temperature using average Cp values)= %.1f K\"%(tB+273)\n", + "\n", + "#Part(b)\n", + "print \"Partb\"\n", + "tb1 = 1000. \t\t\t#K \t\t\t#first guess temperature\n", + "tb2 = 1200. \t\t\t#K second guess temperature\n", + "tb = (tb1 - tb2)/(637617-836847)*(800160-836847) + tb2\n", + "print \"Adiabatic combustion temperature using ideal gas enthalpy = %.0f K\"%(tb)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Parta\n", + "Adiabatic combustion temperature using average Cp values)= 1238.6 K\n", + "Partb\n", + "Adiabatic combustion temperature using ideal gas enthalpy = 1163 K\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 6 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 12.14 Page No : 443" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "delta_H_std = -45101. \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "hfg = 2442. \t\t\t#kJ/kg \t\t\t#enthalpy of vaporisation\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "LCV = -1*delta_H_std \t\t\t# kJ/kg hexane\n", + "print \"LCV of gaseous hexane = %.1f kJ/kg hexane\"%(LCV)\n", + "\n", + "m = 7.*18./86 \t\t\t#mass of H2O per kg hexane\n", + "HCV = LCV+m*hfg \t\t\t#kJ/kg hexane\n", + "print \"HCV of gaseous hexane = %d kJ/kg hexane\"%(HCV)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "LCV of gaseous hexane = 45101.0 kJ/kg hexane\n", + "HCV of gaseous hexane = 48678 kJ/kg hexane\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 6 + } + ], + "metadata": {} + } + ] +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics/ch2.ipynb b/Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics/ch2.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..e0d9b70e --- /dev/null +++ b/Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics/ch2.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,458 @@ +{ + "metadata": { + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:6899d33957757e53b75082591aa468f495e3dee26f9772aa86059a86f9321499" + }, + "nbformat": 3, + "nbformat_minor": 0, + "worksheets": [ + { + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Chapter 2 : Work" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 2.1 Page No : 28" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "Force = 180 \t\t\t#in N \t\t\t#horizontal force\n", + "theta = 30 \t\t\t#in degrees \t\t\t#angle of inclination\n", + "distance = 12 \t\t\t#in m \t\t\t#distance moved by block along inclined plane.\n", + " \n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "Work = Force * (distance * math.cos(math.radians(theta))) \t\t\t#in J \t\t\t# Work done\n", + "Work = 0.001 * Work \t\t\t# Work done in KJ\n", + "print \"Work done by block = %.4f KJ\"%(Work);\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Work done by block = 1.8706 KJ\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 1 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 2.2 Page No : 31" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "mass_body = 2 \t\t\t#in kg \t\t\t#mass of body\n", + "L = 5 \t\t\t#in m \t\t\t#vertical distance\n", + "g = 9.8 \t\t\t#in m/s**2 \t\t\t#acceleration due to gravity\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "Work_done_by_agent = mass_body * g * L \t\t\t#in Nm \t\t\t#work done by agent\n", + "Work_done_by_body = -1*Work_done_by_agent\n", + "print \"Work done by agent = %.0f Nm\"%(Work_done_by_agent);\n", + "print \"Work done by body = %.0f Nm\"%(Work_done_by_body);\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Work done by agent = 98 Nm\n", + "Work done by body = -98 Nm\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 1 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 2.4 Page No : 39" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "from scipy.integrate import quad \n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "p1 = 1.5 * 10**(5) \t\t\t#N/m**2 \t\t\t#initial pressure in ballon\n", + "d1 = 0.25 \t\t\t#m \t\t\t#initial diameter of balloon\n", + "d2 = 0.3 \t\t\t#m \t\t\t#final diameter of balloon\n", + "p_atm = 10**(5) \t\t\t#N/m**2 \t\t\t#atmospheric pressure\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "\n", + "#Part (a)\n", + "print \"Part a\";\n", + "print \"As p is proportional to d, p = k*d, where k is proportionality constant\"\n", + "print \"Therefore,\";\n", + "\n", + "k = p1/d1;\n", + "print \"p1 = k*d1 => k = p1/d1 = %.2f/%.2f) = %.1e N/m**3\"%(p1,d1,k);\n", + "\n", + "p2 = k*d2; \t\t\t#N/m**2 \t\t\t#final pressure in balloon\n", + "print \"p2 = k*d2 = %.2f*%.2f) = %.1e N/m**2\"%(k,d2,p2);\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "def f0(d): \n", + "\t return k*(math.pi/2)*(d**3)\n", + "\n", + "W_air = quad(f0,d1,d2)[0]\n", + "\n", + "print \"Work done by balloon on air = %.0f Nm\"%(W_air);\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\t#Part (b)\n", + "print \"Part b\";\n", + "\n", + "def f1(d): \n", + "\t return p_atm*(0.5*math.pi*(d**2))\n", + "\n", + "W_atm = quad(f1,d2,d1)[0]\n", + "\n", + "print \"Work done by atmosphere on balloon = %.2f Nm\"%(W_atm);\n", + "W_balloon = -1*(W_air+W_atm);\n", + "print \"Work done by balloon = -Work done by air + Work done by atmosphere = -%.0f %.0f = %.0f Nm\"%(W_air,W_atm,W_balloon);\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Part a\n", + "As p is proportional to d, p = k*d, where k is proportionality constant\n", + "Therefore,\n", + "p1 = k*d1 => k = p1/d1 = 150000.00/0.25) = 6.0e+05 N/m**3\n", + "p2 = k*d2 = 600000.00*0.30) = 1.8e+05 N/m**2\n", + "Work done by balloon on air = 988 Nm\n", + "Part b\n", + "Work done by atmosphere on balloon = -595.59 Nm\n", + "Work done by balloon = -Work done by air + Work done by atmosphere = -988 -596 = -393 Nm\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 5 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 2.5 Page No : 40" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "\n", + "# Variables\n", + "p1 = 10 \t\t\t#bar \t\t\t#initial pressure\n", + "V1 = 0.1 \t\t\t#m**3 \t\t\t#initial volume\n", + "p2 = 2 \t\t\t#bar \t\t\t#final pressure\n", + "V2 = 0.35 \t\t\t#m**3 \t\t\t#final volume\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "print \"Let the expansion process follow the path pV**n = constant\";\n", + "print \"Therefore \"\n", + "n = (math.log(p1/p2))/(math.log(V2/V1));\n", + "print \"n = lnp1/p2/lnV2/V1 = ln%.2f/%.2f/ln %.2f/%.2f = %.4f\"%(p1,p2,V2,V1,n);\n", + "W_d = (p1*V1 - p2*V2)*10**5/(n-1) \t\t\t#J \t\t\t#Work interaction for pure substance\n", + "print \"Work interaction for pure substance = p1V1 - p2V2)/n-1) = %.2f kJ\"%(W_d*.001)\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Let the expansion process follow the path pV**n = constant\n", + "Therefore \n", + "n = lnp1/p2/lnV2/V1 = ln10.00/2.00/ln 0.35/0.10 = 1.2847\n", + "Work interaction for pure substance = p1V1 - p2V2)/n-1) = 105.37 kJ\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 5 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 2.6 Page No : 41" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "p1 = 1.0 \t\t\t#bar \t\t\t#initial pressure\n", + "V1 = 0.1 \t\t\t#m**3 \t\t\t#initial volume\n", + "p2 = 6 \t\t\t#bar \t\t\t#final pressure\n", + " \t\t\t#and p1*(V1**1.4) = p2*(V2**1.4)\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "#Part (a)\n", + "print \"Part a\";\n", + "V2 = V1*(p1/p2)**(1/1.4) \t\t\t#m**3 \t\t\t#final volume\n", + "print \"Final Volume = %.4f m**3\"%(V2);\n", + "\n", + "W_d = (10**5)*(p1*V1 - p2*V2)/(1.4-1); \t\t\t#J \t\t\t#Work of compression for air\n", + "print \"Work of compression for air = %.1f KJ\"%(W_d*.001);\n", + "\n", + "#Part (b)\n", + "print \"Part b\";\n", + "V2 = (p1/p2)*V1; \t\t\t#m**3 \t\t\t#final volume\n", + "print \"Final Volume = %.4f m**3\"%(V2);\n", + "\n", + "W_d = (10**5)*p1*V1*math.log(V2/V1); \t\t\t#J \t\t\t#Work done on air\n", + "print \"Work done on air = %.1f KJ\"%(W_d*.001);\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Part a\n", + "Final Volume = 0.0278 m**3\n", + "Work of compression for air = -16.7 KJ\n", + "Part b\n", + "Final Volume = 0.0167 m**3\n", + "Work done on air = -17.9 KJ\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 6 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 2.7 Page No : 43" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "#four-stroke engine\n", + "x = 3. \t\t\t#number of cylinders\n", + "y = 1. \t\t\t#engine is math.single-acting\n", + "n = 500. \t\t\t#rev/min \n", + "N = n/2 \t\t\t#cycles/min\n", + "D = 0.075 \t\t\t#m \t\t\t#bore length\n", + "L = 0.1 \t\t\t#m \t\t\t#stroke length\n", + "a = 6.*10**(-4) \t\t\t#m**2 \t\t\t#area\n", + "l = 0.05 \t\t\t#m \t\t\t#length\n", + "S = 2.