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diff --git a/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter10_ltpcAad.ipynb b/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter10_ltpcAad.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8d14ee64 --- /dev/null +++ b/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter10_ltpcAad.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,112 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# 10: Lasers" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 1, Page number 10-20" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "band gap is 0.8 eV\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "c=3*10**8; #velocity of light(m/s)\n", + "h=6.63*10**-34; #plank's constant(Js)\n", + "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(coulomb)\n", + "lamda=1.55*10**-6; #wavelength(m)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "Eg=h*c/(lamda*e); #band gap(eV) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"band gap is\",round(Eg,1),\"eV\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 2, Page number 10-20" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 5, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "wavelength is 8633 angstrom\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "c=3*10**8; #velocity of light(m/s)\n", + "h=6.63*10**-34; #plank's constant(Js)\n", + "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(coulomb)\n", + "Eg=1.44*e; #band gap(eV) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "lamda=h*c*10**10/Eg; #wavelength(angstrom)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"wavelength is\",int(round(lamda)),\"angstrom\"" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.11" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter11_1oQwy5p.ipynb b/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter11_1oQwy5p.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..880f5085 --- /dev/null +++ b/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter11_1oQwy5p.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,550 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# 11: Fibre Optics" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 1, Page number 11-16" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 6, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "numerical aperture is 0.2965\n", + "acceptance angle is 17 degrees 15 minutes\n", + "answer in the book varies due to rounding off errors\n", + "critical angle is 78 degrees 26 minutes\n", + "fractional index change is 0.02\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "n1=1.48; #Core refractive index\n", + "n2=1.45; #Cladding refractive index\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "NA=math.sqrt(n1**2-n2**2); #numerical aperture\n", + "theta0=math.asin(NA); #acceptance angle(radian)\n", + "theta0=theta0*180/math.pi; #acceptance angle(degrees)\n", + "theta0m=60*(theta0-int(theta0)); #acceptance angle(minutes)\n", + "thetac=math.asin(n2/n1); #critical angle(radian)\n", + "thetac=thetac*180/math.pi; #critical angle(degrees)\n", + "thetacm=60*(thetac-int(thetac)); #critical angle(minutes)\n", + "delta=(n1-n2)/n1; #fractional index change\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"numerical aperture is\",round(NA,4)\n", + "print \"acceptance angle is\",int(theta0),\"degrees\",int(round(theta0m)),\"minutes\"\n", + "print \"critical angle is\",int(thetac),\"degrees\",int(thetacm),\"minutes\"\n", + "print \"fractional index change is\",round(delta,2)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 2, Page number 11-17" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 12, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "numerical aperture is 0.446\n", + "acceptance angle is 26 degrees 29 minutes\n", + "answer for angle in minutes given in the book varies due to rounding off errors\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "n1=1.563; #Core refractive index\n", + "n2=1.498; #Cladding refractive index\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "NA=math.sqrt(n1**2-n2**2); #numerical aperture\n", + "theta0=math.asin(NA); #acceptance angle(radian)\n", + "theta0=theta0*180/math.pi; #acceptance angle(degrees)\n", + "theta0m=60*(theta0-int(theta0)); #acceptance angle(minutes)\n", + "\n", + "#Resul\"\n", + "print \"numerical aperture is\",round(NA,3)\n", + "print \"acceptance angle is\",int(theta0),\"degrees\",int(theta0m),\"minutes\"\n", + "print \"answer for angle in minutes given in the book varies due to rounding off errors\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 3, Page number 11-17" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 14, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "fractional index change is 0.0416\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "n1=1.563; #Core refractive index\n", + "n2=1.498; #Cladding refractive index\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "delta=(n1-n2)/n1; #fractional index change\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"fractional index change is\",round(delta,4)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 4, Page number 11-17" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 15, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "numerical aperture is 0.3905\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "n1=1.55; #Core refractive index\n", + "n2=1.50; #Cladding refractive index\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "NA=math.sqrt(n1**2-n2**2); #numerical aperture\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"numerical aperture is\",round(NA,4)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 5, Page number 11-18" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 17, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Cladding refractive index is 1.496\n", + "Core refractive index is 1.546\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "NA=0.39; #numerical aperture\n", + "n1_n2=0.05; #difference in refractive indices\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "n1n2=NA**2/n1_n2; \n", + "n2=(n1n2-n1_n2)/2; #Cladding refractive index\n", + "n1=n2+n1_n2; #Core refractive index\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"Cladding refractive index is\",n2\n", + "print \"Core refractive index is\",n1" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 6, Page number 11-18" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 18, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "numerical aperture is 0.3905\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "n1=1.55; #Core refractive index\n", + "n2=1.50; #Cladding refractive index\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "NA=math.sqrt(n1**2-n2**2); #numerical aperture\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"numerical aperture is\",round(NA,4)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 7, Page number 11-18" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 20, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "numerical aperture is 0.2965\n", + "acceptance angle is 17 degrees 15 minutes\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "n1=1.48; #Core refractive index\n", + "n2=1.45; #Cladding refractive index\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "NA=math.sqrt(n1**2-n2**2); #numerical aperture\n", + "theta0=math.asin(NA); #acceptance angle(radian)\n", + "theta0=theta0*180/math.pi; #acceptance angle(degrees)\n", + "theta0m=60*(theta0-int(theta0)); #acceptance angle(minutes)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"numerical aperture is\",round(NA,4)\n", + "print \"acceptance angle is\",int(theta0),\"degrees\",int(round(theta0m)),\"minutes\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 8, Page number 11-19" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 25, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "refractive index of core is 1.6583\n", + "refractive index of cladding is 1.625\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "NA=0.33; #numerical aperture\n", + "delta=0.02; #refractive index of cladding\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "x=1-delta;\n", + "n1=math.sqrt(NA**2/(1-x**2)); #refractive index of core \n", + "n2=x*n1; #refractive index of cladding\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"refractive index of core is\",round(n1,4)\n", + "print \"refractive index of cladding is\",round(n2,3)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 9, Page number 11-19" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 32, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "acceptance angle is 8 degrees 38 minutes 55 seconds\n", + "answer for angle in seconds given in the book varies due to rounding off errors\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "NA=0.20; #numerical aperture\n", + "n0=1.33; #refractive index of water\n", + "n2=1.59; #Cladding refractive index\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "n1=math.sqrt((NA**2)+(n2**2)); #core refractive index\n", + "x=math.sqrt((n1**2)-(n2**2))/n0;\n", + "theta0=math.asin(x); #acceptance angle(radian)\n", + "theta0=theta0*180/math.pi; #acceptance angle(degrees)\n", + "theta0m=60*(theta0-int(theta0)); #acceptance angle(minutes)\n", + "theta0s=60*(theta0m-int(theta0m)); #acceptance angle(seconds)\n", + "\n", + "#Resul\"\n", + "print \"acceptance angle is\",int(theta0),\"degrees\",int(theta0m),\"minutes\",int(theta0s),\"seconds\"\n", + "print \"answer for angle in seconds given in the book varies due to rounding off errors\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 10, Page number 11-20" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 34, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "fractional index change is 6.8966 *10**-3\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "n1=1.45; #Core refractive index\n", + "n2=1.44; #Cladding refractive index\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "delta=(n1-n2)/n1; #fractional index change\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"fractional index change is\",round(delta*10**3,4),\"*10**-3\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 11, Page number 11-20" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 41, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Cladding refractive index is 1.44\n", + "numerical aperture is 0.42\n", + "acceptance angle is 24 degrees 50 minutes\n", + "critical angle is 73 degrees 44 minutes\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "n1=1.50; #Core refractive index\n", + "delta=4/100; #fractional index change\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "n2=n1-(delta*n1); #Cladding refractive index\n", + "NA=math.sqrt(n1**2-n2**2); #numerical aperture\n", + "theta0=math.asin(NA); #acceptance angle(radian)\n", + "theta0=theta0*180/math.pi; #acceptance angle(degrees)\n", + "theta0m=60*(theta0-int(theta0)); #acceptance angle(minutes)\n", + "thetac=math.asin(n2/n1); #critical angle(radian)\n", + "thetac=thetac*180/math.pi; #critical angle(degrees)\n", + "thetacm=60*(thetac-int(thetac)); #critical angle(minutes)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"Cladding refractive index is\",n2\n", + "print \"numerical aperture is\",NA\n", + "print \"acceptance angle is\",int(theta0),\"degrees\",int(round(theta0m)),\"minutes\"\n", + "print \"critical angle is\",int(thetac),\"degrees\",int(thetacm),\"minutes\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 12, Page number 11-21" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 42, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "numerical aperture is 0.446\n", + "acceptance angle is 26 degrees 29 minutes\n", + "answer for angle in minutes given in the book varies due to rounding off errors\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "n1=1.563; #Core refractive index\n", + "n2=1.498; #Cladding refractive index\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "NA=math.sqrt(n1**2-n2**2); #numerical aperture\n", + "theta0=math.asin(NA); #acceptance angle(radian)\n", + "theta0=theta0*180/math.pi; #acceptance angle(degrees)\n", + "theta0m=60*(theta0-int(theta0)); #acceptance angle(minutes)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"numerical aperture is\",round(NA,3)\n", + "print \"acceptance angle is\",int(theta0),\"degrees\",int(round(theta0m)),\"minutes\"\n", + "print \"answer for angle in minutes given in the book varies due to rounding off errors\"" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.11" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter13_GeJp1ib.ipynb b/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter13_GeJp1ib.