diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'Applied_Thermodynamics/Chapter1.ipynb')
| -rwxr-xr-x | Applied_Thermodynamics/Chapter1.ipynb | 1252 |
1 files changed, 1252 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/Applied_Thermodynamics/Chapter1.ipynb b/Applied_Thermodynamics/Chapter1.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..136a766b --- /dev/null +++ b/Applied_Thermodynamics/Chapter1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,1252 @@ +{ + "metadata": { + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:3d30e44891eb37ef00ed656432995cc8c4288cfa1fdb5a14ded0356bbe856a8e" + }, + "nbformat": 3, + "nbformat_minor": 0, + "worksheets": [ + { + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Chapter 1: Fundamental Concepts and Definitions" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 1, page no. 22" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "#Variable Declaration: \n", + "h = 30*10**-2 #Manometer deflection of Mercury(in m):\n", + "d = 13550 #Density of mercury(in kg/m**3)\n", + "g = 9.78 #Acceleration due to gravity(in m/s**2):\n", + "\n", + "#Calculations:\n", + "P = d*g*h #Pressure difference(in Pa):\n", + "\n", + "#Results:\n", + "print \"Pressure Difference: \" ,round(P,2),\"Pa\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Pressure Difference: 39755.7 Pa\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 1 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 2, page no. 22" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + " \n", + "import math\n", + "#Variable Declaration: \n", + "d = 30*10**-2 #Diameter of the vessel(in m):\n", + "g = 9.78 #Accelertion due to gravity(in m/s**2):\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation:\n", + "p = 76*(10**-2)*13550*g #Atmospheric pressure(in Pa):\n", + "a = (round(math.pi,2)*d**2)/4 #Area:\n", + "F = p*a #Effort required:\n", + "\n", + "#Results:\n", + "print \"Effort required: \",round(F,2),\"N\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Effort required: 7115.48 N\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 4 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3, page no. 22" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "#Variable Declaration: \n", + "h = 30*10**-2 #Difference in mercury column(in m):\n", + "pa = 101 #Atmospheric Pressure(in kPa):\n", + "g = 9.78 #Acceleration due to gravity(in m/s**2):\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation:\n", + "gp = 13550*g*h*10**-3 #Guage pressure(in kPa):\n", + "ap = gp+pa #Actual pressure:\n", + "\n", + "#Results:\n", + "print \"Actual pressure of air : \",round(ap,2),\" Kpa\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Actual pressure of air : 140.76 Kpa\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 5 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 4, page no. 22" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "#Variable Declaration: \n", + "h = 1 #Depth of tank(in m):\n", + "s = 0.8 #Specific gravity:\n", + "d = 1000 #Density of water(in kg/m**3):\n", + "g = 9.81 #Acceleration due to gravity(in m/s**2):\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation:\n", + "dO = s*d #Density of oil(in kg/m3):\n", + "gp = dO*g*h*10**-3 #Gauge pressure(in kPa):\n", + "\n", + "#Results:\n", + "print \"Gauge pressure\",gp,\"KPa\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Gauge pressure 7.848 KPa\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 6 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 5, page no. 23" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "#Variable Declaration: \n", + "h = 76*10**-2 #Barometer Reading(in m):\n", + "d = 13.6*10**3 #Density of mercury(in kg/m**3):\n", + "g = 9.81 #Acceleration due to gravity(in