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author | hardythe1 | 2014-08-13 11:41:01 +0530 |
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committer | hardythe1 | 2014-08-13 11:41:01 +0530 |
commit | 7e82f054d405211e1e8760524da8ad7c9fd75286 (patch) | |
tree | 1790cf5a7460b48582da6c35417a85f3a1389a81 /Applied_Thermodynamics/Chapter15.ipynb | |
parent | 98bff1c301dd3b8b14983037a8a483e3eae1796d (diff) | |
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diff --git a/Applied_Thermodynamics/Chapter15.ipynb b/Applied_Thermodynamics/Chapter15.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..4c14a1a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/Applied_Thermodynamics/Chapter15.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,591 @@ +{ + "metadata": { + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:f7a19d25377671432cfde9f9d56148d23c8e97851f20fd5f765a471e71e2f5a2" + }, + "nbformat": 3, + "nbformat_minor": 0, + "worksheets": [ + { + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Chapter 15: Steam Condenser" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 1, page no. 695" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + " \n", + "\n", + "#Variable Declaration: \n", + "h = 71 #Height of mercury column in condenser(in mm of Hg):\n", + "d = 0.0135951 #Density of mercury(in kg/cm**3):\n", + "g = 9.81 #Acceleration due to gravity(in m/s**2):\n", + "mw = 800 #Rate at which cooling water is circulated(in kg/min):\n", + "ms = 25 #Condensate available at(in kg/min):\n", + "R = 0.287 #Gas constant(in kJ/kg.K):\n", + "Cpw = 4.18 #Specific heat of water(in kJ/kg.K):\n", + "#From steam tables:\n", + "ps = 5.62 #kPa\n", + "hf = 146.68 #kJ/kg\n", + "hfg = 2418.6 #kJ/kg\n", + "\n", + "#Calculations:\n", + "pt = (76-h)*10**(-2)*d*10**6*9.81*10**(-3)#Absolute pressure in the condenser(in kPa):\n", + "pa = pt-ps #Partial pressure of air(in kPa):\n", + "ma = pa/((273+35)*R) #Mass of air per m**3 of condenser volume:\n", + "hs = mw/ms*Cpw*(25-15)+Cpw*30#Enthalpy of steam(in kJ/kg):\n", + "x = (hs-hf)/hfg#Dryness fraction of the steam entering:\n", + "n = h*d*10**4*g/(76*d*10**4*g-ps*10**3)*100#Vacuum efficiency:\n", + "\n", + "#Results: \n", + "print \"Mass of air of condenser volume: \",round(ma,3),\"kg/m**3\"\n", + "print \"Dryness fraction of steam entering: \",round(x,4)\n", + "print \"Vacuum efficiency: \",round(n,2),\"%\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Mass of air of condenser volume: 0.012 kg/m**3\n", + "Dryness fraction of steam entering: 0.5442\n", + "Vacuum efficiency: 98.9 %\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 3 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 2, page no. 695" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + " \n", + "\n", + "#Variable Declaration: \n", + "h = 70 #Height of mercury column in condenser(in mm of Hg):\n", + "d = 0.0135951 #Density of mercury(in kg/cm**3):\n", + "g = 9.81 #Acceleration due to gravity(in m/s**2):\n", + "r = 2500 #Leakage of air in condenser:\n", + "R = 0.287 #Gas constant(in kJ/kg.K):\n", + "#From steam tables:\n", + "ps = 4.246 #kPa \n", + "vg = 32.89 #m**3/kg\n", + "\n", + "#Calculations:\n", + "pt = (76-h)*10**(-2)*d*10**6*9.81*10**(-3)#Absolute pressure in the condenser(in kPa):\n", + "pa = pt-ps #Partial pressure of air(in kPa):\n", + "m = 1/r #Mass of air accoumpanying per kg of steam due to leakage(in