*10**8 \t\t\t#N/m**3 \t\t\t#spring constant\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "p_m = (a/l)*S \t\t\t#Pa \t\t\t#mep\n", + "\n", + "print \"Mean effective pressure, mep{Pm} = %.2f kPa\"%(p_m*.001)\n", + "A = (math.pi/4)*D**2 \t\t\t#m**2\n", + "\n", + "print \"Indicated power{P_ind} = %.2f kW\"%(x*y*p_m*L*A*N/60000)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Mean effective pressure, mep{Pm} = 2400.00 kPa\n", + "Indicated power{P_ind} = 13.25 kW\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 7 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 2.8 Page No : 45" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "from numpy import *\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "N = poly1d([.5,0]) \t\t\t#n is engine speed\n", + "x = 6 \t\t\t#six cylinders\n", + "y = 1 \t\t\t#assumed\n", + "d = 0.1 \t\t\t#m \t\t\t#bore length\n", + "A = math.pi*(0.1)**2/4 \t\t\t#m**2 \t\t\t#Area\n", + "L = 0.15 \t\t\t#m \t\t\t#stroke length\n", + "P_shaft = 24.78 \t\t\t#KW \t\t\t#Power of shaft\n", + "T = 474.9 \t\t\t#Nm \t\t\t#Torque in the crank shaft\n", + "l = 0.05 \t\t\t#m \t\t\t#length of indicator diagram\n", + "a = 9.37*10**(-4) \t\t\t#cm**2 \t\t\t#area of indicator diagram\n", + "S = 0.5*(10**8) \t\t\t#N/m**3 \t\t\t#spring constant\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "p_m = a*S/l \t\t\t#mean pressure difference\n", + "print \"Mean pressure difference = %.2f N/m**2\"%(p_m);\n", + "\n", + "P_ind = (x*y)*p_m*(L*A*N/60000) \t\t\t#indicated power\n", + "#C = coeff(P_ind)\n", + "C = poly(P_ind)\n", + "print \"Indicated Power = %.6f n kW\"%(C[1])\n", + "\n", + "P_shaft = 2*math.pi*poly([1,0])*T/60000 \t\t\t#shaft power output\n", + "print \"Shaft power output in KW)= %.5f n kW\"%(P_shaft[0])\n", + "\n", + "#Mechanical_efficiency = poly(P_shaft,1)/coeff(P_ind,1)*100\n", + "Mechanical_efficiency = poly(P_shaft[1])/poly(P_ind[1])*100\n", + "print \"Mechanical Efficiency = %.0f %%\"%(-Mechanical_efficiency[1])\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Mean pressure difference = 937000.00 N/m**2\n", + "Indicated Power = -0.055194 n kW\n", + "Shaft power output in KW)= 0.04973 n kW\n", + "Mechanical Efficiency = 90 %\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 8 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 2.9 Page No : 46" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "d = 0.4 \t\t\t#m \t\t\t#cylinder diameter\n", + "t = 10. \t\t\t#min \t\t\t#Time taken for stirring\n", + "L = 0.49 \t\t\t#m \t\t\t#distance moved by the piston\n", + "p_atm = 1. \t\t\t#bar \t\t\t#atmospheric pressure\n", + "W_net = -1965. \t\t\t#Nm \t\t\t#net work done\n", + "n = 750. \t\t\t#rev/min \t\t\t#rotational velocity of electric motor\n", + "I = 0.9 \t\t\t#A \t\t\t#current\n", + "V = 24. \t\t\t#V \t\t\t#voltage\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "#Part(a)\n", + "print \"Part a\";\n", + "W_d = 10**5*p_atm * (math.pi/4) * d**2 * L; \t\t\t#Nm \t\t\t#work done by fluid on piston\n", + "print \"Work done by fluid on the piston = %.1f Nm\"%(W_d);\n", + "W_str = W_net - W_d; \t\t\t#Nm \t\t\t#Work done by stirrer\n", + "print \"Work done by stirrer on the fluid = %.1f Nm\"%(W_str);\n", + "P_shaft = abs(W_str)/(t*60); \t\t\t#W \t\t\t#shaft power output\n", + "print \"Shaft power output = %.2f W\"%(P_shaft);\n", + "T = (P_shaft*60)/(2*math.pi*n); \t\t\t#Nm \t\t\t#Torque in the driving shaft\n", + "print \"Torque in the driving shaft = %.3f Nm\"%( T);\n", + "\n", + "#Part(b)\n", + "print \"Part b\";\n", + "W_bat = I*V*t*60; \t\t\t#Nm \t\t\t#work done by battery\n", + "print \"Work done by battery = %.1f Nm\"%(W_bat);\n", + "W_motor = -1*(W_bat+W_str) \t\t\t#Nm \t\t\t#work done by motor\n", + "print \"Work done by motor = %.1f Nm\"%(W_motor);\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Part a\n", + "Work done by fluid on the piston = 6157.5 Nm\n", + "Work done by stirrer on the fluid = -8122.5 Nm\n", + "Shaft power output = 13.54 W\n", + "Torque in the driving shaft = 0.172 Nm\n", + "Part b\n", + "Work done by battery = 12960.0 Nm\n", + "Work done by motor = -4837.5 Nm\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 9 + } + ], + "metadata": {} + } + ] +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics/ch3.ipynb b/Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics/ch3.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..8ff56196 --- /dev/null +++ b/Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics/ch3.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,253 @@ +{ + "metadata": { + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:c25c8c800dd34f424a4f0cf9e435c0ab4dc67af9251d8f09c564bbab45696729" + }, + "nbformat": 3, + "nbformat_minor": 0, + "worksheets": [ + { + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Chapter 3 : Temperature and Heat" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.1 Page No : 73" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "#Part(a)\n", + "print \"Part a\"\n", + "tf = 98.6 \t\t\t#\u00b0F \t\t\t#average temperature Human Body in \u00b0C\n", + "tc = (tf - 32)/1.8 \t\t\t#\u00b0C\n", + "print \"Average human temperature in \u00b0C = %.1f \u00b0C\"%(tc);\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#Part(b)\n", + "print \"Part b\"\n", + "tc = 27 \t\t\t#\u00b0C \t\t\t#Annual average temperature in peninsular India in \u00b0C\n", + "tf = 1.8*tc+32 \t\t\t#Annual average temperature in peninsular India in \u00b0F\n", + "print \"Annual average temperature in peninsular India in \u00b0F = %.1f \u00b0F\"%(tf);\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Part a\n", + "Average human temperature in \u00b0C = 37.0 \u00b0C\n", + "Part b\n", + "Annual average temperature in peninsular India in \u00b0F = 80.6 \u00b0F\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 1 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.2 Page No : 73" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "# Variables\n", + "t = 27 \t\t\t#\u00b0C \n", + "\n", + "# Calculations\n", + "T = t + 273.15 \t\t\t#K\n", + "\n", + "# Result\n", + "print \"Temperature in Kelvin = %.2f K\"%(T)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Temperature in Kelvin = 300.15 K\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 2 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.3 Page No : 74" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "\n", + "# variables\n", + "T = 250 \t\t\t#K \n", + "\n", + "# calculations\n", + "t = T - 273.15 \t\t\t#\u00b0C\n", + "\n", + "# result\n", + "print \"Temperature in \u00b0C = %.2f \u00b0C\"%(t)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Temperature in \u00b0C = -23.15 \u00b0C\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 3 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.4 Page No : 77" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "from numpy.linalg import solve\n", + "# Variables\n", + "X = solve([[1, 0, 0],[ 1, 100, 100**2],[ 1, 50, 50**2]],[[0], [100], [51]])\n", + "\n", + "p = X[0]\n", + "q = X[1];\n", + "r = X[2];\n", + "\n", + "def t_A(t_B): \n", + " return q*t_B + r*(t_B**2)\n", + "t_B = 30;\n", + "\n", + "print \"When thermometer B reads %0.1f C then thermometer A reads, t_B = %.02f degree C\"%(t_B,t_A(t_B))\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "When thermometer B reads 30.0 C then thermometer A reads, t_B = 30.84 degree C\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 3 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.5 Page No : 79" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "# variables\n", + "\n", + "Rt = 80\n", + "t = 25\n", + "\n", + "# calculations and results\n", + "#Substituting Rt and t in Rt = Ro(1+0.00395t)\n", + "Ro = 80/(1+0.00395*25)\n", + "print \"Ro {Resistance at 0\u00b0C} = %.2f ohm\"%(Ro)\n", + "\n", + "#Full load condition\n", + "Rt = 95\n", + "#temperature at full load condition\n", + "print \"t {Temperature at full load condition} = %.2f \u00b0C\"%(((Rt/Ro)-1)/0.00395);\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Ro {Resistance at 0\u00b0C} = 72.81 ohm\n", + "t {Temperature at full load condition} = 77.16 \u00b0C\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 4 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.6 Page No : 80" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "# calculations\n", + "def e(t): \n", + "\t return 0.0367*t + 1.33 * 10**(-4)*t**2\n", + "\n", + "# results\n", + "print \"Thermometer read in place where gas thermometer reads 50\u00b0C = %.2f \u00b0C\"%((e(50)/e(100)*100))\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Thermometer read in place where gas thermometer reads 50\u00b0C = 43.35 \u00b0C\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 2 + } + ], + "metadata": {} + } + ] +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics/ch4.ipynb b/Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics/ch4.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..9d364f3a --- /dev/null +++ b/Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics/ch4.