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..2b0281e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter13_GeJp1ib.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# 13: Acoustics of Buildings and Acoustic Quieting" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 1, Page number 13-14" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 4, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "reverberation time of hall without audience is 3.9 seconds\n", + "reverberation time of hall with audience is 1.963 seconds\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable Declaration\n", + "A=92.9; #absorption(m**2)\n", + "V=2265; #volume(m**3)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "T1=0.161*V/A; #reverberation time of hall without audience(seconds)\n", + "T2=0.161*V/(A*2); #reverberation time of hall with audience(seconds)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"reverberation time of hall without audience is\",round(T1,1),\"seconds\"\n", + "print \"reverberation time of hall with audience is\",round(T2,3),\"seconds\"" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.11" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter1_bpgdjRb.ipynb b/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter1_bpgdjRb.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e57ef537 --- /dev/null +++ b/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter1_bpgdjRb.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,285 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# 1: Bonding in Solids" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 1, Page number 1-11" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 8, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "bond energy of molecule is -4.6 eV\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(coulomb)\n", + "epsilon0=8.85*10**-12; \n", + "r0=236*10**-12; #equilibrium distance(m)\n", + "I=5.14; #ionisation energy(eV)\n", + "EA=-3.65; #electron affinity(eV)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "V=-(e**2)/(4*e*math.pi*epsilon0*r0); #potential(eV)\n", + "BE=I+EA+V; #bond energy of molecule(eV)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"bond energy of molecule is\",round(BE,1),\"eV\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 2, Page number 1-11" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 11, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "cohesive energy per atom is -3.0684 eV\n", + "answer given in the book is wrong\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "e=1.602*10**-19; #charge(coulomb)\n", + "epsilon0=8.85*10**-12; \n", + "r0=0.314*10**-9; #equilibrium distance(m)\n", + "A=1.75; #madelung constant\n", + "n=5.77; #born constant\n", + "I=4.1; #ionisation energy(eV)\n", + "EA=3.6; #electron affinity(eV)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "V=-A*e**2*((n-1)/n)/(4*e*math.pi*epsilon0*r0);\n", + "CE=round(V,4)/2; #potential energy per ion(eV)\n", + "x=(I-EA)/2;\n", + "TCE=CE+x; #cohesive energy per atom(eV)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"cohesive energy per atom is\",TCE,\"eV\"\n", + "print \"answer given in the book is wrong\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 3, Page number 1-12" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 14, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "cohesive energy per atom is -7.965 eV\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "e=1.602*10**-19; #charge(coulomb)\n", + "epsilon0=8.85*10**-12; \n", + "r0=0.281*10**-9; #equilibrium distance(m)\n", + "alphaM=1.748; #madelung constant\n", + "n=9; #born constant\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "CE=-alphaM*e**2*((n-1)/n)/(4*e*math.pi*epsilon0*r0); #cohesive energy per molecule(eV)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"cohesive energy per atom is\",round(CE,3),\"eV\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 4, Page number 1-12" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 16, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "potential energy of system is 5.75 eV\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(coulomb)\n", + "epsilon0=8.85*10**-12; \n", + "r0=2.5*10**-10; #equilibrium distance(m)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "PE=e**2/(4*e*math.pi*epsilon0*r0);\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"potential energy of system is\",round(PE,2),\"eV\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 5, Page number 1-13" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 18, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "cohesive energy of NaCl is -3.46 eV\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration \n", + "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(coulomb)\n", + "r0=0.281*10**-9; #equilibrium distance(m)\n", + "a=1.748*10**-28; #madelung constant(J m**2)\n", + "n=9; #repulsive exponent value\n", + "m=1;\n", + "\n", + "#Calculations\n", + "Ur0=-a*(1-m/n)/(e*r0**m); #cohesive energy of NaCl(eV)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"cohesive energy of NaCl is\",round(Ur0,2),\"eV\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 6, Page number 1-13" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 23, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "cohesive energy of molecule is -3.59 eV\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(coulomb)\n", + "epsilon0=8.85*10**-12; \n", + "r0=0.281*10**-9; #equilibrium distance(m)\n", + "I=5.14; #ionisation energy(eV)\n", + "EA=-3.61; #electron affinity(eV)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "V=-(e**2)/(4*e*math.pi*epsilon0*r0); #potential(eV)\n", + "CE=I+EA+V; #cohesive energy of molecule(eV)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"cohesive energy of molecule is\",round(CE,2),\"eV\"" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.11" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter2_HqNnyxR.ipynb b/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter2_HqNnyxR.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..1963e4c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter2_HqNnyxR.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,269 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# 2: Crystal Structures" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 1, Page number 2-16" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "free volume per unit cell is 0.007675 nm**3\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "r=0.1249; #radius(nm)\n", + "n=2; #number of atoms\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "a=4*r/math.sqrt(3); #unit cell edge length(nm)\n", + "V=a**3; #volume of unit cell(nm**3)\n", + "v=4*n*math.pi*r**3/3; #volume of atoms in unit cell(nm**3)\n", + "fv=V-v; #free volume per unit cell(nm**3)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"free volume per unit cell is\",round(fv,6),\"nm**3\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 2, Page number 2-16" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 3, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "lattice constant is 3.517 angstrom\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "N=6.02*10**26; #Avagadro Number\n", + "n=2;\n", + "rho=530; #density(kg/m**3)\n", + "M=6.94; #atomic weight(amu)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "a=(n*M/(rho*N))**(1/3)*10**10; #lattice constant(angstrom)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"lattice constant is\",round(a,3),\"angstrom\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 3, Page number 2-17" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 7, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "lattice constant is 2.87 angstrom\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "N=6.02*10**23; #Avagadro Number\n", + "n=2;\n", + "rho=7860; #density(kg/m**3)\n", + "M=55.85; #atomic weight(amu)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "a=(n*M/(rho*N))**(1/3)*10**9; #lattice constant(angstrom)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"lattice constant is\",round(a,2),\"angstrom\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 4, Page number 2-17" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 9, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "number of atoms per m**3 is 177.3 *10**27 atoms/m**3\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "n=8; #number of atoms\n", + "a=0.356*10**-9; #lattice constant(m)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "N=n/a**3; #number of atoms per m**3\n", + " \n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"number of atoms per m**3 is\",round(N/10**27,1),\"*10**27 atoms/m**3\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 5, Page number 2-17" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 11, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "number of atoms per sq mm is 8.16 *10**12\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "a=3.5; #lattice constant(angstrom)\n", + "n=10**7; #1mm in angstrom\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "N=n**2/a**2; #number of atoms per sq mm\n", + " \n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"number of atoms per sq mm is\",round(N/10**12,2),\"*10**12\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 6, Page number 2-18" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 13, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "density is 5434.5 kg/m**3\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "N=6.02*10**26; #Avagadro Number\n", + "n=8; #number of atoms\n", + "a=5.62*10**-10; #lattice constant(m)\n", + "M=72.59; #atomic weight(amu)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "rho=n*M/(a**3*N); #density(kg/m**3)\n", + " \n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"density is\",round(rho,1),\"kg/m**3\"" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.11" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter3_DZeHBDv.ipynb b/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter3_DZeHBDv.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..69e1a5ee --- /dev/null +++ b/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter3_DZeHBDv.