kg):\n", + "v = m*R*(273+30)/pa #Volume of air per kg of steam(in m**3/kg):\n", + "m1 = v/vg #Mass of water vapour accompanying air:\n", + "\n", + "#Results: \n", + "print \"Capacity of air pump: \",round(v*10**3,2),\" x 10^-3 m**3 per kg steam\"\n", + "print \"Mass of water vapour accompanying air: \",round(m1*10**4,2),\" x 10^-4 kg/kg of steam\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Capacity of air pump: 9.26 x 10^-3 m**3 per kg steam\n", + "Mass of water vapour accompanying air: 2.82 x 10^-4 kg/kg of steam\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 5 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3, page no. 696" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable Declaration: \n", + "h = 67 #Height in mercury column in condenser(in cm):\n", + "pt = 10.67 #Absolute pressure in the condenser(in kPa):\n", + "ps = 7.384 #Partial pressure of steam(in kPa):\n", + "ms = 50 #Mass flow rate of steam(in kg/min):\n", + "mw = 1000 #Mass flow rate of water(in kg/min):\n", + "Cpw = 4.18 #Specific heat of water(in kJ/kg.K):\n", + "R = 0.287 #Gas constant(in kJ/kg.K):\n", + "d = 0.0135951 #Density of mercury(in kg/cm**3):\n", + "g = 9.81 #Acceleration due to gravity(in m/s**2):\n", + "#From steam tables:\n", + "hf = 167.57 #kJ/kg \n", + "hfg = 2406.7 #kJ/kg\n", + "vg = 19.52 #m**3/kg\n", + "\n", + "#Calculations:\n", + "cv = 76-(75-h) #Corrected vacuum(in cm):\n", + "pa = pt-ps #Partial pressure of air(in kPa):\n", + "n = h*d*10**4*g/(75*d*10**4*g-ps*10**3)*100\t#VAcuum efficiency:\n", + "u = 40-35 #Undercooling of condensate(in C):\n", + "n1 = (25-10)/(46.9-10)*100 #Condenser efficiency:\n", + "h = mw/ms*Cpw*(25-10)+Cpw*40 #Enthalpy of steam(in kJ/kg):\n", + "x = (h-hf)/hfg #Dryness fraction:\n", + "m = pa/(R*(273+40)) #Mass of air per m**3 of condenser volume(in kg/m**3):\n", + "m1 = pa*vg/(R*(273+40)) #Mass of air in 1kg of uncondensate steam(in kg):\n", + "\n", + "#Results:\n", + "print \"Corrected vacuum: \",round(cv,2),\"cm of Hg\"\n", + "print \"Vacuum efficiency: \",round(n,2),\"%\"\n", + "print \"Undercooling: \",round(u,2),\"\u00b0C\"\n", + "print \"Dryness fraction of steam entering: \",round(x,4)\n", + "print \"Mass of air/m**3 of condenser volume: \",round(m,4),\"kg/m**3\"\n", + "print \"Mass of air in per kg of uncondensate steam: \",round(m1,3),\"kg\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Corrected vacuum: 68.0 cm of Hg\n", + "Vacuum efficiency: 96.45 %\n", + "Undercooling: 5.0 \u00b0C\n", + "Dryness fraction of steam entering: 0.5209\n", + "Mass of air/m**3 of condenser volume: 0.0366 kg/m**3\n", + "Mass of air in per kg of uncondensate steam: 0.714 kg\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 7 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 4, page no. 697" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + " \n", + "from math import pi\n", + "\n", + "#Variable Declaration: \n", + "h = 69 #Height in mercury column in condenser(in cm):\n", + "T1 = 30 #Inlet temperature(in \u00b0C):\n", + "L = 60 #Leakage(in kg/hr):\n", + "d = 0.0135951 #Density of mercury(in kg/cm**3):\n", + "g = 9.81 #Acceleration due to gravity(in m/s**2):\n", + "R = 0.287 #Gas constant(in kJ/kg.K):\n", + "n = 240 #Rpm of engine:\n", + "r = 1.5 #L/D ratio:\n", + "#From steam tables:\n", + "ps = 4.246 #kPa \n", + "vg = 32.89 #m**3/kg\n", + "pt = (76-h)*d*10**4*g #Absolute pressure at inlet to air pump(in