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,199 @@ +{ + "metadata": { + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:796b0d55d49c3a8708377f5eda9102cc03f40afdc4e2bd80f2e4fc59de97aea2" + }, + "nbformat": 3, + "nbformat_minor": 0, + "worksheets": [ + { + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Chapter 4 : The First Law of Thermodynamics for Systems-Pure Substances" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 4.1 Page No : 93" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "#four heat transfer\n", + "Q_1 = 900 \t\t\t#J\n", + "Q_2 = 80 \t\t\t#J\n", + "Q_3 = -800 \t\t\t#J\n", + "Q_4 = 150 \t\t\t#J\n", + "#four work interactions\n", + "W_1 = 200 \t\t\t#J\n", + "W_2 = 150 \t\t\t#J\n", + "W_3 = 300 \t\t\t#J\n", + "\t\t\t#W_4\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "W_4 = Q_1 +Q_2 +Q_3 +Q_4 -W_1 -W_2 -W_3 \n", + "print \"Magnitude and Direction of the fourth work interaction, W4 = %.0f J\"%(W_4)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Magnitude and Direction of the fourth work interaction, W4 = -320 J\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 1 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 4.2 Page No : 94" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "Q_a = -50 \t\t\t#KJ \t\t\t#heat transferred from the system along path A\n", + "W_a = -65 \t\t\t#KJ \t\t\t#work done along path A\n", + "Q_b = 0 \t\t\t#KJ \t\t\t#heat transferred from the system along path B\n", + "\t\t\t#W_b work done along path B\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "\n", + "#Part(a)\n", + "print \"Part a\";\n", + "delE_a = Q_a - W_a \t\t\t#KJ \t\t\t#Change in energy along path A\n", + "print \"Change in energy of the system = %.0f KJ\"%(delE_a);\n", + "\n", + "#Part(b)\n", + "print \"Part b\";\n", + "delE_b = -1*delE_a \t\t\t#KJ \t\t\t#Change in energy along path B\n", + "W_b = delE_b - Q_b \t\t\t#KJ \t\t\t#work done along path B\n", + "print \"Magnitude and direction of work done during B, W_b = %.0f KJ\"%(W_b)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Part a\n", + "Change in energy of the system = 15 KJ\n", + "Part b\n", + "Magnitude and direction of work done during B, W_b = -15 KJ\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 2 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 4.3 Page No : 99" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "\n", + "# Variables\n", + "m = 2.3 \t\t\t#kg \t\t\t#mass of substance\n", + "u = 21 * 10**3 \t\t\t#J/kg \t\t\t#internal energy\n", + "V = 110. \t\t\t#m/s \t\t\t#velocity \n", + "z = 1500. \t\t\t#m \t\t\t#elevation above sea level\n", + "g = 9.81 \t\t\t#m/s**2 \t\t\t#acceleration due to gravity\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "E = m*(g*z + V**2/2 + u) \t\t\t#J/kg \t\t\t#Total energy of the system\n", + "print \"The total energy of the system with respect to an observer at rest at sea level, E = %.4f KJ\"%(0.001*E);\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The total energy of the system with respect to an observer at rest at sea level, E = 96.0595 KJ\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 4 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 4.4 Page No : 103" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "from numpy import *\n", + "from sympy import Derivative\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "t = poly1d(0); \t\t\t#C \t\t\t#Temperature in C\n", + "u = 196. + .718*t; \t\t\t#KJ/kg \t\t\t#specific internal energy\n", + "pv = 287*(t+273.); \t\t\t#Nm/kg \t\t\t#p is pressure and v = specific volume\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "Cv = poly(u);\n", + "print \"Specific heat at constant volume,Cv = %.3f kJ/kgK\"%(Cv[0])\n", + "\n", + "h = u + pv*.001 \t\t\t#KJ/kg \t\t\t#enthalpy\n", + "Cp = poly(h);\n", + "print \"Specific heat at constant pressure,Cp = %.3f kJ/kgK\"%(Cp[0])\n", + "\n", + "# Note: Poly function gives different result then book has." + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Specific heat at constant volume,Cv = 1.000 kJ/kgK\n", + "Specific heat at constant pressure,Cp = 1.000 kJ/kgK\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 6 + } + ], + "metadata": {} + } + ] +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics/ch5.ipynb b/Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics/ch5.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..82c29562 --- /dev/null +++ b/Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics/ch5.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,476 @@ +{ + "metadata": { + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:7f13a6535713e6dd307350b25e55b55427f77dbef3f6f6422a5890eea0412625" + }, + "nbformat": 3, + "nbformat_minor": 0, + "worksheets": [ + { + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Chapter 5 : First Law of Thermodynamics for Control Volumes" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 5.1 Page No : 119" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "# Variables\n", + "Q = -24.; \t\t\t#KJ/kg\n", + "\n", + "p1 = 5e5; \t\t\t#N/m**2\n", + "t1 = 227.; \t\t\t#\u00b0C\n", + "V1 = 50.; \t\t\t#m/s\n", + "v1 = 0.78; \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "\n", + "p2 = 1e5; \t\t\t#N/m**2\n", + "t2 = 57.; \t\t\t#\u00b0C\n", + "V2 = 100.; \t\t\t#m/s\n", + "v2 = 0.97; \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "\n", + "g = 9.81; \t\t\t#m/s**2 \t\t\t#acceleration due to gravity\n", + "\n", + "delta_z = -5; \t\t\t#m \n", + "Cv = 0.7; \t\t\t#KJ/kg \n", + "delta_u = Cv*(t2 - t1); \t\t\t#KJ/kg \t\t\t#change in internal energy \t\t\t#u2-u1\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "delta_h = delta_u + (p2*v2 - p1*v1)*.001; \t\t\t#KJ/kg \t\t\t#change in enthalpy \t\t\t#h2-h1\n", + "\n", + "W_x = Q - (delta_h + (V2**2 - V1**2)/2*.001 + g*delta_z*.001); \t\t\t#kJ/kg \t\t\t#Work Output\n", + "\n", + "print \"Work output = %.1f KJ/kg\"%(W_x);\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Work output = 384.3 KJ/kg\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 1 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 5.2 Page No : 120" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "m = 5000./3600 \t\t\t# kg/s \t\t\t# flow rate\n", + "W_x = 550. \t\t\t# KJ/s \t\t\t#power developed by turbine\n", + "Q = 0. \t \t\t#Heat loss is negligible\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "#Part (a)\n", + "print \"Parta\"\n", + "V1 = 0. \t\t\t# m/s \t\t\t#inlet velocity\n", + "V2 = 360. \t\t\t# m/s \t\t\t#exit velocity\n", + "g = 9.81 \t\t\t# m/s**2\n", + "delta_z = 0. \t\t\t#m \t\t\t#z2-z1\n", + "\n", + "delta_h = ((Q-W_x)/m)-g*delta_z*.001-((V2**2-V1**2)/2000) \t\t\t#KJ/Kg \t\t\t#change in enthalpy\n", + "print \"Change in enthalpy = %.2f KJ/kg\"%(delta_h)\n", + "\n", + "#Part (a)\n", + "print \"Partb\"\n", + "V1 = 60. \t\t\t# m/s \t\t\t#inlet velocity\n", + "V2 = 360. \t\t\t# m/s \t\t\t#exit velocity\n", + "g = 9.81 \t\t\t# m/s**2\n", + "delta_z = 0. \t\t\t#m \t\t\t#z2-z1\n", + "\n", + "delta_h = ((Q-W_x)/m)-g*delta_z*.001-((V2**2-V1**2)/2000) \t\t\t#KJ/Kg \t\t\t#change in enthalpy\n", + "print \"Change in enthalpy = %.2f KJ/kg\"%(delta_h)\n", + "\n", + "# note : rounding off error" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Parta\n", + "Change in enthalpy = -460.80 KJ/kg\n", + "Partb\n", + "Change in enthalpy = -459.00 KJ/kg\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 3 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 5.3 Page No : 122" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "mA = 0.8 \t\t\t# kg/s \t\t\t#flow rate of stream A\n", + "pA = 15e5 \t\t\t# N/m**2 \t\t\t#Pressure of stream A\n", + "tA = 250. \t\t\t#\u00b0C \t\t\t#temperature of stream A\n", + "\n", + "mB = 0.5 \t\t\t# kg/s \t\t\t#flow rate of stream B\n", + "pB = 15e5 \t\t\t# N/m**2 \t\t\t#Pressure of stream B\n", + "tB = 200. \t\t\t#\u00b0C \t\t\t#temperature of stream B\n", + "\n", + "Q = 0. \t\t\t#No heat loss\n", + "\n", + "p1 = 10e5 \t\t\t# N/m**2 \t\t\t#pressure supply of chamber\n", + "t2 = 30. \t\t\t#\u00b0C \t\t\t#exhaust air temperature from turbine\n", + "\n", + "Cv = 0.718 \t\t\t# KJ/kgK \t\t\t#heat capacity at constant volume\n", + "Cp = 1. \t\t\t# KJ/kgK \t\t\t#heat capacity at constant pressure\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "#Part(a)\n", + "print \"Part a\"\n", + "t1 = ((mA*Cp*tA)+(mB*Cp*tB))/((mA*Cp)+(mB*Cp)) \t\t\t# \u00b0C \t\t\t#the temperature of air at inlet to the turbine\n", + "print \"The temperature of air at inlet to the turbine = %.2f \u00b0C\"%(t1);\n", + "\n", + "#Part(b)\n", + "print \"Part b\"\n", + "WT = -1*(mA+mB)*Cp*(t2-t1) \t\t\t# \u00b0kW \t\t\t#power developed by turbine\n", + "print \"Power developed by turbine = %.0f kW\"%(WT);\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Part a\n", + "The temperature of air at inlet to the turbine = 230.77 \u00b0C\n", + "Part b\n", + "Power developed by turbine = 261 kW\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 2 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 5.4 Page No : 123" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "# Variables\n", + "d1 = 0.15 \t\t\t#m \t\t\t#inlet diameter\n", + "m = 4000./3600 \t\t\t# kg/s \t\t\t#flow rate\n", + "v1 = 0.285 \t\t\t#m**3/kg \t\t\t#specific volume at entry\n", + "d2 = 0.25 \t\t\t#m \t\t\t#exit diameter\n", + "v2 = 15. \t\t\t# m**3/kg \t\t\t#specific volume at exit\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "\n", + "A1 = math.pi*d1**2/4 \t\t\t#m**2 \t\t\t#inlet cross sectional area\n", + "A2 = math.pi*d2**2/4 \t\t\t# m**2 \t\t\t# exit cross sectional area\n", + "print \"Inlet cross sectional area A1)= %.5f m**2\"%(A1);\n", + "print \"Exit cross sectional area A2)= %.4f m**2\"%(A2);\n", + "\n", + "V1 = m*v1/A1 \t\t\t#m/s \t\t\t#inlet velocity\n", + "V2 = m*v2/A2 \t\t\t#m/s \t\t\t#exit velocity\n", + "\n", + "print \"Inlet velocity = %.1f m/s\"%(V1);\n", + "print \"Exit velocity = %.1f m/s\"%(int(V2));\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Inlet cross sectional area A1)= 0.01767 m**2\n", + "Exit cross sectional area A2)= 0.0491 m**2\n", + "Inlet velocity = 17.9 m/s\n", + "Exit velocity = 339.0 m/s\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 5 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 5.5 Page No : 125" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "p1 = 10.