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,674 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# 3: Crystal Planes,X-ray Diffraction and Defects in Solids" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 1, Page number 3-19" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "glancing angle is 21 degrees\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "a=0.28; #lattice spacing(nm)\n", + "lamda=0.071; #wavelength of X-rays(nm)\n", + "h=1;\n", + "k=1;\n", + "l=0;\n", + "n=2;\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "d=a/math.sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2); \n", + "sintheta=n*lamda/(2*d);\n", + "theta=math.asin(sintheta)*180/math.pi; #glancing angle(degrees)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"glancing angle is\",int(theta),\"degrees\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 2, Page number 3-19" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "wavelength of X-rays is 0.0842 nm\n", + "maximum order of diffraction is 7\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "d=0.282; #lattice spacing(nm)\n", + "theta=(8+(35/60))*math.pi/180; #glancing angle(radian)\n", + "n=1; #order\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "lamda=2*d*math.sin(theta)/n; #wavelength of X-rays(nm)\n", + "n=2*d/lamda; #maximum order of diffraction\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"wavelength of X-rays is\",round(lamda,4),\"nm\"\n", + "print \"maximum order of diffraction is\",int(round(n))" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 3, Page number 3-20" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 3, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "fraction of vacancy sites is 8.466 *10**-7\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "T1=773; #temperature(K)\n", + "T2=1273; #temperature(K)\n", + "f=10**-10; #fraction of vacant sites\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "x=round(T1*math.log(f)/T2,3);\n", + "N=math.exp(x); #fraction of vacancy sites\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"fraction of vacancy sites is\",round(N*10**7,3),\"*10**-7\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 4, Page number 3-21" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 3, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "ratio d100:d110:d111 is 1 *math.sqrt(6) : 1 *math.sqrt(3) : 1 *math.sqrt(2)\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "h1=1;\n", + "k1=0;\n", + "l1=0; #miller indices of (100)\n", + "h2=1;\n", + "k2=1;\n", + "l2=0; #miller indices of (110)\n", + "h3=1;\n", + "k3=1;\n", + "l3=1; #miller indices of (111)\n", + "a=1; #assume\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "d100=a/math.sqrt(h1**2+k1**2+l1**2); #spacing(nm) \n", + "d110=a/math.sqrt(h2**2+k2**2+l2**2); #spacing(nm)\n", + "d111=a/math.sqrt(h3**2+k3**2+l3**2); #spacing(nm)\n", + "x=int(1/d100)**2;\n", + "y=int((1/d110)**2);\n", + "z=int(round((1/d111)**2)); #taking squares of the value of spacing since lcm function doesnt work on square root\n", + "\n", + "def lcm(y, z):\n", + " if y > z:\n", + " greater = y\n", + " else:\n", + " greater = z\n", + " while(True):\n", + " if((greater % y == 0) and (greater % z == 0)):\n", + " lcm = greater\n", + " break\n", + " greater += 1\n", + " \n", + " return lcm\n", + "\n", + "l=lcm(y,z);\n", + "l=math.sqrt(l);\n", + "d1=d100*l;\n", + "d10=d110*l;\n", + "d11=d111*l; #ratio d100:d110:d111\n", + "d1=int(d1/math.sqrt(6));\n", + "d10=int(round(d10/math.sqrt(3)));\n", + "d11=int(d11/math.sqrt(2));\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"ratio d100:d110:d111 is\",d1,\"*math.sqrt(6) :\",d10,\"*math.sqrt(3) :\",d11,\"*math.sqrt(2)\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 5, Page number 3-21" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "lattice parameter is 3.522 angstrom\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "n=1; #order\n", + "theta=38.2*math.pi/180; #glancing angle(radian)\n", + "lamda=1.54; #wavelength(angstrom)\n", + "h=2;\n", + "k=2;\n", + "l=0;\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "a=math.sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2);\n", + "d=n*lamda*a/(2*math.sin(theta)); #lattice parameter(angstrom)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"lattice parameter is\",round(d,3),\"angstrom\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 6, Page number 3-22" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "maximum order of diffraction is 2\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "d=1.6; #lattice spacing(angstrom)\n", + "theta=90*math.pi/180; #glancing angle(radian)\n", + "lamda=1.5; #wavelength of X-rays(angstrom)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "n=2*d*math.sin(theta)/lamda; #maximum order of diffraction \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"maximum order of diffraction is\",int(n)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 7, Page number 3-22" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 26, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "length is 0.287 *10**-9 m\n", + "volume of unit cell is 0.02366 *10**-27 m**3\n", + "answer for volume given in the book varies due to rounding off errors\n", + "radius of atom is 0.1243 *10**-9 m\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules \n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "d=0.203*10**-9; #lattice spacing(m)\n", + "h=1;\n", + "k=1;\n", + "l=0; #miller indices of (110)\n", + "lamda=1.5; #wavelength of X-rays(angstrom)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "a=d*math.sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2); #length(m)\n", + "V=a**3; #volume of unit cell(m**3)\n", + "r=math.sqrt(3)*a/4; #radius of atom(m)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"length is\",round(a*10**9,3),\"*10**-9 m\"\n", + "print \"volume of unit cell is\",round(V*10**27,5),\"*10**-27 m**3\"\n", + "print \"answer for volume given in the book varies due to rounding off errors\"\n", + "print \"radius of atom is\",round(r*10**9,4),\"*10**-9 m\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 8, Page number 3-22" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 27, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "maximum order of diffraction is 2\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "d=1.6; #lattice spacing(angstrom)\n", + "theta=90*math.pi/180; #glancing angle(radian)\n", + "lamda=1.5; #wavelength of X-rays(angstrom)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "n=2*d*math.sin(theta)/lamda; #maximum order of diffraction \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"maximum order of diffraction is\",int(n)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 9, Page number 3-23" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 34, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "glancing angle is 20 degrees 42 minutes 17 seconds\n", + "answer in the book is wrong\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "a=0.26; #lattice spacing(nm)\n", + "lamda=0.065; #wavelength of X-rays(nm)\n", + "h=1;\n", + "k=1;\n", + "l=0;\n", + "n=2;\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "d=a/math.sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2); \n", + "sintheta=n*lamda/(2*d);\n", + "theta=math.asin(sintheta)*180/math.pi; #glancing angle(degrees)\n", + "thetad=int(theta); #glancing angle(degrees) \n", + "thetam=(theta-thetad)*60; #glancing angle(minutes)\n", + "thetas=60*(thetam-int(thetam)); #glancing angle(seconds)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"glancing angle is\",thetad,\"degrees\",int(thetam),\"minutes\",int(thetas),\"seconds\"\n", + "print \"answer in the book is wrong\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 10, Page number 3-23" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 36, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "cube edge of unit cell is 4.055 angstrom\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "n=1; #order\n", + "theta=19.2*math.pi/180; #glancing angle(radian)\n", + "lamda=1.54; #wavelength(angstrom)\n", + "h=1;\n", + "k=1;\n", + "l=1;\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "d=n*lamda/(2*math.sin(theta)); #lattice parameter(angstrom)\n", + "a=d*math.sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2); #cube edge of unit cell(angstrom)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"cube edge of unit cell is\",round(a,3),\"angstrom\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 11, Page number 3-24" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 42, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "lattice parameter is 3.522 angstrom\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "n=1; #order\n", + "theta=38.2*math.pi/180; #glancing angle(radian)\n", + "lamda=1.54; #wavelength(angstrom)\n", + "h=2;\n", + "k=2;\n", + "l=0;\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "d=n*lamda/(2*math.sin(theta)); #lattice parameter(angstrom)\n", + "a=d*math.sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2); #lattice parameter(angstrom)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"lattice parameter is\",round(a,3),\"angstrom\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 12, Page number 3-24" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 43, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "interplanar spacing for (111) is 0.208 nm\n", + "interplanar spacing for (321) is 0.096 nm\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "a=0.36; #cube edge of unit cell(nm)\n", + "h1=1;\n", + "k1=1;\n", + "l1=1;\n", + "h2=3;\n", + "k2=2;\n", + "l2=1;\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "d1=a/math.sqrt(h1**2+k1**2+l1**2); #interplanar spacing for (111)(nm)\n", + "d2=a/math.sqrt(h2**2+k2**2+l2**2); #interplanar spacing for (321)(nm)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"interplanar spacing for (111) is\",round(d1,3),\"nm\"\n", + "print \"interplanar spacing for (321) is\",round(d2,3),\"nm\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 13, Page number 3-25" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 50, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "lattice spacing is 3.575 angstrom\n", + "glancing angle for 3rd order is 16 degrees 27.1 minutes\n", + "answer for minutes given in the book varies due to rounding off errors\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "theta=(5+(25/60))*math.pi/180; #glancing angle(radian)\n", + "lamda=0.675; #wavelength of X-rays(angstrom)\n", + "n1=1; #order\n", + "n3=3; #order \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "d=n1*lamda/(2*math.sin(theta)); #lattice spacing(angstrom)\n", + "d=round(d,3);\n", + "theta3=math.asin(n3*lamda/(2*d))*180/math.pi; #glancing angle for 3rd order(degrees)\n", + "theta3d=int(theta3); #glancing angle for 3rd order(degrees) \n", + "theta3m=(theta3-theta3d)*60; #glancing angle for 3rd order(minutes)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"lattice spacing is\",d,\"angstrom\"\n", + "print \"glancing angle for 3rd order is\",theta3d,\"degrees\",round(theta3m,1),\"minutes\"\n", + "print \"answer for minutes given in the book varies due to rounding off errors\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 14, Page number 3-25" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 60, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "glancing angle is 23 degrees 56 minutes 31 seconds\n", + "answer given in the book is wrong\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "d=3.04; #interplanar spacing(angstrom) \n", + "lamda=0.79; #wavelength of X-rays(angstrom)\n", + "n=3;\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "sintheta=n*lamda/(2*d);\n", + "thetad=math.asin(sintheta)*180/math.pi; #glancing angle(degrees)\n", + "thetam=(theta-int(theta))*60; #glancing angle(minutes)\n", + "thetas=60*(thetam-int(thetam)); #glancing angle(seconds)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"glancing angle is\",int(round(thetad)),\"degrees\",int(thetam),\"minutes\",int(thetas),\"seconds\"\n", + "print \"answer given in the book is wrong\"" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.11" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter4_GQU4hKw.ipynb b/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter4_GQU4hKw.