m/s**2):\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation:\n", + "h1 = 40*10**-2 #Difference of heights in gas barometer(in m):\n", + "pg = (d*g*h1+d*g*h)*10**-3 #Pressure of gas(in kPa):\n", + "\n", + "#Results:\n", + "print \"Pressure of gas:\",round(pg,2),\"kPa\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Pressure of gas: 154.76 kPa\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 7 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 6, page no. 23" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "#Variable Declaration: \n", + "m = 1 #Mass of water(in kg):\n", + "h = 1000 #Altitude(in m):\n", + "c = 4.18*10**3 #Specific heat of water(in J/kg-K):\n", + "g = 9.81 #Acceleration due to gravity(in m/s**2):\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation:\n", + "Q = m*g*h #Heat required for heating = Potential energy \n", + "dT = Q/c\n", + "\n", + "#Results\n", + "print \"The change in temperature: \",round(dT,2),\"\u00baC\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The change in temperature: 2.35 \u00baC\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 8 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 7, page no. 24" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "#Variable Declaration: \n", + "w = 100 #Weight of object at standard gravitational acceleration(in N):\n", + "g = 9.81 #Standard acceleration due to gravity(in m/s**2):\n", + "g1 = 8.5 #Gravitation acceleration at given location(in m/s**2):\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation:\n", + "m = w/g #Mass of object(in kg):\n", + "s = m*g1 #Spring balance reading(in N):\n", + "\n", + "#Results:\n", + "print \"The spring balance reading:\",round(s,2),\"N\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The spring balance reading: 86.65 N\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 9 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 8, page no. 24" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + " \n", + "import math\n", + "#Variable Declaration: \n", + "dia = 15*10**-2 #Diameter of cylinder(in m):\n", + "h = 12*10**-2 #Manometer difference in Hg column(in m):\n", + "d = 13.6*10**3 #Density of mercury(in kg/m**3):\n", + "g = 9.81 #Acceleration due to gravity(in m/s**2):\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation:\n", + "w = h*d*g*math.pi*dia**2/4 #Weight of piston(in N): pressure*area\n", + "m = w/g #Mass of the piston(in kg):\n", + "\n", + "#Results:\n", + "print \"Mass of the piston:\",round(m,2),\"Kg\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Mass of the piston: 28.84 Kg\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 10 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 9, page no. 24" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "#Variable Declaration: \n", + "Hab = 2*10**-2 #Height of water column in limb AB(in m):\n", + "Hcd = 10*10**-2 #Height of mercury column in limb CD(in m):\n", + "h = 76*10**-2 #Barometer reading for atmospheric pressure(in m):\n", + "dm = 13.6*10**3 #Density of mercury(in kg/m**3):\n", + "dw = 1000 #Density of water(in kg/m**3):\n", + "g = 9.81 #Acceleration due to gravity(in m/s**2):\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation:\n", + "Patm = dm*h*g*10**-3 #Atmospheric pressure(in kPa):\n", + "Pab = dw*Hab*g*10**-3 #Pressure of water in column AB(in kPa):\n", + "Pcd = dm*Hcd*g*10**-3 #Pressure of mercury in column CD(in kPa):\n", + "Ps = Patm+Pcd-Pab #Pressure of steam(in kPa):\n", + "\n", + "#Results:\n", + "print \"Pressure of steam:\",round(Ps,2),\"KPa\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Pressure of steam: 114.54 KPa\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 11 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 10, page no. 25" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "#Variable Declaration: \n", + "Pa = 400 #Pressure in compartment A(in kPa):\n", + "Pb = 150 #Pressure in compartment B(in kPa):\n", + "h = 720*10**-3 #Reading of barometer(in m):\n", + "d = 13.6*10**3 #Density of mercury(in kg/m**3):\n", + "g = 9.81 #Acceleration due to gravity(in m/s**2):\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation:\n", + "Patm = d*g*h*10**-3 #Atmospheric pressure from barometer reading(in kPa):\n", + "PaA = Pa+Patm #Absolute pressure in compartment A(in kPa):\n", + "PaB = Pb+Patm #Absolute pressure in compartment B(in kPa):\n", + "\n", + "#Results:\n", + "print \"Absolute pressure in compartment A:\",round(PaA,2),\"KPa\"\n", + "print \"Absolute pressure in compartment B:\",round(PaB,2),\"KPa\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Absolute pressure in compartment A: 496.06 KPa\n", + "Absolute pressure in compartment B: 246.06 KPa\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 12 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 11, page no. 25" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "#Variable Declaration: \n", + "Patm = 90 #Atmospheric pressure(in kPa):\n", + "dw = 1000 #Density of water(in kg/m**3):\n", + "doil = 850 #Density of oil(in kg/m**3):\n", + "dm = 13600 #Density of mercury(in kg/m**3):\n", + "h1 = 0.15 #Height of water column(in m):\n", + "h2 = 0.25 #Height of oil column(in m):\n", + "h3 = 0.40 #Height of mercury column(in m):\n", + "g = 9.81 #Acceleration due to gravity(in m/s**2):\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation:\n", + "Pw = dw*g*h1*10**-3 #Pressure due to water column at reference line(in kPa):\n", + "Po = doil*g*h2*10**-3 #Pressure due to oil column at reference line(in kPa):\n", + "Pm = dm*g*h3*10**-3 #Pressure due to mercury column at reference line(in kPa):\n", + "Pa = Patm+Pm-Pw-Po #Pressure due to air(in kPa):\n", + "\n", + "#Results:\n", + "print \"Air pressure:\" ,round(Pa,2),\"KPa\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Air pressure: 139.81 KPa\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 13 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 12, page no. 26" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "#Variable Declaration: \n", + "v = 750.0 #Velocity of the object(in m/s):\n", + "F = 4000.0 #Gravitational force acting on the body(in N):\n", + "g = 8.0 #Acceleration due to gravity(in m/s**2):\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation:\n", + "m = F/g #Mass of the object(in kg):\n", + "KE = (m*v**2)/2 #Kinetic energy of the body(in J):\n", + "\n", + "#Results:\n", + "print \"Kinetic energy:\",round(KE/10**8,1),\"x 10^8 J\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Kinetic energy: 1.4 x 10^8 J\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 14 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 13, page no. 26" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "#Variable Declaration: \n", + "Cp = 2.286 #Specific heat at constant pressure(in kJ/kg-K):\n", + "Cv = 1.768 #Specific heat at constant volume(in kJ/kg-K):\n", + "Ru = 8.314 #Universal gas constant(in kJ/kg-K):\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation:\n", + "R = Cp-Cv #Gas constant(in kJ/kg-K):\n", + "m = Ru/R #Molecular weight of gas(in kg/K mol):\n", + "\n", + "#Results:\n", + "print \"Molecular weight of gas:\" ,round(m,2),\"Kg/K mol\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Molecular weight of gas: 16.05 Kg/K mol\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 15 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 14, page no. 26" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "#Variable Declaration: \n", + "p1 = 750*10**3 #Initial pressure(in Pa):\n", + "t1 = 600 #Initial temperature(in K):\n", + "v1 = 0.2 #Initial volume(in m**3):\n", + "p2 = 2*10**5 #Final pressure(in Pa):\n", + "v2 = 0.5 #Final volume(in m**3):\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation:\n", + "t2 = p2*v2*t1/(p1*v1) #Final temperature(in K):\n", + "\n", + "#Results:\n", + "print \"Final temperature:\",t2,\"K\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Final temperature: 400.0 K\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 16 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 15, page no. 27" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "#Variable Declaration: \n", + "p1 = 100 #Initial pressure(in kPa):\n", + "t1 = 300 #Initial temperature(in K):\n", + "v1 = 5 #Initial volume(in m**3):\n", + "p2 = 50 #Final pressure(in kPa):\n", + "t2 = 280 #Final temperature(in K):\n", + "v2 = 5 #Final volume(in m**3):\n", + "R = 287.0 #Gas constant for air(in J/kg-K):\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation:\n", + "m1 = p1*v1/(R*t1)*10**3 #Initial mass(in kg):\n", + "m2 = p2*v2/(R*t2)*10**3 #Final mass(in kg):\n", + "dm = m1-m2 #Mass removed(in kg):\n", + "V = dm*R*t1/p1/1000 #Volume of this mass of air at initial states(in m**3):\n", + "\n", + "#Results:\n", + "print \"Mass of air removed: \",round(dm,3),\"Kg\"\n", + "print \"Volume of air at initial states: \",round(V,2),\"m^3\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Mass of air removed: 2.696 Kg\n", + "Volume of air at initial states: 2.32 m^3\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 17 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 16, page no. 27" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + " \n", + "import math\n", + "#Variable Declaration: \n", + "d = 1 #Diameter of the vessel(in m):\n", + "h = 4 #Height of the vessel(in m):\n", + "p1 = 100 #Initial pressure(in kPa):\n", + "t1 = 300 #Initial temperature(in K):\n", + "p2 = 125 #Final pressure(in kPa):\n", + "Cp = 14.307 #Cp of hydrogen(in kJ/kg-K):\n", + "Cv = 10.183 #Cv of volume(in kJ/kg-K):\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation:\n", + "v = math.pi*d**2*h/4 #Volume of the vessel(in m**3):\n", + "t2 = p2*t1/p1 #Final temperature(in K):\n", + "R = Cp-Cv #Gas constant for hydrogen:\n", + "m = round(p1*v/(R*t1),3) #Mass of hydrogen(in kg):\n", + "Q = m*Cv*(t2-t1) #Heat supplied at const. volume(in kJ):\n", + "\n", + "#Results:\n", + "print \"Heat to be supplied: \",round(Q,2),\"KJ\"\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Heat to be supplied: 193.99 KJ\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 18 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 17, page no. 28" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + " \n", + "#Variable Declaration: \n", + "v = 2+2 #Total volume(in m**3):\n", + "m1 = 20 #Mass of air in container 1(in kg):\n", + "m2 = 4 #Mass of air in container 2(in kg):\n", + "t = 300 #Temperature of the system(in K):\n", + "R = 287 #Gas constant for air(in J/kg-K):\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation:\n", + "m = m1+m2 #Total mass after the valve is opened(in kg):\n", + "p = m*R*t/v*10**-3 #Final pressure(in kPa):\n", + "\n", + "#Results:\n", + "print \"Final pressure: \" ,p,\"KPa\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Final pressure: 516.6 KPa\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 19 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 18, page no. 28" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "#Variable Declaration: \n", + "m = 5 #Mass of gas(in kg):\n", + "v = 2 #Volume of the container(in m**3):\n", + "t = 300 #Temperature in the container(in K):\n", + "R = 8.314 #Universal gas constant(in kJ/kg-K):\n", + "a = 3628.5*10**2 #Vander-Waals Constant(from table):\n", + "b = 3.14*10**-2 #Vander-Waals Constant(from