\t\t\t#bar \t\t\t#inlet pressure\n", + "t1 = 300. \t\t\t#\u00b0C \t\t\t#inlet temperature\n", + "\n", + "p2 = 0.1 \t\t\t#bar \t\t\t#exit pressure\n", + "Cp = 1. \t\t\t#kJ/kgK \t\t\t# heat capacity at constant pressure\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "#Adiabatic process\n", + "delta_h = 0 \t\t\t#change in enthalpy\n", + "t2 = delta_h/Cp + t1\n", + "print \"Temperature of air after throttling = %.0f \u00b0C\"%(t1)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Temperature of air after throttling = 300 \u00b0C\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 6 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 5.6 Page No : 126" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "p1 = 1e5 \t\t\t# N/m**2 \t\t\t#inlet pressure\n", + "v1 = 0.08 \t\t\t#m**3/kg \t\t\t# specific volume at inlet\n", + "p2 = 7e5 \t\t\t# N/m**2 \t\t\t#exit pressure\n", + "v2 = 0.016 \t\t\t# m**3/kg \t\t\t#specific volume at exit\n", + "u1 = 48. \t\t\t# kJ/kg \t\t\t# internal energy at inlet\n", + "u2 = 200. \t\t\t# kJ/kg \t\t\t# internal energy at exit\n", + "Q = -120. \t\t\t# kJ/kg \t\t\t# heat loss\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "Wc = ((u2 - u1) + (p2*v2 - p1*v1)*.001 - Q)*-1 \t\t\t# kJ/kg \t\t\t# work input to compressor\n", + "print \"Work input to compressor Wc) = %.1f kJ/kg\"%(Wc)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Work input to compressor Wc) = -275.2 kJ/kg\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 7 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 5.7 Page No : 128" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "# variables\n", + "mh = 9.45 \t\t\t# kg/s \t\t\t# flow rate of steam\n", + "h_h2 = 140. \t\t\t# kJ/kg \t\t\t# enthalpy of condensate\n", + "h_h1 = 2570. \t\t\t# kJ/kg \t\t\t# inlet enthalpy of steam\n", + "t1 = 25. \t\t\t# \u00b0C \t\t\t#inlet temperature of cooling water\n", + "t2 = 36. \t\t\t# \u00b0C \t\t\t#exit temperature of cooling water\n", + "c = 4.189 \t\t\t# kJ/kg deg \t\t\t# specific heat of water\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "mc = -1*(mh*(h_h2-h_h1))/(c*(t2-t1)) \t\t\t# kg/s \t\t\t#mass flow rate of cooling water\n", + "print \"Mass flow rate of cooling water = %.2f kg/s\"%(mc)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Mass flow rate of cooling water = 498.35 kg/s\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 8 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 5.8 Page No : 129" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "# variables\n", + "mh = 9.45 \t\t\t# kg/s \t\t\t# flow rate of steam\n", + "h_h2 = 140. \t\t\t# kJ/kg \t\t\t# enthalpy of condensate\n", + "h_h1 = 2570. \t\t\t# kJ/kg \t\t\t# inlet enthalpy of steam\n", + "t1 = 25. \t\t\t# \u00b0C \t\t\t#inlet temperature of cooling water\n", + "t2 = 36. \t\t\t# \u00b0C \t\t\t#exit temperature of cooling water\n", + "c = 4.189 \t\t\t# kJ/kg deg \t\t\t# specific heat of water\n", + "fractionalheatloss = 0.1 \t\t\t# fractional heat loss\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "mc = -1*((1-fractionalheatloss)*mh*(h_h2-h_h1))/(c*(t2-t1)) \t\t\t# kg/s \t\t\t#mass flow rate of cooling water\n", + "print \"Mass flow rate of cooling water = %.1f kg/s\"%(mc)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Mass flow rate of cooling water = 448.5 kg/s\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 9 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 5.9 Page No : 130" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "# variables\n", + "V1 = 300 \t\t\t#m/s \t\t\t#inlet air velocity\n", + "t2 = 100 \t\t\t#\u00b0C \t\t\t#exit air temperature\n", + "V2 = 15 \t\t\t#m/s \t\t\t#exit air velocity\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "t1 = t2 + .001*(V2**2 - V1**2)/2 \t\t\t# \u00b0C \t\t\t#inlet air temperature\n", + "print \"Inlet air temperature = %.1f \u00b0C\"%(t1)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Inlet air temperature = 55.1 \u00b0C\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 10 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 5.10 Page No : 131" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "m1 = 0.8 \t\t\t#kg \t\t\t#initial mass of air\n", + "p1 = 150. \t\t\t#kPa \t\t\t#initial pressure of air\n", + "T1 = 300. \t\t\t#K \t\t\t#initial temperature of air\n", + "p_p = 600. \t\t\t#kPa \t\t\t#pressure of air in pipe\n", + "T_p = 330. \t\t\t#K \t\t\t# temperature of air in pipe\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "m2T2 = (p_p/p1)*T1*m1\n", + "m2 = ((0.718*(m2T2/m1-T1))/(331.65)*m1)+m1 \t\t\t#kg \t\t\t#final mass of air\n", + "print \"Mass of air entering in vessel = %.4f kg\"%(m2-m1)\n", + "T2 = m2T2/m2 \t\t\t#K \t\t\t#Temperature of air in vessel\n", + "print \"Temperature of air in vessel = %.0f K\"%(T2)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Mass of air entering in vessel = 1.5588 kg\n", + "Temperature of air in vessel = 407 K\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 7 + } + ], + "metadata": {} + } + ] +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics/ch6.ipynb b/Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics/ch6.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..43eef050 --- /dev/null +++ b/Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics/ch6.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,157 @@ +{ + "metadata": { + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:eff853f228eb4757e442dc216472b407bdef65c4a94c6d1528a14e56ce286c8d" + }, + "nbformat": 3, + "nbformat_minor": 0, + "worksheets": [ + { + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Chapter 6 : Head Engines - The Second Law of Thermodynamics" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 6.1 Page No : 148" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "Q1 = 300. \t\t\t#kJ \t\t\t#heat supplied at the boiler\n", + "Wt = 100. \t\t\t#kJ \t\t\t#work output of turbine\n", + "Wp = 0.5 \t\t\t#kJ \t\t\t#work input to pump\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "Q2 = Q1 - (Wt - Wp) \t\t\t#kJ \t\t\t#heat rejected at the condensor\n", + "print \"Heat rejected at the condensor = %.1f kJ\"%(Q2);\n", + "efficiency = 1 - (Q2/Q1)\n", + "print \"The thermal efficiency of plant = %.2f \"%(efficiency)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Heat rejected at the condensor = 200.5 kJ\n", + "The thermal efficiency of plant = 0.33 \n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 1 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 6.2 Page No : 153" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "COP_ref = 4 \t\t\t#COP of refrigerator\n", + "Q1 = 0.5 \t\t\t#kJ/s \t\t\t#rate of heat transfer at the condensor\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "#Part(a)\n", + "print \"Parta\";\n", + "Wc = Q1/(COP_ref+1) \t\t\t#kJ/s \t\t\t#Power input to compressor\n", + "Q2 = COP_ref*Wc \t\t\t#kJ/s \t\t\t#Rate of heat transfer in evaporator\n", + "print \"Rate of heat transfer in evaporator = %.1f kJ/s\"%(Q2)\n", + "print \"Power input to compressor = %.1f kJ/s\"%(Wc)\n", + "\n", + "#Part(b)\n", + "print \"Partb\";\n", + "COP_hp = 1 + COP_ref \t\t\t#COP of heat pump\n", + "print \"COP of heat pump = %.0f\"%(COP_hp)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Parta\n", + "Rate of heat transfer in evaporator = 0.4 kJ/s\n", + "Power input to compressor = 0.1 kJ/s\n", + "Partb\n", + "COP of heat pump = 5\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 1 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 6.3 Page No : 154" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "#Part(a)\n", + "print \"Part a\";\n", + "I = 4.5 \t\t\t#Amp \t\t\t#Current drawn\n", + "V = 220 \t\t\t#V\n", + "Electricity_consumption = I*V \t\t\t#Watts\n", + "ElectricityUnitPerDay = Electricity_consumption/1000*8 \t\t\t#kWh\n", + "MonthlyBill_part_a = ElectricityUnitPerDay * 5 * 30\n", + "print \"The additional monthly electricity bill = Rs. %.2f\"%(MonthlyBill_part_a);\n", + "\n", + "#Part(b)\n", + "print \"Part b\";\n", + "Q1 = Electricity_consumption*.001 \t\t\t#kW \t\t\t#Rate of heat transfer from heat pump\n", + "COP_hp = 4 \t\t\t#COP of heat pump\n", + "W = Q1/COP_hp \t\t\t#kW \t\t\t#rate at which energy is consumed\n", + "ElectricityUnitPerDay = W*8\n", + "MonthlyBill_part_b = ElectricityUnitPerDay * 5 * 30\n", + "print \"Saving in monthly electricity bill = Rs. %.2f\"%(MonthlyBill_part_a - MonthlyBill_part_b)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Part a\n", + "The additional monthly electricity bill = Rs. 1188.00\n", + "Part b\n", + "Saving in monthly electricity bill = Rs. 891.00\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 3 + } + ], + "metadata": {} + } + ] +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics/ch7.ipynb b/Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics/ch7.