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..1b0ca557 --- /dev/null +++ b/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter4_GQU4hKw.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,668 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# 4: Elements of Statistical Mechanics and Principles of Quantum Mechanics" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 1, Page number 4-41" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 6, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "average energy of oscillator is 2.948 *10**-21 joule\n", + "answer given in the book varies due to rounding off errors\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "new=5.6*10**12; #frequency(Hz)\n", + "h=6.625*10**-34; #plank constant\n", + "kB=1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n", + "T=330; #temperature(K) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "x=h*new/(kB*T); \n", + "E=h*new/(math.exp(x)-1); #average energy of oscillator(joule)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"average energy of oscillator is\",round(E*10**21,3),\"*10**-21 joule\"\n", + "print \"answer given in the book varies due to rounding off errors\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 2, Page number 4-41" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 8, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "energy density per unit wavelength is 7.13 Jm-4\n", + "answer given in the book is wrong\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "h=6.63*10**-34; #plank constant\n", + "kB=1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n", + "T=1500; #temperature(K) \n", + "c=3*10**8; #velocity of light(m/sec)\n", + "lamda=6000*10**-10; #wavelength(m)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "new=c/lamda;\n", + "x=h*new/(kB*T); \n", + "y=math.exp(x)-1; #average energy of oscillator(joule)\n", + "Ulamda=8*math.pi*h*new/(y*lamda**4); #energy density per unit wavelength(Jm-4)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"energy density per unit wavelength is\",round(Ulamda,2),\"Jm-4\"\n", + "print \"answer given in the book is wrong\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 3, Page number 4-41" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 9, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "wavelength is 0.0275 nm\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(c)\n", + "m=9.1*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n", + "h=6.63*10**-34; #plank constant\n", + "E=2000; #energy(eV)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "lamda=h/math.sqrt(2*m*E*e); #wavelength(m)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"wavelength is\",round(lamda*10**9,4),\"nm\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 4, Page number 4-42" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 15, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "velocity is 438.9 *10**4 m/s\n", + "kinetic energy is 54.78 eV\n", + "answer for energy given in the book is wrong\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "lamda=1.66*10**-10; #wavelength(m)\n", + "m=9.1*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n", + "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(c)\n", + "h=6.63*10**-34; #plank constant\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "E=h**2/(2*m*e*lamda**2); #kinetic energy(eV)\n", + "v=h/(m*lamda); #velocity(m/s)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"velocity is\",round(v*10**-4,1),\"*10**4 m/s\"\n", + "print \"kinetic energy is\",round(E,2),\"eV\"\n", + "print \"answer for energy given in the book is wrong\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 5, Page number 4-42" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 18, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "ground state energy is 37.7377 eV\n", + "energy of 1st excited state is 150.95 eV\n", + "energy of 2nd excited state is 339.6395 eV\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "L=1*10**-10; #length(m)\n", + "n2=2;\n", + "n3=3;\n", + "m=9.1*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n", + "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(c)\n", + "h=6.63*10**-34; #plank constant\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "E1=h**2/(8*m*e*L**2); #ground state energy(eV)\n", + "E2=n2**2*E1; #energy of 1st excited state(eV)\n", + "E3=n3**2*E1; #energy of 2nd excited state(eV)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"ground state energy is\",round(E1,4),\"eV\"\n", + "print \"energy of 1st excited state is\",round(E2,2),\"eV\"\n", + "print \"energy of 2nd excited state is\",round(E3,4),\"eV\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 6, Page number 4-43" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 19, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "minimum energy is 2.3586 eV\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "L=4*10**-10; #length(m)\n", + "m=9.1*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n", + "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(c)\n", + "h=6.63*10**-34; #plank constant\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "E1=h**2/(8*m*e*L**2); #minimum energy(eV)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"minimum energy is\",round(E1,4),\"eV\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 7, Page number 4-43" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 21, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "wavelength of electron waves is 0.01 nm\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "V=15*10**3; #accelerated voltage(V)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "lamda=1.227/math.sqrt(V); #wavelength of electron waves(nm)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"wavelength of electron waves is\",round(lamda,2),\"nm\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 8, Page number 4-43" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 24, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "minimum energy is 150.95 eV\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "L=0.05*10**-9; #length(m)\n", + "m=9.1*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n", + "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(c)\n", + "h=6.63*10**-34; #plank constant\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "E1=h**2/(8*m*e*L**2); #minimum energy(eV)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"minimum energy is\",round(E1,2),\"eV\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 9, Page number 4-44" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 35, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "minimum energy is 4.2 eV\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "L=3*10**-10; #length(m)\n", + "m=9.1*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n", + "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(c)\n", + "h=6.63*10**-34; #plank constant\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "E1=h**2/(8*m*e*L**2); #minimum energy(eV)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"minimum energy is\",round(E1,1),\"eV\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 10, Page number 4-44" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 30, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "de broglie wavelength is 8488 nm\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "me=9.1*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n", + "h=6.63*10**-34; #plank constant\n", + "mn=1.676*10**-27; #mass(kg)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "lamdan=h*10**9/math.sqrt(4*mn*me); #de broglie wavelength(nm) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"de broglie wavelength is\",int(lamdan),\"nm\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 11, Page number 4-44" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 42, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "ground state energy is 9.43 eV\n", + "energy of 1st excited state is 37.738 eV\n", + "energy of 2nd excited state is 150.95 eV\n", + "answers for energy of 1st and 2nd states given in the book are wrong\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "L=2*10**-10; #length(m)\n", + "n2=2;\n", + "n4=4;\n", + "m=9.1*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n", + "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(c)\n", + "h=6.63*10**-34; #plank constant\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "E1=h**2/(8*m*e*L**2); #minimum energy(eV)\n", + "E2=n2**2*E1; #energy of 1st excited state(eV)\n", + "E4=n4**2*E1; #energy of 2nd excited state(eV)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"ground state energy is\",round(E1,2),\"eV\"\n", + "print \"energy of 1st excited state is\",round(E2,3),\"eV\"\n", + "print \"energy of 2nd excited state is\",round(E4,2),\"eV\"\n", + "print \"answers for energy of 1st and 2nd states given in the book are wrong\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 12, Page number 4-45" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 44, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "spacing of crystal is 0.382 angstrom\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "n=1;\n", + "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(c)\n", + "m=9.1*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n", + "h=6.63*10**-34; #plank constant\n", + "V=344; #energy(eV)\n", + "theta=60*math.pi/180; #angle(radian)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "d=h*10**10/(2*math.sin(theta)*math.sqrt(2*m*V*e)); #spacing of crystal(angstrom)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"spacing of crystal is\",round(d,3),\"angstrom\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 13, Page number 4-45" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 47, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "ground state energy is 37.696 eV\n", + "energy of 2nd excited state is 339.27 eV\n", + "energy required to pump an electron is 301.57 eV\n", + "answer given in the book is wrong\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "L=1*10**-10; #length(m)\n", + "n3=3;\n", + "m=9.11*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n", + "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(c)\n", + "h=6.63*10**-34; #plank constant\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "E1=h**2/(8*m*e*L**2); #ground state energy(eV)\n", + "E3=n3**2*E1; #energy of 2nd excited state(eV)\n", + "E=E3-E1; #energy required to pump an electron(eV) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"ground state energy is\",round(E1,3),\"eV\"\n", + "print \"energy of 2nd excited state is\",round(E3,2),\"eV\"\n", + "print \"energy required to pump an electron is\",round(E,2),\"eV\"\n", + "print \"answer given in the book is wrong\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 14, Page number 4-46" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 48, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "minimum energy is 9.43 eV\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "L=2*10**-10; #length(m)\n", + "m=9.1*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n", + "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(c)\n", + "h=6.63*10**-34; #plank constant\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "E1=h**2/(8*m*e*L**2); #minimum energy(eV)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"minimum energy is\",round(E1,2),\"eV\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 15, Page number 4-46" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 52, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "wavelength of electron waves is 0.31 angstrom\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "V=1600; #accelerated voltage(V)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "lamda=1.227*10/math.sqrt(V); #wavelength of electron waves(angstrom)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"wavelength of electron waves is\",round(lamda,2),\"angstrom\"" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.11" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter5_KWgo7p8.ipynb b/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter5_KWgo7p8.