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| author | hardythe1 | 2015-04-07 15:58:05 +0530 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | hardythe1 | 2015-04-07 15:58:05 +0530 |
| commit | 92cca121f959c6616e3da431c1e2d23c4fa5e886 (patch) | |
| tree | 205e68d0ce598ac5caca7de839a2934d746cce86 /Engineering_Physics_/Chapter8.ipynb | |
| parent | b14c13fcc6bb6d01c468805d612acb353ec168ac (diff) | |
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diff --git a/Engineering_Physics_/Chapter8.ipynb b/Engineering_Physics_/Chapter8.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..d9dc420b --- /dev/null +++ b/Engineering_Physics_/Chapter8.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,392 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": "",
+ "signature": "sha256:e5ea4ff1709764161940877bdcbbb6d4676a6eced70f445ea6f3a31c76d16a31"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "8: X-rays"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 8.1, Page number 197"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "d=4.255; #atomic spacing(angstrom)\n",
+ "lamda=1.549; #wavelength of K-copper line(angstrom) \n",
+ "n=1; #theta is smallest when n=1\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "theta=math.asin(lamda/(2*d)); #glancing angle(radian)\n",
+ "theta=theta*(180/math.pi); #glancing angle(degrees)\n",
+ "#max value of sin(theta)=1 for highest order\n",
+ "nmax=((2*d)/lamda); #highest bragg's order\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"smallest glancing angle is\",round(theta,4),\"degrees\"\n",
+ "print \"maximum order of reflection is\",round(nmax,3)"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "smallest glancing angle is 10.4875 degrees\n",
+ "maximum order of reflection is 5.494\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 3
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 8.2, Page number 197"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "V=60*10**3; #potential difference(volts)\n",
+ "c=3*10**8; #velocity of light(m/sec)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #electron charge(coulomb)\n",
+ "lamda=0.194*10**-10; #minimum wavelength of x-rays(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "h=(lamda*e*V)/c; #planck's constant(Jsec)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"planck's constant is\",h,\"Jsec\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "planck's constant is 6.208e-34 Jsec\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 4
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 8.3, Page number 198"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "#for 110 plane\n",
+ "h=1;\n",
+ "k=1;\n",
+ "l=0;\n",
+ "a=3; #lattice parameter(angstrom)\n",
+ "n=1;\n",
+ "theta=12.5; #glancing angle(degrees)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "theta1=theta*(math.pi/180); #glancing angle(radian)\n",
+ "d110=(a/math.sqrt((h**2)+(k**2)+(l**2))); \n",
+ "lamda=2*d110*math.sin(theta1)/n; #wavelength of x-ray(angstrom)\n",
+ "nmax=((2*d110)/lamda); #highest order possible\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"wavelength of x-ray beam is\",round(lamda,3),\"angstrom\"\n",
+ "print \"highest bragg's order possible is\",int(nmax)"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "wavelength of x-ray beam is 0.918 angstrom\n",
+ "highest bragg's order possible is 4\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 11
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 8.4, Page number 198"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "d=2.81*10**-10; #interplanar spacing(m)\n",
+ "theta=14; #glancing angle(degrees) \n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #electron charge(c)\n",
+ "V=9100; #voltage(V)\n",
+ "n=1;\n",
+ "c=3*10**8; #velocity of light(m/sec)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "theta=theta*(math.pi/180); #glancing angle(radian)\n",
+ "lamda=2*d*math.sin(theta)/n; #minimum wavelength\n",
+ "h=(lamda*e*V)/c; #planck's constant(Jsec)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"planck's constant is\",round(h*10**34,4),\"*10**-34 Jsec\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "planck's constant is 6.5986 *10**-34 Jsec\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 3