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..b6ea2d15 --- /dev/null +++ b/Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics/ch7.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,204 @@ +{ + "metadata": { + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:c994036a387ecf3d6e1af15e46c49ba61b58c1363388a5e580f169263936cabd" + }, + "nbformat": 3, + "nbformat_minor": 0, + "worksheets": [ + { + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Chapter 7 : Reversibility and The Thermodynamic Temperature Scale" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 7.1 Page No : 174" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "print \"Part a\";\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "Q1 = 500. \t\t\t#kJ \t\t\t#Heat transfer from reservoir at t1\n", + "Q2 = 187.5 \t\t\t#kJ \t\t\t#Heat transfer from reservoir at t2\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "nr = 1-(Q2/Q1) \t\t\t#Efficiency\n", + "W = nr*Q1 \t\t\t#kJ \t\t\t#Work output of the engine\n", + "print \"Work output of the engine = %.1f kJ\"%(W);\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\t#Part(b)\n", + "print \"Part b\";\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "Q1 = 500. \t\t\t#kJ \t\t\t#Heat transfer from reservoir at t1\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "COP_hp = 1/nr\n", + "W = Q1/COP_hp \t\t\t#kJ \t\t\t#Work input to heat pump\n", + "Q2 = Q1-W \t\t\t#kJ \t\t\t#heat ineraction with reservoir at t2\n", + "print \"Heat ineraction with reservoir at t2 = %.1f kJ\"%(Q2);\n", + "print \"Work input to the heat pump = %.1f kJ\"%(W);\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Part a\n", + "Work output of the engine = 312.5 kJ\n", + "Part b\n", + "Heat ineraction with reservoir at t2 = 187.5 kJ\n", + "Work input to the heat pump = 312.5 kJ\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 1 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 7.2 Page No : 178" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "nr = 0.7 \t\t\t#maximum efficiency\n", + "W = 80. \t\t\t#kJ \t\t\t#Work\n", + "Q1 = 100. \t\t\t#kJ \t\t\t#heat transfered\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "nx = W/Q1 \t\t\t#claimed efficiency\n", + "if nx>nr :\n", + " print \"Engine X is not a viable proposition because the claimed efficiency %.2f is greater than maximum efficiency %.2f\"%(nx,nr)\n", + "else:\n", + " print \"Engine X is a viable proposition because the claimed efficiency %.2f is less than maximum efficiency %.2f\"%(nx,nr) \n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Engine X is not a viable proposition because the claimed efficiency 0.80 is greater than maximum efficiency 0.70\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 2 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 7.4 Page No : 191" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "T1 = (527.+273) \t\t\t#K\n", + "T2 = (27.+273) \t\t\t#K\n", + "\n", + "# calculations and results\n", + "#Part (a)\n", + "print \"Part a\";\n", + "nr = 1 - (T2/T1) \t\t\t#reversible efficiency\n", + "print \"Reversible efficiency = %.3f \"%(nr);\n", + "\n", + "#Part(b)\n", + "print \"Part b\";\n", + "print \"As the values of at least any two from among Q1,Q2 and W \\\n", + "are not given the efficiency of the engine cannot be evaluated.However\\\n", + "according to Carnots statement, the efficiency will be less than %.3f\"%(nr)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Part a\n", + "Reversible efficiency = 0.625 \n", + "Part b\n", + "As the values of at least any two from among Q1,Q2 and W are not given the efficiency of the engine cannot be evaluated.Howeveraccording to Carnots statement, the efficiency will be less than 0.625\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 1 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 7.5 Page No : 192" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "T1 = 273. + 37 \t\t\t#K \n", + "T2 = 273. - 13 \t\t\t#K\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\t#Part(a)\n", + "print \"Part a\";\n", + "COP_ref = T2/(T1-T2) \t\t\t#COP of reversible heat engine as refrigerator.\n", + "print \"COP of reversible heat engine as refrigerator = %.1f\"%(COP_ref)\n", + "\t\t\t#Part(b)\n", + "print \"Part b\";\n", + "COP_hp = T1/(T1-T2) \t\t\t#COP of reversible heat engine as heat pump.\n", + "print \"COP of reversible heat engine as heat pump = %.1f\"%(COP_hp)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Part a\n", + "COP of reversible heat engine as refrigerator = 5.2\n", + "Part b\n", + "COP of reversible heat engine as heat pump = 6.2\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 5 + } + ], + "metadata": {} + } + ] +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics/ch8.ipynb b/Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics/ch8.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..c856536e --- /dev/null +++ b/Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics/ch8.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,365 @@ +{ + "metadata": { + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:6ced269b2d83adfe9e452136249f918e5748b410340744d57a784dbf4aa451de" + }, + "nbformat": 3, + "nbformat_minor": 0, + "worksheets": [ + { + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Chapter 8 : Entropy - Available and Unavailable Energy" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 8.2 Page No : 211" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "Q = 10. \t\t\t#kJ \t\t\t#heat transfered from reservoir\n", + "T = 100.+273 \t\t\t#K \t\t\t#isothermal expansion temperature\n", + "T_res = 300.+273 \t\t\t#K \t\t\t#reservoir temperature\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "delta_S_sys = (Q/T) \t\t\t#kJ/K \t\t\t#delta S for the system\n", + "print \"Change in entropyDelta S) for the system = %.2e kJ/K\"%(delta_S_sys);\n", + "\n", + "delta_S_res = -1*(Q/T_res) \t\t\t#kJ/K \t\t\t#delta S for the reservoir\n", + "print \"Change in entropyDelta S) for the reservoir = %.4e kJ/K\"%(delta_S_res);\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Change in entropyDelta S) for the system = 2.68e-02 kJ/K\n", + "Change in entropyDelta S) for the reservoir = -1.7452e-02 kJ/K\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 3 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 8.3 Page No : 212" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "Q = 10. \t\t\t#kJ \t\t\t#heat transfered from reservoir\n", + "T = 100.+273 \t\t\t#K \t\t\t#isothermal expansion temperature\n", + "T_res = 100.+273 \t\t\t#K \t\t\t#reservoir temperature\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "delta_S_sys = (Q/T) \t\t\t#kJ/K \t\t\t#delta S for the system\n", + "print \"Change in entropyDelta S) for the system = %.2e kJ/K\"%(delta_S_sys)\n", + "\n", + "delta_S_res = -1*(Q/T_res) \t\t\t#kJ/K \t\t\t#delta S for the reservoir\n", + "print \"Change in entropyDelta S) for the reservoir = %.2e kJ/K\"%(delta_S_res);\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Change in entropyDelta S) for the system = 2.68e-02 kJ/K\n", + "Change in entropyDelta S) for the reservoir = -2.68e-02 kJ/K\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 4 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 8.4 Page No : 212" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "Q = 1.; \t\t\t#kJ \t\t\t#heat transfered from reservoir\n", + "T = 100.+273; \t\t\t#K \t\t\t#isothermal expansion temperature\n", + "T_res = 100.+273; \t\t\t#K \t\t\t#reservoir temperature\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "delta_S_res = -1*(Q/T_res); \t\t\t#kJ/K \t\t\t#delta S for the reservoir\n", + "print \"Change in entropyDelta S) for the reservoir = %.2e kJ/K\"%(delta_S_res);\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Change in entropyDelta S) for the reservoir = -2.68e-03 kJ/K\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 5 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 8.12 Page No : 225" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "# Variables\n", + "pA = 120. \t\t\t#kPa \t\t\t#Pressure at location A\n", + "TA = 50.+273 \t\t\t#K \t\t\t#Temperature at location A\n", + "VA = 150. \t\t\t#m/s \t\t\t#Velocity at location A\n", + "\n", + "pB = 100. \t\t\t#kPa \t\t\t#Pressure at location B\n", + "TB = 30.