table):\n", + "mw = 44.01 #Molecular weight of CO2:\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation:\n", + "Rp = R*10**3/mw #Gas constant for CO2(in j/kg-K):#Considering it as a perfect gas\n", + "pp = m*Rp*t/v #Pressure of the gas(in N/m**2):\n", + "v1 = v*mw/m #Molar specific volume(in m**3/kg.mol): #Considering it as a real gas:\n", + "pr = R*10**3*t/(v1-b)-a/(v1**2)\t#Vanderwall eqn:\n", + "\n", + "#Results:\n", + "print \"Pressure if considered perfect gas: \" ,round(pp/10**5,3),\"x 10^5 N/m^2\"\n", + "print \"Pressure if considered real gas: \",round(pr/10**5,3),\"x 10^5 N/m^2\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Pressure if considered perfect gas: 1.417 x 10^5 N/m^2\n", + "Pressure if considered real gas: 1.408 x 10^5 N/m^2\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 20 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 19, page no. 30" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "#Variable Declaration: \n", + "p = 17672 #Pressure of steam(in kPa):\n", + "t = 712 #Temperature of steam(in K):\n", + "Pc = 22.09*10**3 #Critical pressure(in kPa):\n", + "Tc = 647.3 #Critical temperature(in K):\n", + "Rs = 0.4615 #Gas constant for steam(in kJ/kg-K):\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation:\n", + "vp = Rs*t/p #Specific volume(in m**3/kg) Considering perfect gas:\n", + "Rp = p/Pc #Reduced pressure: Considering real gas:\n", + "Rt = t/Tc #Reduced temperature:\n", + "Z = 0.785 #Value of compressibility factor(from chart for Rp & Rt):\n", + "vr = Z*vp #Specific volume(in m**3/kg):\n", + "\n", + "#Results:\n", + "print \"Specific volume considering perfect gas: \",round(vp,4),\"m**3/kg\"\n", + "print \"Specific volume considering real gas: \",round(vr,4),\"m**3/Kg\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Specific volume considering perfect gas: 0.0186 m**3/kg\n", + "Specific volume considering real gas: 0.0146 m**3/Kg\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 21 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 20, page no. 30" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + " \n", + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variable Declaration: \n", + "d = 5.0 #Diameter of the balloon(in m):\n", + "p = 1.013*10**5 #Atmospheric pressure(in N/m**2):\n", + "t = 17+273 #Temperature of the surroundings(in K):\n", + "R = 8.314*10**3 #Universal gas constant(in J/kg-K):\n", + "mw = 2 #Molecular weight of hydrogen:\n", + "Ra = 287 #Gas constant for air(in J/kg-K):\n", + "th = 273+27 #Temperature of Hydrogen (in K):\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation:\n", + "v = round(4.0/3.0*math.pi*(d/2)**3,2) #Volume of the balloon(in m**3):\n", + "Rh = R/mw #Gas constant for H2(in kJ/kg-K):\n", + "mh = p*v/(Rh*th) #Mass of H2 in balloon(in kg):\n", + "vd = v #Volume of air printlaced(in m**3):\n", + "ma = round(p*vd/(Ra*t),2) #Mass of air printlaced(in kg):\n", + "L = ma-mh #Load lifting capacity due to buoyant force(in kg):\n", + "\n", + "#Results:\n", + "print \"Load lifting capacity: \",round(L,3),\"Kg\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Load lifting capacity: 74.344 Kg\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 22 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 21, page no. 31" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + " \n", + "import math as m\n", + "#Variable Declaration: \n", + "v = 20 #Volume of vessel(in m**3):\n", + "q = 0.25 #Rate at which air is drawn(in m**3/min):\n", + "Pr = 4 #Initial pressure/final pressure (ratio):\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation:\n", + "t = v/q*m.log(Pr) #Time required(in min):\n", + "\n", + "#Results:\n", + "print \"Time required: \",round(t,1),\"Minutes\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Time