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..cf59e53f --- /dev/null +++ b/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter5_KWgo7p8.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,569 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# 5: Electron Theory of Metals" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 1, Page number 5-27" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 3, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "temperature is 1259.93 K\n", + "answer given in the book is wrong\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "E_EF=0.5; #fermi energy(eV)\n", + "FE=1/100; #probability\n", + "Kb=1.381*10**-23; #boltzmann constant(J/k)\n", + "x=6.24*10**18; \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "KB=Kb*x;\n", + "y=E_EF/KB;\n", + "T=y/math.log(1/FE); #temperature(K)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"temperature is\",round(T,2),\"K\"\n", + "print \"answer given in the book is wrong\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 2, Page number 5-28" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 4, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "total number of free electrons is 8.3954 *10**28 electrons/m**3\n", + "answer in the book varies due to rounding off errors\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "e=1.602*10**-19; #charge(c)\n", + "m=9.11*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n", + "h=6.63*10**-34; #plancks constant(Js)\n", + "Ef=7*e; #fermi energy(J)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "x=Ef*8*m/h**2;\n", + "n23=x/((3/math.pi)**(2/3));\n", + "n=n23**(3/2); #total number of free electrons(electrons/m**3)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"total number of free electrons is\",round(n/10**28,4),\"*10**28 electrons/m**3\"\n", + "print \"answer in the book varies due to rounding off errors\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 3, Page number 5-28" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 8, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "relaxation time is 39.742 *10**-15 s\n", + "answer in the book varies due to rounding off errors\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "rho=1.54*10**-8; #resistivity(ohm m)\n", + "n=5.8*10**28; #number of electrons\n", + "e=1.602*10**-19; #charge(c)\n", + "m=9.11*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "tow=m/(n*e**2*rho); #relaxation time(s)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"relaxation time is\",round(tow*10**15,3),\"*10**-15 s\"\n", + "print \"answer in the book varies due to rounding off errors\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 4, Page number 5-29" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 10, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "relaxation time is 3.82 *10**-14 s\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "rho=1.43*10**-8; #resistivity(ohm m)\n", + "n=6.5*10**28; #number of electrons\n", + "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(c)\n", + "m=9.1*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "tow=m/(n*e**2*rho); #relaxation time(s)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"relaxation time is\",round(tow*10**14,2),\"*10**-14 s\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 5, Page number 5-29" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 17, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "number of conduction electrons is 1.8088 *10**29 /m**3\n", + "mobility is 0.00128 m**2/Vs\n", + "drift velocity is 2.3 *10**-4 m/s\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "D=2.7*10**3; #density(kg/m**3)\n", + "rho=2.7*10**-8; #resistivity(ohm m)\n", + "w=26.98; #atomic weight\n", + "Na=6.025*10**26; #avagadro number\n", + "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(c)\n", + "L=5; #length(m)\n", + "R=0.06; #resistance(ohm)\n", + "I=15; #current(A)\n", + "n=3; #number of electrons\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "N=n*D*Na/w; #number of conduction electrons(/m**3)\n", + "mew=1/(rho*N*e); #mobility(m**2/Vs)\n", + "vd=I*R/(L*rho*N*e); #drift velocity(m/s)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"number of conduction electrons is\",round(N/10**29,4),\"*10**29 /m**3\"\n", + "print \"mobility is\",round(mew,5),\"m**2/Vs\"\n", + "print \"drift velocity is\",round(vd*10**4,1),\"*10**-4 m/s\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 6, Page number 5-30" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 21, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "mobility is 0.00427 m**2/Vs\n", + "answer given in the book is wrong\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "D=8.92*10**3; #density(kg/m**3)\n", + "rho=1.73*10**-8; #resistivity(ohm m)\n", + "W=63.5; #atomic weight\n", + "Na=6.02*10**26; #avagadro number\n", + "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(c)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "n=D*Na/W;\n", + "mew=1/(rho*n*e); #mobility(m**2/Vs)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"mobility is\",round(mew,5),\"m**2/Vs\"\n", + "print \"answer given in the book is wrong\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 7, Page number 5-31" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 22, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "mobility is 0.00428 m**2/Vs\n", + "answer given in the book is wrong\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "D=8.95*10**3; #density(kg/m**3)\n", + "rho=1.721*10**-8; #resistivity(ohm m)\n", + "W=63.54; #atomic weight\n", + "Na=6.025*10**26; #avagadro number\n", + "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(c)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "n=D*Na/W;\n", + "mew=1/(rho*n*e); #mobility(m**2/Vs)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"mobility is\",round(mew,5),\"m**2/Vs\"\n", + "print \"answer given in the book is wrong\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 8, Page number 5-31" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 25, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "relaxation time is 3.64 *10**-14 s\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "rho=1.50*10**-8; #resistivity(ohm m)\n", + "n=6.5*10**28; #conduction electrons(per m**3)\n", + "e=1.602*10**-19; #charge(c)\n", + "m=9.11*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "tow=m/(n*e**2*rho); #relaxation time(sec)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"relaxation time is\",round(tow*10**14,2),\"*10**-14 s\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 9, Page number 5-32" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 30, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "relaxation time is 3.97 *10**-14 s\n", + "drift velocity is 0.7 m/s\n", + "mobility is 0.7 *10**-2 m**2/Vs\n", + "thermal velocity is 1.17 *10**5 m/s\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "m=9.11*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n", + "rho=1.54*10**-8; #resistivity(ohm m)\n", + "e=1.602*10**-19; #charge(c)\n", + "E=10**2; #electric field(V/m)\n", + "n=5.8*10**28; #number of electrons\n", + "Kb=1.381*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n", + "T=300; #temperature(K)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "tow=m/(n*e**2*rho); #relaxation time(s)\n", + "vd=e*E*tow/m; #drift velocity(m/s)\n", + "mew=vd/E; #mobility(m**2/Vs)\n", + "Vth=math.sqrt(3*Kb*T/m); #thermal velocity(m/s)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"relaxation time is\",round(tow*10**14,2),\"*10**-14 s\"\n", + "print \"drift velocity is\",round(vd,1),\"m/s\"\n", + "print \"mobility is\",round(mew*10**2,1),\"*10**-2 m**2/Vs\"\n", + "print \"thermal velocity is\",round(Vth/10**5,2),\"*10**5 m/s\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 10, Page number 5-32" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 32, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "fermi velocity is 1.39 *10**6 m/s\n", + "mean free path is 5.52 *10**-8 m\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "m=9.11*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n", + "e=1.602*10**-19; #charge(c)\n", + "E=5.5; #fermi energy(V/m)\n", + "tow=3.97*10**-14; #relaxation time(s)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "Vf=math.sqrt(2*E*e/m); #fermi velocity(m/s)\n", + "lamda=Vf*tow; #mean free path(m)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"fermi velocity is\",round(Vf/10**6,2),\"*10**6 m/s\"\n", + "print \"mean free path is\",round(lamda*10**8,2),\"*10**-8 m\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 11, Page number 5-33" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "electronic concentration is 5.863 *10**28 per m**3\n", + "fermi energy is 8.83 *10**-19 J\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "n=1; #number of electrons\n", + "NA=6.025*10**26; #avagadro number\n", + "D=10500; #density(kg/m**3)\n", + "M=107.9; #atomic weight(kg)\n", + "m=9.11*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n", + "h=6.63*10**-34; #plancks constant(Js)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "n=n*NA*D/M; #electronic concentration(per m**3)\n", + "x=(3*n/math.pi)**(2/3);\n", + "Ef=h**2*x/(8*m); #fermi energy(J)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"electronic concentration is\",round(n/10**28,3),\"*10**28 per m**3\"\n", + "print \"fermi energy is\",round(Ef*10**19,2),\"*10**-19 J\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 12, Page number 5-33" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 4, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "current density is 1 *10**7 amp/m**2\n", + "drift velocity is 0.7391 *10**-3 m/s\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "D=8.92*10**3; #density(kg/m**3)\n", + "w=63.5; #atomic weight\n", + "Na=6.02*10**26; #avagadro number\n", + "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(c)\n", + "I=100; #current(A)\n", + "A=10*10**-6; #area(m**2)\n", + "n=1;\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "J=I/A; #current density(amp/m**2)\n", + "n=n*Na*D/w;\n", + "vd=J/(n*e); #drift velocity(m/s)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"current density is\",int(J/10**7),\"*10**7 amp/m**2\"\n", + "print \"drift velocity is\",round(vd*10**3,4),\"*10**-3 m/s\"" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.11" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter6_eRlj3AT.ipynb b/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter6_eRlj3AT.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8666cfc4 --- /dev/null +++ b/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter6_eRlj3AT.