+273 \t\t\t#K \t\t\t#Temperature at location B\n", + "VB = 250. \t\t\t#m/s \t\t\t#Velocity at location B\n", + "\n", + "Cp = 1.005 \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "R = 0.287 \t\t\t#kJ/kgK\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "delta_S_sys = (Cp*math.log(TB/TA))-(R*math.log(pB/pA)) \t\t\t#kJ/kgK \t\t\t#Entropy of system\n", + "if delta_S_sys < 0 :\n", + " print \"Flow is from B to A.\";\n", + "else:\n", + " print \"Flow is from A to B.\" \n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Flow is from B to A.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 5 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 8.13 Page No : 226" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "# Variables\n", + "mi = 5. \t\t\t#kg \t\t\t#mass of ice\n", + "Ti = 273. - 10 \t\t\t#K \t\t\t#Temperature of ice\n", + "ci = 2.1 \t\t\t#kJ/kgK \t\t\t#specific heat of ice\n", + "L = 330. \t\t\t#kJ/kg \t\t\t#Latent heat\n", + "mw = 20. \t\t\t#kg \t\t\t#mass of water\n", + "Tw = 273.+80 \t\t\t#K \t\t\t#Temperatur of water\n", + "cw = 4.2 \t\t\t#kJ/kgK \t\t\t#specific heat of water\n", + "\n", + "# calculatins and results\n", + "\n", + "#Part(a)\n", + "print \"Part a\";\n", + "Tmix = ((mi*ci*(Ti-273))-(L*mi)+(mw*cw*Tw)+(mi*cw*273))/(mw*cw+mi*cw)\n", + "print \"Temperature of the mixture when equilibrium is established between ice and water = %.f K\"%(Tmix)\n", + "#Part (b)\n", + "print \"Part b\";\n", + "delta_S_ice = mi*(ci*math.log(273/Ti)+L/273+cw*math.log(Tmix/273))\t\t\t#kJ/K \t\t\t#Entropy of ice\n", + "print \"Entropy of ice = %.2f kJ/K\"%(delta_S_ice)\n", + "#Part (c)\n", + "print \"Part c\";\n", + "delta_S_water = mw*(cw*math.log(Tmix/Tw))\t\t\t#kJ/K \t\t\t#Entropy of water\n", + "print \"Entropy of water = %.2f kJ/K\"%(delta_S_water)\n", + "#Part (d)\n", + "print \"Part d\";\n", + "delta_S_uni = delta_S_water+delta_S_ice\t\t\t#kJ/K \t\t\t#Entropy of universe\n", + "print \"Entropy of universe = %.2f kJ/K\"%(delta_S_uni)\n", + "\n", + "# note : rounding off error" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Part a\n", + "Temperature of the mixture when equilibrium is established between ice and water = 320 K\n", + "Part b\n", + "Entropy of ice = 9.79 kJ/K\n", + "Part c\n", + "Entropy of water = -8.17 kJ/K\n", + "Part d\n", + "Entropy of universe = 1.62 kJ/K\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 3 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 8.14 Page No : 230" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "Q1 = 100. \t\t\t#kJ \t\t\t#Heat input\n", + "T0 = 300. \t\t\t#K \t\t\t#Surrounding temperature\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\t#Part(a)\n", + "print \"Part a\";\n", + "T1 = 1000. \t\t\t#K \t\t\t#reservoir temperature\n", + "print \"Avalable enery of 100 kJ of heat from a reservoir at 1000K = %.f kJ\"%(Q1*1-T0/T1)\n", + "print \"Unvalable enery of 100 kJ of heat from a reservoir at 1000K = %.1f kJ\"%(Q1*(1-(T0/T1)))\n", + "\t\t\t#Part(b)\n", + "print \"Part b\";\n", + "T1 = 600 \t\t\t#K \t\t\t#reservoir temperature\n", + "print \"Avalable enery of 100 kJ of heat from a reservoir at 1000K = %.f kJ\"%(Q1*1-T0/T1)\n", + "print \"Unvalable enery of 100 kJ of heat from a reservoir at 1000K = %.1f kJ\"%(Q1*(1-(T0/T1)))\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Part a\n", + "Avalable enery of 100 kJ of heat from a reservoir at 1000K = 100 kJ\n", + "Unvalable enery of 100 kJ of heat from a reservoir at 1000K = 70.0 kJ\n", + "Part b\n", + "Avalable enery of 100 kJ of heat from a reservoir at 1000K = 100 kJ\n", + "Unvalable enery of 100 kJ of heat from a reservoir at 1000K = 50.0 kJ\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 14 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 8.15 Page No : 231" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "T0 = 300. \t\t\t#K \t\t\t#Surrounding temperature\n", + "T1 = 1000. \t\t\t#K \t\t\t#Temperature of final reservoir\n", + "T2 = 600. \t\t\t#K \t\t\t#Temperature of intermediate reservoir\n", + "Q1 = 100. \t\t\t#kJ \t\t\t#Heat input\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "print \"Increase in unavaliable energy due to irreversible heat transfer = %.1f kJ\"%(Q1*(1-T0/T1)-Q1*(1-T0/T2))\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Increase in unavaliable energy due to irreversible heat transfer = 20.0 kJ\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 16 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 8.16 Page No : 234" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "T1 = 500. \t\t\t#K\n", + "T0 = 300. \t\t\t#K\n", + "T2 = 350. \t\t\t#K\n", + "W = 250. \t\t\t#kJ\n", + "Q1 = 1000. \t\t\t#kJ\n", + "\n", + "# Results\n", + "print \"Available energy = %.1f kJ\"%(((1-T0/T1))*Q1);\n", + "print \"Unavailable energy = %.1f kJ\"%(Q1 - (((1-T0/T1))*Q1));\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Available energy = 400.0 kJ\n", + "Unavailable energy = 600.0 kJ\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 20 + } + ], + "metadata": {} + } + ] +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics/ch9.ipynb b/Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics/ch9.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..a3ffa471 --- /dev/null +++ b/Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics/ch9.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,867 @@ +{ + "metadata": { + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:db9190b16f5381a0273b385245ae5408db2539c1355e253496c8d01bc2f77490" + }, + "nbformat": 3, + "nbformat_minor": 0, + "worksheets": [ + { + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Chapter 9 : Ideal Gas and Ideal Gas Mixtures" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 9.1 Page No : 253" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "m = 6. \t\t\t#kg \t\t\t#mass of nitrogen\n", + "M = 28. \t\t\t#kg/kmol \t\t\t#molar mass of nitrogen\n", + "R = 8314.3 \t\t\t#kg/kmol\n", + "p = 1e5 \t\t\t#Pa \t\t\t#pressure\n", + "T = 27.+273 \t\t\t#K \t\t\t#temperature\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "V = m*R*T/(p*M)\n", + "print \"Volume occupied by nitrogen = %.3f m**3\"%(V)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Volume occupied by nitrogen = 5.345 m**3\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 1 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 9.2 Page No : 253" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "p1 = 10. \t\t\t#bar \t\t\t#inital pressure\n", + "T1 = 273.+227 \t\t\t#K \t\t\t#inital temperature\n", + "v1 = 0.01 \t\t\t#m**3 \t\t\t#initial volume\n", + "p2 = 1. \t\t\t#bar \t\t\t#final pressure\n", + "T2 = 273.+27 \t\t\t#K \t\t\t#final temperature\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "v2 = (p1/p2)*(T2/T1)*v1 \t\t\t#m**3 \t\t\t#final volume\n", + "print \"Final volume = %.2f m**3\"%(v2)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Final volume = 0.06 m**3\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 2 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 9.3 Page No : 255" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "p = 1. \t\t\t#bar \t\t\t#pressure\n", + "T = 50.+273 \t\t\t#\u00b0C \t\t\t#temperature\n", + "h = 324.6 \t\t\t#kJ/kg \t\t\t#enthalpy\n", + "R = 8.3143 \t\t\t#kJ/kmolK\n", + "M = 28.97 \t\t\t#kg/kmol\n", + "\n", + "#Part (a)\n", + "print \"Part a\";\n", + "u = h - (R/M)*T \t\t\t#kJ/kg \t\t\t#internal energy\n", + "print \"Internal energy = %.1f kJ/kg\"%(u)\n", + "\n", + "#Part (b)\n", + "print \"Part b:i\";\n", + "u = h - (R/M)*T \t\t\t#kJ/kg \t\t\t#internal energy\n", + "print \"Enthalpy = %.1f kJ/kg\"%(h)\n", + "print \"Internal energy = %.1f kJ/kg\"%(u)\n", + "print \"Part b:ii\";\n", + "u = h - (R/M)*T \t\t\t#kJ/kg \t\t\t#internal energy\n", + "print \"Enthalpy = %.1f kJ/kg\"%(h)\n", + "print \"Internal energy = %.1f kJ/kg\"%(u)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Part a\n", + "Internal energy = 231.9 kJ/kg\n", + "Part b:i\n", + "Enthalpy = 324.6 kJ/kg\n", + "Internal energy = 231.9 kJ/kg\n", + "Part b:ii\n", + "Enthalpy = 324.6 kJ/kg\n", + "Internal energy = 231.9 kJ/kg\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 3 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 9.4 Page No : 256" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "Cv = 718 \t\t\t#J/kgK \t\t\t#specific at constant volume\n", + "M = 28.97 \t\t\t#kg/kmol \t\t\t#molar mass of air\n", + "R = 8314.3 \t\t\t#J/kmolK\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "Cp = (R/M)+Cv \t\t\t#J/kgK \t\t\t#specific heat at constant pressure\n", + "print \"Specific heat at constant pressure = %.0f J/kg K\"%(Cp)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Specific heat at constant pressure = 1005 J/kg K\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 1 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 9.5 Page No : 258" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "from scipy.integrate import quad \n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "p1 = 1. \t\t\t#bar \t\t\t#initial pressure\n", + "T1 = 27.