kPa):\n", + "pa = 5.09 #Partial pressure of air(in kPa):\n", + "V = L*R*(273+T1)/pa #Volume of 60 kg air(in m**3/hr):\n", + "D = ((V*4)/(pi*r*n*60))**(1/3)*100 #Bore diameter(in cm):\n", + "l = D*r #Stroke length(in cm):\n", + "m = V/vg #Mass of water vapour extracted with air(in kg/hr):\n", + "\n", + "#Results: \n", + "print \"Capacity of air pump: \",round(V,1),\"m**3/hr\"\n", + "print \"Bore: \",round(D,2),\"cm\"\n", + "print \"Stroke: \",round(l,2),\"cm\"\n", + "print \"Mass of water vapour extracted with air: \",round(m,2),\"kg/hr\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Capacity of air pump: 1025.1 m**3/hr\n", + "Bore: 39.24 cm\n", + "Stroke: 58.86 cm\n", + "Mass of water vapour extracted with air: 31.17 kg/hr\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 9 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 5, page no. 698" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + " \n", + "\n", + "#Variable Declaration: \n", + "h = 70 #Height in mercury column in condenser(in cm):\n", + "T = 30+273 #Inlet temperature(in K):\n", + "m = 5*10**(-4) #Leakage(in kg/kg of steam):\n", + "d = 0.0135951 #Density of mercury(in kg/cm**3):\n", + "g = 9.81 #Acceleration due to gravity(in m/s**2):\n", + "R = 0.287 #Gas constant(in kJ/kg.K):\n", + "Cpw = 4.18 #Specific heat of water(in kJ/kg.K):\n", + "dT = 15 #Increase in temperature of cooling water(in K):\n", + "x = 0.90 #Dryness fraction:\n", + "#From steam tables:\n", + "hf = 125.79 #kJ/kg\n", + "hfg = 2430.5 #kJ/kg\n", + "vg = 32.89 #m**3/kg\n", + "ps = 4.246 #kPa\n", + "\n", + "#Calculations:\n", + "pt = (77-h)*d*10**4*g #Absolute pressure in condenser(in kPa):\n", + "pa = 5.094 #Partial pressure of air(in kPa):\n", + "V = m*10**3*R*T/pa #Volume of air extracted per minute(in m**3/min):\n", + "ms = V/vg #Mass of steam extracted in maixture(in kg/min):\n", + "mt = m*10**3+ms #Mass handled by air extraction pump(in kg/min):\n", + "h = hf+x*hfg #Enthalpy of steam entering(in kJ/kg):\n", + "mw = 1000*(h-Cpw*T)/(Cpw*dT) #Water circulation rate(in kg/min):\n", + "\n", + "#Results: \n", + "print \"Mass handled by air pump: \",round(mt,4),\"kg/min\"\n", + "print \"Water circulation rate: \",round(mw,2),\"kg/min\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Mass handled by air pump: 0.7595 kg/min\n", + "Water circulation rate: 16693.78 kg/min\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 11 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 6, page no. 699" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + " \n", + "#Variable Declaration: \n", + "h = 70 #Height in mercury column in condenser(in cm):\n", + "T = 30+273 #Inlet temperature(in K):\n", + "x = 0.85 #Dryness fraction:\n", + "m = 300 #Rate at which steam enters(in kg/min):\n", + "v = 50 #Velocity of water flow:\n", + "ph = 5 #Pressure head(in m):\n", + "d = 0.0135951 #Density of mercury(in kg/cm**3):\n", + "g = 9.81 #Acceleration due to gravity(in m/s**2):\n", + "R = 0.287 #Gas constant(in kJ/kg.K):\n", + "Cpw = 4.18 #Specific heat of water(in kJ/kg.K):\n", + "#From steam tables:\n", + "ps = 4.246 #kPa \n", + "mw = 7415 #kg/min\n", + "A = 24.79 #Cooling surface area required(in m**2):\n", + "\n", + "#Calculations:\n", + "pt = (76-h)*d*10**4*g #Absolute pressure in condenser(in kPa):\n", + "pa = pt-ps #Partial pressure of air(in kPa):\n", + "V = mw/1000 #Volume flow of water(in m**3/min):\n", + "a = V/v #Flow surface area required(in m**2):\n", + "vh = 1/2*(v/60)**2/g #Velocity head present(in m):\n", + "th = ph+vh #Total head required(in m):\n", + "\n", + "#Results:\n", + "print \"Flow surface area required: \",round(a,4),\"m**2\" \n", + "print \"Cooling surface area required: \",round(A,2),\"m**2\"\n", + "print \"Head required: \",round(th,4),\"m\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Flow surface area required: 0.1483 m**2\n", + "Cooling surface area required: 24.79 m**2\n", + "Head required: 5.0354 m\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 13 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 7, page no. 700" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + " \n", + "#Variable Declaration: \n", + "m1 = 350 #Mass of steam entering(in kg/min):\n", + "v = 0.02 #Volume of water required(in m**3 per kg steam):\n", + "r = 0.05/100 #Amount of air mass going into condenser:\n", + "r1 = 5/100 #Volume of air dissolved in the water injected:\n", + "h = 68 #Height in mercury column in condenser(in cm):\n", + "T = 20+273 #Inlet temperature(in K):\n", + "p = 101.3 #Atmospheric pressure(in kPa):\n", + "d = 0.0135951 #Density of mercury(in kg/cm**3):\n", + "g = 9.81 #Acceleration due to gravity(in m/s**2):\n", + "R = 0.287 #Gas constant(in kJ/kg.K):\n", + "Cpw = 4.18 #Specific heat of water(in kJ/kg.K):\n", + "n = 0.90 #Volumetric efficiency:\n", + "#From steam tables:\n", + "ps = 4.246 #kPa \n", + "vf = 0.001004 #m**3/kg\n", + "\n", + "#Calculations:\n", + "pt = (76-h)*d*10**4*g*10**(-3)#Absolute pressure in condenser(in kPa):\n", + "pa = pt-ps #Partial pressure of air(in kPa):\n", + "V1 = m1*v #Volume of cooling water required per minute(in m**3/min):\n", + "m2 = m1*r #Mass of air going into condenser(in kg/min):\n", + "V = V1*r1 #Volume of air entering per minute with cooling water(in m**3/min):\n", + "m = p*V/(R*T) #Mass of air with cooling water(in kg):\n", + "mt = m+m2 #Total mass of air inside condenser(in kg):\n", + "V2 = mt*R*(273+30)/pa #Volume of air corresponding:\n", + "V3 = m1*vf #Volume of steam condensed(in m**3/min):\n", + "Vt = V3+V2+V1 #Total volume(in m**3/min):\n", + "C = Vt/n #Actual capacity of air pump(in m**3/min):\n", + "\n", + "#Results: \n", + "print \"Capacity of air pump: \",round(C,2),\"m**3/min\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Capacity of air pump: 17.14 m**3/min\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 15 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 8, page no. 701" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable Declaration: \n", + "H = 65 #Height in mercury column in condenser(in cm):\n", + "ms = 20 #Rate at which steam enters(in kg/min):\n", + "m = 12 #Mass of cooling water per kg of steam:\n", + "H1 = 66 #Height in mercury column in air pump(in cm):\n", + "p = 101.3 #Atmospheric pressure(in kPa):\n", + "d = 0.0135951 #Density of mercury(in kg/cm**3):\n", + "g = 9.81 #Acceleration due to gravity(in m/s**2):\n", + "R = 0.287 #Gas constant(in kJ/kg.K):\n", + "Cpw = 4.18 #Specific heat of water(in kJ/kg.K):\n", + "#From steam tables:\n", + "ps = 7.384 #kPa\n", + "ps1 = 5.628 #kPa\n", + "hf = 167.57 #kJ/kg\n", + "hfg = 2406.7 #kJ/kg\n", + "\n", + "#Calculations:\n", + "pt = (76-H)*d*10**4*g*10**(-3) #Absolute pressure in condenser(in kPa):\n", + "pa = pt-ps #Partial pressure of air(in kPa):\n", + "mw = m*ms #Cooling water required(in