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 8.5, Page number 198"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "thetaA=30; #glancing angle for line A(degrees)\n",
+ "lamdaB=0.97; #wavelength of line B(angstrom)\n",
+ "thetaB=60; #glancing angle for line B(degrees)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "#for line A-> 2*d*sin(thetaA)=lamdaA(n=1)\n",
+ "thetaA=thetaA*(math.pi/180); #glancing angle for line A(radian)\n",
+ "#for line B-> 2*d*sin(thetaB)=3*lamdaB(n=3)\n",
+ "thetaB=thetaB*(math.pi/180); #glancing angle for line B(radian) \n",
+ "d=(3*lamdaB)/(2*math.sin(thetaB)); #interplanar spacing(angstrom)\n",
+ "lamdaA=2*d*math.sin(thetaA); #wavelength of line A(angstrom)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"wavelength of line A is\",round(lamdaA,2),\"angstrom\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "wavelength of line A is 1.68 angstrom\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 14
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 8.6, Page number 199"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "a=3.615; #lattice constant(angstrom)\n",
+ "h=1;\n",
+ "k=1;\n",
+ "l=1;\n",
+ "theta=21.7; #glancing angle(degrees)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "d111=a/math.sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2); #interplanar spacing(angstrom)\n",
+ "theta=theta*(math.pi/180); #glancing angle(radian)\n",
+ "lamda=2*d111*math.sin(theta); #wavelength of X-rays(angstrom)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"wavelength of X-rays is\",round(lamda,3),\"angstrom\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "wavelength of X-rays is 1.543 angstrom\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 16
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 8.7, Page number 199"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "V=50*10**3; #voltage(V)\n",
+ "n=4; #FCC crystal\n",
+ "m=74.6; #molecular mass(kg)\n",
+ "N=6.02*10**26; #avagadro number(per kg mol)\n",
+ "rho=1.99*10**3; #density(kg/m**3) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "lamda=(12400/V); #short wavelength(angstrom)\n",
+ "a=(((n*m)/(N*rho))**(1/3)); #lattice constant(m)\n",
+ "#for kcl ionic crystal\n",
+ "d=a/2;\n",
+ "sintheta=lamda*10**-10/(2*d); #value of sintheta\n",
+ "theta=math.asin(sintheta); #glancing angle(radian)\n",
+ "theta=theta*(180/math.pi); #glancing angle(degrees)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"short wavelength of spectrum from tube is\",lamda,\"angstrom\"\n",
+ "print \"glancing angle for that wavelength is\",round(theta,4),\"degrees\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "short wavelength of spectrum from tube is 0.248 angstrom\n",
+ "glancing angle for that wavelength is 2.2589 degrees\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 28
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 8.8, Page number 199"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "theta1=5.4; #glancing angle(degrees)\n",
+ "theta2=7.6; #glancing angle(degrees)\n",
+ "theta3=9.4; #glancing angle(degrees) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "#from bragg's law 2*d*sin(theta)=n*lamda, n=1\n",
+ "theta1=theta1*(math.pi/180); #glancing angle(radian)\n",
+ "theta2=theta2*(math.pi/180); #glancing angle(radian)\n",
+ "theta3=theta3*(math.pi/180); #glancing angle(radian)\n",
+ "d100=lamda/2*math.sin(theta1); #interplanar spacing\n",
+ "d110=lamda/2*math.sin(theta2); #interplanar spacing\n",
+ "d111=lamda/2*math.sin(theta3); #interplanar spacing\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"ratio of interplanar spacing (1/d100):(1/d110):(1/d111)=\",round(math.sin(theta1),4),\":\",round(math.sin(theta2),4),\":\",round(math.sin(theta3),4)\n",
+ "print \"as ratio (1/d100):(1/d110):(1/d111)=1:sqrt(2):sqrt(3). this relation is valid for simple cubic systems. therefore, this is a simple cubic crystal\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "ratio of interplanar spacing (1/d100):(1/d110):(1/d111)= 0.0941 : 0.1323 : 0.1633\n",
+ "as ratio (1/d100):(1/d110):(1/d111)=1:sqrt(2):sqrt(3). this relation is valid for simple cubic systems. therefore, this is a simple cubic crystal\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 34
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
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