+273 \t\t\t#K \t\t\t#initial temperature\n", + "p2 = 10. \t\t\t#bar \t\t\t#final pressure\n", + "T2 = 327.+273 \t\t\t#K \t\t\t#final temperature\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "#Part(a)\n", + "print \"Part a\";\n", + "\n", + "def f2(T): \n", + "\t return 1.4-18.3*(T/100)**(-1.5)+38.3*(T/100)**(-2)-29.3*(T/100)**(-3)\n", + "\n", + "delta_h = quad(f2,T1,T2)[0]\n", + "\n", + "print \"Increase in specific enthalpy = %.2f kJ/kg\"%(delta_h)\n", + "\n", + "#Part(b)\n", + "print \"Part b\";\n", + "\n", + "def f3(T): \n", + "\t return 1.042\n", + "\n", + "delta_h = quad(f3,T1,T2)[0]\n", + "\n", + "print \"Increase in specific enthalpy at Cp = 1.042 kJ/kgK) = %.2f kJ/kg\"%(delta_h)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Part a\n", + "Increase in specific enthalpy = 317.34 kJ/kg\n", + "Part b\n", + "Increase in specific enthalpy at Cp = 1.042 kJ/kgK) = 312.60 kJ/kg\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 5 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 9.6 Page No : 268" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "%matplotlib inline\n", + "\n", + "from numpy import *\n", + "from matplotlib.pyplot import *\n", + "import math \n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "Cp = 1005. \t\t\t#J/kgK \t\t\t#specific heat at constant pressure\n", + "Cv = 718. \t\t\t#J/kgK \t\t\t#specific heat at constant volume\n", + "m = 1. \t\t\t#kg \t\t\t#mass of air\n", + "T1 = (27.+273) \t\t\t#K \t\t\t#initial temperature\n", + "p1 = 1e5 \t\t\t#Pa \t\t\t#initial pressure\n", + "p2 = p1/2. \t\t\t#Pa \t\t\t#final pressure\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "#Part(a)\n", + "print \"Parta\";\n", + "R = Cp-Cv \t\t\t#J/kgK\n", + "V1_a = m*R*T1/p1 \t\t\t#m**3 \t\t\t#initial volume\n", + "V2_a = V1_a \t\t\t#m**3 \t\t\t#final volume\n", + "T2 = p2*V2_a/(m*R) \t\t\t#K \t\t\t#final temperature\n", + "print \"Final temperature,T2 = %.1f K\"%(T2)\n", + "\n", + "#Part(b)\n", + "print \"Partb\";\n", + "V1_b = m*R*T1/p1 \t\t\t#m**3 \t\t\t#initial volume\n", + "V2_b = V1_b*(p1/p2) \t\t\t#m**3 \t\t\t#final volume\n", + "#Isothermal process => T1 = T2\n", + "print \"Final temperature,T2 = %.1f K\"%(T1)\n", + "\n", + "#Part(c)\n", + "print \"Partc\";\n", + "R = Cp-Cv \t\t\t#J/kgK\n", + "y = Cp/Cv\n", + "V1_c = m*R*T1/p1 \t\t\t#m**3 \t\t\t#initial volume\n", + "V2_c = V1_c*(p1/p2)**(1/y) \t\t\t#m**3 \t\t\t#final volume\n", + "T2 = p2*V2_c/(m*R) \t\t\t#K \t\t\t#final temperature\n", + "print \"Final temperature,T2 = %.0f K\"%(T2)\n", + "\n", + "#P-V diagram\n", + "P = [p1*1e-5, p2*1e-5]\n", + "V = [V1_a ,V1_a]\n", + "plot(V,P,'b') \t\t\t#plot for part(a)\n", + "\n", + "V = linspace(V1_b,V2_b,100)\n", + "P = (p1*1e-5*V1_b)/V\n", + "plot(V,P,'g') \t\t\t#plot for part(b)\n", + "\n", + "V = linspace(V1_c,V2_c,100)\n", + "P = (p1*1e-5*V1_c**y)/V**y\n", + "plot(V,P,'r') \t\t\t#plot for part(c)\n", + "xlabel('Volume in m**3')\n", + "ylabel('Pressure in bar')\n", + "suptitle('p-V diagram sought in example 9.6')\n", + "#legends(['Part (a)';'Part (b)';'Part (c)'],[2 3 5],opt=1)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Parta\n", + "Final temperature,T2 = 150.0 K\n", + "Partb\n", + "Final temperature,T2 = 300.0 K\n", + "Partc\n", + "Final temperature,T2 = 246 K\n" + ] + }, + { + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "pyout", + "prompt_number": 1, + "text": [ + "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x1100b2a90>" + ] + }, + { + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "display_data", + "png": 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+ "text": [ + "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x112341d50>" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 1 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 9.7 Page No : 270" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "from numpy.linalg import solve\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "p1 = 10e6 \t\t\t#N/m**2 \t\t\t#initial pressure\n", + "T1 = 273.+27 \t\t\t#K \t\t\t#inital temperature\n", + "V1 = 50.e-3 \t\t\t#m**3 \t\t\t#inital volume\n", + "M = 28. \t\t\t#g/mol \t\t\t#molecular mass\n", + "R = 8314.3/M \t\t\t#J/kgK\n", + "y = 1.4 \t\t\t#gamma\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "#Part(a)\n", + "print 'Parta';\n", + "m = (p1*V1)/(R*T1)\n", + "print \"Mass of nitrogen stored in bottle = %.3f kg\"%(m)\n", + "\n", + "#Part(b):(i)\n", + "print 'Partb:i';\n", + "p2 = 15e6 \t\t\t#N/m**2 \t\t\t#final pressure\n", + "V2 = V1 \t\t\t#m**3 \t\t\t#final volume\n", + "T2 = (p2*V2)/(m*R)\n", + "print \"Temperature of nitrogen at maximum permitted temperature = %.1f K\"%(T2)\n", + "\n", + "#Part(b):(ii)\n", + "print 'Partb:ii';\n", + "C = solve([[1, -1.4],[1, -1]],[[0],[R]]) \t\t\t#J/kgK \t\t\t#C = [Cp;Cv]\n", + "delta_U = m*C[1]*(T2-T1)*.001 \t\t\t#kJ \t\t\t#Change in internal energy\n", + "print \"Change in internal energy = %.1f kJ\"%(delta_U)\n", + "\n", + "#Part(b):(iii)\n", + "print 'Partb:iii';\n", + "delta_H = m*C[0]*(T2-T1)*.001 \t\t\t#kJ \t\t\t#Change in enthalpy\n", + "print \"Change in enthalpy = %.1f kJ\"%(delta_H)\n", + "\n", + "#Part(b):(iv)\n", + "print 'Partb:iv';\n", + "delta_S = m*(C[1]*math.log(T2/T1)+R*math.log(V2/V1))*.001 \t\t\t#kJ/K \t\t\t#Change in entropy\n", + "print \"Change in entropy = %.4f kJ/K\"%(delta_S)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Parta\n", + "Mass of nitrogen stored in bottle = 5.613 kg\n", + "Partb:i\n", + "Temperature of nitrogen at maximum permitted temperature = 450.0 K\n", + "Partb:ii\n", + "Change in internal energy = 625.0 kJ\n", + "Partb:iii\n", + "Change in enthalpy = 875.0 kJ\n", + "Partb:iv\n", + "Change in entropy = 1.6894 kJ/K\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 10 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 9.8 Page No : 271" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "T1 = 800. \t\t\t#K \t\t\t#initial temperature\n", + "p1 = 1.5e6 \t\t\t#N/m**2 \t\t\t#initial pressure\n", + "T2 = 540. \t\t\t#K \t\t\t#final temperature\n", + "T2s = 485. \t\t\t#K \t\t\t#final temperature for reversible process\n", + "Q = 0. \t\t\t#adiabatic process\n", + "y = 1.4\n", + "Cv = 718. \t\t\t#J/kgK \t\t\t#specific heat at constant volume\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "delta_U = Cv*(T2-T1) \t\t\t#kJ/kg \t\t\t#change in internal energy\n", + "W = (Q-delta_U)*.001 \t\t\t#kJ/kg \t\t\t#work done per kilogram\n", + "print \"Work done per kilogram = %.1f kJ/kg\"%(W);\n", + "\n", + "p2 = p1*(T2s/T1)**(y/(y-1)) \t\t\t#N/m**2 \t\t\t#final pressure\n", + "delta_S = (y*Cv)*math.log(T2/T1)-(y*Cv-Cv)*math.log(p2/p1)\n", + "print \"Change in entropy = %.3f kJ/kgK\"%(delta_S*.001)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Work done per kilogram = 186.7 kJ/kg\n", + "Change in entropy = 0.108 kJ/kgK\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 11 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 9.9 Page No : 279" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "xCO2 = 0.1 \t\t\t#mole fraction of CO2\n", + "xO2 = .09 \t\t\t#mole fraction of O2\n", + "xCO = 0.01 \t\t\t#mole fraction of CO\n", + "xN2 = 0.8 \t\t\t#mole fraction of N2\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "M = xCO2*44 + xO2*32 + xCO*28 + xN2*28 \t\t\t#kg/kmol \t\t\t#avg. molar mass\n", + "R = 8314.3/M \t\t\t#J/kgK \t\t\t#gas constant\n", + "yCO2 = xCO2*(44/M) \t\t\t#mass fraction of CO2\n", + "yO2 = xO2*(32/M) \t\t\t#mass fraction of O2\n", + "yCO = xCO*(28/M) \t\t\t#mass fraction of CO\n", + "yN2 = xN2*(28/M) \t\t\t#mass fraction of N2\n", + "\n", + "print \"Molar Mass = %.2f kg/kmol\"%(M);\n", + "print \"Gas constant = %.1f J/kgK\"%(R);\n", + "print \"Mass fraction of CO2 = %.4f \"%(yCO2);\n", + "print \"Mass fraction of O2 = %.4f \"%(yO2);\n", + "print \"Mass fraction of CO = %.4f \"%(yCO);\n", + "print \"Mass fraction of N2 = %.4f \"%(yN2);\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Molar Mass = 29.96 kg/kmol\n", + "Gas constant = 277.5 J/kgK\n", + "Mass fraction of CO2 = 0.1469 \n", + "Mass fraction of O2 = 0.0961 \n", + "Mass fraction of CO = 0.0093 \n", + "Mass fraction of N2 = 0.7477 \n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 12 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 9.10 Page No : 280" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "# variables\n", + "m = 1.9 \t\t\t#kg\n", + "T = 273.