kg/min):\n", + "h = ((ms+mw)*Cpw*40-mw*Cpw*20)/ms #Enthalpy of steam entering:\n", + "x = (h-hf)/hfg #Dryness fraction of steam entering:\n", + "pt1 = (76-H1)*d*10**4*g*10**(-3) #Absolute partial pressure at suction in air pump(in kPa): \n", + "pa1 = pt1-ps1 #Partial pressure of air(in kPa):\n", + "V = 2 #Volume of mixture(in m**3):\n", + "m1 = pa1*V/(R*(273+35)) #Mass of air entering(in kg/min):\n", + "H2 = (p-pt)/(g*d*10**3) #Head(in m):\n", + "\n", + "#Results: \n", + "print \"Dryness fraction of steam entering: \",round(x,3)\n", + "print \"Mass of air entering: \",round(m1,4),\"kg/min\"\n", + "print \"Head: \",round(H2,4),\"m\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Dryness fraction of steam entering: 0.417\n", + "Mass of air entering: 0.1744 kg/min\n", + "Head: 0.6496 m\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 17 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 9, page no. 702" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable Declaration: \n", + "m = 3 #Leakage(in kg/min):\n", + "g = 9.81 #Acceleration due to gravity(in m/s**2):\n", + "R = 0.287 #Gas constant(in kJ/kg.K):\n", + "#From steam tables:\n", + "ps = 5.628 #kPa\n", + "ps1 = 5.075 #kPa\n", + "ps2 = 5.352 #kPa\n", + "pt = ps #Absolute pressure in condenser(in kPa):\n", + "\n", + "#Calculations:\n", + "pa1 = pt-ps1 #Partial pressure of air(in kPa):\n", + "V1 = m*R*(273+33)/pa1 #Volume of air handled by air pump(in m**3/hr):\n", + "pa2 = pt-ps2 #Partial pressure of air(in kPa):\n", + "V2 = m*R*(273+34)/pa2 #Volume of mixture handled(in m**3/hr):\n", + "\n", + "#Results: \n", + "print \"Volume of air handled: \",round(V1,2),\"m**3/hr\"\n", + "print \"Volume of mixture handled: \",round(V2,2),\"m**3/hr\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Volume of air handled: 476.43 m**3/hr\n", + "Volume of mixture handled: 957.71 m**3/hr\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 19 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 10, page no. 703" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable Declaration: \n", + "H1 = 72 #Height in mercury column at inlet in condenser(in cm):\n", + "H2 = 73 #Height in mercury column at outlet in condenser(in cm):\n", + "x = 0.92 #Dryness fraction:\n", + "d = 0.0135951 #Density of mercury(in kg/cm**3):\n", + "g = 9.81 #Acceleration due to gravity(in m/s**2):\n", + "R = 0.287 #Gas constant(in kJ/kg.K):\n", + "Cpw = 4.18 #Specific heat of water(in kJ/kg.K):\n", + "#From steam tables:\n", + "hf = 141.97 #kJ/kg\n", + "hfg = 2421.33 #kJ/kg\n", + "Tsat1 = 33.87 #\u00b0C\n", + "Tsat2 = 28.96 #\u00b0C\n", + "\n", + "#Calculations:\n", + "p1 = (76-H1)*d*10**4*g*10**(-3) #Inlet pressure in condenser(in kPa):\n", + "p2 = (76-H2)*d*10**4*g*10**(-3) #Outlet pressure in the condenser(in kPa):\n", + "u = Tsat1-Tsat2 #Undercooling(in C):\n", + "h = hf+x*hfg #Enthalpy of steam entering(in kJ/kg):\n", + "m = (h-Cpw*Tsat2)/(Cpw*13.87) #Cooling water requirement(in kg/kg steam):\n", + "\n", + "#Results: \n", + "print \"Undercooling: \",round(u,2),\"\u00b0C\"\n", + "print \"Cooling water requirement: \",round(m,2),\"kg/kg steam\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Undercooling: 4.91 \u00b0C\n", + "Cooling water requirement: 38.78 kg/kg steam\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 21 + } + ], + "metadata": {} + } + ] +}
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