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,543 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# 6: Dielectric Properties" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 1, Page number 6-23" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "dielectric constant is 1.339\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "alpha_e=10**-40; #polarisability(Fm**2)\n", + "N=3*10**28; #density of atoms\n", + "epsilon0=8.85*10**-12; \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "epsilonr=(N*alpha_e/epsilon0)+1; #dielectric constant\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"dielectric constant is\",round(epsilonr,3)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 2, Page number 6-24" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 5, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "capacitance is 8.85e-12 F\n", + "charge on plates is 8.85e-10 C\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "A=100*10**-4; #area(m**2)\n", + "epsilon0=8.85*10**-12; \n", + "d=1*10**-2; #seperation(m)\n", + "V=100; #potential(V)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "C=A*epsilon0/d; #capacitance(PF)\n", + "Q=C*V; #charge on plates(C)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"capacitance is\",C,\"F\"\n", + "print \"charge on plates is\",Q,\"C\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 3, Page number 6-24" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 7, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "polarisability is 2.242e-41 Fm**2\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "epsilonr=1.0000684; #dielectric constant\n", + "N=2.7*10**25; #number of atoms\n", + "epsilon0=8.85*10**-12; \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "alpha_e=epsilon0*(epsilonr-1)/N; #polarisability(Fm**2)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"polarisability is\",alpha_e,\"Fm**2\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 4, Page number 6-24" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 10, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "voltage is 39.73 V\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "A=650*10**-6; #area(m**2)\n", + "epsilon0=8.85*10**-12; \n", + "d=4*10**-3; #seperation(m)\n", + "Q=2*10**-10; #charge(C)\n", + "epsilonr=3.5; #dielectric constant\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation \n", + "V=Q*d/(epsilon0*epsilonr*A); #voltage(V)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"voltage is\",round(V,2),\"V\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 5, Page number 6-25" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 13, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "polarisation is 212.4 *10**-9 C-m\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "epsilonr=5; #relative permittivity\n", + "V=12; #potential(V)\n", + "d=2*10**-3; #separation(m) \n", + "epsilon0=8.85*10**-12; \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "P=epsilon0*(epsilonr-1)*V/d; #polarisation(C-m)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"polarisation is\",P*10**9,\"*10**-9 C-m\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 6, Page number 6-25" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 16, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "electronic polarisability is 3.29 *10**-40 Fm**2\n", + "answer in the book varies due to rounding off errors\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "epsilonr=3.75; #relative dielectric constant\n", + "gama=1/3; #internal field constant\n", + "D=2050; #density(kg/m**3)\n", + "M=32; #atomic weight(amu)\n", + "Na=6.02*10**26; #avagadro number\n", + "epsilon0=8.85*10**-12; \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "N=Na*D/M; #number of atoms per m**3\n", + "x=(epsilonr-1)/(epsilonr+2);\n", + "alpha_e=x*3*epsilon0/N; #electronic polarisability(F-m**2)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"electronic polarisability is\",round(alpha_e*10**40,2),\"*10**-40 Fm**2\"\n", + "print \"answer in the book varies due to rounding off errors\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 7, Page number 6-26" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 18, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "orientational polarisation is 1.0298 *10**-11 C-m\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(coulomb)\n", + "x=0.25*10**-9; #separation(m)\n", + "E=5*10**5; #intensity of electric field(V/m)\n", + "T=300; #temperature(K) \n", + "KB=1.381*10**-23; #boltzmann constant(J/K)\n", + "N=1.6*10**20; #avagadro number\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "Pd=N*(e*x)**2*E/(3*KB*T); #orientational polarisation(C-m)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"orientational polarisation is\",round(Pd*10**11,4),\"*10**-11 C-m\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 8, Page number 6-26" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + " polarisability is 2.242e-41 Fm**2\n", + "radius of electron cloud is 5.864 *10**-11 m\n", + "answer for radius given in the book varies due to rounding off errors\n", + "displacement is 0.7 *10**-16 m\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "epsilonr=1.0000684; #dielectric constant\n", + "N=2.7*10**25; #number of atoms\n", + "epsilon0=8.85*10**-12; \n", + "E=10**6; #electric field(V/m)\n", + "Z=2;\n", + "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(coulomb)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "alphae=epsilon0*(epsilonr-1)/N; #polarisability(Fm**2)\n", + "r=(alphae/(4*math.pi*epsilon0))**(1/3); #radius of electron cloud(m)\n", + "d=alphae*E/(Z*e); #displacement(m) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"polarisability is\",alphae,\"Fm**2\"\n", + "print \"radius of electron cloud is\",round(r*10**11,3),\"*10**-11 m\"\n", + "print \"answer for radius given in the book varies due to rounding off errors\"\n", + "print \"displacement is\",round(d*10**16,1),\"*10**-16 m\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 9, Page number 6-27" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 25, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "voltage across plates is 53.8 V\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "A=750*10**-6; #area(m**2)\n", + "epsilon0=8.85*10**-12; \n", + "epsilonr=3.5; #dielectric constant\n", + "d=5*10**-3; #seperation(m)\n", + "Q=2.5*10**-10; #charge on plates(C)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "V=Q*d/(epsilon0*epsilonr*A); #voltage across plates(V)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"voltage across plates is\",round(V,1),\"V\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 10, Page number 6-27" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 33, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "dipole moment per unit electric field is 8.9 *10**-40 F-m**2\n", + "polarisation is 26.7 *10**-15 C-m\n", + "dielectric constant is 1.00302\n", + "polarisability is 8.9 *10**-40 Fm**2\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "N=3*10**25; #number of atoms\n", + "epsilon0=8.85*10**-12; \n", + "r=0.2*10**-9; #radius(m) \n", + "E=1; #field\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "p=4*math.pi*epsilon0*r**3; #dipole moment per unit electric field(F-m**2)\n", + "P=N*p; #polarisation(C-m)\n", + "epsilonr=1+(4*math.pi*r**3*N/E); #dielectric constant\n", + "alphae=epsilon0*(epsilonr-1)/N; #polarisability(Fm**2)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"dipole moment per unit electric field is\",round(p*10**40,1),\"*10**-40 F-m**2\"\n", + "print \"polarisation is\",round(P*10**15,1),\"*10**-15 C-m\"\n", + "print \"dielectric constant is\",round(epsilonr,5)\n", + "print \"polarisability is\",round(alphae*10**40,1),\"*10**-40 Fm**2\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 11, Page number 6-28" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 35, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "polarisability is 1.426 *10**-40 F-m**2\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "N=2.7*10**25; #number of atoms\n", + "epsilon0=8.85*10**-12; \n", + "epsilonr=1.000435; #dielectric constant\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "alphae=epsilon0*(epsilonr-1)/N; #polarisability(Fm**2)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"polarisability is\",round(alphae*10**40,3),\"*10**-40 F-m**2\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 12, Page number 6-28" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 36, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "polarisability is 6.785 *10**-40 F-m**2\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "epsilon0=8.85*10**-12; \n", + "epsilonr=4; #dielectric constant\n", + "NA=6.02*10**26; #avagadro number\n", + "D=2.08*10**3; #density(kg/m**3)\n", + "M=32; #atomic weight(kg)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "N=NA*D/M; #number of atoms\n", + "alphae=epsilon0*(epsilonr-1)/N; #polarisability(Fm**2)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"polarisability is\",round(alphae*10**40,3),\"*10**-40 F-m**2\"" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.11" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter7_oB2qi2Q.ipynb b/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter7_oB2qi2Q.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..73c69a71 --- /dev/null +++ b/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter7_oB2qi2Q.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,444 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# 7: Magnetic Properties" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 1, Page number 7-22" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 3, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "magnetic flux density is 0.628 wb/m**2\n", + "magnetic moment is -2.0 A/m\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "chi=-0.4*10**-5; #magnetic susceptibility\n", + "H=5*10**5; #magnetic field intensity(amp/m)\n", + "mew0=4*math.pi*10**-7;\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "B=mew0*H*(1+chi); #magnetic flux density(wb/m**2)\n", + "M=chi*H; #magnetic moment(A/m)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"magnetic flux density is\",round(B,3),\"wb/m**2\"\n", + "print \"magnetic moment is\",M,\"A/m\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 2, Page number 7-22" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 10, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "magnetisation is -0.25 *10**-2 A/m\n", + "magnetic flux density is 1.257 *10**-3 wb/m**2\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "chi=-0.25*10**-5; #magnetic susceptibility\n", + "H=1000; #magnetic field intensity(amp/m)\n", + "mew0=4*math.pi*10**-7;\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "M=chi*H; #magnetisation(A/m)\n", + "B=mew0*(H+M); #magnetic flux density(wb/m**2)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"magnetisation is\",M*10**2,\"*10**-2 A/m\"\n", + "print \"magnetic flux density is\",round(B*10**3,3),\"*10**-3 wb/m**2\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 3, Page number 7-23" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 12, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "magnetisation is 3500 A/m\n", + "magnetic flux density is 4.71 *10**-3 wb/m**2\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "mewr=15; #relative permeability\n", + "H=250; #magnetic field intensity(amp/m)\n", + "mew0=4*math.pi*10**-7;\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "M=H*(mewr-1); #magnetisation(A/m)\n", + "B=mew0*(H+M); #magnetic flux density(wb/m**2)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"magnetisation is\",M,\"A/m\"\n", + "print \"magnetic flux density is\",round(B*10**3,2),\"*10**-3 