+20 \t\t\t#K\n", + "p = 150.e3 \t\t\t#Pa\n", + "yO2 = 0.1 \t\t\t#mass fraction of O2\n", + "yN2 = 0.75 \t\t\t#mass fraction of N2\n", + "yCO2 = 0.12 \t\t\t#mass fraction of CO2\n", + "yCO = 0.03 \t\t\t#mass fraction of CO\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "#Part(a)\n", + "print \"Parta\";\n", + "M = 1/((yO2/32)+(yN2/28)+(yCO/28)+(yCO2/44)) \t\t\t#kg/kmol \t\t\t#molar mass\n", + "print \"Molar mass = %.2f kg/kmol \"%(M)\n", + "R = 8314.3/M \t\t\t#J/kgK \t\t\t#Gas constant\n", + "print \"Gas constant = %.2f J/kgK \"%(R)\n", + "V = m*R*T/p \t\t\t#m**3 \t\t\t#Volume\n", + "\n", + "#Part(b)\n", + "print \"Partb\"\n", + "xO2 = yO2*(M/32) \t\t\t#mole fraction O2\n", + "print \"Mole fraction of O2 = %.3f\"%(xO2)\n", + "pO2 = xO2*p \t\t\t#partial pressure O2\n", + "print \"Partial pressure of O2 = %.2f kPa\"%(pO2*.001)\n", + "VO2 = xO2*V \t\t\t#partial volume of O2\n", + "print \"Partial volume of O2 = %.4f m**3\"%(VO2)\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "xN2 = yN2*(M/28) \t\t\t#mole fraction N2\n", + "print \"Mole fraction of N2 = %.3f\"%(xN2)\n", + "pN2 = xN2*p \t\t\t#partial pressure N2\n", + "print \"Partial pressure of N2 = %.2f kPa\"%(pN2*.001)\n", + "VN2 = xN2*V \t\t\t#partial volume of N2\n", + "print \"Partial volume of N2 = %.4f m**3\"%(VN2)\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "xCO2 = yCO2*(M/44) \t\t\t#mole fraction CO2\n", + "print \"Mole fraction of CO2 = %.3f\"%(xCO2)\n", + "pCO2 = xCO2*p \t\t\t#partial pressure CO2\n", + "print \"Partial pressure of CO2 = %.2f kPa\"%(pCO2*.001)\n", + "VCO2 = xCO2*V \t\t\t#partial volume of CO2\n", + "print \"Partial volume of CO2 = %.4f m**3\"%(VCO2)\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "xCO = yCO*(M/28) \t\t\t#mole fraction CO\n", + "print \"Mole fraction of CO = %.3f\"%(xCO)\n", + "pCO = xCO*p \t\t\t#partial pressure CO\n", + "print \"Partial pressure of CO = %.2f kPa\"%(pCO*.001)\n", + "VCO = xCO*V \t\t\t#partial volume of CO\n", + "print \"Partial volume of CO = %.4f m**3\"%(VCO)\n", + "\n", + "# note : rounding off error" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Parta\n", + "Molar mass = 29.67 kg/kmol \n", + "Gas constant = 280.27 J/kgK \n", + "Partb\n", + "Mole fraction of O2 = 0.093\n", + "Partial pressure of O2 = 13.91 kPa\n", + "Partial volume of O2 = 0.0964 m**3\n", + "Mole fraction of N2 = 0.795\n", + "Partial pressure of N2 = 119.19 kPa\n", + "Partial volume of N2 = 0.8265 m**3\n", + "Mole fraction of CO2 = 0.081\n", + "Partial pressure of CO2 = 12.14 kPa\n", + "Partial volume of CO2 = 0.0842 m**3\n", + "Mole fraction of CO = 0.032\n", + "Partial pressure of CO = 4.77 kPa\n", + "Partial volume of CO = 0.0331 m**3\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 2 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 9.11 Page No : 283" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "from numpy.linalg import solve\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "R = 1841. \t\t\t#J/kgK \t\t\t#Gas constant\n", + "Cp = 6310. \t\t\t#J/kgK \t\t\t#specific heat at constant pressure\n", + "MN = 28. \t\t\t#kg/kmol \t\t\t#molar mass N2\n", + "MH = 2. \t\t\t#kg/kmol \t\t\t#molar mass H2\n", + "CpN = 1042. \t\t\t#J/kgK \t\t\t#specific heat of N2\n", + "CpH = 14210. \t\t\t#J/kgK \t\t\t#specific heat of H2\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "Y = solve([[8314.3/MN, 8314.3/MH],[CpN, CpH]],[[R],[ Cp]])\n", + "YN = round(Y[0],1) \t\t\t#mass fraction of N2\n", + "YH = round(Y[1],1) \t\t\t#mass fraction of H2\n", + "XN = YN*(8314.3/(R*MN)) \t\t\t#volume fraction of N2\n", + "XH = YH*(8314.3/(R*MH)) \t\t\t#volume fraction of H2\n", + "print \"Mass fraction of N2 = %.1f \"%(YN)\n", + "print \"Mass fraction of H2 = %.1f \"%(YH)\n", + "print \"Volume fraction of N2 = %.4f \"%(XN)\n", + "print \"Volume fraction of H2 = %.4f \"%(XH)\n", + "\n", + "# note : rounding off error" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Mass fraction of N2 = 0.6 \n", + "Mass fraction of H2 = 0.4 \n", + "Volume fraction of N2 = 0.0968 \n", + "Volume fraction of H2 = 0.9032 \n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 10 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 9.12 Page No : 284" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "m = 1.9 \t\t\t#kg\n", + "T = 273.+20 \t\t\t#K\n", + "p = 150. \t\t\t#kPa\n", + "pdat = 100. \t\t\t#kPa \t\t\t#datum pressure\n", + "Tdat = 273. \t\t\t#K \t\t\t#datum temperature\n", + "yO2 = 0.1 \t\t\t#mass fraction of O2\n", + "yN2 = 0.75 \t\t\t#mass fraction of N2\n", + "yCO2 = 0.12 \t\t\t#mass fraction of CO2\n", + "yCO = 0.03 \t\t\t#mass fraction of CO\n", + "xO2 = 0.093 \t\t\t#mole fraction of O2\n", + "xN2 = 0.795 \t\t\t#mole fraction of N2\n", + "xCO2 = 0.081 \t\t\t#mole fraction of CO2\n", + "xCO = 0.031 \t\t\t#mole fraction of CO\n", + "R = 280.22 \t\t\t#J/kgK\n", + "M = 29.67 \t\t\t#kg/kmol \t\t\t#mixture molar mass\n", + "CpO2=0.922 \t\t\t#kJ/kgK\n", + "CpN2=1.042 \t\t\t#kJ/kgK\n", + "CpCO2=0.842 \t\t\t#kJ/kgK\n", + "CpCO=1.041 \t\t\t#kJ/kgK\n", + "\n", + "#Part(a)\n", + "print \"Parta\";\n", + "Cp = yN2*CpN2 + yO2*CpO2 + yCO2*CpCO2 + yCO*CpCO \t\t\t#kJ/kgK \t\t\t# specific heat of mixture at constant pressure\n", + "Cv = Cp - R*.001 \t\t\t#specific heat of mixture at constant volume\n", + "print \"Cp = %.3f kJ/kgK\"%(Cp)\n", + "print \"Cv = %.4f kJ/kgK\"%(Cv) \n", + "\n", + "#Part(b)\n", + "print \"Partb\";\n", + "U = m*(Cv*(T-Tdat)) \t\t\t#kJ \t\t\t#internal energy\n", + "print \"Internal energy = %.2f kJ\"%(U)\n", + "\n", + "#Part(c)\n", + "print \"Partc\"\n", + "H = U + m*R*T*.001 \t\t\t#kJ \t\t\t#enthalpy\n", + "print \"Enthalpy = %.1f kJ\"%(H)\n", + "\n", + "#Part(d)\n", + "print \"Partd\"\n", + "SO2 = CpO2*math.log(T/Tdat)-(8.3143/32)*math.log(xO2*(p/pdat)) \t\t\t#kJ/kgK \t\t\t#entropy of O2\n", + "SN2 = CpN2*math.log(T/Tdat)-(8.3143/28)*math.log(xN2*(p/pdat)) \t\t\t#kJ/kgK \t\t\t#entropy of N2\n", + "SCO2 = CpCO2*math.log(T/Tdat)-(8.3143/44)*math.log(xCO2*(p/pdat)) \t\t\t#kJ/kgK \t\t\t#entropy of CO2\n", + "SCO = CpCO*math.log(T/Tdat)-(8.3143/28)*math.log(xCO*(p/pdat)) \t\t\t#kJ/kgK \t\t\t#entropy of CO\n", + "\n", + "S = m*(yO2*SO2+yN2*SN2+yCO2*SCO2+yCO*SCO) \t\t\t#kJ/K \t\t\t#entropy\n", + "print \"Entropy = %.4f kJ/K\"%(S)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Parta\n", + "Cp = 1.006 kJ/kgK\n", + "Cv = 0.7258 kJ/kgK\n", + "Partb\n", + "Internal energy = 27.58 kJ\n", + "Partc\n", + "Enthalpy = 183.6 kJ\n", + "Partd\n", + "Entropy = 0.3006 kJ/K\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 15 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 9.13 Page No : 288" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "V_He = 0.3 \t\t\t#m**3 \t\t\t#volume of Helium\n", + "p_He = 20e5 \t\t\t#Pa \t\t\t#pressure of Helium\n", + "T_He = 273.+30 \t\t\t#K \t\t\t#Temperature of Helium\n", + "V_O2 = 0.7 \t\t\t#m**3 \t\t\t#volume of O2\n", + "p_O2 = 6e5 \t\t\t#Pa \t\t\t#pressure of O2\n", + "T_O2 = 273.+2 \t\t\t#K Temperature of O2\n", + "R_He = 2077. \t\t\t#J/kgK\n", + "R_O2 = 260. \t\t\t#J/kgK\n", + "Cv_He = 3116. \t\t\t#J/kgK\n", + "Cv_O2 = 662. \t\t\t#J/kgK\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "m_He = (p_He*V_He)/(R_He*T_He) \t\t\t#kg \t\t\t#mass of Helium\n", + "m_O2 = (p_O2*V_O2)/(R_O2*T_O2) \t\t\t#kg \t\t\t#mass of O2\n", + "T_ad = (m_He*Cv_He*T_He+m_O2*Cv_O2*T_O2)/(m_He*Cv_He+m_O2*Cv_O2) \t\t\t#K \t\t\t#Temperature after mixing\n", + "T_final = 300 \t\t\t#K \t\t\t#final temperature\n", + "Q = (Cv_He*m_He+Cv_O2*m_O2)*(T_final-T_ad) \t\t\t#J \t\t\t#Magnitude of heat transfer\n", + "print \"Magnitude of heat transfer = %.2f kJ\"%(Q*.001)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Magnitude of heat transfer = 88.30 kJ\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 16 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 9.14 Page No : 289" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "T_E = (273.+20) \t\t\t#K \t\t\t#temperature of ethane\n", + "p_E = 200. \t\t\t#kPa \t\t\t#pressure of ethane\n", + "T_M = 273.+45 \t\t\t#K \t\t\t#temperature of methane\n", + "p_M = 200. \t\t\t#kPa \t\t\t#pressure of methane\n", + "m_E = 9. \t\t\t#kg/s \t\t\t#mass rate of ethane\n", + "m_M = 4.5 \t\t\t#kg/s \t\t\t#mass rate of methane\n", + "Cp_E = 1766. \t\t\t#J/kgK \t\t\t#specific heat of ethane\n", + "Cp_M = 2254. \t\t\t#J/kgK \t\t\t#specific heat of methane\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "#Part(a)\n", + "print \"Parta\";\n", + "T = (m_E*Cp_E*T_E+m_M*Cp_M*T_M)/(m_E*Cp_E+m_M*Cp_M) \t\t\t#K \t\t\t#mixture temperature\n", + "print \"Mixture temperature = %.1f K\"%(T)\n", + "\n", + "#Part(b)\n", + "print \"Partb\";\n", + "R_E = 8314.3/30 \t\t\t#J/kgK \t\t\t#gas constant for ethane\n", + "R_M = 8314.3/16 \t\t\t#J/kgK \t\t\t#gas constant for methane\n", + "R = (m_E/(m_E+m_M))*R_E+(m_M/(m_E+m_M))*R_M \t\t\t#J/kgK \t\t\t#gas constant of mixture\n", + "M = 8314.3/R \t\t\t#kg/kmol \t\t\t#mixture molar mass\n", + "x_E = (m_E/(m_E+m_M))*(M/30) \t\t\t#mole fraction of ethane\n", + "x_M = (m_M/(m_E+m_M))*(M/16) \t\t\t#mole fraction of methane\n", + "\n", + "delta_S_E = Cp_E*math.log(T/T_E) - R_E*math.log(x_E) \t\t\t#J/kgK \t\t\t#change in entropy of ethane\n", + "delta_S_M = Cp_M*math.log(T/T_M) - R_M*math.log(x_M) \t\t\t#J/kgK \t\t\t#change in entropy of methane\n", + "\n", + "print \"Rate of entropy production = %.4f kJ/sK\"%((m_E*delta_S_E+m_M*delta_S_M)*.001)\n", + "\n", + "# note : rounding off error" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Parta\n", + "Mixture temperature = 302.7 K\n", + "Partb\n", + "Rate of entropy production = 3.3681 kJ/sK\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 11 + } + ], + "metadata": {} + } + ] +}
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