required: 110.9 Minutes\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 24 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 22, page no. 32" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "#Variable Declaration: \n", + "M = 5.0 #Total mass of system of gas(in kg):\n", + "n = 0.80 #Compostion of Nitrogen:\n", + "o = 0.18 #Compostion of Oxygen:\n", + "c = 0.02 #Composition of Carbon dioxide:\n", + "ro = 1.4 #Compression ratio for Oxygen:\n", + "rn = 1.4 #Compression ratio for Nitrogen:\n", + "rc = 1.3 #Compression ratio for Carbon dioxide:\n", + "R = 8314.0 #Universal gas constant(in J/kg-K):\n", + "mwn = 28.0 #Molecular weight of Nitrogen:\n", + "mwo = 32.0 #Molecular weight of Oxygen:\n", + "mwc = 44.0 #Molecular weight of Carbon dioxide:\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation:\n", + "Rn = round(R/mwn,1) #Gas constant for Nitrogen(in J/kg-K):\n", + "Ro = round(R/mwo,1) #Gas constant for Oxygen(in J/kg-K):\n", + "Rc = round(R/mwc,1) #Gas constant for Carbon dioxide(in J/kg-K):\n", + "Rm = round(n*Rn+o*Ro+c*Rc,2) #Gas constant for mixture(in J/kg-K):\n", + "Cpn = round((rn/(rn-1))*Rn,3) #Specific heat at constant pressure for Nitrogen(in kJ/kg-K):\n", + "Cpo = round((ro/(ro-1))*Ro,3) #Specific heat at constant pressure for Oxygen(in kJ/kg-K):\n", + "Cpc = round(rc/(rc-1)*Rc,3) #Specific heat at constant pressure for Carbon dioxide(in kJ/kg-K):\n", + "Cpm = round(n*Cpn+o*Cpo+c*Cpc,3) #Specific heat at constant pressure for the mixture(in kJ/kg-K):\n", + "nn = n*M/mwn #Number of moles of Nitrogen:\n", + "no = o*M/mwo #Number of moles of Oxygen:\n", + "nc = c*M/mwc #Number of moles of Carbon dioxide:\n", + "nt = nn+no+nc #Total number of moles:\n", + "xn = nn/nt #Mole fraction of Nitrogen:\n", + "xo = no/nt #Mole fraction of Oxygen:\n", + "xc = nc/nt #Mole fraction of Carbon dioxide:\n", + "mwm = xn*mwn+xo*mwo+xc*mwc #Molecular weight of the mixture\n", + "\n", + "#Results:\n", + "print \"Gas constant for Nitrogen: \",round(Rn,1),\"J/Kg-K\"\n", + "print \"Gas constant for Oxygen: \",round(Ro,1),\"J/Kg-K\"\n", + "print \"Gas constant for Carbon Diaoxide: \",round(Rc,1),\"J/Kg-K\"\n", + "print \"Gas constant for Mixture: \",round(Rm,2),\"J/Kg-K\"\n", + "print \"Specific heat at constant pressure for Nitrogen: \",round(Cpn/10**3,3),\"kJ/kg-K\"\n", + "print \"Specific heat at constant pressure for Oxygen: \",round(Cpo/10**3,3),\"kJ/kg-K\"\n", + "print \"Specific heat at constant pressure for Carbon Diaoxide: \",round(Cpc/10**3,3),\"kJ/kg-K\"\n", + "print \"Specific heat at constant pressure for Mixture: \",round(Cpm/10**3,3),\"kJ/kg-K\"\n", + "print \"The molecular weight of the mixture: \" ,round(mwm,2),\"Kg/Kmol\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Gas constant for Nitrogen: 296.9 J/Kg-K\n", + "Gas constant for Oxygen: 259.8 J/Kg-K\n", + "Gas constant for Carbon Diaoxide: 189.0 J/Kg-K\n", + "Gas constant for Mixture: 288.06 J/Kg-K\n", + "Specific heat at constant pressure for Nitrogen: 1.039 kJ/kg-K\n", + "Specific heat at constant pressure for Oxygen: 0.909 kJ/kg-K\n", + "Specific heat at constant pressure for Carbon Diaoxide: 0.819 kJ/kg-K\n", + "Specific heat at constant pressure for Mixture: 1.011 kJ/kg-K\n", + "The molecular weight of the mixture: 28.86 Kg/Kmol\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 26 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 23, page no. 34" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "#Variable Declaration: \n", + "o = 0.18 #Composition of Oxygen:\n", + "n = 0.75 #Composition of Nitrogen:\n", + "c = 0.07 #Composition of Carbon dioxide:\n", + "p = 0.5 #Pressure of mixture(in MPa):\n", + "t = 107+273 #Temperature of the mixture(in K):\n", + "m = 5 #Total mass of the mixture(in kg):\n", + "mwn = 28 #Molecular weight of Nitrogen:\n", + "mwo = 32 #Molecular weight of Oxygen:\n", + "mwc = 44 #Molecular weight of Carbon dioxide:\n", + "v = 1 #Total values of mixture(assume):\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation:\n", + "xvo = o/v #Mole fraction of Oxygen(by volume):\n", + "xvn = n/v #Mole fraction of Nitrogen(by volume):\n", + "xvc = c/v#Mole fraction of Carbon dioxide(by volume):\n", + "mwm = o*mwo+n*mwn+c*mwc #Molecular weight of the mixture(in kg/kmol):\n", + "xmn = n*mwn/mwm#Mole fraction of Nitrogen(by mass):\n", + "xmo = o*mwo/mwm#Mole fraction of Oxygen(by mass):\n", + "xmc = c*mwc/mwm#Mole fraction of Carbon dioxide(by mass):\n", + "po = o*p#Partial pressure of Oxygen:\n", + "pn = n*p#Partial pressure of Nitrogen:\n", + "pc = c*p#Partial pressure of Carbon dioxide:\n", + "\n", + "#Results:\n", + "print \"Mole fraction of Oxygen by mass: \",round(xmo,3)\n", + "print \"Mole fraction of Nitrogen by mass: \",round(xmn,3)\n", + "print \"Mole fraction of Carbon dioxide by mass: \",round(xmc,3)\n", + "print \"Partial pressure of Oxygen: \",round(po,2),\"MPa\"\n", + "print \"Partial pressure of Nitrogen: \",round(pn,3),\"MPa\"\n", + "print \"Partial pressure of Carbon dioxide: \",round(pc,3),\"MPa\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Mole fraction of Oxygen by mass: 0.193\n", + "Mole fraction of Nitrogen by mass: 0.704\n", + "Mole fraction of Carbon dioxide by mass: 0.103\n", + "Partial pressure of Oxygen: 0.09 MPa\n", + "Partial pressure of Nitrogen: 0.375 MPa\n", + "Partial pressure of Carbon dioxide: 0.035 MPa\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 27 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 24, page no. 34" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "#Variable Declaration: \n", + "V = 3.0 #Volume of gas in 1 chamber(in m**3):\n", + "pn = 800.0 #Partial pressure of Nitrogen(in kPa):\n", + "pc = 400.0 #Partial pressure of Carbon dioxide(in kPa):\n", + "tn = 480.0 #Temperature of Nitrogen(in K):\n", + "tc = 390.0 #Temperature of Carbon dioxide(in K):\n", + "rn = 1.4 #Compression ratio for Nitrogen:\n", + "rc = 1.3 #Compression ratio for Carbon dioxide:\n", + "R = 8314.0 #Universal gas constant(in J/kg-K):\n", + "mwn = 28.0 #Molecular weight of Nitrogen:\n", + "mwc = 44.0 #Molecular weight of Carbon dioxide:\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation:\n", + "nn = pn*V/(R*tn) #Moles of Nitrogen:\n", + "nc = pc*V/(R*tc) #Moles of Carbon dioxide:\n", + "nt = round(nn+nc,6) #Total no of moles:\n", + "cvn = (R/mwn)/(rn-1) #Specific heat for Nitrogen at constant volume(in J/kg-K):\n", + "cvc = (R/mwc)/(rc-1) #Specific heat for Carbon dioxide at constant volume(in J/kg-K):\n", + "mn = nn*mwn #Mass of Nitrogen(in kg):\n", + "mc = nc*mwc #Mass of Carbon dioxide(in kg):\n", + "t = (mn*cvn*tn+mc*cvc*tc)/(mn*cvn+mc*cvc) #Equilibrium temperature of the mixture(in K):\n", + "p = nt*R*round(t,1)/(V+V) #Equilibrium pressure of the mixture(kPa):\n", + "\n", + "#Results:\n", + "print \"Equilibrium temperature: \",round(t,1),\"K\"\n", + "print \"Equilibrium pressure: \",round(p,3),\"KPa\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Equilibrium temperature: 439.4 K\n", + "Equilibrium pressure: 591.205 KPa\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 28 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 25, page no. 35" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "#Variable Declaration: \n", + "mh = 2 #Mass of hydrogen taken(in kg):\n", + "mhe = 3 #Mass of helium taken(in kg):\n", + "Ch = 11.23 #Specific heat at constant pressure for hydrogen(in kJ/kg-K):\n", + "Che = 5.193 #Specific heat at constant pressure for helium(in kJ/kg-K):\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation:\n", + "mt = mh+mhe #Total