wb/m**2\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 4, Page number 7-23" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 15, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "magnetisation is -0.42 A/m\n", + "magnetic flux density is 1.2561 *10**-3 wb/m**2\n", + "answer for flux density in the book varies due to rounding off errors\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "chi=-0.42*10**-3; #magnetic susceptibility\n", + "H=1000; #magnetic field intensity(amp/m)\n", + "mew0=4*math.pi*10**-7;\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "M=chi*H; #magnetisation(A/m)\n", + "B=mew0*(H+M); #magnetic flux density(wb/m**2)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"magnetisation is\",M,\"A/m\"\n", + "print \"magnetic flux density is\",round(B*10**3,4),\"*10**-3 wb/m**2\"\n", + "print \"answer for flux density in the book varies due to rounding off errors\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 5, Page number 7-23" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 17, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "magnetic moment is 3.93 *10**-3 A-m**2\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "d=0.1; #diameter(m)\n", + "i=0.5; #current(ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "r=d/2; #radius of atom(m)\n", + "mew=i*math.pi*r**2; #magnetic moment(A-m**2)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"magnetic moment is\",round(mew*10**3,2),\"*10**-3 A-m**2\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 6, Page number 7-23" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 25, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "magnetising force is 201.4 A/m\n", + "relative permeability is 17.38\n", + "answers given in the book are wrong\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "mew0=4*math.pi*10**-7;\n", + "B=0.0044; #magnetic flux density(wb/m**2)\n", + "M=3300; #magnetisation(A/m)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "H=(B/mew0)-M; #magnetising force(amp/m)\n", + "mewr=1+(M/H); #relative permeability\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"magnetising force is\",round(H,1),\"A/m\"\n", + "print \"relative permeability is\",round(mewr,2)\n", + "print \"answers given in the book are wrong\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 7, Page number 7-24" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 28, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "change in magnetic moment is 5.705 *10**-29 A-m**2\n", + "answer given in the book is wrong\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "r=0.52*10**-10; #radius(m)\n", + "B=3; #magnetic induction(web/m**2)\n", + "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(c)\n", + "m=9.1*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "d_mew=e**2*r**2*B/(4*m); #change in magnetic moment(Am**2)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"change in magnetic moment is\",round(d_mew*10**29,3),\"*10**-29 A-m**2\"\n", + "print \"answer given in the book is wrong\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 8, Page number 7-24" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 30, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "change in magnetic moment is 3.936 *10**-29 A-m**2\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "r=5.29*10**-11; #radius(m)\n", + "B=2; #magnetic induction(web/m**2)\n", + "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(c)\n", + "m=9.1*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "d_mew=e**2*r**2*B/(4*m); #change in magnetic moment(Am**2)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"change in magnetic moment is\",round(d_mew*10**29,3),\"*10**-29 A-m**2\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 9, Page number 7-24" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 32, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "ssusceptibility at 300K is 3.267 *10**-4\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "chi1=2.8*10**-4; #susceptibility\n", + "T1=350; #temperature(K)\n", + "T2=300; #temperature(K)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "chi2=(chi1*T1)/T2; #susceptibility at 300K\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"susceptibility at 300K is\",round(chi2*10**4,3),\"*10**-4\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 10, Page number 7-25" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 34, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "relative permeability of iron is 2153.85\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "B0=6.5*10**-4; #magnetic field(Tesla)\n", + "B=1.4; #magnetic field(Tesla)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "mewr=B/B0; #relative permeability of iron\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"relative permeability of iron is\",round(mewr,2)" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.11" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter8_nXYTfh3.ipynb b/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter8_nXYTfh3.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..2069ff01 --- /dev/null +++ b/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter8_nXYTfh3.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,784 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# 8: Semiconductors and Physics of Semiconductor Devices" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 1, Page number 8-55" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + " resistivity is 0.41667 ohm m\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(c)\n", + "ni=2.5*10**19; #particle density(per m**3)\n", + "mew_n=0.40; #electron mobility(m**2/Vs)\n", + "mew_p=0.20; #hole mobility(m**2/Vs)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "rhoi=1/(ni*e*(mew_n+mew_p)); #resistivity(ohm m)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"resistivity is\",round(rhoi,5),\"ohm m\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 2, Page number 8-56" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 4, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "number of donor atoms is 8.333 *10**19 per m**3\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(c)\n", + "mew_n=0.3; #electron mobility(m**2/Vs)\n", + "rho=0.25; #resistivity(ohm m)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "n=1/(rho*e*mew_n); #number of donor atoms per m**3\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"number of donor atoms is\",round(n/10**19,3),\"*10**19 per m**3\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 3, Page number 8-56" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 7, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "diffusion coefficient is 54.34 *10**-4 m**2/s\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(c)\n", + "mewn=0.21; #electron mobility(m**2/Vs)\n", + "T=300; #temperature(K)\n", + "KB=1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "Dn=mewn*KB*T/e; #diffusion coefficient(m**2/sec)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"diffusion coefficient is\",round(Dn*10**4,2),\"*10**-4 m**2/s\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 4, Page number 8-56" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 9, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "hole concentration is 19.4 *10**21 m-3\n", + "hole mobility is 0.03788 m**2/Vs\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(c)\n", + "RH=3.22*10**-4; #hall coefficient(m**3C-1)\n", + "rho=8.5*10**-3; #resistivity(ohm m)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "p=1/(RH*e); #hole concentration(m-3)\n", + "mewp=RH/rho; #hole mobility(m**2/Vs)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"hole concentration is\",round(p/10**21,1),\"*10**21 m-3\"\n", + "print \"hole mobility is\",round(mewp,5),\"m**2/Vs\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 5, Page number 8-57" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 11, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "intrinsic concentration is 556.25 *10**16 per m**3\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(c)\n", + "mew_e=0.36; #electron mobility(m**2/Vs)\n", + "mew_h=0.17; #hole mobility(m**2/Vs)\n", + "rhoi=2.12; #resistivity(ohm m)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "ni=1/(rhoi*e*(mew_e+mew_h)); #intrinsic concentration(per m**3)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"intrinsic concentration is\",round(ni/10**16,2),\"*10**16 per m**3\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 6, Page number 8-57" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 14, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "resistivity is 0.449 ohm m\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(c)\n", + "mew_e=0.39; #electron mobility(m**2/Vs)\n", + "mew_h=0.19; #hole mobility(m**2/Vs)\n", + "ni=2.4*10**19; #intrinsic concentration(per m**3)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "rhoi=1/(ni*e*(mew_e+mew_h)); #resistivity(ohm m)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"resistivity is\",round(rhoi,3),\"ohm m\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 7, Page number 8-57" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 18, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "hole concentration is 2.25 *10**9 per m**3\n", + "conductivity is 2.16 *10**3 per ohm m\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "ni=1.5*10**16; #charge carriers(per m**3)\n", + "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(c)\n", + "mew_e=0.135; #electron mobility(m**2/Vs)\n", + "mew_h=0.048; #hole mobility(m**2/Vs)\n", + "N=10**23; #number of atoms(per m**3)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "sigma=ni*e*(mew_e+mew_h); \n", + "p=ni**2/N; #hole concentration(per m**3) \n", + "sigman=N*e*mew_e; #conductivity(per ohm m)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"hole concentration is\",p/10**9,\"*10**9 per m**3\"\n", + "print \"conductivity is\",sigman/10**3,\"*10**3 per ohm m\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 8, Page number 8-58" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 21, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "hole concentration is 1.7 *10**22 m-3\n", + "hole mobility is 4.099 *10**-2 m**2/Vs\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(c)\n", + "RH=3.66*10**-4; #hall coefficient(m**3C-1)\n", + "rho=8.93*10**-3; #resistivity(ohm m)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "p=1/(RH*e); #hole concentration(m-3)\n", + "mew=RH/rho; #hole mobility(m**2/Vs)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"hole concentration is\",round(p/10**22,1),\"*10**22 m-3\"\n", + "print \"hole mobility is\",round(mew*10**2,3),\"*10**-2 m**2/Vs\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 9, Page number 8-58" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 24, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "conductivity is 4.32 *10**-4 per ohm m\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(c)\n", + "ni=1.5*10**16; #particle density(per m**3)\n", + "mew_e=0.13; #electron mobility(m**2/Vs)\n", + "mew_h=0.05; #hole mobility(m**2/Vs)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "sigma=ni*e*(mew_e+mew_h); #conductivity(per ohm m)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"conductivity is\",sigma*10**4,\"*10**-4 per ohm m\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 10, Page number 8-58" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 26, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "conductivity is 11.2 per ohm m\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(c)\n", + "ni=1.5*10**16; #particle density(per m**3)\n", + "mew_e=0.14; #electron mobility(m**2/Vs)\n", + "mew_h=0.05; #hole mobility(m**2/Vs)\n", + "D=2.33*10**3; #density(kg/m**3)\n", + "A=28.09; #atomic weight(kg)\n", + "NA=6.025*10**26; #avagadro number \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "N=NA*D/A; #number of atoms\n", + "n=N/10**8; #electron concentration(per m**3)\n", + "p=ni**2/n; #hole concentration(per m**3)\n", + "sigma=e*((n*mew_e)+(p*mew_h)); #conductivity(per ohm m)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"conductivity is\",round(sigma,1),\"per ohm m\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 11, Page number 8-59" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 28, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "resistivity is 4.13 *10**-4 per ohm m\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(c)\n", + "ni=2.5*10**19; #particle density(per m**3)\n", + "mew_e=0.36; #electron mobility(m**2/Vs)\n", + "mew_h=0.18; #hole mobility(m**2/Vs)\n", + "N=4.2*10**28; #number of atoms\n", + "A=28.09; #atomic weight(kg)\n", + "NA=6.025*10**26; #avagadro number \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "n=N/10**6; #electron concentration(per m**3)\n", + "p=ni**2/n; #hole concentration(per m**3)\n", + "rhoi=1/(e*((n*mew_e)+(p*mew_h))); #resistivity(per ohm m)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"resistivity is\",round(rhoi*10**4,2),\"*10**-4 per ohm m\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 12, Page number 8-60" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 31, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "hole concentration is 1.2 *10**9 m-3\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "np=2.4*10**9; #carrier concentration(m-3)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "p=np/2; #hole concentration(m-3)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"hole concentration is\",p/10**9,\"*10**9 m-3\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 13, Page number 8-60" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 34, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "density of donor atoms is 8.92 *10**19 electron/m**3\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "rho=0.2; #resistivity(ohm m)\n", + "e=1.602*10**-19; #charge(c)\n", + "mewn=0.35; #mobility of charge carriers(m**2/Vs)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "n=1/(rho*mewn*e); #density of donor atoms(electrons/m**3)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"density of donor atoms is\",round(n/10**19,2),\"*10**19 electron/m**3\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 14, Page number 8-60" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 36, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "energy gap is 0.573 eV\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "KB=1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n", + "e=1.602*10**-19; #charge(c)\n", + "rho1=5;\n", + "rho2=2.5;\n", + "T1=300; #temperature(K)\n", + "T2=320; #temperature(K)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "Eg=2*KB*math.log(rho1/rho2)/((1/T1)-(1/T2)); #energy gap(J)\n", + "Eg=Eg/e; #energy gap(eV) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"energy gap is\",round(Eg,3),\"eV\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 15, Page number 8-61" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 37, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "diffusion coefficient is 4.92 *10**-3 m**2/sec\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(c)\n", + "mew_e=0.19; #electron mobility(m**2/Vs)\n", + "T=300; #temperature(K)\n", + "KB=1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "Dn=mew_e*KB*T/e; #diffusion coefficient(m**2/sec)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"diffusion coefficient is\",round(Dn*10**3,2),\"*10**-3 m**2/sec\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 16, Page number 8-61" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 39, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "energy gap is 1.04 eV\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "KB=1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n", + "e=1.602*10**-19; #charge(c)\n", + "rho1=4.5;\n", + "rho2=2.0;\n", + "T1=293; #temperature(K)\n", + "T2=305; #temperature(K)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "Eg=2*KB*math.log(rho1/rho2)/((1/T1)-(1/T2)); #energy gap(J)\n", + "Eg=Eg/e; #energy gap(eV) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"energy gap is\",round(Eg,2),\"eV\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 17, Page number 8-62" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 43, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "peak current is 37.8 mA\n", + "peak output voltage is 18.9 V\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "Vm=20; #voltage(V)\n", + "RL=500; #load resistance(ohm)\n", + "rf=10; #forward resistance(ohm)\n", + "VB=0.7; #bias voltage(V) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "Im=(Vm-VB)*10**3/(rf+RL); #peak current(mA)\n", + "Vo=Im*RL/10**3; #peak output voltage(V)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"peak current is\",round(Im,1),\"mA\"\n", + "print \"peak output voltage is\",round(Vo,1),\"V\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 18, Page number 8-62" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 48, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "peak current is 0.2828 A\n", + "average DC current is 0.18 A\n", + "dc voltage is 180 V\n", + "ripple factor is 87.178 V\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "Vrms=200; #voltage(V)\n", + "RL=1000; #load resistance(ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "Im=Vrms*math.sqrt(2)/RL; #peak current(A)\n", + "Idc=2*Im/math.pi; #average DC current(A)\n", + "Vdc=int(Idc*RL); #dc voltage(V)\n", + "x=(Vrms/Vdc)**2;\n", + "gama=math.sqrt(x-1)*Vdc; #ripple factor(V)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"peak current is\",round(Im,4),\"A\"\n", + "print \"average DC current is\",round(Idc,2),\"A\"\n", + "print \"dc voltage is\",Vdc,\"V\"\n", + "print \"ripple factor is\",round(gama,3),\"V\"" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.11" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter9_aPNsAAD.ipynb b/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter9_aPNsAAD.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..4f07646f --- /dev/null +++ b/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter9_aPNsAAD.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,305 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# 9: Superconductivity" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 1, Page number 9-22" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "transition temperature is 11.3 K\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "Hc=1*10**5; #critical magnetic field(A/m)\n", + "T=8; #temperature(K)\n", + "H0=2*10**5; #critical magnetic field(A/m)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "Tc=T/math.sqrt(1-(Hc/H0)); #transition temperature(K)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"transition temperature is\",round(Tc,1),\"K\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 2, Page number 9-22" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 4, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "frequency is 4.1 *10**9 Hz\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(c)\n", + "h=6.626*10**-34; #plank constant\n", + "V=8.5*10**-6; #voltage(V)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "new=2*e*V/h; #frequency(Hz)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"frequency is\",round(new/10**9,1),\"*10**9 Hz\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 3, Page number 9-22" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 7, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "critical field is 0.02166 Tesla\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "T=2; #temperature(K)\n", + "Tc=3.7; #critical temperature(K)\n", + "H0=0.0306; #critical magnetic field(A/m)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "Hc=H0*(1-(T/Tc)**2); #critical field(Tesla)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"critical field is\",round(Hc,5),\"Tesla\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 4, Page number 9-23" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 11, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "maximum critical temperature is 7.2 K\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "Hc=200*10**3; #critical magnetic field(A/m)\n", + "Tc=12; #critical temperature(K)\n", + "H0=250*10**3; #critical magnetic field(A/m)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "T=Tc*math.sqrt(1-(Hc/H0)**2); #maximum critical temperature(K)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"maximum critical temperature is\",T,\"K\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 5, Page number 9-23" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 14, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "critical field is 0.0163 Tesla\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "T=2.5; #temperature(K)\n", + "Tc=3.7; #critical temperature(K)\n", + "H0=0.03; #critical magnetic field(A/m)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "Hc=H0*(1-(T/Tc)**2); #critical field(Tesla)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"critical field is\",round(Hc,4),\"Tesla\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 6, Page number 9-23" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 16, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "frequency is 313.96 *10**9 Hz\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(c)\n", + "h=6.625*10**-34; #plank constant\n", + "V=650*10**-6; #voltage(V)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "new=2*e*V/h; #frequency(Hz)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"frequency is\",round(new/10**9,2),\"*10**9 Hz\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 7, Page number 9-24" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 18, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "critical field is 3.365 *10**3 A/m\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "T=5; #temperature(K)\n", + "Tc=7.2; #critical temperature(K)\n", + "H0=6.5*10**3; #critical magnetic field(A/m)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "Hc=H0*(1-(T/Tc)**2); #critical field(A/m)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"critical field is\",round(Hc/10**3,3),\"*10**3 A/m\"" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.11" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/screenshots/11_t2ZZh1d.png b/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/screenshots/11_t2ZZh1d.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 00000000..8aa60e48 --- /dev/null +++ b/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/screenshots/11_t2ZZh1d.png diff --git a/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/screenshots/22_qzGOu9H.png b/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/screenshots/22_qzGOu9H.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 00000000..3b5b4fc5 --- /dev/null +++ b/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/screenshots/22_qzGOu9H.png diff --git a/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/screenshots/33_Gn0dXeY.png b/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/screenshots/33_Gn0dXeY.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 00000000..6a58bdfa --- /dev/null +++ b/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/screenshots/33_Gn0dXeY.png |