mass of the mixture(in kg):\n", + "Cm = (Ch*mh+Che*mhe)/mt #Specific heat at constant pressure for the mixture(in kJ/kg-K):\n", + "\n", + "#Results:\n", + "print \"Specific heat at constant pressure for the mixture: \",round(Cm,3),\"KJ/Kg-K\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Specific heat at constant pressure for the mixture: 7.608 KJ/Kg-K\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 29 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 26, page no. 36" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "#Variable Declaration: \n", + "mh = 18 #Mass of Hydrogen(in kg):\n", + "mn = 10 #Mass of Nitrogen(in kg):\n", + "mc = 2 #Mass of Carbon dioxide(in kg):\n", + "t1 = 27+273.15 #Initial temperature(in K):\n", + "t2 = 2*t1 #Final temperature(in K):\n", + "R = 8.314 #Universal gas constant(in kJ/kg-K):\n", + "mwh = 2 #Molecular weight of Hydrogen:\n", + "mwn = 28 #Molecular weight of Nitrogen:\n", + "mwc = 44 #Molecular weight of Carbon dioxide:\n", + "p1 = 101.325 #Initial pressure of the gases(in kPa)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation:\n", + "Rh = R/mwh #Gas constant for Hydrogen(in kJ/kg-K):\n", + "Rn = R/mwn #Gas constant for Nitrogen(in kJ/kg-K):\n", + "Rc = R/mwc #Gas constant for Carbon dioxide(in kJ/kg-K):\n", + "Rm = (mh*Rh+mn*Rn+mc*Rc)/(mh+mn+mc) #Gas constant for the mixture(in kJ/kg-K):\n", + "V = (mh+mn+mc)*Rm*t1/p1 #Capacity of the vessel(in m**3):\n", + "p2 = p1*t2/t1 #Final pressure of the mixture(in kPa):\n", + "\n", + "#Results:\n", + "print \"Volume of the vessel: \",round(V,2),\"m**3\"\n", + "print \"Final pressure of the mixture\",round(p2,2),\"KPa\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Volume of the vessel: 231.57 m**3\n", + "Final pressure of the mixture 202.65 KPa\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 31 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 27, page no. 37" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + " \n", + "import math as m\n", + "#Variable Declaration: \n", + "t1 = 27+273.15 #Temperature of entering air(in K):\n", + "t2 = 500 #Temperature to which it gets heated up to(in K):\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation:\n", + "R = m.sqrt(t2/t1) #Ratio of exit to inlet diameter:\n", + "\n", + "#Results:\n", + "print \"Ratio of exit to inlet diameter: \",round(R,2)" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Ratio of exit to inlet diameter: 1.29\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 33 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 28, page no. 37" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "#Variable Declaration: \n", + "v = 2.0 #Volume of vessel(in m**3):\n", + "R = 8.314 #Univeresal gas constant(in kJ/kg-K):\n", + "mwh = 2.0 #Molecular weight of hydrogen:\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation:\n", + "p1 = 76/76*101.325 #Atmospheric pressure(in kPa):\n", + "t1 = 27+273.15 #Temperature of gas(in K):\n", + "t2 = t1\n", + "dp = 70.0/76*101.325 #Pressure difference(in kPa):\n", + "t3 = 10+273.15 #Temperature after cooling(in case 2)(in K):\n", + "Rh = R/mwh #Gas constant of hydrogen(in kJ/kg-K): #Case 1:\n", + "p2 = p1-dp #Final pressure of hydrogen(in kPa):\n", + "m = (p1-p2)*v/(Rh*t1) #Mass pumped out(in kg):\n", + "p3 = (t3/t2)*p2 #Pressure after cooling(in kPa): #Case 2:(temperature reduces till 10 degrees isochorically)\n", + "\n", + "#Results:\n", + "print \"Mass pumped out: \",round(m,2),\"Kg\"\n", + "print \"Final pressure fter cooling: \",round(p3,3),\"KPa\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Mass pumped out: 0.15 Kg\n", + "Final pressure fter cooling: 7.546 KPa\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 34 + } + ], + "metadata": {} + } + ] +}
\ No newline at end of file |